OHM’S LAW 7.

Some high resistance plug should always be taken out

Precautions from resistance box before the jockey is moved along
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight. the wire.
2. Thick copper wires should be used for the connections Sources of Error
after removing the insulation near their ends by rubbing 1. Same as in previous experiments.
with sand paper. 2. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
3. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range. 3. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-
4. A low resistance rheostat should be used. section and material density throughout its length.
5. The key should be inserted only while taking 4. End resistances may not be zero.
observations to avoid heating of resistance (otherwise its
resistance will increase). GALVANOMETER – RESISTANCE AND FIGURE
Sources of Error OF MERIT
1. The instrument screws may be loose. Precautions
2. Thick connecting wires may not be available. 1. All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.
3. Rheostat may have high resistance. 2. All the plugs in resistance boxes should be tight.
3. The emf of cell or battery should be constant.
METER BRIDGE 4. Initially a high resistance from the resistance box (R)
Precautions should be introduced in the circuit (otherwise for small
1. The connections should be neat, tight and clean. resistance an excessive current will flow through the
2. Plugs should be tightly connected in the resistance galvanometer or ammeter can be damaged).
box. Sources of Error
3. The movement of the jockey should be gentle and it 1. The screws of the instruments may be loose.
shouldn't be rubbed. 2. The plugs of resistance boxes may not be clean.
4. The key K should be inserted only when the 3. The emf of battery may not be constant.
observations are to be taken. 4. The galvanometer divisions may not be of equal size.
5. The null point should be between 45cm and 55cm.
6. To avoid the error of parallax, the set square should be SONOMETER
used to note the null point. Precautions
7. There shouldn't be any loops in the wire. 1. All precautions of Sonometer experiment should be
8. The diameter of the wire should be measured in two observed.
perpendicular directions that are mutual. 2. The wire should be of soft iron or of any other
Sources of Error magnetic material.
1. The screws of the instrument might be loose. 3. Tip of electromagnet should be very close to the wire
2. The wire might be of non-uniform diameter. in its middle.
3. There might be backlash error in the screw gauge. 4. Length should be noted when the amplitude of
vibration is maximum.
POTENTIOMETER – RATIO OF EMFs Sources of Error
Precautions 1. Wire may not be rigid and of uniform cross-sectional
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight. area.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when 2. Pulley may not be friction-less.
the observations are to be taken. 3. Weights may not be correct.
3. The positive poles of the battery E and cells E1 and 4. Knife edges (bridges) may not be sharp.
E2 should all be connected to the terminal at the zero of 5. The main frequency may not be stable.
the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire.
It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the
emf's of the either of the two cells.
LENS AND MIRROR EXPERIMENTS Sources of Error
Precautions 1. The microscope scale may not be properly calibrated.
1. The corrected values of the distances u and v must be 2. Position of the microscope may not be normal to the
put in the formula for calculating f and then a mean surface of the glass slab.
value of f should be taken. Calculations for f must not be 3. If the layer of lycopodium powder/chalk dust spread
made using the mean values of u and v. on the glass slab is thick, it will not actually represent
2. A white screen may be used for seeing the clear the top of the glass slab and thus produce error in the
image. result
3. The principal axis of the lens or mirror should be
horizontal and parallel to the length of the scale. PN JUNCTION DIODE/ZENER DIODE
4. Eye should be placed at a distance of distinct vision Precautions
(25 cm) from the image needle. 1. All connections should be neat, clean and tight.
5. The positions of u must be greater than 1.5 times the 2. Key should be used in circuit and opened when the
rough focal length of the given convex lens and concave circuit is not being used.
mirror. 3. Forward-bias voltage beyond breakdown should not
Sources of Error be applied. (Diode)
1. The concave mirror should be front-coated; otherwise 4. Reverse-bias voltage beyond breakdown should not be
multiple reflections will come from the reflecting applied. (Diode & Zener Diode)
surface of the mirror. 5. Find out manufacturer’s specification for maximum
2. The convex lens may be very thick. permissible current through the given diode in forward
3. Parallax error while measuring values from meter bias. Take care not to exceed this limit. (Diode)
scale. 6. Find out manufacturers specification for maximum
reverse voltage to be applied to the diode. Take care not
PRISM to exceed this limit. (Diode & Zener Diode)
Precautions 7. It is important to take care that the potential difference
1. The angle of incidence should lie between 35°-60°. across the diode is increased gradually, in small steps.
2. The pins should be fixed vertical. Keep your eyes on the ammeter and let the current not
3. The distance between the two pins should not be less exceed the specified limit.
than 10 mm Sources of Error (Diode)
4. Arrow heads should be marked to represent the 1. The junction diode supplied may be faulty.
incident and emergent rays. 2. The diode is not suitably biased
5. The same angle of prism should be used for all the 3. Zero error is not accurately estimated.
observations. 4. Current is fixed through the diode for long duration.
Sources of Error 5. Zero reading of voltmeter and micro ammeter should
1. Pin pricks may be thick. be checked properly.
2. Measurement of angles may be wrong.
3. If the three angles of refraction between adjacent pairs Sources of Error (Zener Diode)
of faces are not equal, then A+D ≠ i+e. 1. The Zener diode supplied may be faulty.
2. The diode is not suitably reversed bias.
TRAVELLING MICROSCOPE 3. Zero error is not accurately estimated.
Precautions 4. Current is fixed through the diode for long duration.
1. In microscope, the parallax should be properly 5. Zero reading of voltmeter and micro ammeter should
removed. be checked properly.
2. The microscope should be moved in upper direction
only to avoid back lash error.
3. The glass slab should be placed on a horizontal
surface.
4. Use hand lens/magnifying glass to read the Vernier
scale to avoid error in finding Vernier coinciding
division.
POSSIBLE VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Principles of meter-bridge, potentiometer,
galvanometer.
2. reason for one sided deflection in potentiometer.
3. Working of PN junction diode.
4. Knee voltages of Silicon and germanium
5. Breakdown voltages of silicon and germanium
6. Working of vernier scale
7. Possible damages to galvanometer while working
without high resistors in series with it.
8. Refractive index meaning, values for water, glass etc.
9. focal length of plane mirror
10. why do we use convex lens in concave lens
experiment?
11. Meaning of forward and reverse bias. Working of
diodes under biasing.
12. Majority and minority carriers in P and N region
13. reason for reverse current in reverse bias
14. meaning of depletion region and changes with
biasing
15. meaning of real, virtual, erect, enlarged, and
diminished images etc
16. apparent depth and real depth meaning. Relationship
with refractive index.
17. heating issues in Ohms law, meter-bridge and
potentiometer experiments.