ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS

An Introduction to Electrical Machines

A Review on Basic Circuit Principles

JURIEVE R. BAGAY
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REFERENCES FOR ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS
• EE REVIEWERS by Roxas
• ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
By B.L. Theraja
• ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS by Alexander &
Sadiku
• ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS by J.C. Tan

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 REFERENCES FOR ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
• ELECTRICAL MACHINES (White Book)
by Charles Siskind
• ELECTRICAL MACHINES (Yellow Brown Book)
by Fritzgerald
• ELECTRICAL MACHINES
by Chapman
• EE REVIEWERS by Roxas
• ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
By B.L. Theraja
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 COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of this Semester, the student is
expected to:
1. Strengthen the Electrical Engineering theories,
concepts and principles.
2. Strengthen the theories behind Electric Circuit
Analysis & Electrical Machines.
3. Develop confidence, positive outlook and
discipline intellectually and personally.
4. Unconsciously grow in terms of intellectual,
mental, emotional and spiritual life.
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 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
• VOLTAGE – Electrical Pressure (Volts)
• CURRENT – Flow of Electrons (Amperes)
• RESISTANCE – Opposition to Current (Ohms)
• POWER – Energy per Unit of Time (Watts)
• ENERGY – Capacity to do Work (KW-HR)
• FREQUENCY – cycles per second (HZ)
• ROTATIONAL SPEED – REV PER MINUTE (RPM)
• MAGNETIC FLUX – Lines of force (Maxwell, Weber)
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Basic Circuit

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 TYPES OF ELECTRICITY SOURCE
1) Direct Current (DC) Source Voltage – an electrical
source where its generated waveform is said to be
direct or straight line.
2) Alternating Current (AC) Source Voltage - an
electrical source where its generated waveform is
said to be alternating or sinusoidal.

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 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
DC – DIRECT CURRENT AC – ALTERNATING CURRENT
• Has Polarity • Has No Polarity
• Commonly Low Voltage (Instantaneous Polarity)
(1.5V, 3V, 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V) • Commonly High Voltage
• Has No Frequency, f=0 (110 V, 220 V, 440 V, 13.8 kV, 69 kV,
• Direct Current Waveform 115kV, 138 kV, 230 kV, 500 KV)
(Straight Line Waveform) • Has Frequency, f=60Hz
• Storable (Battery) (Sinusoidal Waveform)
• Non Transformable • Non Storable
• Widely Use • Transformable (Through the use
of Transformer)
• Widely Use
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 DC and AC Waveforms
Current from a battery flows
steadily in one direction
(direct current, DC).

Current from a power plant

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 PASSIVE ELEMENTS
RESISTANCE (R) INDUCTANCE (L) CAPACITANCE (C)
• RESISTOR • INDUCTOR or COIL • CAPACITOR
• V=IR • V=L di • i=C dv
• i= V • i= 1 dt dt
R
L  idt 1
v   idt
• Stores energy on C
• Resist Electric its magnetic field • Stores energy on
Current its electric field
• At DC Source:
• At DC Source: Shorted • At DC Source:
Resist current • At AC Source: Open
• At AC Source: It has Inductive • At AC Source:
Resist current Reactance It has Capacitive
Power Factor = 1 Power Factor = Reactance
lagging Power Factor =
leading
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 Comparative Analysis
ELECTRICITY MAGNETISM
• Resistance, Ohms • Reluctance, Amp-turn per Wb
• Current, Amperes • Magnetic Flux, Wb/Maxwells
• Voltage , Volts • Magnetic Field Strength , Amp-turn
• Resistivity, Ώ-m • Reluctivity, (v)
• Conductivity • Permeability, (σ), Henry per meter
• Conductance, mho/siemens• Permeance, σ
• Emf (Electro motive force) -• Magnetic Density,
volts o Tesla=1 Wb per sq. m
o Gauss = 1 Maxwell per sq. cm
• Mmf (magneto motive force) –
Amp-turn
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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PHENOMENON
OPEN CIRCUIT SHORT CIRCUIT
• The resistance is • The resistance is
very large, or equal to zero R  0
simply infinite • The actual current is
• The current is maximum (very
equal to zero large) I   (max)
• Short circuit is
R  I 0 dangerous
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 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PROTECTION
1) FUSE - it is an electrical device that acts as
a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent
protection.
2) CIRCUIT BREAKER - An automatically
operated electrical switch and
protection designed to protect an electric
circuit from damage caused by overcurrent
condition.

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 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PROTECTION
FUSE CIRCUIT BREAKER
• Disposable • Resettable (Can be a switch)
• “busted” • “trip”
• Cheap • Expensive
• Has a lead inside • Has a coil inside
• Commonly high rating
• Commonly low rating
(15A,20A,30A,50A,60A,75A,
(1A,3A,5A,10A,15A,20A,30A)
100A, 200A, 250A, 300A,500A)
• Single • 2 Pole, 3 Pole
• Glass type, cartridge type • MCCB (Molded Case CB),
etc…
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 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
• VOLTMETER – to measure voltage, volts
• AMMETER – to measure current, amperes
• OHMMETER – to measure resistance, ohms
• WATTMETER – to measure power, watts
• TACHOMETER – to measure rotational speed, rpm
• SPEEDOMETER – to measure linear speed, kph
• LUX METER – to measure illumination, lux/cd
• FLUX METER – to measure magnetic flux, maxwells
• CLAMP METER / VOM – Electrical Multi-meter
• ENERGY METER – KW-Hr Meter, KW-Hr
• OSCILLOSCOPE – to measure waveform,
Amplitude vs. time
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 Multi-tester

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 BASIC AMPACITIES
AWG, sq. mm AMPACITY APPLICATION
• #14, 2.0 sq.mm • 20 A • Lighting System
• #12, 3.5 sq.mm • 25 A • Convenience Outlet
• #10 , 5.5 sq.mm • 30 A • Air Con Branch Circuit
• #8 , 8.0 sq.mm • 40 A • Minimum Service
• #6 , 14.0 sq.mm • 55 A Entrance
• #4 , 22.0 sq.mm • 80 A
• #2 , 30.0 sq.mm • 105 A
• #1 , 38.0 sq.mm • 120 A
• #1/0 , 50 sq.mm • 145 A
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 CAPACITY OF ELECTRAL
MACHINES/DEVICES
• GENERATOR – KW (True Power Rating)
• MOTOR – HP (Mechanical Power Output)
• TRANSFORMER – KVA (Apparent Power Rating)
• BATTERY – AMP-HR ( Continuous/Life Capacity)
• UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) – AMP-HR
• Inverter - KW ( Converts DC to AC )
• Capacitor – uF, KVAR (Reactive Power)

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 RECTIFIER (CONVERTER)
• Transformer – Step down the voltage (AC – AC)
• Bridge Type Rectifier Diode – the low AC voltage
will convert to pulsating DC voltage
• Capacitor – filter – smoothing the DC voltage
• Voltage Regulator – to have a constant DC
voltage output
• Voltage Divider - (Potentiometer) – variable DC
voltage output
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 ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES AC MACHINES
• DC GENERATOR • AC GENERATOR –
ALTERNATOR/SYNCHRONOUS
 Shunt GENERATOR
 Series • AC MOTOR
 Short- Shunt  Induction Motor (Nr < Ns)
(Assynchronous)
 Long Shunt
o Squirrel Cage Type
• DC MOTOR o Wound Rotor Type
 Shunt  Synchronous Motor (Nr = Ns)
 Series  Capacitor Start
 Short- Shunt  Repulsion Motor
 Pole Shaded , etc….
 Long Shunt
• TRANSFORMER: (1ɸ, 3ɸ)

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 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
GASOLINE DIESEL
• Clean • Unclean
• Expensive • Cheap
• Much more silent engine • A little bit noisy engine
• Does need spark plug • Does not need spark plug
• Much less in carbon • More on carbon
• Motor, Race Car, High Speed • PUV, Trucks, Heavy Equipment
cars, Airplane, • Medium octane level
• High Octane level • High Torque
• High Speed (>300kph) • Medium Speed (>160kph)
• Color Red, Orange, Green • Color Dark
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 Advantage of 3 Phase AC System
• High Efficient Power Transmission
• Power Losses is minimize
• Economical Transmission
• 3 Phase Machines are much less in size
and in overall weight
• Multivoltages (3ɸ or 1ɸ Source)
• Small current for 3ɸ AC Machines
compared with 1ɸ AC Machines
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 Advantage of High Voltage
Transmission System
• Can transmit high amount of power or energy
• Can transmit high amount of power in much
less amount of electric current
• Can transmit power in much less amount of
wire conductor (In power transmission, ACSR –
Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)
• Note: High voltage system can be provide
through the use of Power Transformer

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 ELECTRIC POWER AGENCY
• NAPOCOR (National Power Corporation) - are in
charged with the generation of electricity. Before all
Power plants are owned by NAPOCOR. Presently
most of power plants are already privatized.
• NGCP (National Grid Corporation of the Philippines)
– formerly called TRANSCO (National Transmission
Corporation) – they are in charge with the overall
transmission of Electric Power nationwide.
• MERALCO (Manila Electric Company) – they are in
charge with the distribution of Electric Power in the
overall Metro Manila Area and other provinces like
Rizal, Cavite, Bulacan, and some part of Pampanga.
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“To the one who has, more will be
given; from the one who has not,
even what he has will be
taken away.”
– Mark 4:25
33
JURIEVE R. BAGAY
THANK YOU!

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