11" Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board | Pagel x ILMI STARS Education System | spreading the Light 1°" YEAR PHYSICS NOTES FEDERAL BOARD and KPK BOARD CHAPTER 1: MEASUREMENTS. EXERCISE CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS wowilimistarsacademy.com | — www.voutube.com/ilmistarsacademy | wwwfacebook.com/iImistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: [email protected]11" Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board | Page 2 EXERCISE CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS 1) For any answer to be complete, the units need to be specified. Why? The measurement of any quantity is made relative to a particular standard or unit, and this unit must be specified along with the numerical value of the quantity. For example, we can measure length in British units such as inches, feet, or miles, or in the metric system in centimeters, meters, or kilometers. To specify that the length of a particular object is 18.6 is insufficient. The unit must be given, because 18.6 meters is very different from 18.6 inches or 18.6 millimeters 2) What are the advantages of using International System of Units (SI)? i) No Conversions: In SI there is only one unit for one quantity. Therefore within International System of units there is no need of conversions ii) No fractions. SI uses decimals exclusively, eliminating clumsy fractions and mixed numbers iii) Prefixes: Prefixes can be used with SI units. It makes expression of very large or very small numbers quite easy. iv) Other Advantages are; © Ithas few units © Itis easy to use © Ithas worldwide acceptance * Ituse scientific notation iii) How many radians account for circumference of a circle? How many steradians account for circumference of a sphere? a) Radian: le Solution: As we know that; Radians = = Radians = 2n Radians = 2 x 3.14 wwowilmistarsacademy.com | yavwi.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | www facsbook.com/iimistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: [email protected]11" Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board | Page 3 b) Steradians in a Sphere As we know that amr? Steradians = Steradians = 41 Steradians = 4x 3.14 iv) What is least count error? How can least count error be reduced? Least Count Error a) Least Count: The smallest value that can be measured by a measuring instrument is called its least count. Itis also called resolution of the instrument. b) Least Count Error: Error associated with least count (resolution) is called least called count error. Method to Reduce a) By using instrument with smaller least count (higher resolution) b) By improving experimental techniques v) Why including more digits in answers, does not make it more accurate? The number of digits you present in your answer should represent the precision with which you know a measurement; it says very little about the accuracy of the measurement. For example, if you measure the length of a table to great precision, but with a measuring instrument that is not calibrated correctly, you will not measure accurately. Accuracy is a measure of how close a measurement is to the true value. vi) What determines the precision of a measurement? Precision is the degree of exactness with which a measurement is made and stated. It is the determined by the position of last significant figure. For example wwowilmistarsacademy.com | yavwi.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | www facsbook.com/iimistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: [email protected]11" Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board | Page 4 Measurement Position of last significant figure Precision 2642 m 2 is last S.F on unit place im 2050 m 5 is last S.F on ten 10m 34,000 km 4is last S.F at thousand place 1000 km vii) If two quantities have different dimensions, is it possible to multiply and/or divide. Can we add/or subtract them? Two quantities with different dimensions cannot be added or subtracted but they can be multiplied or can be divided. For example * Itis impossible to add 10 seconds (time) to 5 metres (length) © Itis not possible to subtract 3hours (time) from 8 kilograms (mass) © Mass multiplied by acceleration gives force ( F = ma) © Displacement divided by time gives velocity ( V = d/t) vill) Human pulse and the swing of a pendulum are possible time units. Why are they not often used? Time unit must be a standard that should not change with change in time or environmental conditions. a) Human pulse cannot be time standard because it can vary with age, gender, body's emotional and physical states etc. b) Swing of pendulum cannot be time standard because time period of pendulum is given as T=2n a _ It varies with altitude (because of g) and environmental temperature (because of length of string ‘’) ix) If an equation is dimensionally correct, is that equation a right equation? a) Dimensionally Correct Equation Dimensionally correct equation may be physically correct or may be physically incorrect b) Dimensionally Incorrect Equation Dimensionally incorrect equation is always physically incorrect wwowilmistarsacademy.com | yavwi.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | www facsbook.com/iimistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: [email protected]