General Arrangement of the Ship

The front portion of a ship is called the BOW. Large tankers, bulk carriers and
ships of some other types are provided with a bulbous bow which can reduce
pitching in heavy seas and increase speed when the ship is in ballast. The fact that
the hull of an individual ship is provided with a BOW BULB, unseen in a full-
loaded ship, is shown by a special mark on both sides of the bow above the water-
line. It is safety precaution.
Most modern passenger liners, tankers, bulk carriers and container ships have a
thwartship propulsion unit fitted in the fore underwater portion of the hull and
called BOW THRUSTER. The purpose of this arrangement is to make the
maneuvering of the ship in confined and congested waters easier. The availability
of a bow thruster in a ship is marked on a ship’s hull.
The rear portion of a ship is named the STERN. We say that a ship is moving
ASTERN when she is moving stern first. When a ship is moving bow first she id
said to be moving AHEAD then.
The RUDDER situated right aft below the water line is a means used for
maintaining the ship’s course.
The area between the bow and the stern is called the MIDSHIPS. The
maximum breadth of a vessel is found in the midships body. It is known as the
BEAM.
A HOLD is a below-deck space where cargo is stowed.
The space in the lower part of the ship’s hull comprised between the outer and
inner bottoms is called THE DOUBLE-BOTTOM. Fuel oil storage tanks, fresh
water tanks and ballast tanks are located there. This space protects the ship in case
of damage to the outside plating.
There are aboard every ship two CHAIN LOCKERS for the stowage of
ANCHOR CHAINS. These compartments are situated in the forward part of the
ship, in front of the collision bulkhead. Each of them is fitted with a ring bolt to
which the end of the chain is secured.
 VOCABULARY
arrangement – размещение, расположение, компоновка
bow – нос; носовая часть
tanker – наливное судно, танкер
bulk carrier – судно для перевозки массовых (навалочных грузов); балкер
bulbous bow – бульбообразный нос
to reduce – уменьшать, ослаблять, понижать, сокращать
pitching – килевая качка
heavy seas – сильное волнение; большая волна; бурное море
to increase – увеличивать, усиливать, повышать
bow bulb – носовой бульб, носовая бульбовая наделка
full-loaded – в полном грузу
water-line – ватерлиния
safety precaution – мера безопасности
passenger-liner – пассажирское судно, рейсовый лайнер
container ship – контейнеровоз
thwartship propulsion unit – поперечное гребное устройство
fitted – установленный
bow thruster – носовое подруливающее устройство
purpose – назначение, цель, намерение
arrangement – устройство, установка, приспособление
maneuvering – маневрирование
confined and congested waters – фарватер, ограниченный по ширине и
глубине и с оживленным движением судов
availability – наличие
rear – задний
stern – корма
astern – назад, задним ходом
to move stern first – двигаться кормой вперед
ahead – вперед
then – тогда, в таком случае
rudder – руль
right aft – прямо за кормой
a means – средство, способ
ship’s course – курс судна
area – участок, зона, район
the midships – средняя (миделевая) часть судна
to be found – находиться
beam – ширина судна, траверз
below-deck space – подпалубное пространство
to stow – укладывать, размещать, штивать
the lower part – нижняя часть
to be comprised – быть охваченным (включенным), вмешаться
outer – наружный, внешний
inner – внутренний
bottom – днище, дно
double-bottom – двойное дно, междудонное пространство
fuel oil – жидкое топливо, горючее
storage tank – цистерна постоянного запаса
fresh water – пресная вода
ballast – балласт
to be located – располагаться, находиться, размещаться
damage – повреждение, порча, вред, ущерб
aboard – на судне, на борту
chain locker – цепной ящик
anchor chain – якорная цепь, якорный канат
in front of something – перед чем-либо, впереди чего-либо
collision bulkhead – таранная переборка
to be fitted with something – быть снабженным (оборудованным) чем-либо
ring bolt – рым-болт
to be secured – быть закрепленным
 The Structural Parts of the Hull

There are two main parts of a ship: the hull and machinery. The structural
parts of the hull of a steel ship include frames, beams, keel, keelson, stem,
sternpost, shell plating, bulkheads, and decks.
The frames are the transverse ribs that make up the skeleton of a ship. They
rise at right angle to the keel, extend and are numbered from the aft to fore, act as
stiffeners, hold the outside plating and maintain the traverse form of the ship.
The main beams usually run athwartship from side to side of a ship and are
fastened to the frames. They support the plating or planking of a deck.
The bulkheads are the vertical partitions running from the floors of the holds
to the main deck and subdividing the interior of a ship into the various
compartments. The traverse watertight bulkheads run in an athwartship direction
across the whole breadth of a ship. Their principle function is to divide the ship
into a series of watertight compartments so as to prevent the flow of water under
pressure from one compartment to another. Some of the bulkheads are provided
with a watertight door. These doors are closed and opened hydraulically and can be
controlled remotely from the bridge.
A deck in a ship corresponds to a floor in a building. It is the plating,
planking or any other covering of beams forming a floor, either in the hull or
superstructure of a ship. All decks are designated by their location and function.
The uppermost continuous deck to which rise all the watertight bulkheads is called
the main deck. The top of the fore raised part of the main deck is the forecastle
deck and the top of the aft raised section is the poop deck. The fore and aft parts of
a flush deck are sometimes called mooring decks. The weather deck is the
uppermost continuous deck exposed to the weather; it may also be called upper,
awning, shade or shelter deck. Davits and lifeboats are installed on the boat deck.
The deck below the main deck is called tween-deck. There may also be bridge,
superstructure, promenade and other decks.
 VOCABULARY

main – основной, главный

part – часть, деталь
hull – корпус судна
machinery – механизмы, машинное оборудование
piece of machinery – механизм (один)
machinery component – механизм (один)
structural – конструктивный, структурный
steel – сталь
to include – содержать, включать
frame – шпангоут, рамная конструкция
beam – бимс, балка
keel – киль
keelson – кильсон
stern – форштевень
sternpost – ахтерштевень
shell plating – обшивка корпуса, наружная обшивка
bulkhead – переборка, перемычка
deck – палуба
rib – ребро
transverse rib – поперечное ребро
to make up – составлять
to rise at right angle to – подниматься под правым углом к
to extend – тянуться, простираться
the aft – кормовая (задняя) часть, корма
the fore – передняя (носовая) часть, нос
to act as – служить в качестве чего-либо (кого-либо)
stiffener – ребро жесткости, стойка
to hold – держать, удерживать
outside – наружный, внешний
to maintain – поддерживать, удерживать, содержать в исправности
to run – проходить (о кабеле, трубе и т.п.), тянуться, простираться
athwartship – поперек судна, на траверзе
to be fastened to something – прикрепляться к чему-либо
to support – поддерживать, подпирать
planking – деревянный настил, деревянная обшивка
partition – разделительная переборка, выгородка
hold - трюм
subdivide – подразделять
the interior – внутренность, внутренняя часть
various – различные, разные, разнообразные
compartment – отсек, отделение
watertight – водонепроницаемый, герметичный
breadth – ширина
function – назначение, функция
a series of smth – ряд чего-либо (каких-либо предметов)
so as (to do) – с тем чтобы (сделать, выполнить)
to prevent – предотвращать, предупреждать
flow – истечение, сток
under pressure – под давлением
to be provided with smth – быть снабженным (оборудованным) чем-либо
hydraulically - гидравлически
to be controlled remotely – управляться дистанционно
covering – настил, обшивка, облицовка
superstructure - надстройка
length - длина
to be designated - обозначаться, называться
location – расположение, нахождение, размещение
(the) uppermost – самый верхний
top – верхняя поверхность
forecastle – баковая надстройка, бак
poop – ютовая надстройка, ют
mooring – швартовка, швартовный
weather deck – открытая палуба
exposed to smth – подверженный воздействию чего-либо
to be called smth – называться чем-либо
davit – шлюпбалка, кран-балка
lifeboat – спасательная шлюпка
to be installed – устанавливаться, размещаться
below – под, внизу, под верхней палубой
tween-deck – твиндек, межпалубное пространство, промежуточная палуба
 General Description of a Ship

The main body of a ship is called a hull. The hull is divided into three main
parts: the foremost part is called the bow; the rearmost part is called the stern; the
part in between is called midships. The hull is the main part of the ship. This is the
area between the main deck, the sides (port and starboard) and the bottom. It is
made up of frames covered with plating. The part of the hull below water is the
ship’s underwater body. The distance between the waterline and the main deck is
the vessel’s freeboard. The hull is divided up into a number of watertight
compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going
across the ship and along.
The hull contains the engine room, cargo spaces and a number of tanks. In
dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds. Openings giving access to
holds are called hatches. In liquid cargo vessels the cargo space is divided into
tanks.
At the fore end of the hull are the forepeak tanks, and in the after end are
afterpeak tanks. They are used for fresh water and fuel. If a ship has double sides,
the space between the sides contains wing tanks. The space between the tank top
and the space contains double bottom tanks.
All permanent housing above the main deck is known as superstructure.
Nowadays, cargo vessels are normally built with the after location of the engine
room and bridge superstructure to gain more space for cargo. The forward raised
part of the deck is called the forecastle and its after raised part is the poop. On deck
there are cargo handling facilities, such as cranes, winches, derricks etc. Ships
having derricks also have cargo masts and cargo posts (or Samson posts) on deck.
Since a ship is supported by fluid pressure, she will incline in any direction
in the process of loading according to the position of the weights placed on her.
Therefore the ship’s position below water must be closely watched. The angle that
a ship is making fore and aft with the water is known as trim. An extreme
difference between the water levels at each end of the ship indicates bad loading.
The levels are read by numbers painted on the ship’s stem and called draught
marks. A list or inclination from one side to another, caused by faulty loading, is
known as heel. In the course of loading loan lines must be watched above all. The
load lines are engraved and then painted on the both sides of ships. The divided
circle on the left shows the depth to which the ship may be loaded in summer time.
Below this line are, on the grid to the right, two lines. The one marked W means
winter loading, the lower one marked WNA means the maximum depth which the
ship may be loaded if she is going across the North Atlantic in winter. The other
marks above these are: T for tropical, F for fresh water. These lines are shown on
the ship’s Load Line Certificate. In case of overloading a ship, so that these lines
are under water, the penalties are severe.
 ТHЕ SHIP'S CREW
There is a lot of complex equipment on board modern ships so it is
necessary to have skilled crews to operate the ships. The organization of the crew
of a cargo ship is changing, but usually one can find at least two departments on
such ships: the deck department and the engine department.
The deck department includes navigators, a boatswain, and sailors. We call
navigators according to their rank on board ship: the Master (Captain), the Chief
Officer (First Mate), the Second Officer (Second Mate), the Third Officer (Third
Mate), the Fourth Officer (Fourth Mate).
The Master is responsible for the ship, her cargo and the crew. He must be
an experienced navigator.
The Chief Officer is the Master's main assistant and the head of the deck
Department. He must be always ready to replace the Master and perform his duties.
All the navigators must keep watch on navigating bridge. They may not
leave it when on watch. The navigators relieve each other of watch every four
hours. Every navigator must know how to define the ship's position, plot her
course on the chart and take bearings.
A Boatswain and sailors must keep the ship's hull, holds and tackle in
good condition.
The engine Department consists of the Chief Engineer, The Second third
and fourth engineers some motormen and two or three electricians. They keep
watch in engine-room and must maintain and repair its equipment.
Only well-qualified sailors can perform their duties properly that's why the
crews' training is very important.
 VOCABULARY:
complex сложный
skilled умелый, хорошо подготовленный
operate управлять, эксплуатировать
department служба
include включать
experienced опытный
replace заменять
relieve освобождать,
tackle такелаж
well-qualified высококвалифицированный
to perform one's исполнять свои обязанности
duties properly должным образом
usually one can find at обычно на таких судах
least two departments имеется, по крайней
on such ships мере, две службы
 Types of Ships
On one hand, all cargo ships are divided into two types: dry cargo ships and
tankers. On the other hand, cargo ships may be divided into universal ships
designed to carry principal different types of cargo and specialized ships designed
to carry one type of cargo (e.g. bulk cargo, timber, refrigerated goods, oil etc.).
Such specialized ships as bulkers (bulk-carriers), timber-carriers, reefer ships,
tankers have long been known. Nowadays three kinds of specialized ships are very
popular. One is cargo carriers with cargo handling equipment on board for special
purposes or routs, such as, for example, heavy/bulky cargo ships with derricks or
cranes capable of handling single lifts over 500 ton without requiring outside
assistance (these ships are also called special-purpose ships). The second trend is
Roll-on/Roll-off ships, in which the bow and stern doors and adjustable steel
ramps permit vehicles to drive on board and drive off again, requiring only
minimum dock-side facilities. The third trend is the container ship. The use of
containers for cargoes has encouraged the design of ships specifically to carry
containers. In their extreme form, as in the LASH barge-carrying ships the
container is 60-foot steel lighter, which can be quickly launched over the ship’s
stern. One (single) purpose ships designed to carry one particular kind of cargo are
also widely used, the most popular of them being cellular type full container ships.
There are specialized ships designed to carry different types of cargoes (e.g.
OBO ships, PROBO ships, CONBULKERs etc.) These are called combined ships.
A comparatively new development in the multi-purpose ship combining
characteristic features of both universal and specialized vessels.
In dependence of the cargo handling method used dry cargo ships may also
be divided into: LO-LO (lift on/lift off) vessels where handling of cargo is effected
by derricks or cranes through cargo hatches; RO-RO (roll-on/roll-off) vessels
where the cargo is rolled on board and rolled off through cargo ports or doors in
the bow, stern or sides of the ship; FO-FO (float-on/float-off) vessels where dock
lift cargo handling method is used, that is floating cargo units (e.g. barges) are
floated into cargo spaces (usually large holds). But there are also hybrid vessels
where combinations of the above mentioned methods are used, such as LO-LO/Ro-
RO (or LO/RO), RO-RO/FO-FO (or RO/FO-RO-Flow) vessels and others.

Пояснения к тексту
reefer=refer ships – суда для перевозки рефрижераторных грузов
to encourage – зд. способствовать
LASH-carrier =lighters aboard ship-carrier – лихтеровоз
OBO ships=oil/bulk/ore-carrier – нефтерудовоз, балктанкер
PROBO ship=product/oil/bulk/ore-carrier – судно предназначенное для транспортировка
нефтепродуктов, сырой нефти, навалочных грузов и руды
CONBULKER=container/bulk-carrier – комбинированное судно, предназначенное для
транспортировки нефтепродуктов, сырой нефти, навалочных грузов и руды
cargo ports – лацпорты
hybrid vessels – суда гибридного типа, сочетающие различные способы погрузки
выгрузки
 Types of Ships
Аварийно-спасательное – salvage and rescue
Авианосец – aircraft carrier
Балкер - bulk carrier
Баржа – barge
Буксир – tug
Буксир-толкач – pusher (tug)
Бункеровщик – refueling, bunkering
Водолазное – diving vessels
Водолей, водоналивное – warterboat, water-carrier, waterbarge
Военный корабль – warship, man-of-war, naval
Вспомогательное – auxiliary, service
Газовоз – gas carrier
Гидрографическое – hydrographical
Грузовое – cargo, freighter
Грузопассажирское – cargo and passenger
Железобетонное – stone (concrete), ferro-concrete
Зверобойное - sealer
Земснаряд – dredger
Кабелепрокладчик – cable
Катамаран – catamaran
Катер – boat, launch
Китобоец – whaler, whaling
Китобойная база – whale factory
Контейнеровоз – container
Крейсер – cruiser
Ледокол – icebreaker
Лихтер – lighter
Лихтеровоз – lash (lighter aboard ship), Seabee
Лоцбот - pilotboat
Лоцманское – pilot
Мусорная баржа – ash boat, refuse-removal
На воздушной подушке – air-cushion, cushion
На подводных крыльях – hydrofoil
Научно-исследовательское – research
Океанографическое – oceanographic, ocean survey
Обслуживающее буровые установки – rig tender
Паром – ferry (boat)
Парусное – sailing
Пассажирское – passenger
Плавбаза – tender, floating base, deport
Плавкран – floating crane
Плавмастерская – repair ship
Плавмаяк – light, lightship
Подводная лодка – submarine
Пожарное – fire-fighting
Поисково-спасательное – search and rescue
Посыльный катер – dispatch launch
Промысловое – seal-hunter
Рефрижераторное – refrigerator
Ролкер (ро-ро) – Ro-ro
Рыболовное – fishing boat
Самоотвозящий дноуглубительный снаряд – hopper dredger
Саморазгружающееся – self-discharging
Самоходное – power-driven, self-propelled
С бортовыми гребными колесами – side-paddle
Сейнер – fishing boat
Си-би – Seabee, barge carrying
Скотовоз – cattle, cattle carrier
Океанского плавания – sea-going
Сухогрузное – dry cargo, frighter
Спасательное – salvage, rescue ship
Танкер – tanker
Торговое – merchant, trade
Тральщик – sweeper, trawler
Траулер – trawler
Швартовный катер – mooring boat
Эжекционный (земснаряд) – jet dredger