1

BUSINESS
GUIDE

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H2 Business
Hydrogen Guide Guide
Business

This is the sub

Bilateral headline
energy partnerships in developing
countries and emerging economies

Further Logo (e.g. study Further Logo (e.g. study

partner, research partner, research
institute) institute)
 2

Publication details

Published by
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Registered offices: Bonn and Eschborn, Germany
Köthener Str. 2-3
10963 Berlin, Germany
Tel.: + 49 30 33 84 24 473
Fax: + 49 30 33 84 22 473
Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.giz.de

Project name:
Support for Bilateral Energy Partnerships in
Developing Countries and Emerging Economies

Project manager:
Torsten Fritsche
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Authors:
Farhanja Wahabzada (GIZ), Sarah Duhr (GIZ), Paula Klöcker (GIZ),
Veit-Clemens Raisch (GIZ), Hatim Ksissou (GIZ), Yasmine Boutaib (GIZ),
Frank Renken (GIZ), Salaheddine Bouzerd (GIZ), Kristina Kramer (GIZ),
Aschkan Davoodi Memar (GIZ), Rainer Schröer (GIZ), Daina Neddemeyer (GIZ),
Michael Schmidt (GIZ), Marco Huels (GIZ), William Jensen Diaz (GIZ),
Andreas Betz (GIZ), Nicole Täumel (GIZ)

Last updated:
February 2022

Design:
peppermint werbung berlin GmbH
Edelman GmbH, Berlin

Photos and illustrations:

p. 6: © Tarnero, Jacques/Shutterstock

GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication.

On behalf of the
German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK)
 3

Contents

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Algeria .................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Brazil ................................................................................................................................................................... 15

Chile�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21

Morocco ............................................................................................................................................................. 29

Mexico ................................................................................................................................................................ 35

South Africa ....................................................................................................................................................... 41

Tunisia ................................................................................................................................................................ 47

Contact ............................................................................................................................................................... 56

Abbreviations
BMWK.... German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs LCOE...... Levelised Cost of Electricity
............... and Climate Action LCOH..... Levelised Cost of Hydrogen
CAPEX.... Capital Expenditures LNG........ Liquefied Natural Gas
CO2........ Carbon dioxide MoU....... Memorandum of Understanding
RE........... Renewable energy MW......... Megawatt
EU........... European Union NDC........ Nationally Determined Contributions
FCEV....... Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle PPA......... Power Purchase Agreement
GIZ.......... Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale PJ............ Petajoule
............... Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH PtL.......... Power-to-Liquid
GW......... Gigawatt PtX.......... Power-to-X
H2........... Hydrogen PV........... Photovoltaics
IEA.......... International Energy Agency TWh........ Terawatt hour
IRENA..... International Renewable Energy Agency WACC..... Weighted Average Cost of Capital
kWh........ Kilowatt hour
 4

Introduction

Die Nationale
The impacts of climate change and the resulting need to act
on climate protection are global topics which governments
Wasserstoffstrategie
worldwide have to address. Extreme weather phenomena
are becoming more frequent, causing destruction, flooding,
drought and humanitarian crises. The German Government
has set ambitious goals to address these developments,
ensure long-term climate action and stop global warming.
These goals are based on the Paris Agreement of 2015 and
the goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2045 by massively
expanding renewable energy, strengthening energy
efficiency, and phasing out coal-fired power generation
by 2030. To enable a fossil fuel- and emission-free future
and permit the energy transition to be fully implemented,
one key pillar of the German Government’s strategy is the
use of -green hydrogen produced with renewable energy.
Particularly in industrial and transport sectors which cannot
be decarbonised with conventional technologies or electricity,
the aim is to use green hydrogen as a gaseous or liquid
energy carrier and fuel to make all sectors climate neutral. In
June 2020, the National Hydrogen Strategy was presented to bmwi.de
achieve this goal.

With the National Hydrogen Strategy, Germany plans to In Measure 34 of the National Hydrogen Strategy, the German
import large quantities of green hydrogen in the medium to Government's bilateral energy partnerships also play a major
long term. After all, the quantities required will greatly exceed role in cooperating with strategic export and import countries.
Germany’s green hydrogen generating capacity. The strategy The bilateral energy partnerships are also a key instrument in
provides for 21 to 96 TWh of green hydrogen to be imported the German Government's foreign energy policy, in which it
in 2030. To meet this demand, the German Government combines energy policy dialogue at the government level with
will utilise international cooperation arrangements and practical and goal-oriented project work and engagement
partnerships in the European Union (EU) and beyond. with the German private sector as an integral part of the
partnerships. This will strengthen the promotion of future-
To support the market ramp-up for green hydrogen and oriented energy strategies and the advancement of private
its derivatives at European and global level, the German sector innovation worldwide and will serve as impetus for
Government has launched numerous funding programmes energy-efficient innovations and cooperation arrangements
including H2Global, the funding guideline for international on the path to a global energy transition.
hydrogen projects and H2-Uppp. The market ramp-up for
green hydrogen also offers new business opportunities At present, Germany maintains 23 energy partnerships
for German companies. Targeted support measures for and dialogues throughout the world, 11 of which are
the private sector aim to allow the potential of hydrogen implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
technologies to be fully exploited and improved while Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the German
simultaneously promoting the competitiveness of the sector Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK),
in the international context. including Algeria, Brazil, Chile, China, Ethiopia, India, Jordan,
Mexico, Morocco, South Africa and Tunisia. Germany (Federal
Foreign Office and BMWK) conducts the other 12 energy
partnerships with Angola, Australia, Japan, Kazakhstan,
Nigeria, Norway, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, the United
Arab Emirates, the United States and Ukraine.
 5

As part of the global energy transition, green hydrogen is This Hydrogen Business Guide presents the initial results
also playing an increasingly important role in bilateral energy and findings of the potential analyses for Algeria, Brazil,
partnerships, which offer a dialogue platform for BMWK and the Chile, Mexico, Morocco, South Africa and Tunisia. The guide
partner ministries on their respective hydrogen policies. They aims to give German businesses orientation regarding the
also offer advice on different aspects of the development of hydrogen potential and current energy-policy developments
green hydrogen (including strategic development, regulatory in these countries. These are snapshots of a situation that is
frameworks, certification, sustainability standards and in a constant state of flux in the countries as a result of the
transport) and conduct corresponding workshops on green worldwide dynamics. The guide also provides an overview
hydrogen. In this context, the bilateral energy partnerships of the countries' respective electricity and energy mix, their
have also supported the development of hydrogen potential respective renewable energy potentials and goals and the
analyses and hydrogen strategies in various countries. current planning status for green hydrogen.

S | 14 Illustrationen CD-MANUAL ENERGIEWENDE INTERNATIONAL

2| Politischer Dialog

Politischer Dialog umfasst u.a. Internationale

Expertenmeetings, Wissensaustausch, Delegations -
empfänge – nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern welt -
weit. Ziel ist das gegenseitige Lernen.
 6

Algeria
 7

Energy data

Energy consumption by sector Energy exports

Transport Crude oil

Buildings and other Petroleum products

22% (including agriculture)
31% 32% Gas products
Industry
52%

47% 16%
Source: Ministry of Source: Ministry of
Energy and Mines 2019 Energy and Mines 2019

The transport and industrial sectors account for Algeria is an important exporter of petroleum and
more than half of Algeria’s energy consumption. natural gas and has petroleum reserves amounting
to 12.2 billion barrels and 4.51 trillion cubic metres of
natural gas reserves. Algeria's energy exports amounted
to 92 million tonnes of crude oil units in 2019.

Installed and planned solar, wind and hydro power capacity

Megawatts

25,000

20,000
With the Algerian Renewable Energy and Energy
15,000 Efficiency Development Plan, Algeria has made a
sustainable energy supply a national priority. This
10,000 22,000
plan aims to ensure that 15,000 MW is generated from
renewable sources by 2035.
5,000
692 Goal: to save at least 240 billion cubic metres of natural
0 gas and thereby avoid 200 million tonnes of carbon.
2020 2030
Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines 2021

Electricity generation by energy source Carbon emissions by sector

0.4%
0.9% 0.2%
Combined cycle power plants Transport
9.4% Natural gas 11% Buildings

Steam turbines Industry

33%
Solar und Wind Power/Heat generation
46.7% 28%
42.5% Solar and wind Diesel Other

Hydro power
19%
9%

Source: Tractebel 2021 Source: IEA 2018

Combined cycle power plants and gas turbines The transport sector is responsible for around one third
contribute by far the most to electricity generation. of the country’s emissions.
PV and wind accounted for 0.9% of the national
electricity generation.
 8

Renewable energy potential

Production conditions for green hydrogen and its derivatives

Wind speeds Solar irradiance

Source: Global Wind Atlas 2021 Source: Solargis 2021

Wind conditions are best in the centre of Algeria. The PV potential is especially promising in the south of
Algeria.

WIND
Wind potential: 35 TWh/year
Wind speed in the windiest region: avg. 8.71 m/s

The Algeria Renewable Energy Program was revised

again for 2020. It aims to install 16,000 MW of
photovoltaic capacity alone by 2035. As a consequence,
solar electricity generation will increase from around 0.4
GW today to around 30 GW by 2050. It is assumed that
SOLAR wind energy will increase to 2 GW in 2050. The prevailing
PV potential: 13.9 TWh/year direct current technology will continue to be expanded
Annual solar irradiance: 2,000 kWh/m2 until capacity eventually reaches 41 GW in 2050.
Source: Tractebel 2021

The comparison of the overall potential for PV-based

hydrogen production with production from onshore
WATER
wind energy shows that PV production potential is ten
Hydropower potential: 0.5 TWh/year
times that of onshore wind energy.

Source: Tractebel 2021

 9

Hydrogen potential

The greatest potential for specific PV-based hydrogen production is in the south-east region of Algeria in the Ahaggar and
Tassili-n'Ajjer mountains, in the provinces of Illizi and Tamanrasset. The lowest potential for specific PV-based hydrogen
production is in the north-eastern Mediterranean region between Bejaia and Annaba.

Potential of green hydrogen production from PV electricity

Geographical overview of technical annual production potential

The total technical overall

potential for the production
of green hydrogen from
PV electricity in Algeria is
estimated at 6,650 million
tonnes per year in 2030.
Legend
Annual production
potential of hydrogen
[kg/km2/year)]

Potential of green hydrogen production from onshore wind electricity

Geographical overview of technical annual production potential

The total technical potential

for the production of green
hydrogen from onshore
wind electricity in Algeria
is estimated at 994 million
tonnes per year in 2030.
Legende
Annual production
potential of hydrogen
[kg/km2/year)]

Source of all graphics: Tractebel 2021

 10

Required renewable energy capacity for green hydrogen

The renewable electricity generation capacity additionally required is between 8 and 519 GW.
Depending on the choice of renewable energy sources, 10 to 519 GW of PV generating capacity or 8 to 195 GW of onshore
wind generating capacity will be needed.

Hydrogen production costs

Annual hydrogen production of different LCOH levels (PV) up to 2030

The south-eastern and
western parts of Algeria are 534
particularly suitable for cost-
effective PV-based hydrogen 18,756
production.
However, the general cost 292,116
of PV-based hydrogen
production will remain below 1,309,991
USD 5/kg in many parts of
Algeria.
4,633,453

Million kg/year 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

≤ 6 USD/kg 5.5-6 USD/kg 5-5.5 USD/kg 4.5-5 USD/kg 4-4.5 USD/kg

Annual hydrogen production of different LCOH levels (onshore wind) up to 2030

Particularly cost-effective
green hydrogen can be 25,464
produced in the centre of
Algeria. 16,169

40,696

45,965

58,633

150,874

107,368

18,349

Mio. kg/Jahr 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000

≥ 6 USD/kg 5.5-6 USD/kg 5-5.5 USD/kg 4.5-5 USD/kg

4-4.5 USD/kg 3.5-4 USD/kg 3-3.5 USD/kg 2.5-3 USD/kg
Source of all data: Tractebel 2021
 11

Cost of hydrogen production (LCOH)

• The expected LCOH fluctuates between USD 2.50/kg and • The cost of maritime transport is between USD 0.02/
USD 5.40/kg for industrial-scale applications. kg (local supply) and USD 0.07/kg (export). For long
distances the cost of transporting hydrogen is twice the
• The cost of hydrogen production from onshore wind cost of desalination based on the LCOH.
energy is (on average) around USD 1/kg lower than from
photovoltaics. • Desalination and hydrogen transport together account
for less than USD 0.2/kg of the LCOH.
• The most important cost components are renewable
energy (29-65% of LCOH) and electrolysis (21-65% LCOH).

• The transport cost of hydrogen pipelines (renovation

and new construction) is between USD 0.17/kg (local
supply) and USD 0.7/kg (export).

Source: Tractebel 2021

Water supply

The investment cost of producing pure water accounts for only a few per cent of the total investment cost of an electrolysis-
based facility for the generation of green hydrogen; the impact on the standardised cost of hydrogen generation (LCOE) is
also very low.

Water desalination
The cost of desalination in Algeria is between USD 0.62 and USD 1.11/m3. The additional need for (tap) water required for
hydrogen production is between 5 and 279 million m3/year.
Source: Tractebel 2021
 12

Local and international demand for green

hydrogen and its derivatives
Green hydrogen in Algeria: demand and required capacity

Hydrogen demand Medium- to long-term areas of application:

• The potential domestic demand in Algeria (118-285 TWh) 1. The country has experience in particular in the
is low compared with the potential export demand (481- production of ammonia, methanol and petrochemicals,
665 TWh). and in refining. Algeria has high petroleum reserves that
• For industrial-scale usage, potential hydrogen demand are processed in oil refineries. The clean production of
varies between 85 and 665 TWh/year. hydrogen is a key prerequisite for substantially reducing
emissions from refinery operations.
Electrolysis capacity 2. Electricity generation: 100% conversion of natural gas to
• The required electrolysis capacity varies between 8 and green hydrogen
519 GW depending on the renewable source. 3. Mobility (buses, trucks): green hydrogen and synthetic
• At least 8 GW of electrolysis capacity is required for the fuels based on green hydrogen are especially well-suited
partial decarbonisation of existing domestic industries for aviation, sea transport, rail transport and heavy-load
(ammonia production). vehicles such as buses and trucks.

Land use
• The total land area needed for hydrogen production
(renewable energy + electrolysis) is estimated at 0.1 to
1.2 million hectares.
• The specific land use of onshore wind-based hydrogen
supply chains is higher than that of PV-based supply
chains.
• The specific land use per annual hydrogen production
amounts to around 490-1200 km2/TWh for onshore
wind energy and 70-100 km2/TWh for photovoltaic solar
energy.

Potential green hydrogen demand of selected

industry locations

Demand is greatest in the north, while the south

has great potential for hydrogen production.

Hydrogen demand (100% conversion) (t/year)

1,700 327,332
Source of all graphics: and data: Tractebel 2021
 13

Hydrogen transport
Existing infrastructure

Transport network

Sources: Algerian Ministry of Energy and Mining, Sonatrach 2021

The gas pipeline network grew from 6,105 km in 2005 to 19,258 km in 2016 and will increase to 27,291 km by 2027.
In 2021 the gas pipeline network measured 20,705 km and had a total capacity of 404,342 mtpa (million tonnes per
annum).
 14

Natural gas networks in Northern Africa

Algeria has two LNG terminals in the cities of Arzew

and Skikda on the Mediterranean coast.

There are currently three gas pipelines from Algeria

to Europe. A fourth pipeline, to Nigeria, is under
construction.

Pipelines Enrico-Mattei Duran-Farell Medgaz Galsi

gas pipeline gas pipeline (west) (east)

Network Algeria-Italy via Algeria-Spain via Hassi R’mel, Beni Saf Hassi R’mel, ElKala
Tunisia and Sicily Morocco (Algeria) Et Almeria (Algeria), Cagliari,
(Spain) Olbia (Sardinia) and
CD Pecaia (Italy)

Length 550 km 716 km 747 km 1,470 km

Capacity 25 Gm3/year 12 Gm3/year 8-10 Gm3/year 8-10 Gm3/year (NG)

Source of all graphics and data: Tractebel 2021

 15

Brazil
 16

Energy data

Energy consumption by sector Carbon emissions by sector

Transport Land use

Buildings Buildings
19%
26% 31% Industry Industry

Other 44% Agriculture

Energy
28%
32% 11%
Source: Balanço Energético Source: Instituto de Energia
Nacional 2020 5%4% e Meio Ambiente 2019

Industry and transport are responsible for around Nearly half the carbon emissions are attributed to land
65% of energy consumption. use. Brazil aims to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.

Installed and planned renewable energy capacity

Megawatts

200,000

150,000

100,000
178,714
150,047 160,390
Expanding the share of renewables is part of Brazil’s
50,000
long-term energy planning. The country is a global
pioneer and its share of renewables in the energy mix
0 (45.3%) is well above the OECD average (10.6%).
2020 2025 2030
Source: Ministério de Minas e Energia/Empresa de Pesquisa Energética 2021

Power generation by energy source Power consumption by sector

2% 2% 2% Water 1%
3%
Wind Transport
6%
Biomass Buildings
8%
Natural gas
28% Industry
9% Coal 27%
Commerce
Nuclear energy
9% 65% Agriculture
Oil
38%
Solar

Source: Empresa de Pesquisa

Energética 2021 Source: IEA 2019

The share of renewable energy in the power mix is The industrial sector accounts for greatest share of
a high 85%. total electricity consumption.
 17
GLOBAL WIND ATLAS
MEAN WIND SPEED AT 100m
Renewable energy
BRAZIL
potential
GLOBAL WIND ATLAS
MEAN WIND SPEED AT 100m
BRAZIL
Production conditions for green hydrogen and its derivatives
Offshore Wind Technical Potential
Public Disclosure Authorized

Wind speeds:
Offshore Offshore
Wind Technical Potential within 200 km
in Brazil Wind speeds: Onshore
RISE score: 71 Fixed: 480 GW || Floating: 748 GW || Total: 1,228 GW
Public Disclosure Authorized

BRAZIL
Public Disclosure Authorized

PARAGUAY
Public Disclosure Authorized

South Atlantic Ocean

URUGUAY

Fixed (water depth < 50m)

WS (m/s)

>10
2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5
3

Floating (water depth < 1000m)

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
This map shows the estimated technical potential for fixed and floating offshore wind in Brazil in terms of installed power capacity in megawatts (MW) within 200 kilometers of the shoreline. It is provided under a World Bank
Group (WBG) initiative on offshore wind that is funded and led by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For more information and to obtain maps for other WBG client countries please visit:
https://esmap.org/offshore-wind. For further details on the RISE score provided please visit: https://rise.esmap.org/.
The methodology used to create this map is described in the WBG report published in October 2019 titled Going
t t pGlobal: Source: Global Wind Atlas 2021
://d oExpanding
c u m eOffshoren t s .wWind o r ltodEmerging
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/716891572457609829/pdf/Going- Markets. The wind resource data is from the Global
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/716891572457609829/pdf/Going-Global-Expanding-Offshore-Wind-To-Emerging-Markets.pdf
h b a n k .o rg/
This map is printed using the Global Wind Atlas online application website (v.3.1) owned by the Technical University of Denmark. For more information and terms of use, please visit https://globalwindatlas.info
Wind Atlas (version 3.0), a free, web-based application that provides data with a 250 m resolution based on the latest input datasets and modeling methodologies. For more information: https://globalwindatlas.info.
The World Bank and ESMAP do not guarantee the accuracy of this data and accept no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on
any map in this series do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgement on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

WIND
Published: March 2020 (revised May 2020)
Copyright © THE WORLD BANK
1818 H Street, NW | Washington DC 20433 | USA

The north-east region of Brazil offers ideal conditions for

Wind potential: 721 TWh/year
hydrogen production due to its high solar irradiation and
Wind speed in the windiest area
wind potential.
at an altitude of 100 m: 7.02 m/s This map is printed using the Global Wind Atlas online application website (v.3.1) owned by the Technical University of Denmark. For more information and terms of use, ple

Solar energy potential

SOLAR
Solar energy potential: 65 TWh/year
Average solar irradiation
(theoretical): 5.39 kWh/m2/day

WATER
Hydropower potential: 172 GW

Sources: Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE), Fundação Estadual

do Meio Ambiente 2014, Global Wind Atlas 2021, Solargis 2021

Source: Solargis 2021

 18

Hydrogen potential
Green hydrogen strategy

Already in 2005, the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) coordinated its first Roadmap for the
2005 Structuring of the Hydrogen Economy in Brazil. The roadmap focused on the use of hydrogen in industry
and included hydrogen production from renewable energy.

In the National Energy Plan 2050 (PNE 2050) of December 2020, hydrogen is described as a disruptive
2020 technology and mentioned as a strategic element in the context of decarbonisation of the energy matrix
and energy storage.

In late February 2021 the Energy Research Office (EPE) published a working paper on the principles
of consolidation for a Brazilian hydrogen strategy that analysed fundamental aspects for a Brazilian
hydrogen strategy. The document explicitly mentions the cooperation with Germany and with the
German-Brazilian Energy Partnership.
In March 2021, the Brazilian National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE) also pointed out that green
hydrogen will be one of the priority topics for research and development in the country and announced
public support for it.

In June 2021 Brazil submitted to the United Nations an Energy Compact for strengthening research,
2021
development and innovation policies for the development of a hydrogen market.

In mid-April 2021 the CNPE resolved to create guidelines for a National Hydrogen Programme.

A proposal for the guidelines was published in August. It contains a comprehensive vision of the
challenges and opportunities of developing a hydrogen industry and a hydrogen market in Brazil.
The MME is currently preparing the final version of the hydrogen programme (PNH2), which is to be
published in the first half of 2022.

Source: Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE), Ministério de Minas e Energia (MME), Conselho Nacional de Política Energética (CNPE) 2021

Hydrogen production costs Water supply

According to a McKinsey study, Brazil has one of the largest

Brazil is one of the world's most supplies of freshwater in the
competitive countries for the world. But the north-east,
production of green hydrogen. the region with the greatest
The study reports that the cost of renewable energy potential, has
Brazilian green hydrogen (LCOH) areas which suffer from year-long
will be around USD 1.50/kg in periods of drought. According
2030, which is on a par with that to a study by IRENA, Brazil has
of the top locations in the United a low water stress level for the
States, Australia, Spain and Saudi production of green hydrogen.
Arabia. Brazil will most likely also have
to rely on the use of desalination
According to a study by IRENA, plants in some regions.
green hydrogen in Brazil could
already be cheaper than blue
hydrogen by 2024.

Sources: IEA 2021, McKinsey & Company 2021, IRENA 2022 Sources: GTAI 2020, GIZ 2021, IRENA 2022
 19

Local and international demand for green

hydrogen and its derivatives
Local demand

In 2019, most hydrogen production was used for crude oil refineries and around 20% on the basis of ammonia for fertiliser
production. However, the fertiliser industry is operating below installed capacity, so that in 2019 capacity underutilisation
necessitated the import of fertiliser to meet the needs of the agricultural sector.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), demand for hydrogen in Brazil amounts to 0.4 Mt/year. Demand for
hydrogen is also expected to increase in the chemical, iron and steel industries and in mobility, aviation and heavy goods
transport.
Brazil has a national ethanol production and distribution infrastructure. At present, specific research projects are under
way for producing hydrogen from ethanol and developing alternative drive systems for mobility based on ethanol fuel cells.

Source: IEA 2021

Selection of current and planned pilot (projects):

• University of Rio de Janeiro: production of hydrogen- is a research and development project of the Brazilian
powered buses, prototype production to be launched in electricity regulator Aneel with the participation of SMA
early 2022. and the University of Braunschweig. It aims to develop
• The University of Itajubá (UNIFEI) in Minas Gerais energy storage units for lithium and green hydrogen
has plans to build a pilot plant for the production of batteries using solar energy (1,000 kWp).
green hydrogen for applied research with industry • The fertiliser producer Unigel plans to produce green
partners. The pilot project provides for the installation hydrogen starting in 2023. The plant in the federal
of an electrolyser with an output of 1 MW. The unit is state of Bahia aims to achieve a production capacity of
to be powered with electricity from a PV plant already 200,000 tonnes per year, which will require 300 MW of
installed on the campus. The hydrogen is to be used in energy.
the metropolitan buses in Itajubá. • Hytron and EDP: in early September 2021 the Portuguese
• The city of Fortaleza (population 2.7 million) has energy company EDP announced R$ 41.9 million (around
announced that it would use city buses that run on EUR 7 million) in investment for a production site of
green hydrogen via fuel cell technology in future. The 250 Nm3/h of green hydrogen in the industrial complex
federal state of Ceará and Neoenergía, which belongs to of the port of Pecém. The company Hytron, which had
the Spanish Iberdrola Group, signed a Memorandum of just been acquired by the Neuman & Esser Group at the
Understanding to this end. end of 2020, was awarded the contract for a 1.3 MW
• Furnas project: in December 2021 the first Furnas electrolyser powered by solar and wind electricity. The
pilot plant for the production of green hydrogen was green hydrogen produced in this way is to reduce the
inaugurated at the Itumbiara hydropower plant. This emissions from a coal-fired power plant operated by EDP.

International demand

Brazil is a highly sought-after location for foreign • The proximity and good connection to Europe make
enterprises. Some 1,300 German companies, in particular, Brazil a promising hydrogen location for the future. The
have settled in Brazil. Brazilian port infrastructure and logistics are conducive
• High presence of companies along the hydrogen value to exporting hydrogen.
chain: Linde, Messer, MAN, Siemens, Thyssen-Krupp, etc. • Memoranda of understanding for hydrogen projects in
• 95% of the members of the Global Hydrogen Council Brazil amounted to USD 22 billion already in mid-2021.
have subsidiaries in Brazil.

Source: H2 Bulletin 2021

 20

Hydrogen transport
Existing infrastructure

Gas grid
The Brazilian gas grid extends mainly
along the Brazilian coastal region
from the federal state of Ceará to
Rio Grande do Sul. In the Amazon
region a natural gas pipeline has also
existed since 2009, connecting Urucu
with Manaus. The natural gas grid is
being continuously expanded.
Source: EIA 2021

Electricity grid infrastructure LEGENDE

Brazil has an extensive and integrated Bestehender LNG-Terminal
electricity grid that connects large Geplanter LNG-Terminal
parts of the country. The 85% share of Verarbeitungsmäste

renewables in electricity generation Gas-Pipelines

Bestehend/im Bau befindlich
means that renewable electricity Zugelassen
generation and hydrogen production von EPE untersucht
can be separated geographically while Entladepipelines
still allowing for low-carbon hydrogen Produktionsbereiche
Forschungsgebiete
to be produced.

Source: Empresa de Pesquisa Energética 2019

Important ports for hydrogen export

Ports play a major role for green hydrogen. In Brazil, 36 ports are publicly operated. The country also has private ports,
and its inland ports are also relevant for the local market.

Porto de Peçém (federal state of Ceará in the north-east Porto Central (federal state of Espírito Santo)
of Brazil) • A port which is under construction, with plans to export
• The Port of Rotterdam Authority has a 30% stake in the PtX and host strategic business sectors such as oil and
port. gas, energy generation, agriculture, mining, etc.
• Very favourable location for export to Europe and keen • Porto Central is being developed as a new deep water
interest in PtX export. multi-purpose industrial port complex with access to
• Certified for hydrogen handling, extensive complex motorways, future railway lines and other types of
including a hub for hydrogen diverse industries. infrastructure.

Porto de Açu (federal state of Rio de Janeiro) Porto Santos (federal state of São Paulo)
• 98% of the port belongs to Prumo, a logistics company, • Brazil's largest industrial port
partnership with the port of Antwerp. • Structure and certification for ammonia import and export
• Keen interest in PtX export.

Porto Suape (federal state of Pernambuco)

• Ideal location thanks to good strategic location for
terminals, logistics, services and industry for the
international hydrogen market.
Sources: Argusmedia 2021, Neoenergía 2021, bnamericas 2021,
Porto do Açu 2021, AmmPower 2021
 21

Chile
 22

Energy data

Energy consumption by sector Carbon emissions by sector

6% Transport Transport
7% Buildings Buildings
23% 24%
Industry Industry
16% 37%
Commerce Electricity/Heat generation
7%
Other Other
32% 14%
34%
Source: Ministerio de
Source: IEA 2018 Medioambiente 2020

Industry (including mining) and transport are In Chile the energy sector is responsible for 78% of
responsible for 70% of energy consumption. carbon emissions.

Installed and planned solar, wind and hydropower capacity

Planned electricity generation up to carbon neutrality

TWh

300

250

200

150

100

Chile aims for the electricity mix to be based on around

50
70% renewables by 2030 and for climate neutrality to
0 be reached by 2050.
2020 2030 2040 2050
Source: Ministerio de Medioambiente 2021

Power generation by energy source Power consumption by sector

5.4% 1.6% 0.4% Coal 3% 2%

Water Transport
Natural gas Buildings
7.9% 16% 18%
Solar Industry
35.5%
11.3% Wind Commerce
Other sources Agriculture
15.5% Oil 61%
22.3% Geothermal power
Source: IEA 2018
Source: Acera/Coordinador
Eléctrico Nacional/Generadoras
de Chile 2021

In 2020-2021, fossil sources accounted for around 55% of The industrial sector consumes over two thirds of total
the electricity mix, and renewable energy made up 45% electricity.
of the electricity mix (including large-scale hydropower).
 23

Renewable energy potential

Production conditions for green hydrogen and its derivatives

Wind speeds Solar irradiance

Source: Ministerio de Energía 2021 Source: Global Solar Atlas 2019

WIND SOLAR
Wind speed: avg. 7.3 m/s Solar energy potential: avg. 5.36 kWh/kWp
At locations in the south of Chile, Solar irradiance:
wind speeds reach >14 m/s, > 60% full load >7.5 kWh/m2/day in the Atacama desert
is the highest worldwide!

Worldwide, the strongest direct solar irradiance can be found in the north of Chile. Patagonia in the south is known
for its outstanding wind potential.

Additionality of renewable energy for hydrogen production

With the renewable energy projects currently being introduced by private project developers, renewable energy generation
capacity of up to 67 GW can be installed in the coming years, far more than the current installed capacity of the Chilean
energy system of slightly more than 27 GW. Even if all coal capacities are phased out (currently still 4.9 GW installed
capacity), sufficient surplus renewable energy generation units are available for hydrogen production, for meeting local
needs and for the export market. According to GIZ calculations, hydrogen production in 2030, 2040 and 2050 will require
installed capacity of 9.59 GW and 98 GW of wind and solar energy, respectively. In line with the ambitious long-term energy
planning model PELP, electricity generation will increase four-fold by 2050, with around half of the energy generated (150
TWh) available for hydrogen production. Source: GIZ, Ministerio de Energía (PELP) 2021, CNE 2021
 24

In August 2021, 145 renewable energy projects with a total capacity of 4,733 MW were under construction, of which
71% were solar (PV) systems and 25% were wind farms.
 Source: CNE, Chile 2021

Already in 2019, the Chilean coal Electricity generation from solar and wind energy has increased five-fold
commission from the private in the past six years in Chile. By 2030, at least 70% of the energy mix will be
sector and policymakers set out its able to be provided by renewables. Chile plans to achieve climate neutrality
path for phasing out coal for power by 2050 at the latest. The use of 'green' hydrogen is to account for 24% of
generation. Five coal-fired power the mix. Chile is thus strengthening its resolve to continue its path towards
plants were removed from the achieving a climate-friendly energy transition.

grid by August 2021. By 2025, 65%
 Source: Ministerio de Energía (PELP)/GIZ, 2021
of the coal-fired power plants
are to be shut down and wherever
possible, converted to other uses,
for example energy storage. The Chile's renewable energy potential In August 2021, 16,680 MW of
challenges for the energy transition is 80 times greater than the renewable energy generation
include further expanding the currently installed capacity. 5,000 capacity was installed (including
transmission grid, the declining TWh/year is possible. large-scale hydropower). That
output of hydroelectric power amounts to 56% of the power plant
plants as a result of climate change, fleet.
Source: Ministerio de Energía/GIZ 2021
and maintaining grid security.  Source: Acera, Chile 2021

Establishing appropriate energy

storage capacity and starting
up the first CSP plant with base- In the most recent technology-neutral tenders of August 2021, an average
load capacity in the Atacama of USD 23.78/Mwh was offered for 15-year PPAs. The lowest offers for a
Desert will aim to address these combination of photovoltaic solar generation and storage were below USD
challenges. 15/MWh.
 Source: Ministerio de Energía 2021
 Source: GIZ, Chile 2020
 25

Hydrogen potential
Hydrogen roadmap

The National Green Hydrogen Strategy has been under implementation in Chile since November 2019. The development
of hydrogen production in Chile is planned to take place in three phases:

2019–2025 2025–2030 2030–2040

5 GW electrolysis capacity Production of the world's Top 3 of the main exporters of

in operation cheapest green hydrogen and green hydrogen
25 GW electrolysis capacity
• The focus is on the local green • While green ammonia continues
hydrogen industry in order • A number of exports are to be to be the top export, a large
to accelerate production of introduced. In particular, green market for green hydrogen
green hydrogen. This primarily ammonia is to be exported is already planned in the
involves developing know- to Europe and parts of Asia. importing countries from 2035.
how, providing infrastructures Funding is also to be secured
and securing funding. These for the long term.
activities will aim to ensure that
the course is set for successful
export to third countries.
2020-2025
c ramp up and export preparation
ate the
green Total potential
Application market1 2025 2030 2035 2040
rioritized (BUSD by 2050)
build
ins and 1 Oil refineries 0.2
nce.
ckstart the
2 Ammonia 0.5
ndustry by
uction and
emand for Mining haul trucks
1.6
3 (CAEX)
nt and its
with the
breakeven 4 Heavy-duty trucking 2.0
ncentrated
geted first.
l generate 5 Long-range buses 0.8
op talent,
ture, and
Blending into gas 0.3
n doing so, 6
grids (up to 20%)
be better
nto export
Targeted breakeven through Estimated breakeven

III: 2025-2030 & 2030 onwards

Potential adoption curve
action and start of piloting. without additional action. to achieve 100%.

1. Annual sales. Considers the full transition to hydrogen of the energy demand in each application.

ng on export markets and leveraging scale to expand Source: Based in analyses from McKinsey & Company.

NATIONAL GREEN HYDROGEN STRATEGY | 17

erage our
cale into a Estimated market size for Chilean exports
t markets. (BUSD)
en ammonia Source: McKinsey & Company.
Europe China Japan/Korea USA LATAM
tion will be put
t for GW-scale Total size 0.4 2.5 11 16 19 24
nd investment
5 5 5
mmonia and 4
e secured. 1 Green ammonia
exports
2
ploit
omies of 0.4
a global 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
els. 19
action to
omies and new 14
veloped, the 11
ean fuels will 2 Green hydrogen
exports 7
fy, opening
rther growth.
r ammonia in 0 0.5
in aviation are 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
for additional

Source: Ministerio de Energía, Chile 2019

NATIONAL GREEN HYDROGEN STRATEGY | 18
 The cheapest green hydrogen on
26 the p
Production costs
Levelized cost of green hydrogen Redu
Levelised cost of green hydrogen (LCOH) (USD/kg H2) costs
Source: McKinsey & Company.
hydr
2.5
The current cost of green hydrogen production is The in
2.6 comm
USD 4-4.50/kg. However, it is predicted that it could Center remote
2.0
drop to USD 2.50 to 1.50 by 2030. To put this in 2.0 compe
Chile.
perspective: a production cost of USD 1.50/kg makes North 1.8
1.5
green hydrogen competitive with grey hydrogen South
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.3
from natural gas. Achieving a production cost of 1.0
1.2 1.2 1.1
1.3
USD 1/kg would make green hydrogen competitive 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.8
1.0
with natural gas as fuel. 0.5
0.9 0.8 1.4

Goal: Chile aims to produce the world's most cost- 0

1.3
effective green hydrogen. 2020 25 30 35 40 45 2050

Potential for a 160 Source:

Mton yearly
Ministerio green
de Energía, Chile 2019 Chile Mid
Ea
hydrogen production*
*Source: International Energy Agency.
Water supply

Central and northern Chile are basically desert and semi-desert regions. Climate change is also leading to a further reduction
in rainfall. However, relatively little water is required for the production of green hydrogen, and the cost of hydrogen accounts
for around 2% of the total hydrogen production cost. Nearly all of the hydrogen projects now being planned will obtain their
water from seawater desalination plants.

Desalination plants
Chile already has 83 desalination plants of various sizes and capacities (most of them for seawater). Nearly 30 more plants
are currently in planning or under construction. Demand for desalination plants is already very high, which means that the
production of green hydrogen can be integrated without any problem. The new seawater desalination projects are designed
first and foremost to serve to supply the local population but are also intended to secure the supply of water for agriculture
and mining.
Source: Ministerio de Energía, Chile 2019
 27

Local and international demand for green

hydrogen and its derivatives
National demand

Green hydrogen Methanol

In Chile there is demand in oil refineries, especially for The cement and other industries have expressed interest in
hydrocracking and desulphurisation. Green hydrogen is supplying inevitable carbon emissions for synthetic fuels.
also used in the food industry for the hydration of fats, as
well as in the glass industry. The cooling of thermoelectric Key areas of demand
turbines can also benefit from green hydrogen. Oil refineries, ammonia production, mining haul trucks,
In future the decarbonisation of the mining sector will be heavy load trucking, long-distance buses, feeding into
advanced through the use of green hydrogen, particularly existing gas networks, as well as other industrial applications.
in transport applications (fuel cells, synthetic fuels). Demand for green hydrogen is high among oil refineries
alone; today's market requires 58,500 tonnes of hydrogen
Ammonia per year, 99% of which is consumed by the oil industry.
Demand for green ammonia is especially high as fertiliser in
agriculture, for making explosives in mining, as ammonium
nitrate and for coolants.

Sources: Ministerio de Energía in cooperation with the Comité solar e innovación

ener-gética, Chile 2019 and Ministerio de Energía in cooperation with GIZ, Chile 2019
 28

Hydrogen transport

Example of export routes to Europe and Japan

Source: Ministerio de Energía In cooperation with GIZ 2021

Export and export costs

Shipping hydrogen derivatives such as methanol and ammonia is currently more cost-effective than transporting green
hydrogen. In general, the cost of transporting green ammonia or methanol accounts for around 5% of the cost of the end
product.
Climate-neutral ship propulsion technologies (powered by ammonia, methanol or direct hydrogen) are still under
development. Shipping to Germany/the EU is somewhat more cost-effective than to Japan.
Transport synergies can be used by transporting chemicals on the return trip to Chile in order to guarantee efficiency and
reduce long-term transport costs. In 2018, around 16% of chemical imports came from Germany, which is why there is a
potential market in this sector.
Source: GIZ 2021

Potential (liquefied natural gas) terminals and ports in Chile

In the north: In central Chile: In the south:

• LNG Mejillones S.S Terminal • LNG Quintero in the Valparaíso • Cabo Negro terminal: has the infrastructure
Puerto Angamos: four available region can be developed in required to handle propane, butane, diesel
ports for various types of future and petrol and can also ship green hydrogen
goods ENAEX uses the port for • Talcahuano (BíoBío region) out of the country across the Pacific or the
importing ammonia Atlantic. In addition, METHANEX, a methane
production company, has a nearby site with
possible capacities for interim storage.
• Additional ports are under development.

Source: GIZ 2021

 29

Morocco
 30

Energy data

Energy consumption by sector Energy dependency rate in 2021

Transport
7%
Buildings

Industry
22% 38%
Other 98%
90,5%

33%

Source: IEA 2019 2008 2021

Source: IEA 2021

More than 60% of total energy consumption Morocco is pursuing an ambitious programme to
in Morocco is attributed to the transport and reduce its dependency on imports of fossil energy.
industry sectors.

Installed solar and wind energy capacity

Megawatts

15,000
8 GW renewable energies are to be
installed by 2030 in order to The installed solar, wind and hydropower capacity is
12,000
achieve 52% renewable currently 37% and is planned to grow to at least 52%
energies.
9,000 by 2030.
Large-scale renewable energy projects are enabling
6,000 13,230
Morocco to rapidly expand its share of renewables
7,830 by 20% of the energy mix compared with 2009. This
3,000
3,950 expansion has been the fastest in the region to date.
0
2020 2021–2024 2025–2030
Source: Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Sustainable Development 2021

Power generation by energy source Carbon emissions by sector

4% 3%
Coal Transport

Oil Buildings
11%
Water 31% Industry

Wind
39% Agriculture
11%
65% Gas Power/Heat generation

4% Solar 13%
2% Other 5% 13%
Source: IEA 2017
Source: IEA 2018

Renewables account for around 20% of the electricity Carbon emissions in Morocco amount to nearly
generation mix. The majority of electricity generation 60 million tonnes (2017) and are based mainly on
is coal-based. petroleum products.
 31

Renewable energy potential

Production conditions for green hydrogen and its derivatives

WIND
Wind potential: 5,000 TWh/Jahr (1,250 GW)
Wind speeds: avg. 9 m/s, onshore
avg. 10–11 m/s, offshore

SOLAR
Solar energy potential: 40,000 TWh/Jahr (17,000 GW)
Solar irradiance: avg. 5 kWh/m²/day

WATER
Hydropower potential: > avg. 5,000 GWh/year

BIOMASS
avg. 11.5 (MWh/year)
 32

Hydrogen potential
Morocco's green hydrogen strategy

The Moroccan green hydrogen strategy was published in November 2021. The German-Moroccan Energy Partnership
(PAREMA) closely supported the content of the strategy with a key study and ongoing advice. The German-Moroccan
Hydrogen Alliance was founded in 2020.

The flanking studies are already showing great potential for green hydrogen. Morocco could meet around 2-4% of the
global Power-to-X (PtX) demand (972-6,180 TWh, Fraunhofer ISE 2019) by 2030. To reach this goal, an additional 9 GW of
renewable energy would be required.

There is a new trend towards standalone projects, which provide for direct provision of hydrogen production through
renewables. Two European developers are currently planning to develop projects with 20 GW of solar energy capacity.

Action plan up to 2050:

1 5
Securing funding
Reducing costs
by strengthening
along the value chain
international cooperation

2 R&D: 6
Creating favourable
Developing a Moroccan
conditions for export
and regional
(especially to the EU)
Three pillars: research cluster
• Technologies, including technological
3 7
developments and cost savings Measures for local
Developing a national
• Investments and supply, including setting industrial integration
storage plan
up an industry cluster and developing an (human capital, know-how)
appropriate infrastructure master plan
• Markets and demand are related to the 4 Developing an 8
realisation of demand opportunities that lead industrial cluster and Developing a
to new markets an infrastructure national market
master plan

Short-term Medium term Long term

2020–2030 2030–2040 2040–2050

• Local use of green • Developing initial economically • Increased production capacity for the
hydrogen as feedstock viable projects export of green ammonia, hydrogen
in industry • Exporting synthetic liquid fuels and synthetic fuels
• Export of green • Green hydrogen as energy • Local use of green hydrogen in
hydrogen products storage industry, for generating heat, in
• Exploring natural residential buildings, in urban
hydrogen storage mobility and in aviation
locations
 33

Green hydrogen production capacities and LCOE for green hydrogen and its derivatives

Short to medium term Medium to long term Long term

2025–2035 2035–2040 2040–2050

Local grid stability Pass

Flexibility with
Input as feedstock
regard to electricity Industrial heat
in industry
exports

Heavy-load Cooking and

Exports
transport (trucks) hot water

Aviation and
Urban
maritime

'Hydrail' railway

Hydrogen Liquid fuels Ammonia Synthetic methanol

Water supply

In order to address the issue of sourcing fresh water for hydrogen production, desalination plants can be built at the site
of the electrolyser in Morocco. The total cost of water desalination amounts to around EUR 0.80/m3, which adds EUR
0.007/kg to the cost of hydrogen production. The cost for water (purification, desalination and transport) would account
for less than 2% of the total cost of hydrogen production and the energy consumption for water desalination only around
1% of the total energy requirements for hydrogen production.

Local and international demand for green

hydrogen and its derivatives

Estimate of the potential hydrogen demand 2050: 150 TWh

Morocco is a world leader in the production of

ammonia-based fertilizers and imports about 2
Energysector
million tons of ammonia annually. The demand 12% (transport, industry, buildings)
is expected to increase in the future and offers
Feedstock (Ammonia)
the potential to export synthetic ammonia. 14%
Electricity storage
1%
Export
73%

Morocco's H2 export potential is particularly

large.
Source of all graphics: Frontier Economics 2020
 34

Green H2 Maroc Hydrogen Cluster

Vision: The Green H2 Maroc Hydrogen Cluster has been in place since March
2021. Its vision is to create a national, regional and international cooperation
platform dedicated to the development of the hydrogen/PtX industry, in particular
through shared innovations, industrial integration, capacity development,
knowledge transfer and market development.

Hydrogen transport
Existing infrastructure

Locations for renewable energy sources, industry and ports in northern Morocco

Morocco has a well-developed port infrastructure, especially in the north Ports with facilities for the
of the country. The ports can serve as hubs for shipping products such as energy trade
green hydrogen, ammonia, or methanol to third countries. • Tangier West Med Port
• Nador West Med Port
• Casablanca Port
• Jorf Lasfar Port
• Laayoun Port

Maghreb-Europe-Gaspipeline (MEG)

Source: Frontier Economics 2020

The Maghreb-Europe gas pipeline (MEG; also known as the Pedro Duran Farell pipeline) is a natural gas pipeline that
connects the Hassi-R'mel field in Algeria to Cordoba in Andalusia, Spain, via Morocco. However, long-term contracts
have not been renewed by Algeria. This could offer the potential to convert the existing Maghreb-Europe gas pipeline
for possible hydrogen supplies for export to Europe.
 35

Mexico
 36

Energy data

Energy consumption by sector Carbon emissions by sector

Transport Transport
13% Buildings
10%
Buildings

Industry Industry
35%
43% Other Agriculture
30% 34%
Power/Heat generation

Other
15% 4%
14%
Source: IEA 2018 Source: IEA 2018
2%
Industry and transport are responsible for Most of the carbon emissions are produced by the
around 70% of energy consumption. building and transport sector. Green hydrogen could
avoid nearly 300 Mt of carbon by 2050.

Installed and planned solar, wind and hydropower capacity

Megawatts

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000
26,000 29,000
10,000
Mexico plans for an additional 3,000 MW of renewable
5,000
energy to be fed into the energy mix by 2030.
0
2021 Up to 2030
Source: IRENA 2021

Power generation by energy source Power consumption by sector

3% 2% 2% 1% Natural gas

Oil Buildings
5% Coal 9%
4% 22%
Industry
7% Water Commerce
11%
Wind Agriculture
9%
61% Nuclear energy Other
10% Geothermal energy
54%
Solar PV

Biofuel Source: IEA 2018

Source: IEA 2019

Over two thirds of electricity is generated The industrial sector consumes over half of the total
from natural gas. electricity.
 37

Renewable energy potential

Production conditions for green hydrogen and its derivatives

Renewable energy infrastructure in Mexico

Renewable energy facilities in Mexico are

relatively homogeneously distributed.

Solar farm
Wind farm
Sea port
Hydropower plant
Geothermal energy generation

Onshore wind potential

WIND
Wind potential: 6,300 TWh/year
Wind speed in the
windiest region: 7.1 m/s

Sources: GIZ/Hinicio 2021, Global Wind Atlas 2021

SOLAR
Solar energy potential: 6,900 TWh/year
Solar irradiance (theoretical):
avg. 5.77 kWh/m2/day

Sources: GIZ/Hinicio 2021, Solargis 2021

Solar energy potential

WATER
Hydropower potential (up to 10 MW): 3.2 GW
Large-scale hydropower plants: 17 GW

Source: IRENA 2015

Both wind and solar energy have the potential to

meet the entire current energy requirements by
2050 for less than USD 30/MWh. The potential
of solar energy is up to 100 times higher than
that of wind energy.
Source of all graphics: GIZ/Hinicio 2021
 38

Hydrogen potential

Mexico has a well-developed energy infrastructure that would be able to promote the development of green hydrogen.
The country has a number of international seaports, robust electricity and gas transmission grids, hydropower, solar, wind
power and other renewable energy plants.
The regions with the highest renewable energy potential in Mexico correspond to the locations for potential hydrogen
use, with the greatest potential in the north-western part of the country. The community of Mulegé in Baja California is a
special case with a high solar irradiance ratio, copper mines and an isolated electricity grid.

Hydrogen production cost

Mexico has suitable potential to install up to 22 TW of electrolyser capacity nationwide in order to produce green hydrogen
at an average hydrogen cost (LCOH) of USD 1.40/kg in 2050 with energy mainly generated from PV.

LCOH with hybrid wind-PV production LCOH scenarios

NDC compliance 50
42
40

USD/MMBTU
29
30
19
20 13
6 8 10
10 4
0
2020 2030 2040 2050

Hydrogen 60
42
USD/MMBTU

breakthrough 40
22 15 21
20 13
4 9 11
Natural gas 0
Green hydrogen 2020 2030 2040 2050

The map shows that the most cost-effective green The levelised cost of green hydrogen will be able to
hydrogen can be produced in the regions with the compete with natural gas by 2050.
highest solar and wind energy potential.

The potential study assumes two scenarios: NDC compliance and hydrogen breakthrough. In the conservative scenario,
it is anticipated that green hydrogen will become competitive for most applications only slowly in Mexico and will not
increase until the final years prior to 2050. This gives rise to forecast demand of less than 60 kilotonnes of green hydrogen
per year by 2047, which is likely to increase to over 120 kilotonnes by 2050.
Source of all graphics: Hinicio 2021

Water supply

The need for water for hydrogen production per region is insignificant in comparison with overall water consumption. In
all cases, water consumption for hydrogen production would account for 0.01% or less of total water consumption in the
region.
In regions in which the resource is scarce and sea water is available, for example on the Baja California peninsula, water
desalination is required for green hydrogen production. Additional investments for desalination would mean an increase
of less than 1% of the CAPEX per MW required for electrolysis.
 39

Local and international demand for green

hydrogen and its derivatives
Potential national green hydrogen demand until 2050

Hydrogen breakthrough ktonH2/year

scenario 1.200

1.000

800

600

400

200

2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

NDC Compliance Szenario

ktonH2/year
140

120

100

80

Refineries 60

Ammonia 40

Synthetic fuels 20
Gas network 0
Thermal power plant 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Source of all graphics: Hinicio 2021

Demand for all applications will increase sharply under both scenarios, especially from 2040 onward. In the NDC
Compliance scenario, H2 will play a major role especially in refineries and in thermal power plants from 2040 onwards
play.

Potential green hydrogen demand in refineries Potential green hydrogen demand for synthetic fuels
In a hydrogen breakthrough scenario, hydrogen demand E-fuels will be used by 2050 particularly in aviation, in
in refineries will already increase continuously from 2030. maritime, in transport and in railway transport.
E-fuels will be used by 2050 particularly in aviation, in
maritime In the NDC compliance scenario, this trend would Potential green hydrogen demand for thermal power
not be anticipated until 2045. plants
Green hydrogen will be able to compete with natural gas
Potential of green hydrogen demand for gas as fuel for thermal power by 2042, which will foster its use
infrastructure by 2050.
The use of green hydrogen in the gas grid is highly
significant. Up to one fifth of natural gas consumption can
be replaced by green hydrogen.
 40

Potential hydrogen use in Mexico

Green hydrogen in industry

Existing industrial sectors such
as metal processing, production
of industrial gases, aerospace
and the automotive industry
form the basis for the country's
future competitiveness in
hydrogen technologies.

The greatest potential for green Steel industries

hydrogen in industry exists in the

Gold mines
mining sector, where demand
could reach 500,000 tonnes Silver mines
annually by 2050. With 50%
of this demand, 1,500 mining Copper

vehicles could be powered with

mines Steel
fuel cells, 42% would be used
for extracting one quarter of the
iron ore for steel production and 8% would provide 4.3 PJ of energy for thermal applications for industry. The total
volume would meet more than 80% of the demand of the private non-transport sector by 2050.

In 2050, the cumulative requirement for green hydrogen will reach 580,000 tonnes per year for all industries studied.
This corresponds to a need for 6,750 MW of electrolyser capacity.

Source: GIZ/Hinicio 2021

Hydrogen transport

H2-Export costs in Mexico – European Union (2030)

USD/kg H2
7
Mexico is a competitive exporter
of green H2 over long distances 0.11 0.40
to Europe and Asia. The projected 6

production costs of green H2 are 0.56

very low due to good renewable 5
resources and its privileged 1.24
geographic location and with 4
access to the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans at a northern latitude. 1.65
3 6.01
In 2030, green H2 from Mexico
could be delivered to Europe at
2
a price of about 6 USD/kg and
to the neighboring U.S. states by
1
2.32
pipeline at a price of 2.5 USD/kg.

0
Production Conversion Terminals Shipping Distribution Reconversion LCOH
at Part
Source: GIZ/Hinicio 2021
 41

South Africa
 42

Energy data

Energy consumption by sector Carbon emissions by sector

3% Transport Transport
9% 13%
Buildings 15% Buildings
5%
9% 27% Industry Industry
Commerce 11% Commerce
Agriculture Agriculture
33% 19% 52% 3%
Other Power/Heat generation
1%
Other
Source: IEA 2018 Source: IEA 2018

Industry and transport are responsible for The use of renewable energy in the electricity sector
around 60% of energy consumption. would save 40-45% of total carbon emissions and the
use of hydrogen can lead to a reduction of around
75% of carbon emissions by 2050. Source: IHS Markit 2021

Installed and planned solar, wind and hydropower capacity

Gigawatts
35

30

25

20 According to the expansion plans of the responsible

31.2 ministry (DMRE) from 2019, solar, wind and hydropower
15
capacity will account for 39.65 per cent (31.2 GW) of
10 total installed capacity in 2030. An update of the IRP
5 9.3 2019 including ambitious expansion plans is expected.

0
2020 2030
Source: IRENA 2021, IRP 2019 Source: IHS Markit 2021

Power generation by energy source Power consumption by sector

3% 2% 1% 1% Coal 3% 2%
Nuclear energy Transport
5% Wind Buildings
18%
Water 24% Industry

Solar PV Commerce

Solar thermal energy Agriculture

88%
53%

Source: IEA 2019 Source: IEA 2018

Nearly 90% of electricity is generated from coal. The industrial sector is responsible for more than half
the total electricity consumption (2019: 224.56 TWh).
 43

Renewable energy potential

Production conditions for green hydrogen and its derivatives

Wind speeds Solar irradiance

Source: Global Wind Atlas 2021 Source: Solargis 2021

WIND SOLAR
Wind potential: 6,787 GW (22,000 TW/h) Solar energy potential: 292 GW (550 TWh)
Wind speed: avg. 5.88 m/s Solar irradiance: avg. 6,64 kWh/m2/day

WATER BIOMASS
Hydropower potential: 747 MW 241 MW

Sources: IHS Markit 2021, Global Wind Atlas 2021,

Fraunhofer IWES 2016, Solargis 2021, IRENA 2021
 44

Hydrogen potential

As a contribution to the use of platinum resources in the country, the Ministry of Research launched the HySa strategy in
2008 with the aim of expanding the development and steering of innovations along the hydrogen and fuel cell technology
value chain. For February 2022, the publication of the Hydrogen Society Roadmap has been announced in which the
Ministry of Research presents guidelines for the development of the market up to 2050 for relevant interest groups of the
hydrogen industry.

High potential for green hydrogen: Large platinum reserves:

• Optimal renewable energy resources (after Atacama in • The focus tends to be on the export of processed
Chile, South Africa has the best solar potential) platinum products, such as fuel cells, rather than on
• Sufficient land for implementing renewable energy exporting hydrogen (goal: market share of 25%)
• Despite local water scarcity, sufficient water supply • Available know-how and plants (especially SASOL) for
forecast in conjunction with desalination technology manufacturing hydrogen-based petrochemical liquids
such as green fuels
High potential for ammonia:
• Large-scale air-separation plants for the supply of nitrogen
Source: National Business Initiative (NBI) 2021,
• Access to green hydrogen German-South African Energy Partnership

With good economic and political conditions, South Africa could produce 3.8 million tonnes of green hydrogen by 2050.

Source: IHS Markit 2021

Hydrogen production cost

Future cost of continuous (and fluctuating) green hydrogen

This diagram shows two High H2

Years and electricity input technology

Wind

Reference
scenarios: the ambitious 'high
2025

High H2 500 MW 10 MW 5 MW
Solar

case scenario' and the 'reference Reference 100 MW 10 MW 5 MW

scenario' with an electrolyser High H2

Wind

Reference
2030

unit size of 5-500 MWe and High H2

Solar

5-100 MWe. It is anticipated that Reference

High H2
the cost of green hydrogen will
Wind

Reference
2040

fall well below USD 3.00/kg for High H2

Solar

continuous hydrogen by 2030 Reference

and to below USD 2.00/kg by 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
2018 USD/kg
2040. Source: IHS Markit

Water supply

While South Africa suffers from water scarcity, the cost of sea water desalination is less than USD 0.02/kg.

Source: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) 2021

 45

Local and international demand for green

hydrogen and its derivatives
Local demand

Centres of potential hydrogen production and demand

Demand for and production of Iron mines

hydrogen is greatest in north- PGM mines

Coal mines
eastern South Africa. However,
Aluminium plant
the country will focus on Refineries and chemical plants
exporting green hydrogen. Cement plants
Steel plants
SEZ (Special Economic Zones)
& IDZ (Industrial Development
Source: Council for Scientific and Zones)
Industrial Research (CSIR) 2021 REDZ – Renewable Energy
Development Zones

There is local demand in the aviation industry, the chemical industry, from companies working with fuel cells, public
transport (hydrogen fuel cell buses) and in the steel and cement industry.

Refineries and industrial demand areas

PetroSA, Astron Energy, Engen, Most important

Total, Sasol und Sapref (ShellBP) Petroleum area

are the main refineries in South Coal reserves

Africa. They are located in the
Mines
port cities and in the vicinity of Asbestos Magnesium
Chromium
Johannesburg; hydrogen demand Copper
Platinum
Uranium
is therefore greatest in these Diamond
Iron
areas.
Refineries (coloured by company)

Source of all graphics: IHS Markit 2021

 46

International demand

Europe is the largest hydrogen Mtoe

import market, followed by 180

China, South Korea and Japan.
160

140

120

100

80
Europe

China 60

South Korea 40
Japan
20
India

Rest of Asia
2025 2035 2045 2055
Source: IHS Markit 2021

Hydrogen transport
Existing infrastructure

Some obstacles remain regarding the transport of green hydrogen in gaseous form. The compression of green hydrogen
requires more energy than the compression of natural gas (up to four times more). Hydrogen leaks are also more likely
compared with more dense gases. Today, shipping liquid hydrogen does not yet play a role in South Africa.

Source: IHS Markit 2021

 47

Tunisia
 48

Energy data

Energy consumption by sector Energy dependency rate

4% Transport
6%
Buildings
8%
30% Industry

Business
60%
26% Agriculture

Other
26%
7%
Sources: IEA 2018, Wuppertal
Institute for Climate, 2010 2018
Environment and Energy 2021
Source: Irena 2021

The building, transport and industry sectors The energy dependency rate has rapidly increased in
dominate energy consumption. recent years.

Installed and planned solar, wind and Carbon emissions by sector

hydropower capacity
Megawatts
Buildings
25,000 8%
Industry
20,000 31% 19% Business/services

Agriculture
15,000
4% Power/Heat generation
10,000 21,000 4% Other
34%
500
Source: IEA 2018
400 3,800
0
2020 2030 2050
Source: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy 2021

The Tunisian Solar Plan (PST) provides for 30% of The electricity, heating and transport sectors in
Tunisia’s electricity to be generated from renewable particular are responsible for more than half the
energy by 2030 and around 80% by 2050. carbon emissions.

Electricity generation by energy source Electricity consumption by sector

2% 1% 1% 1%
Gas Transport
7%
Wind Buildings

Solar Industry
30%
Other
27% Business

Agriculture
96%
35%

Source: IEA 2018

Source: IEA 2018

Tunisia's electricity mix is dominated by natural gas. The industry, building and business sectors are chiefly
responsible for energy consumption.
 49

Renewable energy potential

Production conditions for green hydrogen and its derivatives

Wind speeds Solar irradiance

Source: Global Wind Atlas 2019 Source: Global Solar Atlas 2019

WIND SOLAR
Wind onshore potential: 110 GW Solar PV potential: 840 GW
Wind offshore potential: 250 GW Solar CSP potential: 1000 GW
Sunshine hours: 3,000 hours per year
Solar irradiance in the south:
> 2,000 kWh/m² per year
Source: Wuppertal Institute for Source: Wuppertal Institute for Climate,
Climate, Environment and Energy 2021 Environment and Energy 2021

Tunisia has favourable conditions for wind energy, especially in the north-east, in the central west and in the south-west.
These regions have a total area of around 18,000 square kilometres (11% of the land area in Tunisia). Regions suitable for
using the potential measure 1,700 square kilometres with around 10,000 MW.

Hydrogen potential
Northern Africa's proximity to Europe means it will play a major role as a potential future producer and exporter of green
hydrogen. This also applies to Tunisia because the land has great solar and wind energy potential and its climatic and
geographical conditions offer promising technical and economic potential for developing a national PtX sector.
 50

Local and international demand for green

hydrogen and its derivatives
The technical potential of renewable energy is enough to meet domestic demand and produce green hydrogen for export.
By 2050, the greatest demand may come from the industrial sector, followed by the energy and transport sectors. In the
initial phase up to 2030, demand could develop primarily in the transport sector, followed by the energy sector. In the
energy sector, hydrogen could offset the increasing share of intermittent renewables and contribute to decarbonising
gas-fired power generation through feeding into the gas grid. In this scenario, demand in the industrial sector will rise
sharply from 2040.

Overview of Power-to-X opportunities in Tunisia's industrial sector

Current use of hydrogen Today's relevance for Tunisia Long-term development

potential in Tunisia

Desulphurisation and The country has a refinery New refineries or additional

upgrading of heavy crude oil without a processing plant, processing plants could
through so that currently there is no create demand in future.
Refining • hydrocracking demand for green hydrogen However, these options are
• hydrotreating for refining in Tunisia. associated with risks such as
lock-in effects or stranded
investments.

Direct reduction of iron (DRI) Tunisia has a steel plant with It is rather unlikely that a
in primary steel production secondary steel production new steel industry will be
from waste in an electric arc established with DRI and a
Iron and steel furnace. This process does not corresponding demand for
require hydrogen. hydrogen, especially because
Tunisia has only limited iron
ore reserves.

• Ammonia production Tunisia produces no ammonia Green ammonia and methanol

• Methanol production or methanol but imports both could be produced in Tunisia
• Other chemical processes raw materials. from hydrogen through
Chemicals Only indirect demand for renewables for domestic
hydrogen. consumption and export.

No current use, but possible Tunisian industry does not use No potential short-term or
in future hydrogen for heat . medium-term uses in Tunisia.
High Long-term development of
temperatures demand is possible, but direct
and heat use of concentrated solar heat
could be a better option.

Source: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy 2021

There is local demand in the aviation industry, the chemical industry, from companies working with fuel cells, public
transport (hydrogen fuel cell buses) and in the steel and cement industry.
 51

Overview of Power-to-X opportunities in Tunisia's transport sector

Long-term development
PtX applications Development status
potential in Tunisia

• Production of PtL (aircraft Feasibility studies and pilot Efforts to decarbonise

fuel) by means of the projects are planned the aviation industry and
Fischer-Tropsch process or potentially increasing costs
Aviation
methanol synthesis for emissions could generate
• Hydrogen-powered interest in producing PtL in
aircraft Tunisia.

• Ammonia as fuel Research and pilot projects. The efforts on the part of the
• Hydrogen-powered ships Companies expect ammonia- IMO and EU to decarbonise
powered ships to be on the shipping could influence
market before 2030. potential demand for ammonia
Maritime as fuel. The possibility of using
transport the existing infrastructure for
handling ammonia in the port
of Gabès must be explored.

• Hydrogen-powered trains The first hydrogen-powered Only a small percentage of

• PtL as a drop-in fuel for trains are already running in routes is already electrified.
diesel locomotives several countries. However, hydrogen-powered
Several companies are working trains could become an
on bringing these trains to alternative for long-distance
Railway market. and freight transport routes in
transport order to also decarbonise the
railway sector. Opportunity to
focus investments on green
technologies in order to
prevent lock-in effects.

• FCEV passenger vehicles Light commercial FCEVs are Greatest potential for heavy
• FCEV trucks available on the market. For commercial vehicles with high
• FCEV buses heavy FCEVs, projects are daily mileage on set routes and
• PtL as fuel already under way with growing central refuelling. The national
demand. bus transport system could
Road transport also be a potential area for
introducing state-supported
hydrogen use early on.

Source: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy 2021

In future Tunisia will use Power-to-X applications in order to decarbonise the transport sector.
 52

Hydrogen production costs

Technical and economic parameters for cost calculation of green hydrogen in Tunisia

2030 2040 2050

Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative

Investment cost
670 1100 485 800 300 500
(in EUR/kW)

Technical lifespan
23 25 27
(in years)

Efficiency (in %) 62 65 68

Fixed operating cost

(in % of investment 1.70 1.70 1.70
cost)

Full-load hours
5400 5400 5400
(in h/a)

Electricity-
generation cost 31 68 26.5 64.5 22 61
(in EUR/MWh)

WACC 14.9 % 16 % 13.1 % 16 % 11.41 % 16 %

Source: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy 2021

The analysis takes into account seven different cost factors: specific investment, technical lifespan, degree of efficiency,
fixed operating costs, electricity-generation costs from renewable energy sources, full-load hours of plants and interest
rate. The assumed costs have been calculated for two scenarios in order to outline possible future cost development
paths for PtX in Tunisia. In the progressive scenario, the cost of early investments drops more rapidly over time, while
the conservative scenario assumes a slower decline in price. The table summarises the different technical and economic
assumptions between the progressive and the conservative scenario.
 53

Technical and economic parameters for cost calculation of green hydrogen in Tunisia

Eurocent/kWh

25
Capital cost

Fixed operating cost

Electricity cost 20

15

10

0
Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative

2030 2040 2050

The figure shows green hydrogen production costs in 2030, 2040 and 2050. The estimated production cost for green
hydrogen in Tunisia is between 9.50 eurocents/kWh and 19.24 eurocents/kWh in 2030. In 2050, the lowest estimated
production cost in the progressive scenario amounts to 5.41 eurocents/kWh (without transport) and 13.60 eurocents/kWh
in the conservative scenario.
The greatest cost factor for green hydrogen is the cost of electricity from renewable energy. However, this cost is likely to
decline substantially over time.

Water supply

Tunisia's overall water resources are estimated at 4,874 billion m3/year. Tunisia is one of the water-poorest countries in
the Mediterranean region and suffers from water scarcity.
Desalination technologies are already commercially available, but their operation is largely based on fossil fuels. The
production of green hydrogen would therefore require a changeover to renewable energies.
Although sea water desalination involves costs, these costs account for only a negligible part of the cost of producing
green hydrogen. Sea water desalination is estimated to account for well below 1% of the overall PtX cost.
 54

Hydrogen transport
Existing infrastructure

Eurocent/kWh

35
Production cost

Transport cost
30

25

20

15

10

0
Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative

2030 2040 2050

The figure shows an additional factor that plays a major role in green hydrogen production: transport cost. The distance
between Tunisia and Germany is around 4,115 km. The cost of transport to Germany will be between 15.05 eurocents/
kWh and 33.01 eurocents/kWh in 2030 and between 9.86 eurocents/kWh and 27.47 eurocents/kWh in 2050. Compared
with other countries such as Morocco, the transport cost from Tunisia to Germany is substantially higher owing to the
greater distance.

In addition to exporting green hydrogen, it can also be used as feedstock for conversion to PtL fuels for the country's own
transport sector or for export.

It is most likely more economically viable to export PtX products such as ammonia, methanol and kerosene from Tunisia to
Germany than green hydrogen. From a cost perspective, green hydrogen produced in Tunisia should rather be processed
into PtX products and then exported or used directly in Tunisia.
 55

Natural gas pipelines

Country Hub 1 Hub 2 Number Voltage Length Imax (A) Commis-

of (kW) (km) sioning
circuits year

Tunisia Algeria Tajerouine El Aouinet

1 90 60 450 1952

Fernana El Kala
1 90 35 525 1955

Tajerouine El Aouinet
1 220 59 620 1980

Metlaoui Jebel Onk

1 150 62 620 1984

Jendouba Chefia
1 400 160 1540 2014

Tunisia Algeria Tataouine Rowies

1 220 160 620 2001

Médenin Abou
Kamash 2 220 110 620 2011

Source: STEG 2021

The Tunisian transit pipelines are part of the Transmed system, which transports natural gas from Hassi R-Mel, Algeria,
to Sicily and to the Italian market. The Algerian section is operated by the state-owned company Sonatrach. The Société
Tunisienne du Gazoduc Trans-Tunisien (Sotugat) owns the Tunisian section (two 48-inch pipelines). Sotugat is controlled,
operated, and maintained by subsidiaries of Eni TPPC (Trans Tunisian Pipeline Company) and Sergaz. The underwater
section between Tunisia and Sicily consists of three 20-inch pipelines and two 26-inch pipelines. It is owned by the
Transmediterranean Pipeline Company Limited (TMPC) and operated by Transmed Sp.A. – a joint venture between Eni
and Sonatrach.

Port infrastructure

Port Depth (in feet) Dock length (in metres)

SKHIRA 60-300

Compression station 1 (PP) 37

Compression station 2 (crude and PP) 47-50 (high tide) 100-300
Compression station 1 (PC) 24-27 (low tide)

BIZERTE

Dock A 35 250
Dock B 26 150

RADES 31 170

GABES 10.5 120

ZARZIS 28 175

Source: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy 2021

Tunisia has five ports of discharge for petroleum end products:

• Skhira: petrol, gas oil and fuel • Radès: liquefied gas, gas oil, fuel and • Zarzis: petrol, gas oil and aircraft
• Bizerte: liquefied gas, petrol, gas oil aircraft fuel fuel
and fuel • Gabès: liquefied gas
 56

Contacts
ALGERIA CHILE SOUTH AFRICA
German-Algerian Energy Partnership German-Chilean Energy Partnership German-South African Energy Partnership

Contact Contact Contact

Dr Frank Renken Rainer Schröer Andreas Betz

Postal address Postal address Postal address

Partenariat Energétique Algérie-Allemagne Energy Partnership Chile-Alemania c/o German-South African Energy Partnership
c/o Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Programa de Energía Hatfield Gardens, Block C 2nd Floor 333
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Grosvenor Street
Coopération internationale allemande 20B, Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Marchant 0083 Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
rue Mohammed Khoudi Pereira 150, of. 1201, Providencia, Santiago
EL-Biar- 16606 Algiers, Algeria de Chile, Chile Email [email protected]
Tel. +27 82 802 9780
Email [email protected] Email [email protected] Website www.energypartnership.org.za
Tel. +213 23051319 Tel. +56 22 306 8600
Website www.energypartnership-algeria.org Website www.energypartnership.cl

BRAZIL MOROCCO TUNISIA

German-Brazilian Energy Partnership German-Moroccan Energy Partnership German-Tunisian Energy Partnership
(PAREMA)
Contact Contact
Kristina Kramer Contact Nicole Täumel
Veit-Clemens Raisch
Postal address Postal address
Parceria Energética Brasil – Alemanha Postal address Partenariat tuniso-allemand de l‘énergie
c/o Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Secrétariat du Partnerariat c/o Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Energétique Maroco-Allemand (PAREMA) Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
SCN Quadra 1, Bloco C, Sala 1401 70711-902 c/o Ministère de la Transition Energétique P.O. BOX 753, 1080 Tunis CEDEX, Tunisia
Brasília, DF, Brazil et du Développement Durable (MTEDD)
B.P. 433, 10000 Rabat, Maroc Email [email protected]
Email [email protected] Tel. +216 71 902 603
Tel. +55 61 21012170 Email [email protected] Website www.energypartnership-tunisia.org
Website www.energypartnership.com.br Tel. +212 537 43 19
Websites
www.giz.de
The German-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce www.giz-energy.ma
and Industry in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo www.facebook.com/SecretariatPAREMA
offer a green hydrogen competence centre via
the German-Brazilian Green Hydrogen Alliance
and serve as points of contact for interested
companies. MEXICO
German-Mexican Energy Partnership

Contact
Marco Hüls

Postal address
Alianza Energética entre México y Alemania
Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 688, Piso 6
Col. del Valle, 03100 CDMX, Mexico

Email [email protected]
Tel. +52 55 5536 0330
Website www.energypartnership.mx
 57

www.giz.de