THE MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Prepared by:
• Mohammed Ismail 164084
• Mohammed Jamaladeen 164088
• Musab Obada 164103
TA B L E
OF CONTENT
01 First-Generation 1G
02 Second-Generation 2G
03 Third-Generation 3G
First Generation (1G) : Analog Voice
Introduction :
• Mobile phones have gone through three distinct generations, widely called
1G, 2G, and 3G. The generations are:
1. Analog voice.
2. Digital voice.
3. Digital voice and data
First Topic:
First Generation (1G) :
Analog Voice
First Generation (1G)
Push-To-Talk Systems
This system used :
1. a single large transmitter on top of a tall building
2. A single channel, used for both sending and receiving.
IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System) The system used :
1. a high-powered (200-watt) transmitter on top of a hill
2. Two frequencies, one for sending and one for receiving
First-Generation (1G)
Advanced Mobile Phone System :
• In this system a geographic region is divided up into cells.
• The cells are typically 10 to 20 km across
• Each cell uses some set of frequencies not used by any of its neighbors
• They are grouped in units of seven cells. Each letter indicates a group of frequencies
First-Generation (1G)
• At the center of each cell is a base
station to which all the telephones
in the cell transmit. The base
station consists of a computer and
transmitter/receiver connected to
an antenna. all the base stations
are connected to a single device
called an MSC (Mobile Switching
Center) or MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office).
First-Generation (1G)
Channel :
• The system uses 832 full-duplex channels, each consisting of a pair of simplex channels
The 832 channels are divided into four categories:
1. Control channels
2. Paging channels
3. Access channels
4. Data channels
First-Generation (1G)
Call Management :
• Each mobile telephone in AMPS has a 32-bit serial number and a 10-digit telephone
number in its programmable read-only memory.
First-Generation (1G)
To Make A Call :
• A user enters the number to be called on the keypad, and hits the SEND button.
• The phone then transmits the number to be called and its own identity on the access channel.
• If a collision occurs there, it tries again later.
• When the base station gets the request, it informs the MSC,
• the MSC looks for an idle channel for the call. If one is found, the channel number is sent
back on the control channel,
• The mobile phone then automatically switches to the selected voice channel and waits until
the called party picks up the phone.
First-Generation (1G)
Incoming Calls :
• all idle phones continuously listen to the paging channel to detect messages directed at them.
• When a call is placed to a mobile phone, a packet is sent to the calle’s home MSC to find out
where it is.
• A packet is then sent to the base station in its current cell, which sends a broadcast on the
paging channel of the form ‘‘Unit 14, are you there?’’
• The called phone responds with a ‘‘Yes’’ on the access channel.
• The base then says something like: ‘‘Unit 14, call for you on channel 3.’’
• At this point, the called phone switches to channel 3 and starts making ringing sounds
Next Topic:
Second-Generation (2G) :
Digital Voice
Second-Generation (2G) : Digital Voice
• Advantages:
1. Provides capacity gains by digitize and compress the voice signal
2. improve security by allowing voice and control signals to be encrypted.
• Several different systems were developed, and three have been widely deployed:
1. D-AMPS
2. GSM
3. CDMA
Second-Generation (2G)
• GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) Has emerged as the dominant system.
Like D-AMPS, GSM is based on a mix of FDM and TDM
• D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System)
• Is a digital version that coexists with AMPS and uses TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) to
place multiple calls on the same frequency channel.
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
• Is a completely different kind of system and is based on neither FDM nor TDM. While
CDMA has not become the dominant 2G system, its technology has become the basis for
3G systems WCDMA (Wideband CDMA).
Next Topic:
Third-Generation (3G) :
Digital Voice and Data
Third-Generation (3G) : Digital Voice and Data
Introduction :
The third generation of mobile phones, or 3G as it is called, is all about digital voice and data.
• A number of factors are driving the industry to improve technology:
1. First, data traffic is growing exponentially, whereas voice traffic is essentially flat.
2. The telephone, entertainment, and computer industries have all gone digital and are
rapidly converging.
• ITU (International Telecommunications Union) issued a blueprint for getting there called
IMT-2000 where IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications).
Third-Generation (3G)
IMT-2000 :
• The basic services that the IMT-2000 network was supposed to provide to its users are:
1. High-quality voice transmission.
2. Messaging.
3. Multimedia.
4. Internet access
• The number 2000 stood for three things:
1. the year it was supposed to go into service.
2. the frequency it was supposed to operate at (in MHz).
3. the bandwidth the service should have (in kbps)
Third-Generation (3G)
WCDMA & UMTS :
• Finally, it was recognized that 2 Mbps is not currently feasible for users who are too mobile
• Several IMT (Information management technology) proposals were made:
1. The first one, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) by Ericsson.
2. The other contender was CDMA2000, proposed by Qualcomm.
Third-Generation (3G)
WCDMA VS UMTS :
• Both of these systems are more similar than different in that they are based on broadband
CDMA :
• WCDMA uses 5-MHz channels and CDMA2000 uses 1.25-MHz channels.
• Europe wanted a system that interworked with GSM, whereas the U.S. wanted system
that was compatible IS-95.
Third-Generation (3G)
CDMA advantages :
• CDMA has three main advantages.
1. First, CDMA can improve capacity to allow a larger number of simultaneous calls.
2. Second, with CDMA each cell uses the same frequencies
3. Third, CDMA facilitates soft-handoff.
Third-Generation (3G)
Handoff :
Hard-Handoff Soft-Handoff
THE MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
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