AGA Report No.

Measurement of Natural Gas

by Turbine Meters
Revised
February 2006

Prepared by

Transmission Measurement Committee

Copyright © 2006 American Gas Association

400 North Capitol Street, NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, U.S.A.
Phone: (202) 824-7000 • Fax: (202) 824-7082 • Web: www.aga.org

Catalog # XQ0601

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 DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT
The American Gas Association's (AGA) Operating Section provides a forum for industry experts
to bring collective knowledge together to improve the state of the art in the areas of operating,
engineering and technological aspects of producing, gathering, transporting, storing, distributing,
measuring and utilizing natural gas.
Through its publications, of which this is one, the AGA provides for the exchange of information
within the gas industry and scientific, trade and governmental organizations. Each publication is
prepared or sponsored by an AGA Operating Section technical committee. While AGA may
administer the process, neither the AGA nor the technical committee independently tests,
evaluates, or verifies the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments
contained therein.
The AGA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other damages of any nature
whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly
resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on AGA publications. The AGA makes no
guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information published therein.
The information contained therein is provided on an “as is” basis and the AGA makes no
representations or warranties including any express or implied warranty of merchantability or
fitness for a particular purpose,
In issuing and making this document available, the AGA is not undertaking to render professional
or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the AGA undertaking to perform
any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely
on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent
professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.
The AGA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents
of this document. Nor does the AGA list, certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations
for compliance with this document. Any certification or other statement of compliance is solely
the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.
The AGA does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in
connection with any items which are mentioned in or are the subject of AGA publications, and
the AGA disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent resulting from the use of or
reliance on its publications. Users of these publications are expressly advised that determination
of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely
their own responsibility.
Users of this publication should consult applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations.
The AGA does not, through its publications intend to urge action that is not in compliance with
applicable laws, and its publications may not be construed as doing so.
This report is the cumulative result of years of experience of many individuals and organizations
acquainted with the measurement of natural gas. However, changes to this report may become
necessary from time to time. If changes in this report are believed appropriate by any
manufacturer, individual or organization, such suggested changes should be communicated to
AGA by completing the last page of this report titled, “Form for Suggestion to Change AGA
Report No. 7, Measurement of Natural Gas by Turbine Meters" and sending it to: Operations
& Engineering Services Group, American Gas Association, 400 North Capitol Street, NW,
4th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, U.S.A.

Copyrights © 2006, American Gas Association, All Rights Reserved.

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 FOREWORD

This report is published in the form of a performance-based specification for turbine meter for
natural gas flow measurement. It is the result of collaborative effort of natural gas users, turbine
meter manufacturers, flow measurement research organizations and independent consultants
forming Task Group R-7 of AGA’s Transmission Measurement Committee (TMC). In addition,
comments to this report were made by the Committee on Gas Flow Measurement (COGFM) of
the American Petroleum Institute (API).

Research conducted in support of this report and cited herein has demonstrated that turbine
meters can accurately measure natural gas and, therefore, should be able to meet or exceed the
requirements specified in this report when calibrated and installed according to the
recommendations contained herein. Users should follow appropriate installation, use and
maintenance of turbine meter as applicable in each case.

This version of AGA Report No. 7 is intended to supersede all prior versions of this document.
However, this document does not reference existing turbine meter installations. The decision to
apply this document to existing installations shall be at the discretion of the parties involved.

Appendix B of this report contains the equations needed to convert volume measured at actual
(line) conditions to equivalent volume at base conditions, or to mass. These equations may be
used to perform such calculations with any type of positive displacement or inferential meter that
registers in units of volume.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Report No. 7, Measurement of Natural Gas by Turbine Meters, was developed by a Task Group
of the American Gas Association’s Transmission Measurement Committee. Individuals who
made substantial contributions to the creation of this document are:
Larry Fraser, Fraser & Associates (Chairman)
Angela Floyd, Panhandle Energy
Dan Peace, Sensus Metering Systems
Mark Pelkey, National Fuel
Alex Podgers, American Meter Co.

Research conducted by Darin George, Ph.D., Southwest Research Institute at the Southwest
Research Institute and the Colorado Experimental Engineering Station was instrumental in
developing the scientific basis for the provisions of this Report.

Other individuals who contributed to the development of the document are:

Ed Bowles, Southwest Research Institute
Joe Bronner, Pacific Gas and Electric Co.
Jim Bowen, Instromet
Frank Brown, Consultant
Steve Caldwell, CEESI
Cary Carter, Texas Gas Transmission
Craig Chester, Williams Gas Pipeline
Philip DiGiglio, KeySpan Corporation
Chuck French, Gas Technology Institute
Garnet Grudeski, TransCanada Calibrations
Danny Harris, Columbia Gas
Jim Hagen, Great Lakes Gas
Zaki Husain, Chevron Texaco
Mark Imboden, Controlotron Corp.
Jim Keating, Consultant
Eric Kelner, Southwest Research Institute
Allen Knack, Consumers Energy
Paul LaNasa, CPL & Associates
John Lansing, Daniel M&C
Rick Ledesma, El Paso Pipeline Group
Brad Massey, Southern Star Central Gas Pipeline
George Mattingly, Consultant
Dannie Mercer, Atmos Energy Corporation
Roy Meyer, Exxon Mobil
Winston Meyer, CenterPoint Energy
Kevin Moir, DTE Energy
John Naber, Daniel M&C
Chris Overgaard, Nicor Gas
Warren Peterson, TransCanda PipeLines
Thanh Phan, Duke Energy
Reese Platzer, Questar Pipeline
King Poon, Thermo Electron Corp.
Dan Rebman, Universal Ensco

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 Daniel Rudroff, Welker Flow Measurement Systems Inc.
Blaine Sawchuk, Canada Pipeline Accessories
Bill Schieber, Solar Turbines
Tushar Shah, Eagle Research Corporation
Jerry Paul Smith, Consultant
Walt Seidl, CEESI
Karl Stappert, Daniel M&C
John Stuart, Stuart Consulting
Jim Witte, El Paso Pipeline Group

AGA acknowledges the contributions of the above individuals and thanks them for their time and
effort in getting this document revised.

Lori Traweek Ali Quraishi, Staff Executive

Senior Vice President Engineering Services Director
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT........................................................................................................................III

FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................................. IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................................................... V
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................................................ VII
MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL GAS BY TURBINE METERS ....................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................................................. 1
2. TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................... 2
3. OPERATING CONDITIONS............................................................................................................................ 5
3.1 GAS QUALITY ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 OPERATING PRESSURES ....................................................................................................................................... 5
3.3 TEMPERATURES, GAS AND AMBIENT ................................................................................................................... 5

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3.4 EFFECT OF GAS DENSITY ..................................................................................................................................... 5
3.5 GAS FLOW RATE CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 6
3.6 UPSTREAM PIPING AND FLOW PROFILES .............................................................................................................. 6
4. METER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................................................. 7
4.1 CODES AND STANDARDS...................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 METER BODY ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2.1 Meter Body End Connections ...................................................................................................................... 7
4.2.2 Corrosion Resistance.................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2.3 Meter Lengths and Bores ............................................................................................................................. 7
4.2.4 Pressure Tap................................................................................................................................................. 7
4.2.5 Sealing.......................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2.6 Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................................... 8
4.3 METER MARKINGS............................................................................................................................................... 8
4.4 DOCUMENTATION ................................................................................................................................................ 8
5. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................ 10
5.1 GENERAL PERFORMANCE TOLERANCES ............................................................................................................ 10
5.2 TEMPERATURE AND GAS COMPOSITION INFLUENCES ........................................................................................ 11
5.3 PRESSURE INFLUENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 11
5.4 METER BODY INTERCHANGEABILITY ................................................................................................................ 11
6. INDIVIDUAL METER TESTS ....................................................................................................................... 12
6.1 INTEGRITY TEST ................................................................................................................................................ 12
6.2 LEAKAGE TEST .................................................................................................................................................. 12
6.3 CALIBRATION .................................................................................................................................................... 12
6.3.1 Calibration Conditions ............................................................................................................................... 12
6.3.1.1 Reynolds Number................................................................................................................................ 12
6.3.1.2 Density ................................................................................................................................................ 13
6.3.1.3 Calibration Gases ................................................................................................................................ 13
6.3.2 Calibration Guidelines ............................................................................................................................... 14
6.3.3 Calibration Configuration .......................................................................................................................... 14
6.3.4 Calibration Facilities .................................................................................................................................. 14
6.3.5 Calibration Results ..................................................................................................................................... 14

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 6.3.5.1 Change Gears .......................................................................................................................................14
6.3.5.2 K-Factor(s)...........................................................................................................................................15
6.3.5.3 Meter Factors and Final Meter Factor..................................................................................................15
6.3.5.4 Rotor Factors for Dual-Rotor Meters ...................................................................................................15
6.3.5.5 Meter Verification Test........................................................................................................................15
6.4 TEST REPORTS ....................................................................................................................................................16
6.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE ........................................................................................................................................16
7. INSTALLATION SPECIFICATIONS .............................................................................................................17
7.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................................17
7.1.1 Flow Direction .............................................................................................................................................17
7.1.2 Meter Orientation and Support....................................................................................................................17
7.1.3 Meter Run Connections ..............................................................................................................................17
7.1.4 Internal Surfaces .........................................................................................................................................17
7.1.5 Temperature Well Location ........................................................................................................................17
7.1.6 Pressure Tap Location.................................................................................................................................18
7.1.7 Flow Conditioning ......................................................................................................................................18
7.1.7.1 Tube Bundle Type Straightening Vanes ..............................................................................................18
7.1.7.2 Other External Flow Conditioners .......................................................................................................18
7.1.7.3 Integral Flow Conditioners ..................................................................................................................18
7.2 RECOMMENDED INSTALLATION CONFIGURATIONS.............................................................................................18
7.2.1 Recommended Installation for In-Line Meters ............................................................................................19
7.2.2 Optional Installation Configurations for In-Line Meters .............................................................................20
7.2.2.1 Short-Coupled Installation ...................................................................................................................20
7.2.2.2 Close-Coupled Installation...................................................................................................................21
7.2.2.3 Meter-Integrated Flow Conditioning ....................................................................................................22
7.2.3 Suggested Installation for Angle-Body Meters ............................................................................................23
7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................................................................................24
7.3.1 Temperature ................................................................................................................................................24
7.3.2 Vibration .....................................................................................................................................................24
7.3.3 Pulsations ....................................................................................................................................................24
7.3.4 Hydrate Formation and Liquid Slugs..........................................................................................................24
7.4 ASSOCIATED DEVICES ........................................................................................................................................24
7.4.1 Filtration and Strainers.................................................................................................................................24
7.4.2 Throttling Devices .......................................................................................................................................25
7.5 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES ..............................................................................................................................25

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7.5.1 Installation Residue.....................................................................................................................................25
7.5.2 Valve Grease...............................................................................................................................................25
7.5.3 Over-Range Effects.....................................................................................................................................25
7.5.3.1 Run Pressurization ...............................................................................................................................25
7.5.3.2 Blow Down Precautions.......................................................................................................................26
7.5.3.3 Flow Limiting Devices.........................................................................................................................26
7.6 ACCESSORY INSTALLATION ...............................................................................................................................29
7.6.1 Density Measurement Devices.....................................................................................................................29
7.6.2 Volume Correctors and Instrumentation ......................................................................................................29
8. METER MAINTENANCE AND FIELD VERIFICATION CHECKS ........................................................30
8.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................30
8.2 VISUAL INSPECTION............................................................................................................................................30
8.3 CLEANING AND OILING.......................................................................................................................................31
8.4 SPIN TIME TEST ..................................................................................................................................................31
8.5 DUAL-ROTOR METER FIELD CHECKS .................................................................................................................33
8.6 RETESTING CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................................................33

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 APPENDIX A .......................................................................................................................................................... A-1
A.1 SINGLE ROTOR TURBINE METERS .................................................................................................... A-1
A.1.1 GAS METER DESIGN .................................................................................................................................... A-1
A.1.2 LIQUID METER DESIGN ................................................................................................................................ A-2
A.2 DUAL-ROTOR TURBINE METERS........................................................................................................ A-2
A.2.1 DUAL-ROTOR DESIGNS ............................................................................................................................... A-2
A.2.2 SECONDARY ROTOR DESIGNS ...................................................................................................................... A-5
A.2.3 SECONDARY ROTOR FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................................. A-5
A.3 DUAL-ROTOR METER ELECTRONICS ............................................................................................... A-5
APPENDIX B ......................................................................................................................................................... B-1
B.1 EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING VOLUMETRIC FLOW .............................................................. B-1
B.1.1 BASIC GAS LAWS ......................................................................................................................................... B-1
B.1.2 FLOW RATE AT FLOWING CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................... B-2
B.1.3 FLOW RATE AT BASE CONDITIONS ............................................................................................................... B-2
B.1.4 PRESSURE MULTIPLIER ................................................................................................................................ B-2
B.1.5 TEMPERATURE MULTIPLIER ......................................................................................................................... B-3
B.1.6 COMPRESSIBILITY MULTIPLIER .................................................................................................................... B-3
B.1.7 EQUATIONS FOR METER RANGEABILITY ...................................................................................................... B-3

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B.1.7.1 Maximum Flow rate .............................................................................................................................. B-3
B.2 EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING MASS FLOW............................................................................... B-5
APPENDIX C .......................................................................................................................................................... C-1
C.1 METER REGISTER READING................................................................................................................ C-1
C.2 ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION ............................................................................................................. C-1
C.3 MECHANICAL INTEGRATING DEVICES ........................................................................................... C-1
C.4 PRESSURE, VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE RECORDING DEVICES ......................................... C-1
APPENDIX D ......................................................................................................................................................... D-1
D.1 CHANGE GEARS ....................................................................................................................................... D-1
D.2 K-FACTOR(S).............................................................................................................................................. D-2
D.3 METER FACTOR ....................................................................................................................................... D-4
D.4 FINAL METER FACTOR .......................................................................................................................... D-8
D.5 ROTOR FACTORS FOR DUAL-ROTOR METERS................................................................................ 10
APPENDIX E ......................................................................................................................................................... E-1
E.1 REYNOLDS NUMBER AND FLOW RATE MATCHING..................................................................... E-1
E.2 PRESSURE AND FLOW RATE MATCHING......................................................................................... E-2
E.3 DENSITY AND REYNOLDS NUMBER MATCHING ........................................................................... E-2
E.4 DENSITY AND FLOW RATE MATCHING............................................................................................ E-2
E.5. EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................... E-2
E.5.1 TO MATCH REYNOLDS NUMBERS AND FLOW RATES ................................................................. E-3
APPENDIX F ..........................................................................................................................................................F-1
F.1 TESTING IN-LINE.......................................................................................................................................F-1

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 F.2 TESTING OUT OF LINE ............................................................................................................................F-1
REFERENCE LIST........................................................................................................................................... REF-1
FORM FOR SUGGESTION TO CHANGE IN THE AGA REPORT NO. 7 .................................................... S-1
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 MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL GAS BY TURBINE METERS

1. Introduction

1.1 Scope

These specifications apply to axial-flow turbine flow meters for measurement of natural gas,
typically 2-inch and larger bore diameter, in which the entire gas stream flows through the
meter rotor. Typical applications include measuring single-phase gas flow found in
production, process, transmission, storage, and distribution and end-use gas measurement
systems. Typical use is the measurement of fuel grade natural gas and associated hydrocarbon
gases either as pure hydrocarbons or as a mixture of pure hydrocarbons and diluents.
Although not within the scope of this document, turbine meters are used to measure a broad
range of fluids other than natural gas.

This report does not address the characteristics of electronic pulse signal generating devices
within or attached to the meter, although it does address the use of their outputs.

Also not addressed are the characteristics of mechanical or electronic instruments that convert
meter outputs from line conditions to base conditions. However, Appendix B does contain the
equations establishing the mathematical basis for the conversion process. Although these
equations appear in this report, they may be used to convert volume registered by any type of
meter.

1.2 Principle of Measurement

Turbine meters are inferential meters that measure flow by counting the revolutions of a
rotor, with blades, which turns in proportion to the gas flow velocity. From the geometry and
dimensions of the rotor blades and flow channel, for a particular turbine meter size and
model, the gas volume at line conditions can be inferred from counting the number of rotor
revolutions. The revolutions are transferred into digital readout or electronic signals by some
combination of mechanical gearing, generated electronic or optical pulses, or frequency. The
accumulated line volume can be converted to base volume at standard or contract conditions
by accessory devices. Turbine meters can operate over a wide range of gas and ambient
conditions. Their upper flow capacities are established and limited by maximum local internal
gas velocities, noise generation, erosion, rotor speed, shaft bearing wear and pressure losses.
The maximum flow capacity at line conditions is fixed for a particular turbine meter
regardless of the operating pressure and temperature. The maximum base flow capacity
increases in accordance with Boyle’s and Charles’ laws. Minimum flow capacities are limited
by fluid and non-fluid drags (i.e., windage and mechanical friction losses, respectively) that
cause a particular turbine meter design to exceed the desired or prescribed performance
limits.

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 2. Terminology

For the purposes of this report, the following definitions apply:

Change gears A set of mating gears in the output gear train of some turbine
meters that can be changed during the calibration process. A
gear combination can be selected, with the appropriate ratio of
teeth, to correct the mechanical output to reduce registration
errors.

Designer A company that designs and constructs metering facilities.

Error The result of a measurement minus the true value of the

measurand. Note: Since the true value cannot be determined, a
value determined by means of a suitable reference meter is
used.
% error = [(measured value – reference value) / reference
value] x 100%

Final meter factor A number developed either by averaging the sum of the
individual meter factors over the range of the meter or by
weighting more heavily towards the meter factors over flow
rates at which the meter is more likely to be used. The value is
used as a correction factor. In addition, multi-point
linearization or polynomial curve fitting techniques may be
used.

K-factor A number by which the meter’s output pulses are multiplied to

determine the volume through the meter. One or more factors
may be used over a meter’s operating range as determined by
flow calibration results.

MAOP Maximum allowable operating pressure.

Manufacturer A company that designs, manufactures, sells and delivers

turbine flow meters.

Maximum peak-to-peak error The difference between the largest and the smallest errors
throughout the calibrated range of the meter.

Measurement cartridge An internal assembly, removable from some meters, which

includes the measurement components, but excludes the meter
body.

Meter factor A number by which the result of a measurement is multiplied

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to compensate for systematic error. The non-dimensional

multiplying value is determined for each flow rate at which the
meter is calibrated. The number is calculated by dividing the
value from the reference meter by the indicated value of the

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 meter under test. It can be applied to individual flow rates or
averaged to provide a single factor (final meter factor) for the
meter.

Operating range The range of ambient and flowing gas conditions over which
the meter is designed to operate.

Pressure drop The permanent loss of line pressure across the meter.

Qi The flow rate through the meter under a specific set of test or
operating conditions.

Qmax The maximum gas flow rate through the meter that can be
measured within the specified performance requirements.

Qmin The minimum gas flow rate through the meter that can be
measured within the specified performance requirement.

Qt The transition flow rate. The flow rate through the meter at
which performance requirements may change.

Rangeability The ratio of the maximum to minimum flow rates over which
the meter meets specified performance requirements
(sometimes called “turndown ratio”).

Reference meter A meter or measurement device of proven flow measurement

accuracy.

Repeatability Closeness of the agreement between the results of successive

measurements of the same measurand carried out under the
same conditions of measurement.
Notes:
1. These conditions are called repeatability conditions.
2. Repeatability conditions include:
• The same measurement procedure
• The same observer
• The same measuring instrument used under the same
conditions
• The same location
• Repetition over a short period of time
3. Repeatability may be expressed quantitatively in terms of
the dispersion characteristics of the results.
4. A valid statement of repeatability requires specifications of
the conditions of measurement, such as temperature, pres-
sure and gas composition.

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 Rotor factor The number of output pulses per unit volume for individual
rotor(s) provided by the meter manufacturer for use in a
proprietary algorithm. Rotor factors are associated with the
electronic pulse output(s) from each rotor, typically of a dual-
rotor turbine meter.

User The individual or company that uses the turbine meter for
measurement purposes.
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 3. Operating Conditions

3.1 Gas Quality

The meter should, as a minimum requirement, operate with any of the normal range natural
gas composition mixtures specified in Table 1 of AGA Report No. 8, Compressibility Factors
of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Gases (Reference 1).

The manufacturer should be consulted if any of the following are expected:

• Operation near the hydrocarbon or water vapor dew point of the natural gas mixture.
• Total sulfur levels exceeding 20 grains per 100 cubic feet, including mercaptans, H2S
and elemental sulfur compounds, or exceeding those specified in the National
Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) guidelines for the materials of which the
meter is manufactured.
• Exposure to other contaminants that may affect the meter’s error by reducing the
cross-sectional flow area or building up on other sensitive features. Deposits may
also contaminate bearing lubrication and lead to reduced service life.

3.2 Operating Pressures

The operating pressure of the meter shall be within the range specified by the meter
manufacturer. The manufacturer shall specify the maximum allowable operating pressure for
the meter design and construction. Turbine meters, in general, do not have a minimum
operating pressure limit, although error may be increased if used under conditions for which
the meter has not been calibrated. Section 6 provides information on calibration requirements.

3.3 Temperatures, Gas and Ambient

The meter shall be used within the manufacturer’s flowing gas and ambient air temperature
specifications. Depending upon material of construction, turbine meters can operate over a

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flowing gas and ambient temperature range of -40°F to +165°F (-40°C to 74°C). It is
important that the flowing gas temperature remain above the hydrocarbon dew point of the
gas to avoid possible meter damage and measurement error. The manufacturer shall provide
gas temperature and ambient air temperature specifications for the meter, as they may differ
from the above.

3.4 Effect of Gas Density

Gas density can have three principal effects on the performance of the gas turbine meter:
• Rangeability – The rangeability of a turbine meter increases as gas density increases.
• Pressure Drop – The pressure loss across a turbine meter increases as the gas density
increases.
• Error – Operating characteristics may change as gas density changes.

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 3.5 Gas Flow Rate Considerations

The manufacturer shall provide the operating flow rate range at various pressures. The user
needs to consider the relationship between flow rate, error, pressure loss and service life. The
performance requirements for operation are stated in Section 5.1 of this document. The
pressure loss across a turbine meter increases with the square of a flow rate increase. Bearing
lubrication or visual inspection frequencies may need to be adjusted in accordance with the
operating flow rate. Flow limiting devices may be required to provide over-range protection
for the meter. Designers and users are cautioned to evaluate noise, piping safety and meter
integrity concerns at maximum operating velocity. Refer to Section 7 of this document for
more information on installation considerations.

3.6 Upstream Piping and Flow Profiles

Research was conducted on the effects of installation configuration on turbine meter error in
2002 and the results published in Reference 2, Section 7 provides information on installation
requirements.

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 4. Meter Design Requirements

4.1 Codes and Standards

The meter body and all other parts comprising the pressure containing structures shall be
designed and constructed of materials suitable for the service conditions for which the meter
is rated and in accordance with any applicable codes, regulations and specifications of the
designer. The meter body shall operate without leakage or permanent deformation over the
expected range of operating pressures, flowing gas temperatures and environmental
conditions.

4.2 Meter Body

4.2.1 Meter Body End Connections

The body end connections shall be designed in accordance with appropriate flange or
threaded connection standards.

4.2.2 Corrosion Resistance

All wetted parts of the meter shall be manufactured of materials suitable for use in their
intended application. All external parts of the meter should be made of corrosion-resistant
materials or sealed with a corrosion-resistant coating suitable for use in environmental
conditions typically found in the natural gas industry and/or as specified by the designer.

4.2.3 Meter Lengths and Bores

Manufacturers shall publish their standard overall face-to-face length of the meter body
for each meter size and pressure rating. Turbine meters are generally tolerant of minor
diameter differences, such as pipe schedule size changes. However, the designer shall
make sure that the recommendations of Section 7 are followed.

4.2.4 Pressure Tap

The manufacturer shall provide at least one pressure tap on the meter body. The static
pressure from the meter tap provided and identified by the manufacturer shall be used for
pressure correction of the meter registration volume.

4.2.5 Sealing

The meter may be provided with sealing arrangements to prevent access to its internal
working parts, adjustments and reprogramming. The sealing arrangements shall be such
that they do not prevent access to routine maintenance features of the meter, such as
lubrication points. Where measurement cartridges are interchangeable, the means of
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

sealing the cartridge shall be designed to prevent access to adjustment and

reprogramming when the cartridge is removed from the meter body. Any means provided
to seal the cartridge to the meter body shall be independent of any other sealing means
provided. Independent sealing shall allow the body-to-cartridge seal to be removed
without permitting access to the cartridge’s internal working parts or adjustments.

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 4.2.6 Miscellaneous

The construction shall be mechanically and electrically sound, and the materials, finish,
etc., should be such as to provide assurance of long life and sustained accuracy. The
meter may provide one or more outputs (mechanical or electrical), proportional to the
volume of gas that has passed through it, expressed at line conditions of pressure and
temperature.

The meter shall be designed in such a way that the body will not roll when resting on a
smooth surface with a slope of up to 10 percent. The meter design shall also permit easy
and safe handling of the meter during transportation and installation. Threaded holes for
hoisting eyes or clearance for lifting straps shall be provided.

4.3 Meter Markings

A name plate(s) containing the following information shall be affixed to the meter
• Manufacturer
• Model and size (internal nominal diameter)
• Serial number
• Date of manufacture or date code
• Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)
• Maximum rated capacity at flowing conditions
• K-factor and/or rotor-factor(s), if applicable

Other markings on the meter shall indicate:

• Inlet end or direction of flow
• Direction of output shaft rotation, if applicable
• Units of volume per revolution of the output shaft, if applicable
• Material of pressure containing components, (body, flanges, top plate, etc.)
• Pressure reference tap (e.g., “PR,” “Pr” or “Pm”)
• Orientation of measurement cartridge, if applicable
• Serial number of measurement cartridge, if applicable

4.4 Documentation

The manufacturer shall provide all necessary data, certificates and documentation for correct
configuration, set-up and use of the particular meter upon request by the user or designer. The
user or designer may also request that copies of hydrostatic-test or leak-test certificates,
material certifications and casting or weld radiographs be supplied with delivery of the meter.
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 The manufacturer shall provide or make available the following documents with the meter or
when requested; all documents shall be dated:
a) A description of the meter, giving technical characteristics and principle of operation.
b) A perspective drawing or photograph of the meter
c) A list of parts with a description of their constituent materials
d) A dimensional drawing
e) A drawing showing locations of seals
f) A drawing of the data plate or badge, showing arrangement of inscriptions
g) Instructions for installation, operation, and periodic maintenance
h) A general description of operation
i) A description of available mechanical outputs and electronic output signals, and any
adjustment mechanisms
j) A description of available electronic interfaces, wiring points and essential
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characteristics
k) Documentation of compliance with applicable safety codes and regulations
l) Test report of meter performance

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 5. Performance Requirements

5.1 General Performance Tolerances

The manufacturer shall specify flow rate limits for Qmin, Qt and Qmax for each meter design
and size. Meter performance at atmospheric pressure shall be within the following tolerances
(see also Figure 1) after calibration.

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Repeatability: ±0.2% from Qmin to Qmax,
Maximum peak-to-peak error: 1.0% above Qt,
Maximum error: ±1.0% from Qt to Qmax, and,
±1.5% from Qmin to Qt,
Transition flow rate: Qt not greater than 0.2 Qmax.

Note 1. The tolerances apply after adjustment of the change gears (if any) and/or
setting of K-factors and application of the final meter factor.
Note 2. The tolerances apply after any corrections performed within the meter
itself but prior to the application of any linearization algorithms by equipment
auxiliary to the meter.
Note 3. These tolerances are applicable at atmospheric pressure. As operating gas
pressure increases, the performance of the turbine meter can be expected to improve
dramatically, with smaller values for repeatability and maximum peak-to-peak error,
provided the meter is calibrated for the intended operating conditions.

1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75 Repeatability +/-0.2%
0.50
Percent error

0.25
Maximum peak-to-peak error
0.00
1.0% (Qi ≥ Qt)
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
-1.25
-1.50
-1.75
Qmin Qt ≤ 0.2 Qmax Flow rate (Qi)

Figure 1. Turbine Meter Tolerances at Atmospheric Pressure

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 5.2 Temperature and Gas Composition Influences

The turbine meter shall meet the above performance requirements over the full operating
range of temperature and gas composition.

5.3 Pressure Influences

Research on the effects of pressure on turbine meter performance was conducted in 2002 and
2003, and the results published in Reference 3. To minimize error, turbine meters should be
calibrated for the applicable operating conditions. Guidance on calibration requirements is
provided in Section 6.

5.4 Meter Body Interchangeability

Meters with interchangeable measurement cartridges are designed so that the measurement
cartridge can be removed from the meter body without removing the body from the
installation. This design facilitates in situ inspection and replacement or upgrading of a
cartridge.

The construction of a meter with an interchangeable measurement cartridge shall be such that
the performance characteristics specified in Section 5.1 are maintained after installation of the
cartridge in other meter bodies of the same manufacturer, size and model, or after repeated
removal and installation of the measurement cartridge in the same meter body. However,
slight differences in geometry from the body in which the cartridge was calibrated, body
wear, cartridge-body misalignment or other influences may affect the performance of the
cartridge and result in measurement error.

An independent study (Reference 4) was conducted to assess measurement error due to

cartridge change-out practices. The study indicates that operating a cartridge in a body other
than the one in which it was calibrated can introduce random measurement errors from a
negligible amount to as much as ±0.35%. Turbine meter users should bear in mind that
calibration of measurement cartridges on a stand-alone basis, while convenient and less
expensive than calibrating a cartridge and body as a combination, can add to measurement
error.

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 6. Individual Meter Tests

6.1 Integrity Test

The manufacturer shall test the integrity of all pressure-containing components for every
turbine meter. The test shall be conducted in compliance with the appropriate industry
standard, (ANSI/ASME B16.1, B16.5, B16.34 or other, as applicable).

6.2 Leakage Test

Every turbine meter shall be leak-tested by the manufacturer after final assembly and prior to
shipment to the customer or flow-calibration facility. The test shall be conducted in
compliance with the appropriate industry standard. In the absence of specific standard(s), it is
customary for manufacturers to conduct the test as follows: The test medium shall be a gas,
such as nitrogen or air. The leak-test pressure shall be at least 1.10 times the MAOP and held
for a minimum of five minutes. To pass this test, the meter must not have detectable leaks.

6.3 Calibration

In order to establish satisfactory performance characteristics, every turbine meter should be

calibrated under conditions acceptable to and agreed upon between the parties to the
transaction. For best performance, calibration conditions should match the anticipated in-
service conditions, including considerations such as fluid characteristics, operating pressure,
expected flow rates, the use of a dedicated meter body, inlet and outlet piping characteristics,
and other factors that can affect meter performance. However, limitations on the capability
and availability of calibration facilities and the costs associated with transportation and
testing may result in decisions to calibrate meters under conditions that, while not identical to
those expected in service, provide a reasonable approximation thereof. Attention to
replication of the crucial in-service parameters described below will ensure adequate
performance for most commercial applications.

6.3.1 Calibration Conditions

Research (Reference 3) has shown that the performance of turbine meters varies with
changes in flow rate and operating pressure. These variations are related to changes in
Reynolds number and, in some cases density, and are particularly significant at low and
intermediate operating pressures and flow rates. Attention to these issues at the time of
calibration is crucial for optimal measurement. The following sections provide further
guidance in this regard.

6.3.1.1 Reynolds Number

Reynolds number is a dimensionless ratio of inertial to viscous forces in the flow

through the meter that takes into account the flow rate and physical properties of a
moving fluid. Reynolds number can be used to correlate the calibration and operating
conditions of a turbine meter under various flow rates, pressures and fluid types.

12
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 The basic equation for Reynolds number is:

Re = ρ (D) (V) / µ (6.1)

Reynolds number may also be calculated from either of the following formulae:

Re = 4(Q ) / π (D) (ν) (6.2)

Re = 4 (Q ) (ρ) / π (D) (µ) (6.3)

where Re = Reynolds number

ρ (rho) = Density
D = Meter diameter
V = Bulk (average) velocity of flowing fluid
Q = Volumetric flow rate
ν (nu) = Kinematic viscosity
µ (mu) = Absolute viscosity

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The above quantities must all be determined at the same conditions of temperature
and pressure.

The relationship between bulk velocity and flow rate is:

Q = π V D 2/ 4 (6.4)

The relationship between absolute and kinematic viscosity and density is:

ν =µ /ρ (6.5)

A meter calibration carried out in a test facility over a particular range of Reynolds
numbers characterizes the meter’s performance when used to measure gas over the
same range of Reynolds numbers when the meter is in service. Therefore, the K-
factors established during such a calibration, in most instances, can be used to
compute flow measured by the meter in service.

6.3.1.2 Density

Research (Reference 3) has shown that the performance of some meters may also be
sensitive to variations in gas density. Variations in calibration tend to be larger at
lower gas densities. Users with low-pressure, low-flow applications should consult
the meter manufacturer for meter performance characteristics and obtain calibration
data at the operating density to ensure that no significant measurement errors exist.
Additional information on density matching is provided in Appendix E.

6.3.1.3 Calibration Gases

The research described in Reference 3 was conducted using natural gas and air as test
media. In addition, Reference 6 describes research that has been conducted to
establish the suitability of other gases for calibration of turbine meters. The data
show that turbine meters used in natural gas can be effectively calibrated in different

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 gases, and that satisfactory measurement will result provided calibration is conducted
over the range of Reynolds numbers and/or density expected at operating conditions.
Further information on calibration in alternative gases is provided in Appendix E.

6.3.2 Calibration Guidelines

As discussed above, the expected operating Reynolds number range and/or density for a
meter needs to be taken into account when designing a calibration program. This requires
establishing the expected range of flow rates and the properties of the gas to be measured
at the intended meter location. The gas properties may be determined directly by
measurement or by calculation from empirical equations.

Test points should be selected throughout the range of flow rates over which the meter is
to be tested. It may be decided to concentrate the majority of the test points in the range
of the meter’s heaviest expected usage.

Further information and sample calculations appear in Appendix E.

6.3.3 Calibration Configuration

To minimize errors, meters should be calibrated in the same configuration as intended to

be installed in service. However, most test facilities routinely perform calibrations in the
recommended configuration described in Section 7.2. Research (Reference 2) has shown
that the errors of meters calibrated in this manner will be acceptable when installed in any
of the configurations described in Section 7.2. For applications with more severe
installation configurations, the user should consult the manufacturer or test facility
operator for experimental data to determine an adequate calibration configuration.

6.3.4 Calibration Facilities

Test facilities used for meter calibration shall be able to demonstrate traceability to
relevant national primary standards and provide test results that are comparable to those
from other such facilities.

6.3.5 Calibration Results

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During calibration, the appropriate K-factor(s), meter factors, change gears ratios and
rotor factors will be established. The applicable factors will be established for each output
for meters with more than one output. Refer to Appendix D for detailed information and
examples of determining and applying these factors.

6.3.5.1 Change Gears

For turbine meters with mechanical output(s), internal gearing is typically used to
adjust the registration to produce a (nearly) finite indicated volume (e.g., 100 cubic
feet, 10 cubic meters, etc.) for each revolution of the output shaft. Differing change
gear sets, comprised of two replaceable mating gears incorporated within the gear
train, permit adjustments to be made to the overall gear ratio. While change gear sets
with many ratios are available, it is not always possible to install gears with the
precise ratio needed. Thus, there may be some residual bias in the meter’s calibration

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 even after the best available change gears have been installed. The change gears are
usually located in a non-pressurized region of the meter that is accessible during
calibration, but that can be sealed to prevent unauthorized access. When an
interchangeable measurement cartridge is moved to a new body, the change gears
shall be moved also.

6.3.5.2 K-Factor(s)

For turbine meters with electronic output(s), the appropriate K-factor(s) is established
at the time of calibration. These value(s) are then entered into an electronic accessory
device. The K-factor(s) is expressed in units of pulses/unit volume. By dividing the
accumulated pulses by the K-factor or by dividing the instantaneous pulse frequency
by the K-factor, the accumulated volume or the instantaneous flow rate, respectively,
can be determined.

6.3.5.3 Meter Factors and Final Meter Factor

Meter factors are non-dimensional multiplier values. They are derived from
calibration data by dividing the true volume of the reference meter by the indicated
volume of the test meter, both volumes having first been corrected to the same base
conditions. Alternatively, meter factors can be calculated from the percent error
values provided at each calibration flow rate, by the formula:

Meter factor = 100 / (100 + percent error)

Thus, the meter factor example of 1.005 would be the same as -0.5 percent error. The
mechanical or electronic outputs of a turbine meter may be adjusted by the
application of individual meter factors for specific flow rates or by a single final
meter factor over the range of flow rates. This may be done offline manually or
online in an electronic accessory device. The calibration facility may provide meter
factors in addition to or in place of percent error values for each test flow rate of a
meter.

6.3.5.4 Rotor Factors for Dual-Rotor Meters

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
For dual-rotor turbine meters, with associated algorithms for enhanced performance
and diagnostics, the manufacturer will supply unique K-factors for each rotor’s
electronic pulse output. These are referred to as “rotor factors” to distinguish them
from K-factor, which is the term historically used to apply to the single-rotor
electronic output of a meter. Refer to Appendix A, Sections A.2 and A.3 and to
Appendix D, Section D.5 for more details.

6.3.5.5 Meter Verification Test

Following an adjustment, at least one test point shall be repeated to verify that the
adjustment was calculated and applied correctly. If a linearization technique is
applied in secondary or companion electronics, then at least two test points shall be
repeated.

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 6.4 Test Reports

The results of each test required in Section 6.3 shall be documented in a report including, as a
minimum:
a) The name and address of the manufacturer
b) The name and address of the test facility
c) The model, size and serial number of the meter
d) The date(s) of the test
e) The name and title of the person who conducted the tests
f) The meter performance data
g) Test pressure and temperature
h) Ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure
i) Test fluid, composition and properties at each test point, if varying
j) A description of the test configuration used
k) The value of any adjustment made and the results of the verification test

A copy of the report shall be available from the testing organization for a period of five years.

6.5 Quality Assurance

The manufacturer shall establish and follow a comprehensive quality-assurance program for
the assembly and testing of the meter and its electronic system (e.g., ISO 9000, API
Specification Q1, etc.). The user shall have access to the quality-assurance documents and
records.

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 7. Installation Specifications

The impact on measurement has been assessed for the configurations described below. Various
organizations have published test data. Configurations other than those described below may
result in unacceptable measurement errors and are not recommended without further testing.

7.1 General Considerations

7.1.1 Flow Direction

Turbine meters, designed for flow in one direction only, shall be installed accordingly.

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Reverse flow may not damage the meter internals but may result in registration error. The
manufacturer may be consulted if reverse flow has occurred. Where reverse flow is
expected, additional valving is necessary to allow gas to flow through the meter in the
forward direction only, unless the turbine meter is recommended for bi-directional flow.

7.1.2 Meter Orientation and Support

Turbine meters, designed for horizontal orientation, shall be installed accordingly. A

vertical in-line installation may be used; however, the manufacturer’s recommendations
for piping configuration and maintenance should be followed. The meter and meter
piping shall be adequately supported and installed so as to minimize strain on the meter
body.

7.1.3 Meter Run Connections

The meter and adjacent pipe sections should have the same nominal diameter, but
schedule changes are acceptable provided satisfactory meter performance has been
demonstrated. Meter inlet and outlet connections and companion pipe flanges shall be
aligned concentrically. Gaskets shall not protrude into the flowing gas stream. Gasket
protrusion or flange misalignment can affect meter performance.

7.1.4 Internal Surfaces

The internal surface of the meter should be kept clear of any deposits that may affect the
meter’s cross-sectional area. The meter’s performance depends on a known cross-
sectional area. Pipe interior surfaces should be of commercial roughness or better. Welds
on piping at the meter inlet and outlet should be ground flush with the internal surface of
the pipe so that they do not protrude into the gas stream.

7.1.5 Temperature Well Location

The temperature well shall be located downstream of the meter to keep disturbances to a
minimum. Generally temperature wells are installed between one and five nominal pipe
diameters from the meter outlet but upstream from any valve or flow restrictor. It is
important that the temperature well be installed to ensure that heat transfer from the
adjacent piping and radiation effects of the sun do not influence the temperature reading
of the flowing gas.

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 7.1.6 Pressure Tap Location

The pressure tap provided by the manufacturer on the meter shall be used as the point of
pressure sensing for recording or integrating instruments and during calibration.

7.1.7 Flow Conditioning

A flow conditioner may be used upstream of the turbine meter to reduce or eliminate the
effects of swirl and/or asymmetric flow. Headers, pipefittings, valves and regulators
preceding the meter inlet may cause perturbed flow conditions. Flow conditioners shall
be installed as specified in the following sections. There shall be no protrusions into the
piping between the flow conditioner and the meter.

7.1.7.1 Tube Bundle Type Straightening Vanes

For specifications for these devices, refer to the latest revision of AGA Report No. 3,
Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids (Reference
10). This design has demonstrated its effectiveness in the reduction of swirl but does
not eliminate asymmetric flow.

7.1.7.2 Other External Flow Conditioners

Isolating flow conditioners offer an alternative to tube bundles. They are recom-
mended for use if the contracting parties agree. Isolating flow conditioners generally
consist of perforated plates in various patterns, sometimes accompanied by vane
assemblies. Several of these devices have been evaluated for performance and found
to be effective in reducing swirl and asymmetric flow.

7.1.7.3 Integral Flow Conditioners

Only meters incorporating integral flow conditioners as described in Section 7.2.2.3

are recommended for use in the short and close-coupled installations described in
Sections 7.2.2.1 and 7.2.2.2.

7.2 Recommended Installation Configurations

Research (Reference 2) shows that turbine meters may be operated according to the
recommendations in this section with acceptable results, while more severe piping
arrangements may result in considerable error. The magnitude of the error, if any, will be a
function of the extent of the flow disturbances, the meter’s design, the quality of external and
integral flow conditioning, and/or the meter’s ability to adjust for such conditions. However,
other configurations may be used provided they are shown to be acceptable based on
published experimental data.
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 7.2.1 Recommended Installation for In-Line Meters

The recommended installation (Figure 2) includes at least 10 nominal pipe diameters of

straight pipe upstream of the meter inlet, with a flow conditioner outlet located 5 nominal
pipe diameters upstream of the meter inlet.

Turbine Meter Optional

- Ref. Temperature Well
- Sample Probe

Pressure Tap Temperature Well

Recommended
- Blow Down Valve [3]

Optional
10 Nominal Pipe Diameters 1-5 - Flow Limiting
Dia. Device

Inlet

[1] [2] Minimum

5 Nominal Pipe 5 Nominal Pipe
Optional Diameters Diameters
- 19 Tube Bundle
- or Flow Conditioning Element

NOTES: [1] Recommended spacing, unless otherwise supported by published test data for the flow conditioning element.
[2] No pipe connections or protrusions allowed within this upstream section.
[3] For recommended size of blow down valve, see Table 1. Locate downstream of meter.

Figure 2. Recommended Installation Configuration for In-line meters

A minimum length of 5 nominal pipe diameters of straight pipe is included downstream

of the meter. There shall be no pipe connections or protrusions within the upstream or
downstream piping other than pressure taps, temperature wells or flow-conditioning
elements.

A typical recommended installation meter run with accessories and optional devices is
shown in Figure 3. The maximum pipe-size difference upstream or downstream of the
recommended installation should be one nominal pipe size. Valves, filters or strainers
may be installed upstream or downstream of the recommended installation piping. Any
valve immediately upstream of the installation shall be fully open during meter operation.
Strainers and filters should be kept clean for optimum performance.

19
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 Optional
Turbine Optional
- Flow Limiting
Optional - Ref. Temperature Well
Device
- Filter - Sample Probe
90º Elbow or Tee - or Strainer Pressure Recommended
Temperature
Maximum Tap - Blow Down
Well
Reduction Valve [3]
One Nominal 10 Nominal Pipe 1–5 (Downstream
Pipe Size Diameters Dia. of Meter)

Inl

5 Nominal Minimum
[1][2] 5 Nominal
Pipe
Pipe
Diameters Diameters
Optional Optional
- Valve Recommended Optional Optional - Valve
Pressure-loading - 19 Tube Bundle - Bypass Line -
line and valve for - or Flow Conditioning and Valve
operation over 200 Element
psig [3]

NOTES: [1] Recommended spacing, unless otherwise supported by published test data for the flow conditioning element.
[2] No pipe connections or protrusions allowed within this upstream section.
[3] Size of pressure loading line and valve to be the same as recommended blow down valve sizing, (see Table 1).

Figure 3. Typical Meter Set Assembly: Recommended Installation

7.2.2 Optional Installation Configurations for In-Line Meters

The use of the following optional installation configurations may result in relatively
higher, but still acceptable, measurement uncertainty.

7.2.2.1 Short-Coupled Installation

The short-coupled installation configuration shown in Figure 4 may be used where

space is limited. Initial limited research (Reference 2) on tested meters indicates that
locating a short-coupled installation with meter-integrated flow conditioning
downstream of a high-level perturbation (as defined in Reference 7) caused
measurement bias not exceeding ±0.4% of reading, which was within the error limits
of ±1.0% specified in Section 5.1 (Figure 1). See Section 7.2.2.3 for a discussion on
meter-integrated flow conditioning and Section 6.3 for calibration requirements. The
short-coupled configuration includes at least four nominal pipe diameters of straight
pipe upstream of the meter inlet, with a flow conditioner located at the inlet of the
straight pipe. In addition, the distance between the flow conditioner outlet and the
meter inlet should be at least two nominal pipe diameters.

The meter may be connected to the vertical risers using elbows or tees. Tees enable
visual inspection of the meter run. The maximum difference in size between the run
and the risers shall be one nominal pipe size. The installation of optional valves,
filters or strainers in the risers is permitted, although users are cautioned that
inclusions in the risers have not been confirmed by published research. Any valve in

20
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 the inlet riser shall be fully open during meter operation, and strainers and filters
should be kept clean for optimum performance.

Optional
90 º Elbow or Tee - Filter Pressure Tap Turbine Meter [4]
Maximum Reduction - or Strainer
One Nominal Pipe Size Temperature
4 Nominal Pipe Well
Diameters Long

Inlet Minimum

2 Nominal [1] [2]

Pipe Diameters

Optional Optional
- 19 Tube Bundle - Flow Limiting
Optional - or Flow Conditioning Element Device Recommended
- Valve
- Blow Down
Valve [3]
Optional
Recommended - Valve
Pressure-loading line
and valve for operation
over 200 psig [3]

NOTES: [1] Recommended spacing, unless otherwise supported by published test data for the flow conditioning element.
[2] No pipe connections or protrusions allowed within this upstream section.
[3] Size of pressure loading line and valve to be the same as recommended blow down valve sizing, (Table 1).
[4] Turbine meter must have integral flow conditioner.

Figure 4. Short-Coupled Installation

7.2.2.2 Close-Coupled Installation

The close-coupled installation configuration shown in Figure 5 may be used where

space is severely limited. Just as in the case of short-coupled installation, initial
limited research (Reference 2) on tested meters also indicates that locating a close-
coupled installation with meter-integrated flow conditioning downstream of a high-
level perturbation (as defined in Reference 7) caused measurement bias not
exceeding ±0.4% of reading, which was within the error limits of ± 1.0% specified in
Section 5.1 (Figure 1). See Section 7.2.2.3 for a discussion on meter-integrated flow
conditioning and Section 6.3 for calibration requirements.

The meter may be connected to the vertical risers using elbows or tees. Tees enable
visual inspection of the meter run. The maximum difference in size between the run
and the risers shall be one nominal pipe size. The installation of optional valves,
filters or strainers in the risers is permitted, although users are cautioned that
inclusions in the risers have not been confirmed by published research. Any valve in
the inlet riser shall be fully open during meter operation, and strainers and filters
should be kept clean for optimum performance.

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 Pressure Tap
Turbine Meter [1]
90 º Elbow or Tee
Maximum Reduction One
Nominal Pipe Size Temperature Well

Recommended
- Blow Down Valve
Inlet (Downstream) [2]

Optional
- Valves
Optional
- Flow Limiting Device
Recommended
Pressure-loading
line and valve for 90 º Elbow
operation over
200 psig [2]

NOTES: [1] Turbine meter must have integral flow conditioning element.
[2] Size of pressure-loading line and valve to be the same as recommended blow down valve sizing, (Table 1).

Figure 5. Close-Coupled Installation

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7.2.2.3 Meter-Integrated Flow Conditioning

Research (Reference 2) has confirmed that turbine meters with integral flow
conditioning in the nose-cone flow passages operate satisfactorily in short and close-
coupled installations. Those integral flow conditioners tested were similar in design
to that shown in Figure 6 and to those evaluated in Reference 8. For this design, the
aspect ratios are H/D < 0.15 and S/L < 0.35. These parameters are illustrated in
Figure 6.

Integral Flow Conditioning on Nose-cone

Figure 6. Dimensional Parameters for Integral Flow Conditioning

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 7.2.3 Suggested Installation for Angle-Body Meters

A suggested installation for angle-body meters is shown in Figure 7. When a flow

conditioner is not used, 10 nominal pipe diameters of straight pipe shall be provided
upstream of the meter. When a flow conditioner is used, the flow conditioner inlet shall
be a minimum of five nominal pipe diameters from the meter inlet and the length of
straight upstream pipe may be reduced to 5 diameters.

Horizontal Installation (Inlet in Horizontal Plane, Outlet Down )

Optional
- Filter
Pressure Tap
- or Strainer Angle-Body
90 º Elbow or Tee
Turbine
Maximum Reduction
Inlet Piping 10 Nominal Pipe Diameters Long Meter
One Nominal Pipe
Size (5 Nominal Pipe Diameters with 19 tube bundle)
[1][2]
o

o
Inlet
Optional Temperature
Recommended
- 19 Tube Bundle Well
- Blow Down Valve
- or Flow Conditioning Element Downstream [3]

Optional Optional Optional

- Valve - Flow Limiting - Valve
Recommended Device
Pressure-loading
90 º Elbow line and valve
for operation
over 200 psig [3]

NOTES: [1] Recommended spacing, unless otherwise supported by published test data for the flow conditioning element.
[2] No pipe connections or protrusions allowed within this upstream section.
[3] Size of pressure loading line and valve to be the same as recommended blow down valve sizing, (see Table 1).

Figure 7. Suggested Installation for Angle-Body Meters

The meter inlet piping may be connected using a 90° elbow or tee. There are no
restrictions on the downstream piping except that the flange attached to the meter outlet
shall be full-size. Any valve immediately upstream of the installation shall be open fully
during meter operation.

The installation may be oriented vertically.

Caution: Users are cautioned that the error of the angle-body configuration has not been
confirmed by published research. Contact the manufacturer for supporting experimental
data for specific installation requirements.

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 7.3 Environmental Considerations

7.3.1 Temperature

The meter shall be installed and used within the ambient and flowing gas temperature
limits specified by the manufacturer.

7.3.2 Vibration

Turbine meters are in general not susceptible to vibration. However, vibration

frequencies should be avoided that might excite the natural frequencies of the piping set,
potentially leading to excessive noise, structural damage to the pipe, and/or reduced
bearing service life of the meter.

7.3.3 Pulsations

Pulsations may occur in several forms depending on the design of the system and the
operating conditions. Turbine meters installed near compressors and fast-cycling
regulators can register incorrectly. Flow pulsations generated by this type of equipment
will generally cause a turbine meter to over-register. Pulsation dampeners installed
between the source of pulsation and the turbine meter are an effective way of eliminating
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

pulsation-induced measurement errors. Flow transients experienced in normal operation

have negligible effect on turbine meter performance because turbine meters in general
have the ability to follow slow changes in flow rate.

7.3.4 Hydrate Formation and Liquid Slugs

Slugs of liquid or solids entering the meter may damage the meter. The presence of
hydrates in the meter installation will cause inaccurate measurement. The meter piping
should be designed to prevent liquid accumulation in the meter body and meter run.

7.4 Associated Devices

7.4.1 Filtration and Strainers

Filtration of the flowing gas may not be necessary in all cases but is recommended for
most meter applications. The accumulation of deposits due to a mixture of dirt, mill scale,
condensates and/or lubricating oils will deteriorate meter performance. Bearing wear and
measurement cartridge damage and/or failure can be caused by foreign material in the
flowing stream. Normal pipeline gas quality may deteriorate during peak demands, plant
upsets and new tie-ins, or from normal internal pipeline corrosion resulting in dust, dirt
and/or scale. Under such conditions, it is recommended that a strainer with a basket of
3/32 inch maximum hole size and 40 mesh wire liners be installed upstream of the meter
to catch the major part of this foreign material. In some instances, it may be preferable to
install 10-micron filters for the removal of fine dust, thus increasing bearing life and
minimizing deposits on the meters internal parts. A differential pressure gauge should be
installed across the filter or strainer to indicate an increase in pressure drop resulting from
a build-up of foreign matter in the filter or strainer. Normal pressure drop should be
observed and recorded at various flow rates when the strainer or filter is clean.

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 Inspection of the devices should be performed whenever higher than normal pressure
drops are indicated on the differential pressure gauge.

A greater degree of meter protection can be accomplished through the use of a dry-type
or separator-type filter installed upstream of the meter inlet piping.

When commissioning a pipeline, it is recommended that the meter be bypassed or a

temporary strainer element installed to protect the meter from dirt and debris entrained
within the initial flow.

7.4.2 Throttling Devices

The installation of a throttling device, such as a regulator or partially closed valve, is not
recommended in close proximity, especially upstream, to the meter. Where such
installations are necessary, the throttling device should be placed an additional eight
nominal pipe diameters upstream or an additional two nominal pipe diameters
downstream of the in-line recommended installation in Figure 2. In the configurations
illustrated in Figures 3, 4, 5 and 7, the throttling device should be placed eight additional
nominal pipe diameters upstream of the inlet vertical riser or an additional two nominal
pipe diameters downstream of the outlet vertical riser. Placement of such a device in
closer proximity to the meter may result in increased uncertainty and/or reduced bearing
life.

7.5 Precautionary Measures

7.5.1 Installation Residue

To prevent possible damage, the measurement cartridge or meter should be removed if

work such as welding, hydrostatic testing, etc., is being performed in the immediate area
of the meter. The inside of the meter body and piping shall be thoroughly cleaned and
inspected for construction debris prior to replacement.

7.5.2 Valve Grease

Grease can flow from some pipeline valves into the gas stream during lubrication. Valve
grease can adhere to turbine meter blades, thereby affecting meter performance. Such
valve types should not be located immediately upstream of a turbine meter.

7.5.3 Over-Range Effects

Surges of high-velocity gas through a turbine meter can severely damage the rotor.
Extreme gas velocities can occur when pressurizing, blowing down or purging the meter
run. The operation of flow- or pressure-control devices in the downstream piping system
can also create extreme gas velocities.

7.5.3.1 Run Pressurization

It is good practice to provide isolation block valves for meter runs so that the meter(s)
can be maintained and calibrated without service interruptions. For single meter run
stations, a flow bypass line should also be considered (see Figure 3). The isolation
block valves must be operated in the proper sequence and slowly to avoid reverse

25--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 spinning and/or over-speeding the meter during startup. If operating pressures are
over 200 psig, a small pressure-loading line and valve around a large or fast acting
inlet block valve will allow the meter run to be pressurized slowly to avoid over-
speeding damage to the stationary rotor. Recommended sizes for pressure-loading
lines and valves are the same as those for blow down valves in Section 7.5.3.2.

7.5.3.2 Blow Down Precautions

While most turbine meters can be operated beyond rated capacity for short periods of
time with no damaging effects, oversized blow down valves can cause rotational
speeds greatly in excess of the rated capacity. Therefore, blow down valves should be
sized as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 – BLOW DOWN VALVE SIZING

Meter Run Valve Size
mm Inches mm Inches
50 2 6 0.25
80 3 13 0.50
100 4 13 0.50
150 6 25 1.0
200 8 25 1.0
300 12 25 1.0

Consult the manufacturer for information on valve sizes for meters not covered in the
Table 1.

Some meters and secondary devices may be damaged when they are operated in a
reverse direction. In such cases, the blow down valve shall be located downstream of
the meter.

7.5.3.3 Flow Limiting Devices

In those installations where excessive flow can occur as a result of the operation of
the downstream piping system or as a result of the operation of flow- or pressure-
control equipment, a restrictive device may be installed in the piping downstream of
the meter run to prevent meter over-ranging. An over-range protection device may be
sized to limit the flow through the meter to approximately 120% of the maximum
rated meter capacity. Meters shall not be operated beyond their rated capacity under
normal circumstances. Refer to the sonic nozzle and critical orifice sizes in Table 2.
A permanent pressure loss will occur even at sub-critical flow rates when one of
these devices is installed. Therefore, adequate pressure needs to be available at the
location. A critical orifice may result in up to 50% permanent pressure loss at critical
conditions. Any flow-limiting device may generate significant noise.

26 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 TABLE 2  SONIC VENTURI NOZZLE AND CRITICAL ORIFICE SIZES
(Based On Turbine Meter Rated Capacity, 0.6 Relative Density Gas)
(See Note & Figure 8 on
next page)
TURBINE “D" "D" "T"
CRITICAL
METER 120% of SONIC CRITICAL ORIFICE
MAX.
RATING RATING VENTURI ORIFICE THICKNESS
cubic cubic cubic
cubic feet/h mm inch mm inch mm inch
meters/h feet/h meters/h
100 3500 120 4200 13.0 0.51 15.2 0.60 1.88 0.074
115 4000 138 4800 13.7 0.54 16.3 0.64 2.03 0.080
130 4500 156 5400 14.7 0.58 17.3 0.68 2.13 0.084
250 8800 300 10600 20.6 0.81 24.1 0.95 3.00 0.118
255 9000 306 10800 20.8 0.82 24.4 0.96 3.02 0.119
280 10000 336 12000 21.8 0.86 25.7 1.01 3.20 0.126
450 16000 540 19200 27.7 1.09 32.3 1.27 4.04 0.159
510 18000 612 21600 29.5 1.16 34.3 1.35 4.29 0.169
680 24000 816 28800 33.8 1.33 39.6 1.56 4.95 0.195
760 27000 912 32400 35.8 1.41 42.2 1.66 5.26 0.207
850 30000 1019 36000 37.8 1.49 44.2 1.74 5.54 0.218
1000 35000 1200 42000 40.9 1.61 47.8 1.88 5.99 0.236
1020 36000 1224 43200 41.4 1.63 48.5 1.91 6.07 0.239
1420 50000 1704 60000 49.0 1.93 57.2 2.25 7.16 0.282
1620 57000 1944 68400 52.3 2.06 61.2 2.41 7.65 0.301
1700 60000 2040 72000 53.6 2.11 62.7 2.47 7.82 0.308
2550 90000 3060 108000 65.5 2.58 76.7 3.02 9.60 0.378
2830 100000 3396 120000 69.1 2.72 81.0 3.19 10.11 0.398
4000 140000 4800 168000 81.8 3.22 95.8 3.77 11.96 0.471
4250 150000 5100 180000 84.6 3.33 99.1 3.90 12.40 0.488
6230 220000 7476 264000 102.6 4.04 120.1 4.73 15.01 0.591
6520 230000 7824 276000 104.9 4.13 122.7 4.83 15.34 0.604
7650 270000 9180 324000 113.5 4.47 132.8 5.23 16.61 0.654
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 The table in the previous page is based on the following formulae:

2
D (inch)
Venturi air rate (acfh) =
0.00893
Gas rate (acfh) = 1 / 0.6 × air rate = 1.291 × air rate
2
 D (inch) 
Gas rate (acfh) = 1.291 
 0.00893 

(0.00893) 2 × Gas rate

D (inch) (Venturi) =
1.291

D(inch) (Venturi) = (0.00786) Gas rate

D (inch) (Orifice) = 1.17 x D (inch) (Venturi)

Note: To be sure that the orifice performs as a thin-plate, sharp-edged orifice in

critical flow, the ratio of orifice plate thickness to the hole diameter shall be less than
or equal to 0.125. Refer to Reference 9 for additional information. If the thickness-
to-diameter ratio is larger than 0.125, then discharge coefficients can have large and
uncertain values within the range of 0.8 to 0.95 (vs. 0.73). This is caused by
boundary layer/shock interactions within the orifice.

T or less T or less

Flow
Diameter - D

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Symmetric plate, Flow directional plate,

both orifice edges sharp leading edge sharp,
trailing edge beveled

Figure 8. Critical Orifice Dimensions

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 7.6 Accessory Installation

7.6.1 Density Measurement Devices

When using densitometers, it is desirable to sample the gas as closely as possible to the
meter. Care should be exercised not to disturb the meter inlet flow or to create an
unmetered bypass. Densitometers should be installed downstream of turbine meters.
Refer to manufacturers’ installation instructions for further information.

7.6.2 Volume Correctors and Instrumentation

Accessory devices and instrumentation, such as mechanical or electronic correction

devices, shall be installed and maintained in accordance with manufacturers’ guidelines.
Care should be taken to ensure that mechanical correcting devices or recorders do not
create excess torque loads on the meter that could increase measurement uncertainty at
low flow rates. Accessory devices should not be allowed to significantly reduce the spin
time of the turbine meter. (Refer to Section 8.4)

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 8. Meter Maintenance and Field Verification Checks

8.1 General

In addition to sound design and installation practices, turbine meter performance is dependent
on good maintenance procedures, regular inspections and periodic field checks. The
frequency of maintenance is dependent on the flowing gas conditions, station operation
and/or contract requirements. Meters that operate under dirty flowing gas conditions will
require more frequent inspections. In addition, the flowing gas condition will influence the
oiling frequency for lubricated turbines. Changes in the performance of a meter may be
detected by self-checking features, by visual inspection of the internal mechanism, by spin
time tests, or by calibration. Section 6.3 recommends matching in-service conditions during
calibration to determine the best indication of meter error. However, periodic calibration
using atmospheric air can be useful for monitoring ongoing meter performance.

Some dual-rotor turbine meters have output readings that can be used for periodic or
continuous checking. These readings can be used to determine the need for maintenance or
inspection. A turbine meter can also be field-checked by either another meter in series or a
check rotor in tandem with the metering rotor in a two-rotor turbine meter. In the case of two
meters in series, the check meter (a turbine meter or other suitable meter) must be installed
relative to the field meter so that there is no effect on either meter’s performance from the
presence of the other. The effects of flowing pressure and temperature on both meters should
be considered along with the error of the check meter at the operating conditions. In the case
of a dual-rotor meter, both rotors can be calibrated, and field checking achieved by
comparing the ratio of the two rotor outputs.

8.2 Visual Inspection

A visual inspection of flow conditioners, upstream and downstream piping, and the meter
internals should be performed periodically to ensure there is no accumulation of debris,
particularly in the flow passage area, drains, breather holes and lubrication systems.
Removing the measurement cartridge from the meter body facilitates an inspection of the
internal mechanisms. If the cartridge is not removable, remove the meter from the piping or
use a borescope. The closures on the ends of the run may be removed or opened for internal
inspection of the piping.

An inspection of the measurement cartridge consists of examining the rotor for damaged or
missing blades, accumulation of solids, erosion or other damage that would affect rotor
balance and blade configuration. When a meter is disassembled for any purpose, the
mechanism should be thoroughly cleaned to remove dirt or foreign material. Meters in
operation can often yield information by the noise they generate or by vibrations felt through
the body. If the meter has severe vibration, it usually indicates damage. This condition will
lead to complete rotor failure. Rotor rubbing and deteriorated bearings can often be heard at
relatively low flow rates where such noises are not masked by normal flow noise. Concurrent
with the internal meter inspection, checks should be performed to ensure that gaskets are
properly aligned and that flow conditioners are free of obstructions.

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 8.3 Cleaning and Oiling

The manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed concerning oiling of new meters

prior to service start-up and then periodically during service. Frequency of oiling is
dependent upon the quality of the gas and operating conditions. Meters operating at high flow
rates, high flowing temperatures or metering gas containing solids, liquids or other
contaminants may require more frequent oiling or bearing replacement than those metering
relatively clean gas at low flow rates. Monthly oiling is the generally recommended starting
frequency. Excessive oil can cause additional drag that temporarily decreases spin time.
Inadequate oil can cause friction and wear in the bearing and result in bearing failure. The
rotor bearings operate at a high rpm. Because of this, many turbine meters have provisions for
externally oiling the rotor shaft bearings. Various methods may be available to accomplish
the lubrication. A pressurized system provides a positive pressure in excess of the operating
line pressure (e.g., manual pump gun). This ensures positive oiling and flushing of the rotor
shaft bearings. A gravity method should be used in the absence of a pressure system.
Automated oilers are also available for use on meters needing more frequent lubrication.
Points other than the rotor shaft bearings may require periodic lubrication as recommended
by the manufacturer.

When a meter is disassembled, the mechanism should be thoroughly cleaned to remove dirt
and foreign material. Additionally, oil should be added through the outside oil fitting and a
visual check made to ascertain that oil is flowing freely to the main bearings. The user should
also consider that significant accumulation of dirt on the nose cone, integral straightening
vanes and the area inside the meter body may affect the performance characteristics.

Turbine meters intended for use as transfer master meters or for laboratory-controlled
comparison testing may not require oiling prior to service. The manufacturer’s
recommendations should be followed in these cases.

8.4 Spin Time Test

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Spin time tests are not intended to take the place of inspection, maintenance or periodic
assessment of the meter’s errors via a calibration check. However, a spin time test can be a
practical indicator of the relative level of mechanical friction in the meter. Increased
mechanical friction can result in degradation of meter performance and registration errors,
especially at low flow rates and low operating pressures. As mechanical friction increases, the
potential for bearing or other component failure increases.

Spin time is not indicative of overall meter performance. Conditions, such as damage or wear
to the rotor and internal components, or debris and foreign material inside the meter, can
affect meter performance with minimal change to the spin time. A thorough inspection should
also be carried out when conducting a spin time test.

The manufacturer provides spin times for individual meters and may provide spin times for
the meter at various stages of disassembly. Such guidelines may also include minimum spin
times for various models and sizes of meters. The manufacturer’s published guidelines and
procedures for conducting spin time tests should be followed. An example of a spin time test
procedure appears in Appendix F.

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 It is recommended that an initial spin time test be conducted to establish a baseline for the
meter with the meter or measurement cartridge completely assembled except for register or
recording gauges where gear-driven. When accessory devices (register, integrating gauge,
pulse generators, etc.) are installed, care should be taken to ensure that no excess friction is
introduced. A spin time test should be performed to ascertain that the accessory device has
not affected the meter.

After oiling, the meter should be operated according to the manufacturer’s guidelines and
procedure to reduce any drag from excess oil before performing a spin time test. When a
meter that has been idle for a long period of time fails to meet the manufacturer's specified
minimum spin time it should be oiled and then operated for a period of time before repeating
the spin time test.

Spin time tests may be conducted on complete meters or on measurement cartridges alone. If
either the meter or the cartridge is removed from the run for testing, the test should be
conducted in a draft-free environment with the mechanism supported in its normal operating
position. Conducting a spin time test with the meter in line requires depressurizing the meter
run. Ensure that the meter run shutoff valves do not leak because leakage of the valves and/or
drafts in the meter run will affect the test. Low-pressure gas from a hose or tubing can be
used to rotate the turbine rotor at a sufficient rate to begin the in-line spin time test. Bypasses
around the shutoff valves can be installed for this purpose. Care should be taken to ensure
that vented gas does not accumulate.

Regardless of location, the test is conducted by setting the rotor in motion, manually or by a
jet of air or gas, in the same direction as under flowing conditions. The rotor is timed until it
stops rotating. When the rotor is set in motion by a jet, significant time may be added if the
rotor is turned at exceptionally high speeds. Ambient temperature, lubrication, the presence of
accessories, the manner of initiating the blade rotation and other factors affect spin times and
they must be considered to obtain repeatable and comparable results from test to test. It is
recommended that records of spin time test be maintained for the purpose of detecting
changes in bearing integrity over time. A typical decay curve for meter spin time is provided
in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Typical Decay Curve for Turbine Meter Spin Time

32
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 A spin time test should be repeated three times, with deviations less than 10% from the
average of spin time. If spin times are less than those recommended by the manufacturer, the
tests may be repeated at various levels of disassembly until the source of the abnormal
friction is determined. Cleaning, oiling or replacing the bearings or other components may
bring the spin time back to an acceptable value. Bearings, shafts, magnetic coupling
assemblies or gearing may be replaced on some meters without affecting the meter’s
performance. Consult the manufacturer for specific recommendations. A follow-up spin time
test should be performed after repairs or component replacement. If an acceptable result is not
obtained, the meter should be removed from service.

8.5 Dual-Rotor Meter Field Checks

Dual-rotor turbine meters may offer the ability to check the operation of the meter in situ by
comparing the rotor outputs. Consult the manufacturers’ literature for further information.

8.6 Retesting Considerations

Meters, or their measurement cartridges, should be retested on a periodic basis. The period
between tests should be commensurate with meter usage and line conditions. In some cases,
regulatory agencies establish the test intervals. The decision to perform periodic transfer-
proving or flow calibration is left to the users.

Often, when a meter or cartridge is returned for repair/recalibration, the user requests an as-
found calibration in order to have a record of the meter errors when it was removed from
service. Such information is useful in the event of a measurement dispute and may be helpful
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

in establishing recalibration intervals.

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 34
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 APPENDIX A

Turbine Meter Designs

A.1 Single Rotor Turbine Meters

A.1.1 Gas Meter Design

Schematics of axial-flow single-rotor gas turbine meters are shown in Figures A.1 and A.2.
Gas entering the meter increases in velocity through the annular passage formed by the nose
cone and the interior wall of the body. The movement of gas over the angled rotor blades
imparts a force to the rotor, causing it to rotate. The ideal rotational speed is directly
proportional to the flow rate. The actual rotational speed is a function of the passageway size
and shape, and the rotor design. It is also dependent upon the load that is imposed due to
internal mechanical friction, fluid drag, external loading and the gas density.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Mechanical or
Rotor Electrical
Body
Readout
End Connection
1 2 3 4 5 6

Annular Nose Cone

Inlet Outlet
Passage

Electronic Mechanism
Pickup Housing and Tail
Cone

Figure A.1. Single Rotor Turbine Meter (Gas Design)

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 Body Electronic
Pickup
Rotor

Annular Nose Cone Outlet

Inlet
Passage

Tail

Figure A.2. Single Rotor Turbine Meter (Low Torque Design)

A.1.2 Liquid Meter Design

The basic designs of axial-flow gas turbine meters differ significantly from liquid turbine
meters due to density, viscosity and compressibility differences of the fluids. The need to
extract sufficient kinetic energy from the flow to provide the torque to overcome internal and
external frictional losses results in the proportions of the nose cone and annular passages
typical of those shown in Figure A.1. However, gas turbine meter designs similar in
proportions to liquid turbine meters, as shown in Figure A.2, have been successfully used for
particular sizes and applications (i.e., sizes smaller than 4 inches operating at higher flow
rates or pressures). Typically, these designs provide low torque at similar flow rates and
pressure and cannot drive mechanical readout devices or instruments.
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A.2 Dual-Rotor Turbine Meters

A.2.1 Dual-Rotor Designs

Schematics of various dual-rotor turbine meters are shown in Figures A.3, A.4, A.5 and A.6.
The primary rotor or main metering rotor of each of these designs is basically the same as that
of a single-rotor turbine meter as shown in Figure A.1. The blades of the primary rotor will
typically have pitch angles in the range of 30 to 60 degrees. This rotor may have an output
drive for a mechanical register or for an accessory device.

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 Readout Master Rotor
Main or Proving Rotor
Body
Rotor

1 2 3 4 5 6

Inlet Annular Nose Cone

Outlet
Passage

Electronic
Pickups Flow Guides

Figure A.3. Independent Tandem Turbine Rotors Separated by Flow Guides

Main
Readout Rotor Sensing
Body
Rotor

1 2 3 4 5 6

Inlet Annular Nose Cone Outlet

Passage
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Electronic
Pickups

Figure A.4. Dual-Rotor Turbine with Fluid-Coupled Sensing Rotor

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 Body Main Secondary
Rotor Rotor

Inlet Annular
Passage Nose Cone Outlet

Electronic
Pickups
Figure A.5. Fluid-Coupled Counter-Rotating Second Turbine Rotor

Body Main Secondary

Rotor or Slave Rotor
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Inlet Annular Nose Cone Outlet

Passage

Electronic
Piggy-Back
Pickups
Bearing
Arrangement

Figure A.6. Dual-Rotor Turbine with Friction Reducing Slave Rotor

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 A.2.2 Secondary Rotor Designs

The secondary rotors are downstream of the main rotors in Figures A.3, A.4, A.5 and A6.
They may be separated from the primary rotors and isolated from them by flow conditioners
between the two rotors (Figures A.3 and A.6). Some designs provide for fluid coupling of the
secondary rotor to the primary rotor by positioning the rotors in close proximity to each other
(Figures A.4 and A.5). In either case, rotation of the secondary rotor may be in the same or
opposite direction as that of the primary rotor. Typically, the secondary rotor operates at a
lower speed than the primary rotor in order to extend its service life and to differentiate the
measurements of the two rotors for checking purposes.

A.2.3 Secondary Rotor Functions

The secondary rotor is provided for checking and/or improving the measurement integrity of
the primary rotor under various flow and metering conditions. In some dual-rotor turbine
meters, the secondary rotor can provide measurement adjustments to improve the output error
of the primary rotor and provide diagnostics under certain operating conditions.

A.3 Dual-Rotor Meter Electronics

Electronic pulse outputs corresponding to the speed of the rotors in dual-rotor turbine meters are
provided by sensors that detect the passage of individual turbine blades, spaces in chopper disks
or the teeth of gears that are driven by the rotors. These signals are fed to a manufacturer’s
electronic accessory device or to a user device with appropriate algorithms that calculates and
compares volumes from both rotors, and/or performs diagnostics.

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 APPENDIX B

Volumetric and Mass Flow Measurement

B.1 Equations for Calculating Volumetric Flow

The turbine meter is a velocity-measuring device. It depends upon the flow of gas to cause the
meter rotor to turn at a speed proportional to the flow rate. Rotor revolutions are counted
mechanically or electrically and can be converted to a continuously totalized volumetric
registration. Since the registered volume is at flowing pressure and temperature conditions, it
must be corrected to the specified base conditions for accounting purposes. The register of the
turbine meter indicates volume at flowing conditions so this value needs to be corrected to the
base conditions.

B.1.1 Basic Gas Laws

The subscripts “b” denoting base conditions, “f” denoting flowing conditions and “r”
denoting rated conditions are used in this appendix.

The basic gas law relationship is expressed as follows:

(P f ) (Vf ) = (Z f ) (N) (R) (T f ) For flowing conditions Eq. (B.1)

or
(P b ) (V b ) =(Z b ) (N) (R) (Tb ) For base conditions Eq. (B.2)

where P = Absolute pressure

V = Volume
Z = Compressibility
N = Number of moles of gas
T = Absolute temperature
R = Universal gas constant

Since R is a constant for the gas regardless of pressure and temperature, and for the same
number of moles of gas (N), the two equations can be combined to yield:

 P f   Tb   Z b 
V b = V f    Eq. (B.3)
P T  Z
 b  f  f 

B- 1
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 B.1.2 Flow rate at Flowing Conditions

Vf
Qf = Eq. (B.4)
t

where Qf = Volumetric flow rate at flowing conditions

Vf = Volume measured at flowing conditions during time interval t
t = Time

B.1.3 Flow rate at Base Conditions

 Pf   T   Zb 
Q b = Qf    b    Eq. (B.5)
 
 Pb   Tf   Zf 

B.1.4 Pressure Multiplier

Pf
Pressure Multiplier = Eq. (B.6)
Pb

where Pf = Pg + Pa
Pg = Flowing pressure, gage units
Pa = Atmospheric pressure, absolute units
Pb = Base pressure, absolute units

In instances where the atmospheric pressure value is not defined by Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission Tariff or contract terms, atmospheric pressure can be determined
using the following equations which are based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration publication, U. S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 (Reference 11).

English units
Pa = 14.6960 × (1 − 0.00000686 × Elevation )
5.2554
Eq. (B.7)

where Pa - Atmospheric pressure at 60oF, psia

Elevation - Height above mean sea level, feet

SI units
Pa = 101.325 × (1 − 0.00002256 × Elevation )
5.2554
Eq. (B.8)

where Pa - Atmospheric pressure at 15oC, kilopascals

Elevation - Height above mean sea level, meters

B- 2
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 B.1.5 Temperature Multiplier
Tb
Temperatur Multiplie = Eq. (B. 9)
Tf
where T b = Base temperature, absolute units
T f = Flowing temperature, absolute units

Absolute temperature: °R = °F + 459.67°, or

°K = °C + 273.15°

B.1.6 Compressibility Multiplier

Zb Eq. (B.10)
Compressibilit Multiplie =
Zf
where Z b = Compressibility at base conditions
Z f = Compressibility at flowing conditions

The compressibility multiplier can be evaluated from the supercompressibility factor Fpv, as
follows:
Zb
= (Fpv ) 2 Eq. (B.11)
Zf

Compressibility values may be determined from the latest edition of AGA Report No. 8
Reference 1), or as specified in contracts or tariffs, or as mutually agreed upon by both
parties.

B .1.7 Equations for Meter Rangeability

B.1.7.1 Maximum Flow rate

Turbine meters are generally designed for a maximum flow rate in order to not exceed a
certain rotor speed. This maximum flow rate remains the same (unless stated otherwise
by the manufacturer) for all pressures within the operating range.

Qfmax = Qrmax Eq. (B.12)

The maximum flow rate at base conditions Qbmax can be expressed as:

P  T   Zb 
Qbmax = Qrmax  f   b    Eq. (B.13)
 
 Pb   T f   Zf 

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 Minimum Flow rate and Rangeability

The minimum flow rate (or minimum capacity rating) for a turbine meter is the lowest flow rate
at which the meter will operate within the specified error limit. Generally the minimum flow rate
depends on the magnitude of non-fluid drag and the density of the measured gas.

The minimum flow rate at base conditions is:

 Gr   Pf   Tb   Tb   Zb   Zb 
Qb min = Qr min             Eq. (B.14)
 Gf   Pb   Tf   Tr   Zf   Zr 

where: G = Gas relative density

The range of operating flows for accurate measurement increases approximately as the square
Pf
root of the pressure ratio .

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Pr

Generally, the rated temperature and pressure are close to the base temperature and pressure. In
this case:

 Gr   Pf   Tb   Zb 
Qb min = Qr min         Eq. (B.15)
 Gf   Pb   Tf   Zf 

And, the minimum flow rate at flowing conditions is:

G  P   Tf   Z f 
Q f min = Qr min  r   r      Eq (B.16)
 Gf   Pf   Tr   Z r 

Frequently the temperature and compressibility ratios are close to unity and can be neglected for
purposes of approximation. The operating range of the gas turbine meter is the flow range over
which the meter will operate within its specified performance. In general, the turbine meter range
will vary directly with the square root of the gas density. As the density increases, the linearity of
the meter will be extended to a lower flow rate while the upper limit remains fixed by the design
consideration stated above. Thus:

Q f max Qbmax Qr max  G f   Pf   Tr   Zr 

Rangeability = = =         Eq. (B.17)
Q f min Qbmin Qr min  Gr   Pr   T f   Zf 

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 B.2 Equations for Calculating Mass Flow

Mass flow measurement can be employed to arrive at base volume (Vb) or base volume flow rate
(Qb) through the use of a turbine meter and densitometer or calculation from compositional
analysis. The mass or mass rate of flow is:

M = (Vf ) (ρf ) Eq. (B.18)

where M = Total mass through the meter

V f = Total volume through the meter
ρ f = Density of flowing gas

and Q m = (Qf ) (ρf ) Eq. (B.19)

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

where Q m = Mass rate of flow

Q f = Volume rate of flow (actual or register)
ρ f = Density of flowing gas

Since the mass or mass rate of flow at flowing conditions equals the mass at base conditions it
can be stated that:

( Vb ) ( ρb ) = (V f ) ( ρ f ) Eq. (B.20)
or, ρf
(Vb ) = (V f ) Eq. (B.21)
ρb
ρf
(Qb ) = (Q f ) Eq. (B.22)
ρb
The above equations show that the base volume (Vb ) or base volume flow rate (Qb ) can be
calculated by knowing the density of the fluid at both flowing and base conditions without the
need to measure the flowing pressure (Pf ) or the flowing temperature (Tf ) and calculating the
compressibility multiplier.

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 APPENDIX C

Computing Flow

C.1 Meter Register Reading

When computing total uncorrected volume from the turbine meter register, two register readings
are taken over a period of time as defined by the contract; e.g., one reading at the first of the
month and the second reading at the end of the month. The first reading is subtracted from the
second to obtain the uncorrected volume measured during the month. If the smallest unit of
volume that can be read from the register is greater than 1 cubic foot; e.g., 10, 100, 1,000, etc.,
then the difference of the two readings is multiplied by the smallest volume unit shown on the
register.

C.2 Electronic Computation

Electronic outputs from meters may be applied to computers in conjunction with temperature and
pressure transducers to obtain volumes for billing and/or telemetering at base conditions.

C.3 Mechanical Integrating Devices

These instruments apply a pressure, or combined pressure and compressibility factor, to the
metered gas volume correcting it to base pressure. An additional mechanism may also apply a
temperature factor, thus providing registration at base conditions.

C.4 Pressure, Volume and Temperature Recording Devices

Various types of recording devices are available to record pressure, temperature and uncorrected
volume during the recording period. The resulting charts can be integrated to arrive at volume at
base conditions.

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 APPENDIX D

Meter Outputs and Adjustments

Turbine meters have outputs that can be adjusted pursuant to calibration. The following are
specific examples of mechanical and electronic adjustment methods and the associated
calculations using hypothetical calibration data. Also shown are example applications of various
curve-fitting techniques to accomplish the implementation of K-factors and meter factors in
accessory devices.

D.1 Change Gears

Calibration adjustment of the mechanical output of a turbine meter is typically accomplished by

choosing an appropriate set of change gears. Change gears are a set of mating gears, one gear
driving and the other being driven, that are part of the mechanical output shaft gearing reduction.
The overall gear reduction allows one complete output shaft revolution of the meter to represent a
finite volume; for example 100 cubic feet, 1000 cubic feet, 1 cubic meter or 10 cubic meters.
Since each set of available change gears has a different combination of teeth, changing them
permits an adjustment to the overall gear ratio. The basic turbine meter design for each model
uses a base set of change gears to achieve a specific ratio of internal reduction gearing. However,
due to manufacturing variations within a meter or specific customer requirements, the initial
factory calibration test results with the base set of change gears may not be adequate. Another set
of change gears is then installed to shift the gear ratio and adjust the mechanical volume
registration output. The adjustment shift will be the same amount for all flow rates. Table D.1 and
Figure D.1 show an example of a turbine meter mechanical output performance before and after
installation of new change gears (i.e., resulting in a registration shift of –0.24% for all flow rates).

TABLE D.1. EXAMPLE – CHANGE GEAR SHIFT

Test Master Meter Test Meter Test Meter Test Meter
Point Ref. Flow Rate Indicated Flow Rate "As-Found" "As-Left"
(at same conditions as Test
meter) with 72/51 Change Gears with 75/53 Change Gears
% of Qmax % of Qmax % Error (% Error – 0.24% Shift)
1 10.025 10.00 -0.25 -0.49
2 20.000 20.00 0.00 -0.24
3 49.875 50.00 0.25 0.01
4 74.750 75.00 0.33 0.09
5 99.650 100.00 0.35 0.11

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 - 0.24% Error Shift due to
change gear adjustment

Figure D.1. Change Gear Shift Example

Notes:
1. Percent error = (Indicated Volume - Reference Volume) / Reference Volume x 100
2. Indicated and Reference Volumes must be at the same temperature and pressure
conditions prior to performing the error calculation.
3. Percent error shift, for example (- 0.24%) = - {[(75/53) - (72/51)] / (72/51)} x 100
going from the as-found change gears (72/51) to the as-left change gears (75/53).
4. Change gear adjustments can be in discrete increments only and depend on the gear
teeth combinations available.

D.2 K-Factor(s)

Turbine meter(s) K-factor(s), in pulses/volume units, is established at the time of calibration. K-

factors are used to convert pulses, accumulated from the electronic output of a meter, into
indicated volume units. (See equation D.1.)

Pulses f
Vf = Eq. (D.1)
(K - factor)

where: Pulsesf = Electronic pulses collected at flowing conditions during time interval t
Vf = Volume measured at flowing conditions during time interval t
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t = Time interval (not used in equation)

K-factor = K-factor established at calibration for the electronic output

This calculation is usually accomplished in an electronic accessory device by dividing the pulses,
accumulated over a time period, by the K-factor. Note that, there may be unique K-factors for
each electronic pulse output of the meter. Also, there may be different K-factors associated with

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 specific flow rates as determined by calibration. The manufacturer or calibration facility will
provide the K-factor or K-factors for the meter electronic output(s). These values must be
properly entered into an accessory electronic device in order to produce the correct registration
volume(s) from the meter electronic pulse output(s).

Table D.2 shows an example calculation of a single K-factor, related to change gear and internal
gear ratio of a turbine meter. Also shown is a K-factor that is determined as an average of
individual K-factors from five flow rates of a calibration of a turbine meter that has only an
electronic output.

TABLE D.2. EXAMPLES OF K-FACTORS ESTABLISHED BY CALIBRATION

K-factor
1. High frequency pulse output from rotor shaft sensor (Calculated
(Change Gears established by calibration) from gearing)
4 x 15 x 122.0556 x 72 / 51 / 100 = 103.3883 pulses/cu ft
pulses per internal External Driven driving cubic feet
rev of main Gearing Gearing Change change per
rotor shaft Reduction Reduction Gear gear output rev

K-factor
2. High frequency pulse output from rotor shaft sensor (Average of
(Individual K-factors established by calibration) 5 calibration values)
103.5303 pulses/cu ft
% Qmax
Test flow rate No. 1 10 10000 / 96.9650 = 103.1300
Test flow rate No. 2 25 10000 / 96.7227 = 103.3883
Test flow rate No. 3 50 10000 / 96.4810 = 103.6474
Test flow rate No. 4 75 10000 / 96.4004 = 103.7340
Test flow rate No. 5 100 10000 / 96.3840 = 103.7517 pulses/cu ft
pulses cubic ft
collected Volume*
from of
Test Mtr Ref. Mtr
*Volumes corrected to P & T
conditions of the test meter.

There may be a single K-factor for use with all flow rates over the operating range of the meter.
A single K-factor may be based on change gear calculations, as in Table D.2, or upon arithmetic
average of individual K-factors determined from calibration at various flow rates, or the single K-
factor may be weighted for an operating flow rate range. Table D.3 shows a single K-factor
calculated from change gears and an example of an “as-found” meter test.

D- 3
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 TABLE D.3. EXAMPLE – SINGLE K-FACTOR

Test Test Meter Test Meter

Point Indicated Flow Rate "As-Found" K-factor
% Qmax % Error (pulses/cubic foot)
1 10.00 -0.25 103.3883
2 20.00 0.00 103.3883

3 50.00 0.25 103.3883

4 75.00 0.33 103.3883

103.3883
5 100.00 0.35

Note: The single K-factor shown here in Table D.3 is based on high-frequency pulse
output from a sensor on a rotor shaft (see example 1 in Table D.2).

A single K-factor for all flow rates, or individual K-factors for each calibration flow rates, may be
entered into an electronic accessory device or flow computer for use in converting turbine meter
output pulses to volume. Table D.4 shows an example of individual K-factors for each flow rate
of the test meter. These individual K-factors have been adjusted by the "as-found" percent errors
to bring each flow rate test point to zero error.

TABLE D.4. EXAMPLE – INDIVIDUAL K-FACTORS

Test Test Meter K-factor (1/ Meter Factor) Multipliers Individual K-factors
Point "As-Found" (single value) (1.000 + % Error/100) (for individual flow rates)
% Error (pulses/cubic foot) (pulses/cubic foot)
1 -0.25 103.3883 0.9975 103.1298

2 0.00 103.3883 1.0000 103.3883

3 0.25 103.3883 1.0025 103.6468

4 0.33 103.3883 1.0033 103.7295

103.3883 1.0035 103.7502
5 0.35

Note that the multiplier values shown in Table D.4 are derived from the as-found meter error and are used
to calculate the individual K-factors. These multiplier values are equivalent to the (1/meter factor) values
shown in Section D.3. Also, note that the techniques of curve fitting or linearization, as shown in Section
D.3 for meter factor, may be applied to the individual K-factors, as well, for use within an accessory device
or flow computer.

D.3 Meter Factor

A calibration facility may provide meter factors in addition to or instead of percent error values
for a meter. These may apply either to the mechanical or to the electronic pulse output(s) of a
meter. Meter factors are non-dimensional numeric multipliers. The meter factor is the ratio of the
reference volume to the indicated test meter volume, for a particular flow rate. Volumes for both
test meter and the reference must be at the same conditions. The meter output is multiplied by the
meter factor to adjust the meter output, in an effort to eliminate known errors. Table D.5 shows
meter factors for the example test meter.

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 TABLE D.5. EXAMPLE – METER FACTORS

Test Master Meter Test Meter Test Meter

Point Ref. Flow Rate Indicated Flow Rate
(at same conditions as Test
meter) Meter factors
(Reference Volume or Flow Rate ) / (Indicated Test Meter Volume or Flow
% Qmax % Qmax Rate)

1 10.025 10.000 1.0025

2 20.000 20.000 1.0000
3 49.875 50.000 0.9975
4 74.750 75.000 0.9967
5 99.650 100.000 0.9965

Measurement can be improved by programming a flow computer to curve fit or linearize the
meter factor calibration curve. Multi-point linearization or polynomial curve-fitting techniques
may be used to apply the meter factors across the operating flow rate range. Tables D.6 through
D.8 and Figures D.2 through D.6 show examples of various curve-fitting techniques: Also shown
are examples of the relative percent errors that may result from the imperfections inherent to each
technique.

TABLE D.6. EXAMPLE – POLYNOMIAL CURVE FIT AND ERRORS

Qi Test Meter Polynomial Curve Fit Adjusted K-factors Polynomial Curve Fit
Flow
Rate "As-found" Meter factors Meter factors (103.3883 / Meter factors) (of Meter factors)

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
% Qmax % Error (from flow calibration) (see Figure D-2) pulses / cubic foot Resulting % Error
10 -0.25 1.0025 1.0021 103.1716 -0.04
20 0.00 1.0000 1.0006 103.3263 0.06
50 0.25 0.9975 0.9975 103.6474 -0.00
75 0.33 0.9967 0.9964 103.7618 -0.03
100 0.35 0.9965 0.9966 103.7410 0.01

Figure D.2. Example – Polynomial Curve Fit

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Figure D.3. Example – Linear Interpolation Curve Fit

TABLE D.7. EXAMPLE – LINEAR INTERPOLATION CURVE FIT AND ERRORS

Qi Meter factors Meter factors Adjusted K-factors Linear Interpolation
Linear interpolation
Flow Rate (see Table above) Curve Fit (103.3883 / Meter factors) (of Meter factor)
% Qmax (from flow calibration) (see Figure D-3) pulses / cubic feet Resulting % Error
10 1.0025 1.0025 103.1305 0.00

15 1.0013 103.2541 0.04

20 1.0000 1.0000 103.3883 0.00

35 0.9988 103.5125 0.02

50 0.9975 0.9975 103.6474 0.00

62.5 0.9971 103.6907 0.01

75 0.9967 0.9967 103.7306 0.00

87.5 0.9966 103.7410 0.00

0.00
100 0.9965 0.9965 103.7514

Figure D.4. Example – Polynomial and Linear Curve Fitting Errors

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 Figure D.4 shows comparison plots of polynomial to linear interpolated curve fitting for the
example test meter.
For “piecewise” curve fit linearization, the meter factors are applied in steps that are constant
over regions of flow rates. An example is shown in Table D.8 and in Figure D.5.

TABLE D.8. EXAMPLE – PIECEWISE CURVE FITTING

Qi Meter factors Piecewise Curve Fit Adjusted K-factor Test Meter

Flow Rate (see Table above) Meter factors (103.3883 / Meter factors) (with Meter factor)
% Qmax (from flow calibration) (see Figure D-5) pulses / cubic foot Resulting % Error
5 1.0025 103.1305 -0.25

10 1.0025 1.0025 103.1305 0.00

14.9999 1.0025 103.1305 0.16
15 1.0000 103.3883 -0.09
20 1.0000 1.0000 103.3883 0.00
34.9999 1.0000 103.3883 0.14
35 0.9975 103.6474 -0.11
50 0.9975 0.9975 103.6474 0.00
62.4999 0.9975 103.6474 0.06
62.5 0.9967 103.7306 -0.03
75 0.9967 0.9967 103.7306 0.00
87.4999 0.9967 103.7306 0.01
87.5 0.9965 103.7514 -0.01
100 0.9965 0.9965 103.7514 0.00
105 0.9965 103.7514 0.00

Figure D.5. Example – Piecewise Curve Fit

D- 7
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 The resulting error for the application of piecewise curve fitting to the example data shows step
changes for flow rates where the meter factor changes can be seen in Figure D.6.

Figure D.6. Example – Piecewise Curve Fit Errors

D.4 Final Meter Factor

The final meter factor may be the arithmetic average or mean of the meter factors, (see Section

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
D.3), over the range of flow rates at which the meter is to be used. The final meter factor may
also be weighted more heavily toward the individual meter factors at the higher flow rates at
which the meter is to be used. The final meter factor is a single multiplier value that can be
applied either to the mechanical output or to the single or individual electronic outputs. The final
meter factor may be applied to compensate for systematic calibration offsets. It is applied to any
volume output of the meter by multiplying by the final meter factor. It is applied to any K-
factor(s) by dividing by the final meter factor. Table D.9 and Figures D.7 and D.8 illustrate an
example of percent error performance for a test meter before and after the final meter factor is
applied. Both an arithmetic average and a flow weighted final meter factor are shown.

TABLE D.9. EXAMPLE – FINAL METER FACTOR

Qi Test Meter K-factor Test Meter K-factor Test Meter
Flow
(103.3883 / Average final (103.3883 / weighted
Flow Final meter Final meter meter factor Final meter Final meter final meter
Rate "As-found" Meter factor factor) applied factor factor) factor applied
(Arithmetic pulses / cubic Flow weighted pulses /
% Qmax % Error factors average) foot % Error (see Note 1) cubic foot % Error
10 -0.25 1.0025 0.9986 103.5332 -0.39 0.9975 103.6474 -0.50
20 0.00 1.0000 0.9986 103.5332 -0.14 0.9975 103.6474 -0.25
50 0.25 0.9975 0.9986 103.5332 0.11 0.9975 103.6474 0.00
75 0.33 0.9967 0.9986 103.5332 0.19 0.9975 103.6474 0.08
103.5332 103.6474
100 0.35 0.9965 0.9986 0.21 0.9975 0.10
Note 1: In this example, the meter factor has been weighted by normalizing percent error at 50 percent Qmax
to zero. Different flow weighting methods may be used for other applications.

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 Figure D.7. Example – Averaged and Weighted Final Meter Factors
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Figure D.8. Example – Shifts of Averaged and Weighted Final Meter Factors

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 D.5 Rotor Factors for Dual-Rotor Meters

For dual-rotor meters, there may be individual and unique rotor factors, in units of pulses/volume
unit, associated with each rotor’s electronic pulse output. Examples of rotor factors for the
primary and secondary rotors of a dual-rotor turbine meter are 
Rotor factor (for primary rotor) = 95.2000 pulses/cubic foot
Rotor factor (for secondary rotor) = 143.4000 pulses/cubic foot
Rotor factors are to be used with the proprietary algorithms as directed by the dual rotor turbine
meter manufacturer. Note that the rotor factor(s) should not be confused with the K-factor(s).
Even though rotor factors have the same units as K-factors and may even be similar in value, their
applications are very different and they should not be used interchangeably. For example, the K-
factor for the primary rotor of the meter above may be 103.3883 pulses/cubic foot.
Users should consult with the manufacturer of dual-rotor turbine meters for specific instructions
on the correct use of rotor factors and/or K-factors.

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 APPENDIX E

Calibration Guidelines

E.1 Reynolds Number and Flow rate Matching

Reference 3 shows that meters should be calibrated under conditions that are similar to those
expected in service. For many meters and service conditions, calibrating over the expected range
of Reynolds numbers and flow rates will provide the best results. Reynolds numbers may be
calculated from equation 6.3. (Repeated here for convenience.)

Re = 4 (Q ) (ρ) / π (D) (µ) Eq. (E.1)

where Re = Reynolds number

Q = Volumetric flow rate
D = Meter diameter
ρ = Density
µ = Absolute viscosity

The subscripts “f”, denoting field conditions, and “t”, denoting test conditions, are used in this
appendix.

To match both Reynolds numbers and flow rates requires the relationship: Ret = Ref , Qt = Qf,
and:
ρf /µf = ρt /µ t Eq. (E.2)

From this relationship, the density of the test gas can be calculated. From the test density, the
necessary pressure of the test gas can be determined.

The resulting conditions will be such that Reynolds numbers found in the field will be matched in
the test facility. The K-factors measured at each test flow rate can then be programmed directly
into a flow computer for linearization purposes or used to calculate the meter’s final meter factor.

K-factors determined in this manner can be used directly for measurement of natural gas
regardless of the calibration gas used. In the event that natural gas is used as the test medium, the
densities and viscosities between field conditions and test conditions need be adjusted for
temperature and composition differences only. In the event an alternative test gas is used, the
properties of the test gas will determine its density and viscosity characteristics. In either case, the
pressure of the test gas is adjusted to create equivalent conditions of Reynolds numbers and flow
rate. An example calculation using air as the test gas is provided in E.5.1.

E- 1
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 E.2 Pressure and Flow rate Matching

The Reynolds matching approach described in Section E.1 differs from a commonly used method
of establishing test conditions for turbine meters with alternative gases. Traditionally, the practice
has been to match both in-service pressure and flow rates during tests. When the test medium is a
gas of high relative density, this practice results in density and, in some cases, Reynolds
conditions in the meter that are significantly higher than those in service. Testing with heavy
gases at matched pressure and flow rates results in high momentum at the rotor. This means that
the rotor thrust bearing could be overloaded, with detrimental effects on accuracy and meter life.
The manufacturer should be consulted before conducting calibrations in this manner.

E.3 Density and Reynolds Number Matching

Reference 3 shows that some turbine meters can exhibit density-related performance effects. In
the research described in Reference 3, this effect was observed only at low pressures and low
flow rates in a few meters (Refer to Section 6.3.1.2 for a discussion). It is possible to use a similar
approach to that described in Section E.1 to assess this aspect of meter performance. Density and
Reynolds number would be matched instead of flow rate and Reynolds number. Using the same
notation as above, equating the field and test Reynolds number and density, and dropping the
constant terms leads to the relationship:

Q f / µ f = Q t / µt Eq. (E.3)

As can be seen from the above, the test flow rate range will differ from that in the field by the
ratio of the viscosities involved. The example calculation shown below also illustrates this option.
Note that when using density and Reynolds number matching in alternative calibration gases, it
may not be possible to calibrate the meter over its designed flow rate range. This limitation is
further discussed in the example in E.5.2.

E.4 Density and Flow rate Matching

Another alternative approach to assessing density-related performance effects is to match density

and flow rate during calibration. With typical alternative calibration gases, this approach leads to
Reynolds numbers during calibration, which are significantly lower than those in the field. It may
be desirable to calibrate some meters under more than one set of conditions in order to fully
assess their expected performance in the field.
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E.5 Example Calculations

A four-inch meter is to be installed in 150-psig natural gas pipeline, at flow rates from 1,600 to
16,000 actual cubic feet per hour (acfh). It is intended to calibrate the meter at a facility that uses
air as the test medium. The properties of the natural gas are:

Pressure 150 psig

Density (ρf) 0.5191 lbm/ft3
Viscosity (µf) 0.01086 cp
Range of flow rates 1,600 – 16,000 acfh

E- 2
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 The resulting Reynolds number range is 120,762 to 1,207,602. (Note that it is not necessary to
calculate Reynolds number to use this method. Solving equation E.2 or E.3 is sufficient. The
range of Reynolds numbers is shown here for reference purposes only.)
The test gas is air. The viscosity (µt) of air at 60°F is 0.01774 cp.

E.5.1 To Match Reynolds Numbers and Flow rates

Equation E.2 can be rearranged in the form:

ρ t = (ρ f ) ( µ t / µ f ) Eq. (E.4)

The resulting density of the test air (ρt) would therefore be 0.8479 lbm/ft3. Air has this density
(at 60°F) at a pressure of about 148 psig. Thus, the meter would be calibrated in 148-psig air
at the in-service flow rates and the resulting K-factors applied directly to correct the meter’s
output.

E.5.2 To Match Reynolds Numbers and Density

The field gas density to be matched is 0.5191 lbm/ft3. In air, this density results in a test
pressure of about 85 psig. Equation E.3 can be rearranged in the form of:

Q t = (Q f ) (µ t / µ f ) Eq. (E.5)

The resulting flow rate range would therefore be 2,614 to 26,136 acfh.

CAUTION: The resulting upper flow rate is beyond the maximum for this meter. Tests
cannot be conducted above the maximum rated flow rate without severe risk of damaging the
meter. With density and Reynolds matching in typical (i.e., heavy) alternative calibration
gases, the field flow rate range can be matched only if it does not approach the maximum for
a particular meter size. This limitation on the range of calibrated flow rates will reduce the
range of calibrated Reynolds number.

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 APPENDIX F

Spin Time Tests

F.1 Testing In-Line

1. Isolate and depressurize the meter run.
2. Control the rate of depressurization of the run to not exceed 60 psi per minute.
3. Determine the current meter in-line spin time.
a. Conduct three spin time trials:
i. Spin the rotor by venting gas from the inlet spin time testing valve
through the outlet spin time testing valve.
ii. Adjust the flow of gas to spin the rotor steadily at a rate equal to or
slightly greater than the in-line spin time test start rate for the meter (see
Table F.1).
iii. Close the inlet spin time testing valve and measure the rotor spin time
from the start rate to stop.
b. Calculate the current in-line spin time as the average of the results of the three
trials.
4. Compare the current in-line spin time with the base line in-line spin time.
5. Remove and clean or repair the meter module if the current time is less than the baseline
time by 10% or five seconds; whichever is greater.
6. Purge and pressurize the meter run.
7. Control the rate of pressurization to prevent damage to the primary device and to avoid
creating an excessive differential pressure across the turbine meter.

TABLE F.1. START RATE FOR IN LINE SPIN TIME TESTS

Meter Size In-Line Start Rate

(Inches) (% Rated Capacity)
2 and 3 45
4 and 6 25
8 to 12 10

F.2 Testing Out of Line

1. Isolate and depressurize the meter run.
2. Control the rate of depressurization of the run to not exceed 60 psi per minute.
3. Remove the meter module from the meter run.
4. Place the meter module with the axis horizontal, in an environment free of drafts.
5. Perform an as-found spin time test.
a. Conduct three spin time trials:
i. Spin the rotor in the direction of normal rotation.
ii. Measure the elapsed time until the rotor comes to a stop.
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 b. Calculate the as-found freestanding spin time as the average of the results of the
three trials.
i. Compare the as-found freestanding spin time with the manufacturer’s
specified spin time.
ii. Replace the meter’s bearings or module if the as-found freestanding spin
time is not within 90% of the manufacturer’s specified spin time.
iii. Replacement of a dual-rotor module requires a change in the standard
electronic readout programmable read only memory (PROM).
6. Perform an as-left spin time test if the as-found spin time test required corrective action.
7. Compare the as-left freestanding spin time with the manufacturer’s specified spin time.
8. Replace the meter module if the as-left time is less than 90% of the manufacturer’s time,
even after corrective action has been taken.
9. Reinstall the meter module in the meter run.
10. Purge and pressurize the meter run.
11. Control the rate of pressurization to prevent damage to the primary device and to avoid
creating an excessive differential pressure across the turbine meter.
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 REFERENCE LIST
Reference 1: A.G.A. Transmission Measurement Committee Report No. 8, Compressibility
Factors of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Gases, American Gas Association,
Washington, D.C., November 1992.
Reference 2: George, D. L., GRI Topical Report GRI-01-0226, Metering Research Facility
Program: Turbine Meter Research in Support of the Planned AGA Report No. 7 Revision, Gas
Technology Institute , Des Plaines, Illinois, January 2003.
Reference 3: George, D. L., GRI Topical Report GRI-03-0172, Metering Research Facility
Program: Effects of Line Pressure and Gas Density on Turbine Meter Measurement Accuracy at
Conditions from Atmospheric Air to 700 psig in Natural Gas, Gas Technology Institute , Des
Plaines, Illinois, August 2004.
Reference 4: Siebenaler, S. P., and George, D. L., GRI Topical Report GRI-04-0207, Metering
Research Facility Program: Effects of Turbine Meter Cartridge Changeout on Measurement
Uncertainty, Gas Technology Institute , Des Plaines, Illinois, USA, March 2005.
Reference 5: International Organization of Legal Metrology R-6 General Provisions for Gas
Volume Meters – 1989, International Organization of Legal Metrology, Paris, France, 1989.
Reference 6: George, Fraser, Nored and Tang, Carbon Dioxide as a Test Fluid for Calibration of
Turbine Meters, American Gas Association Spring Conference 2004, American Gas Association,
Washington, D.C., May 2004.
Reference 7: ISO 9951: Measurement of Gas Flow in Closed Conduits – Turbine Meters,
International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1994.
Reference 8: Peace, D.W., Installation Effects on Turbine Meters, AGA Operations Conference,
May 1995, American Gas Association, Washington, D.C.
Reference 9: Arnberg, B.T., Review of Critical Flowmeters for Gas Flow Measurements, ASME
Journal of Basic Engineering, December 1962.
Reference 10: A.G.A. Transmission Measurement Committee Report No. 3 Orifice Metering of
Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids, American Gas Association, Washington,
D.C., April 2000.
Reference 11: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Standard Atmospher, U.
S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, October 1976.
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REF-1
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 FORM FOR SUGGESTION TO CHANGE IN THE AGA REPORT NO. 7
“Measurement of Natural Gas by Turbine Meters”

Send to: Operations & Engineering Section

American Gas Association
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U.S.A.
Fax: (202) 824-7082

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deleted, use separate sheet if needed): [Proposed text should be in legislative format; i.e., use
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