Biomass Boilers

Operations and Maintenance Guide

Biomass Boilers - Operations and Maintenance Guide

March 2019

About SEAI
SEAI is Ireland’s national energy authority investing in, and delivering, appropriate, effective and sustainable
solutions to help Ireland’s transition to a clean energy future. We work with Government, homeowners,
businesses and communities to achieve this, through expertise, funding, educational programmes, policy
advice, research and the development of new technologies.

SEAI is funded by the Government of Ireland through the Department of Communications, Climate Action
and Environment.

Disclaimer
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the contents of this report, SEAI accepts no
liability whatsoever to any third party for any loss or damage arising from any interpretation or use of the
information contained in this report, or reliance on any views expressed therein.

Public disclosure authorised. This guide may be reproduced in full or, if content is extracted,
then it should be fully credited to SEAI.

This guide was prepared by SEAI with input from Ricardo Energy & Environment.

Version Control

Version Number Purpose/Change Page Date

V1.0 Published 25/03/2019
V1.1 Section 1.2 – Clarification on the scope of the 1 12/04/2019
guide
V1.2 Section 1.2 – Clarification on the scope of the 1 29/01/2019
guide
Contents
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Purpose of this guide ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Fuel procurement .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Sustainability of fuels ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Identifying suppliers and market testing .................................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Certification ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Fuel quality ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.4 Fuel consumption............................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.5 Record keeping .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3. Maintaining efficient operation ............................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Contracting for operation and maintenance – options ................................................................................................. 9
3.2 Biomass system maintenance................................................................................................................................................11
3.3 Control and monitoring systems ..........................................................................................................................................15
3.4 Performance evaluation ...........................................................................................................................................................15
3.5 Emission limits and monitoring ............................................................................................................................................16
3.6 Record keeping ............................................................................................................................................................................17
4. Heat sales ........................................................................................................................................................................................18
4.1 Metering and billing ..................................................................................................................................................................18
4.2 Contract reviews .........................................................................................................................................................................19
5. Health and safety .........................................................................................................................................................................20
5.1 Fuel delivery and handling .....................................................................................................................................................20
5.2 Fuel storage...................................................................................................................................................................................22
5.3 The Biomass boiler .....................................................................................................................................................................23
6. References and other sources of information ..................................................................................................................24
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................................................24
6.2 Sustainability legislation ..........................................................................................................................................................24
6.3 Health & Safety.............................................................................................................................................................................25
6.5 Procurement and contracts ....................................................................................................................................................25
7. Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................................................................26
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 1

1. Introduction
Ireland has a long-term vision for a low-carbon energy system aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions
from the energy sector by 80–95% (compared to 1990 levels) by 2050 1. Achieving this target means a radical
transformation of Ireland’s energy system: reducing energy demand and moving away from fossil fuels to
zero or low-carbon fuels and power sources.

Sustainably produced biomass is a low-carbon fuel, but resources are limited. Therefore, it is important to
ensure that it is used as efficiently and effectively as possible. Other potential impacts from biomass use,
such as emissions of pollutants that affect air quality, need to be minimised and biomass installations must
be operated safely. Biomass systems differ significantly from those fuelled by gas or oil. It is important to
address these differences in planning, design and operation to ensure a well-functioning, safe and efficient
biomass system.

This guide is provided as part of a suite of three biomass guides: an Implementation Guide, Technology
Guide, and Operation and Maintenance Guide, which collectively aim to provide an understanding of
biomass technology, its implementation and operational management.

1.1 Purpose of this guide

This Operation and Maintenance Guide is principally intended for users such as facilities, engineering and
environmental managers, and technical maintenance staff. It has two main aims:
1. To provide a guide to the operation and maintenance requirements of biomass systems, good
practice and essential issues.
2. To direct the reader towards more detailed information on specific aspects of the technology. This
guide and its two companion guides do not seek to duplicate existing publications; rather they are
intended as a comprehensive starting point for those wishing to better understand the technology,
its implementation and management.

1.2 Scope

• The guides concentrate on solid biomass boilers for non-domestic premises in the heat output range
of 50kW to 5MW. Much of the guidance will also apply to smaller and larger scale boilers.
• These guides focus on the distribution of heat from boilers in hot water systems for non-domestic space,
water and process heating.
• Power generation, combined heat and power (CHP) and direct air heating systems fuelled by biomass are
not covered in these guides.
• These guides focus on wood (both virgin and waste) fuels, mainly in the form of logs, pellets and
chips. Other fuels covered are straw and chicken litter (agricultural residues) and energy crops, such
as short rotation coppiced (SRC) willow and miscanthus (elephant grass). Liquid and gaseous biofuels
are not considered.
• Outside the scope of these guides, are the Support Scheme for Renewable Heat 2 terms and
conditions. The Support Scheme for Renewable Heat is a government-funded scheme, to encourage
the installation of renewable sources of heat in non-domestic applications in the Republic of Ireland.
These guidelines will help applicants identify the appropriate standards and best practice for solid
biomass uses. For the avoidance of doubt, these guidelines provide an applicant with guidance on
good practice only. The Ministerial Terms and Conditions, the Grant Scheme Operating Rules and
Guidelines and the Tariff Scheme Operating Rules and Guidelines, where relevant, set out the basis
on which the Support Scheme for Renewable Heat will operate.

1
https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/climate-action/publications/Documents/5/National%20Climate%20Policy%20Position.pdf
2
https://www.seai.ie/sustainable-solutions/support-scheme-renewable-/
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 2

2. Fuel procurement

Key messages

• Fuel quality is key and sub-standard fuel can cause a range of issues. Therefore, conducting quality
checks on the fuel is important.

• Biomass fuels should be sourced from sustainable suppliers.

• The range of fuel supply options includes self-supply, direct supply from a local site and fuel
supply companies.

• Review fuel costs regularly to ensure the price is reasonable. Determine if the cost is a fixed rate
per unit (e.g. cost per kWh) or the summation of a unit rate and fixed delivery charge.

• Accreditation of the fuel supplier and/or products provides a degree of quality assurance.

• Keep records to assess fuel consumption and any quality impacts on boiler performance.

Fuel is one of the main ongoing operational costs for a biomass system. Therefore, fuel should be sourced at
the lowest available price, while still meeting the relevant quality standards. Cheap, sub-standard fuel may
prove to be a false economy as it can decrease boiler performance, increase maintenance costs and cause
excessive emissions.

2.1 Sustainability of fuels

Biomass is considered a renewable fuel as the growth of plants is driven by the capture of energy from the
sun. While biomass does release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere when it is burnt, this is offset by
new plant growth, as plants absorb CO2 when growing. International climate change agreements recognise
biomass as a renewable fuel, which reduces carbon emissions when replacing fossil fuels in energy
generation or heat production.

However, the production of biomass fuels can also generate greenhouse gas emissions that are additional to
the simple carbon cycle. These emissions can come from fossil fuels used in growing, harvesting, processing
and transporting the biomass, and from any agrochemicals used in cultivation. Therefore, to maximise the
carbon savings from bioenergy, biomass fuels must be produced as sustainably as possible.

Biomass fuels that are derived from waste streams or residues (such as poultry litter or straw) generally have
relatively low overall emissions.

Other aspects of sustainability to consider are ensuring that:

• Carbon stocks in forests are not reduced through the harvesting of wood as a biomass fuel (e.g. by
replanting).
• The conversion of land to produce biomass does not lead to high releases of carbon (e.g. if wetlands
are cultivated).
• Biomass is not sourced from areas of high biodiversity such as primary forests.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 3

To ensure sustainable production, Government and other professional body schemes may set criteria for the
overall reduction in carbon emissions that biomass must achieve (compared to emissions from using fossil
fuels) when taking into account emissions from biomass production. They may also require evidence that
other sustainability principles have been met. An operator intending to apply for support scheme for the
development of a biomass project should check any scheme criteria relating to sustainability and assess
whether the proposed fuel supply will meet the criteria.

Even if no support is being sought, it is desirable to minimise carbon emissions and other possible
environmental impacts associated with the fuel. Therefore, biomass plant operators should buy from
suppliers that source biomass in a sustainable way. Some fuel accreditation schemes, such as the Wood Fuel
Quality Assurance (WFQA) scheme for Ireland3 and ENplus4, include sustainability criteria (see Section 2.3
for more information).

Refer to Section 6.2 for details of the revised EU Renewable Energy Directive 5.

3
http://wfqa.org/
4
https://enplus-pellets.eu/en-in/
5
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016PC0767R%2801%29
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 4

2.2 Identifying suppliers and market testing

Factors influencing the identification of a fuel supplier are: the availability of fuel on sites owned by the
biomass operator, availability of local fuel supplies and fuel type (further information on fuel types and
processing is given in the accompanying Technology Guide).

It is recommended that fuel be sourced as locally as possible to reduce transport costs and minimise carbon
emissions associated with delivery. Table 1 summarises the advantages and disadvantages of potential fuel
supply routes.

Table 1: Summary of potential fuel supply options

Supply route Description Advantages Disadvantages

On site or Biomass boiler • Likely to be the lowest cost • Requires fuel-handling
sites under operators source fuel option. and processing
same from their own sites. • Allows complete control of equipment.
ownership as This can include all the fuel supply chain. • Potentially additional
the biomass fuel types (poultry • Avoids disposal costs that space requirements.
site litter, straw, waste might have been incurred • Fuel might not be
wood, forestry (in cases where fuel is produced to the same
residues or energy derived from standards as that from
crops). waste/residues). accredited suppliers.
• Likely to offer shortest fuel
transportation distances.
Direct supply Sourcing fuel directly • Potentially lower cost if it • Reduced control of fuel
from a local from a local site, such avoids other disposal costs supply chain.
site as energy crops from a for the supplier. • Potentially requires
farmer, private timber • Potentially increased ability additional equipment
companies or wood to negotiate price and and space.
waste from a factory. supply contract. • Fuel may not be
This is a less common • Likely to offer a short fuel produced to the same
supply route and transportation route. standards as that from
would require accredited suppliers.
surveying the local
area for potential
suppliers.
Fuel supply A company whose • Requires the least fuel- • Likely to be the most
company business is to supply handling equipment and expensive.
fuel. This is a common fuel processing. • Decreased control of fuel
solution but is mainly • Lowest space requirements supply chain.
restricted to woody for fuel storage. • May have longest fuel
biomass. Websites, • Fuel is usually produced to transportation distances.
such as the WFQA an accredited standard. • Less control over price
scheme, have lists of and contract terms.
suppliers.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 5

The process for selecting a fuel supplier is shown in Figure 1.1. Biomass fuel costs are subject to variations
(although historically variations have been greater for fossil fuels). It is therefore worth conducting regular
market testing to verify current fuel prices and consider if a revised price should be negotiated or the fuel
supplier changed. Other factors to consider are: the supplier’s customer service, fuel quality and ability to
meet short-notice deliveries.

Figure 1.1: Process for selecting a fuel supplier

Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 6

2.3 Certification

There are two main fuel certification schemes relevant to Ireland.

The WFQA scheme for Ireland: The WFQA label certifies that wood fuels are accurately described and meet
a supplier’s stated product specifications. The WFQA scheme is built around the industry-agreed standard
EN 17225 and is tested to ISO 17225-1:2014. WFQA states that all certified wood fuel is sourced sustainably
and complies with the EU Timber Regulation (EUTR), ensuring full traceability back to source.

ENplus® quality certification scheme for wood pellets: ENplus®-certified producers are required to
document the origin of their pellets and the proportion of certified wood materials in them. ENplus® quality
classes are based on ISO 17225-2, with some ENplus® product requirements exceeding this standard.
ENplus® acknowledges the certificates from the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification
(PEFC), the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) or equivalent forest management schemes – including their
chain-of-custody certificates.

2.4 Fuel quality

If fuels are supplied under a recognised standard, then the quality of the fuel should be assured. As indicated
above, wood pellets are usually manufactured to meet an ENplus® quality class.

Wood chip and other fuels are commonly supplied to meet a desired specification, but may not be produced
to meet a recognised standard. Therefore, routine sampling and fuel monitoring will be essential to ensure
that fuel meets the specification.

The key elements to be monitored are:

• Moisture content – boilers are optimised to burn fuels with a moisture content within a specific
range. Using fuel outside of that range will result in inefficient combustion, possible damage to the
boiler and excessive smoke and tar, as well as emissions limits possibly being exceeded.
• Particle size – boilers are designed to operate on fuel that has particle dimensions within a specified
range. If the particle size falls outside the range, there may be adverse effects on the fuel feed system
to the boiler and the combustion characteristics of the fuel within it.
• Properties that affect combustion – including calorific value (CV), and moisture, carbon, hydrogen
and nitrogen content. For some fuels it may also be important to check for sulphur and chlorine
levels.
• Contamination – physical contamination may be present in the form of stones, soil, metals (e.g. nails
from used wood pallets) and plastics in the case of biomass derived from waste wood. There may also
be chemical contamination in the form of paint and solvents on treated wood (these should generally
be identifiable by visual inspection, and they also have an impact on ash appearance). Physical and
chemical contamination can damage the fuel feed system and boiler, and impact on its performance,
as well as causing elevated levels of emissions.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 7

Fuel monitoring can range from basic on-site tests with limited equipment to laboratory testing. Table 2
summarises the different approaches to fuel monitoring of key parameters.

Table 2: Summary of approaches to fuel monitoring

Parameter Basic testing Advanced monitoring

Moisture content Touch test – does the fuel feel or On-site (higher cost) advanced
look wetter than it should? moisture analysers that weigh a
On-site (low cost) moisture meters sample, then dry it and reweigh it.
or conductivity probes can be used Oven-dry method, laboratory testing
to test moisture content. to recognised standards (i.e. ISO
17225).
Particle size Visual check for oversized or Particle size distribution in a
undersized particles, both of which laboratory (using ISO 17225 for wood
can cause blockages. Use of hand- chips).
held sieves to sample particle size.
Contamination Visual inspection for physical Laboratory chemical testing services
contaminants. to test for trace elements found in
timber treatments.

The regular inspection of boiler ash for changes in colour, particle size or clinkering can also help to identify
fuel-related problems with combustion or contamination.

2.5 Fuel consumption

The appropriate method for monitoring fuel consumption will depend on the scale and level of automation
of the system.

Many larger systems will offer in-built monitoring, and some manufacturers and/or fuel suppliers provide a
remote-monitoring function that alerts the operator when fuel needs to be ordered.

In smaller systems without automatic monitoring, fuel records can be kept by logging delivery notes or
invoices, or by keeping records of fuel quantities loaded into the fuel store (by volume or weight as
appropriate).

The fuel level in a store may not always be even and the location of fuel-level sensors and viewing windows
may give a false impression of the store content. It is recommended to have fuel-level sensors in several
locations and one or more viewing windows from which the full store can be seen. Regular emptying and
cleaning of the fuel store helps to reduce fuel slumping issues by stopping fuel from sticking to the sides of
the store or becoming compacted at the bottom and immovable. The fuel can be manually levelled if
required.

Fuel consumption should be compared to heat output to verify the energy density of the fuel used and the
efficiency of the boiler.

Fuel stores are very hazardous. It is vital that all appropriate health and safety procedures are
followed when entering a fuel store – see Section 5.2, Table 7 and refer to the additional references
listed in Section 6.4.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 8

2.6 Record keeping

It is important to keep the following records relating to fuel:

• A copy of the fuel contract if such exists (rather than ad-hoc individual orders) – to be referred to
when renewing the contract or if problems arise.
• Fuel suppliers’ specifications for fuels purchased, which should be checked prior to an order being
placed if there is no fuel contract. Where there is a fuel contract, the relevant specifications should be
included in it.
• Fuel invoices, which provide a record of fuel quantity, type, costs and suppliers. Invoices may not
provide exact dates of each delivery.
• Fuel delivery notes provide a record of the date and quantity of each delivery. They are frequently
accompanied with weighbridge tickets as confirmation of the quantity of complete loads. Delivery
notes provide supporting evidence for invoices.
• Fuel quality checks – to monitor against the specification.
• Stock levels taken at appropriate intervals.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 9

3. Maintaining efficient operation

Key messages

• Well-planned maintenance and monitoring are vital to ensure the boiler functions smoothly.

• Site staff can provide some of the ongoing manual input, which may be less costly but requires a
certain level of training. Alternatively, it can be conducted by a contractor, which is likely to cost
more.

• When selecting a contractor, consider their credentials, remote monitoring capabilities, helpline
facilities, charges and ability to consistently provide access to support engineers.

• Boiler operators should be familiar with the manufacturer’s guidance for, the individual
components of the heating system, including the boiler, the flue, metering and fuel handling
equipment.

Like any equipment, properly planned maintenance and monitoring of a biomass system is vital in ensuring
that:
• The safe operation of the system is maintained.
• The system continues to function as designed and commissioned.
• Outages (breakdowns) are minimised.
• The service lifetime of plant is maximised.

This section provides guidance on how to ensure optimum operation. The organisation undertaking the
day-to-day operation of the boiler is referred to as the ‘operator’. This could be the site owner/occupier or a
services company to whom responsibility for the boiler operation has been contracted out. The services
company may provide qualified staff itself or sub-contract this to others.

3.1 Contracting for operation and maintenance – options

It is common for the boiler owner to operate the system but contract out servicing and repairs to the
company that installed the system.

Alternatively, operation and maintenance may be contracted out to a third-party services company, which
may or may not be a fuel supplier. Through remote system monitoring the responsible party can carry out
simple adjustments without the need for a permanent presence on site.

It is common for that site staff to take responsibility for some of the operational duties related to the biomass
heating system (i.e. ash removal). This can be a less costly option, but staff will require a certain level of
training. Alternatively, it can be conducted by a contractor, which will incur higher costs. Table 3 details the
options for operation and maintenance.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 10

Table 3: Operation and maintenance options

Option Suitability Advantages Disadvantages

Original installer This is suitable for clients • Requires minimal • Is likely to be the
operates and with little or no interaction with highest cost solution.
maintains the knowledge of biomass the biomass • Offers a low level of
heating system systems and available system from the control to the client
staff. This is a relatively site staff. and may cause delays
common solution. • Should ensure a in identifying and
Distance of O&M operator high-performing rectifying issues due
should be taken into system due to a to possible remote
consideration strong knowledge nature of contractor.
of the technology.
In-house operation This is suitable for sites • Lower costs than • Requires a level of
of heating system with a member of staff, having everything knowledge and
with original such as facilities manager, done by the training of member(s)
installer providing who can be trained to installer. of staff.
maintenance operate the system and • May allow more • May result in issues
provide basic checks and rapid not being spotted or
maintenance. This is a identification of incorrectly rectified.
common solution. issues and
rectifying minor
issues.
• Offers greater
control of system.
In-house operation This solution is usually • Offers flexibility to • Care needs to be
of heating system undertaken when the choose the taken not to void any
with third party original installer is no contractor. warranties.
rather than original longer available/ too • May result in lower • Knowledge level of
installer providing costly. As such, it is less costs and/or the system may not
maintenance. common. better service. be as good as original
installer.
• May not be capable of
the same levels of
remote monitoring as
the original installer.
In-house operation This is suitable for a site • Likely to be lowest • This may void a
and maintenance of that has strong biomass cost solution. system’s warranties
heating system capabilities. This is less • Offers complete unless written
common and is still control over dispensation is
usually supported by operation and received.
external contractors in the maintenance • Requires staff with
cases of severe process. biomass capabilities if
breakdowns. good performance is
to be maintained.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 11

The following should be considered when selecting a contractor:

• Credentials – including experience, certification, training and accreditation.
• Remote monitoring capabilities – such as remote access to the boiler, heat meters and building
management system (BMS).
• The level of telephone support offered. Does the contractor have the facility to talk on-site staff
through checks and resolution of minor issues?
• Can the contractor offer an on-call service with a maximum response time for attendance at site?
• Location and number of engineers. This will affect how rapidly contractor’s staff can attend the site.
• The ability to provide an engineer familiar with the installation for maintenance works. Using the
same engineer enables him/her to build up knowledge of the system, and identify issues and
solutions more readily.
• Charges and charging structure. This will usually be made up of fixed costs for planned maintenance
(and operation if applicable), plus costs of repair parts (i.e. non-consumables) and call-out rates for
unplanned maintenance.

3.2 Biomass system maintenance

Boiler operators should be familiar with the manufacturer’s guidance for the individual components of the
heating system, including the boiler, the flue, metering and fuel handling equipment. The following general
information is in the context of that guidance.

3.2.1 The boiler and flue

Biomass boiler maintenance can be divided into the following categories:

• Ash bin emptying and basic checks – undertaken by the operator.
• Regular cleaning and checks – normally undertaken by the operator.
• Services – normally undertaken by the boiler supplier or other specialist.
• Dealing with breakdowns and undertaking repairs – normally undertaken by the boiler supplier or other
specialist.

Intervals between maintenance tasks and servicing depend on boiler usage, warranty, size and type. It is
typical for services to be carried out every 2,000 full-load equivalent (FLE) operating hours 6 or annually,
whichever occurs first.

Boiler cleaning and regular checks might be monthly, or more frequent for heavily used boilers. An ash bin
within the boiler house (either integral to the boiler or standalone) will require regular manual emptying
(see Section 3.2.2).

The control systems of many modern boilers will provide an alert if cleaning is required or there is another
urgent issue. Table 4 provides an indication of the typical maintenance tasks for a biomass boiler, but the
guidance and recommendations provided by the boiler manufacturer and its authorised agents
should be followed and take precedence. Before tasks are undertaken by personnel other than those of
the boiler manufacturer or its authorised agents, operators should ensure that this will not invalidate any
warranties, and that the personnel have the relevant training.

All boiler maintenance tasks present potential hazards and require strict adherence to established health
and safety procedures. Further details are provided in Section 5 of this guide.

6
The full-load equivalent operating hours for a particular period is the actual heat generated in that period divided by the heat that would have been
generated if the boiler had operated continuously at its full rated output.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 12

Table 4: Typical maintenance tasks for a biomass boiler (this is not an exhaustive list)

Task Typical frequency Typically

undertaken by
Basic checks: Daily/weekly Operator
• Walk-around inspection looking for anything unusual
• Heating system pressure
• Leaks
• Heat meter operation
• System operation
Empty ash bin(s) Weekly/monthly as required Operator
Check safety devices: Monthly
• Safety and relief valves
• Fire protection/prevention in fuel transport
mechanisms
Flue:
• Check integrity of flue components.
• Clean flue path to stack.
• Clean stack condensate drain

Clean combustion chamber:

• Clean grate
• Clean combustion air openings Operator/specialist
• Clean ignition tubes contractor
• Check refractory linings for damage

Clean the heat exchanger:

• Clean the heat exchanger tubes and channels
• Clean the lambda probe
• Check heat exchanger tubes for damage
• Check operation of heat exchanger cleaner (where
fitted)
• Check integrity of cover seals
Clean flue-gas recirculation piping (where fitted)
Clean induced-draught fan.
Clean temperature sensors.
Check operation of primary and secondary combustion air
valves.
Check and lubricate mechanical drives.
Check functioning of de-ashing systems. Service annually or every
Specialist
Clean and check ignition. 2,000 hours full-load equivalent
contractor
(which ever come first)
Check fitting and sealing of boiler doors.
Calibrate lambda probe.
Check and adjust specified mechanical clearances.
Reset maintenance interval counter (if fitted).
Test boiler and heating system post-service.
Any other specific maintenance detailed by the
manufacturer.
Please ensure that the above list does not affect the heating system/boiler/s warranty
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 13

3.2.2 Ash disposal

The quantity of ash produced depends on boiler usage and the fuel ash content.

Example estimate of ash production

A 200kWth boiler operates for 1,750 full load equivalent hours annually. Assuming the boiler has an
efficiency of 85% and uses wood pellets with a net calorific value of 4,700kWh/tonne and an ash content
of 1.0%, the bulk density of the ash will be approximately 920kg/litre.

In one year the boiler will:

• Produce 350,000kWh of useful heat (200 x 1,750).
• Use 87.6 tonnes of pellets (350,000 ÷ 0.85 ÷ 4,700).
• Generate around 876kg of ash.

Assuming the boiler has two integral ash bins, each with a capacity of 50 litres, they will need to be
emptied around once a month or more frequently.

There are two types of boiler ash: bottom ash and fly ash. Bottom ash makes up approximately 98% of the
ash from a biomass boiler and arises at the grate.

Fly ash is fine ash that is entrained in the combustion gas flows and is collected through a drop-out chamber
within the boiler and/or as part of separate flue-gas cleaning, such as a cyclone grit arrestor. Fly ash may
contain toxic particulates from volatised metals and metal salts. Therefore, it should be treated as a
hazardous waste and disposed of appropriately.

Bottom ash from contaminated fuel, such as treated waste wood, and poorly combusted bottom ash, should
also be treated as a hazardous waste. The options for disposal are:
• To landfill where ongoing arrangements will need to be made with a licensed waste company for
disposal.
• Alternative disposal - with appropriate authorisations from the competent authority, it may be
possible to find alternative disposal routes, such as to land. This should be easier for bottom ash
from clean biomass, which generally poses lower risks than fly ash.

Relevant waste categorisations for ash from the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Waste
Categorisation, 2015 7

Reference number & Categories of Wastes from thermal processes Type

10 01 wastes from power stations and other combustion

plants (except 19)
10 01 01 bottom ash, slag and boiler dust (excluding oil boiler Non-hazardous
dust)
10 01 03 fly-ash from peat and untreated wood Non-hazardous

19 01 wastes from incineration or pyrolysis of waste

19 01 11 bottom ash and slag containing hazardous substances Hazardous
19 01 12 bottom ash and slag other than those mentioned in 19 01 Non-hazardous
11
19 01 13 fly ash containing hazardous substances Hazardous
19 01 14 fly ash other than those mentioned in 19 01 13 Non-hazardous

7
www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/waste/stats/wasteclassification/EPA_Waste_Classification_2015_Web.pdf
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 14

3.2.3 Fuel store and fuel handling equipment

Mechanical fuel extraction systems that extend to the boiler are the principal maintenance burden for fuel
stores. Depending on the fuel type, these can include augers (fixed or sweeping), sweeping arms or walking
floors.

Maintenance requirements are likely to include:

• Clearing blockages;
• Lubricating drive chains and bearings;
• Alignment checks and mechanical adjustments;
• Mechanical, hydraulic and electrical repairs.

Clearing blockages is normally carried out by the operator. Other maintenance requirements might be
undertaken by the operator, or by specialist contractors. From time to time it may also be necessary to clean
out fuel stores and ensure that they remain ventilated.

All these tasks pose significant hazards for the personnel concerned and require strict adherence to
established health and safety procedures. Further details are provided in Section 5 of this guide.

3.2.4 Heat metering

Day-to-day checks
Correctly installed heat meters should require very little maintenance other than regular checks to ensure
that they are functioning correctly and the components have not been inadvertently damaged. These
checks can be undertaken at the same time as manual meter readings, but should be at least weekly. Where
meter readings are taken remotely, visual checks of meters should still be undertaken, but may be less
frequent.

The temperature and flow sensor leads and electrical connections are particularly vulnerable to accidental
physical damage, though this should be mitigated by good installation practice. Temperature sensors can
also become dislodged or loose in their pockets, which may cause reading errors. Heat meter integrators
(calculators with display units) and their electrical connections can become damaged through carelessness.

Most heat meter integrators will display error codes if any input parameters from the flow or temperature
sensors go out of range or if a communications failure is detected (if a data communications module is
fitted). A failure of the integrator itself is usually self-evident.

Heat meters on biomass systems are often installed in dusty environments. Therefore, it’s important that the
integrator and areas around electrical connections are kept clean. The user should be aware of the
Protection class (IP) of the integrator, which varies between manufacturers and models.

Checks of boiler efficiency (see Section 3.4) that show deviations from normal values could be an indication
of a heat meter not reading correctly, rather than of a boiler issue.

Heat meter power sources

Heat meters are powered through the integrator. Depending on the integrator model and the options
available, the power can be provided by a lithium ion battery (or batteries), mains electricity or a lower
voltage supply (e.g. 12V or 24V direct current).

If the integrator is battery powered, the user should be aware of the lifetime of the battery as specified by
the manufacturer. This can range from 5 to 15 years, depending on the type of battery and whether
additional integrator modules, such as for data communications, have been specified. The user should plan
for battery replacement, but also be aware that batteries can suddenly and unexpectedly fail.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 15

Recalibration
Heat meters should be supplied with calibration certificates that are ideally valid for a fixed period. However,
manufacturers do not always state recalibration intervals or expected meter lifetimes, and there is no
requirement in the Measurement Instrument Directive 8 or EN1434 to do so 9. In the absence of guidance
from the manufacturer, a period of no longer than 5 years between recalibrations would be considered good
practice.

An incentive scheme may specify intervals for meter recalibration or sample checks of accuracy. Similarly,
contracts for heat sales or district heating, where consumers are billed based on metered heat use, may have
specifications for recalibration or accuracy checks.

3.3 Control and monitoring systems

All controls and monitoring systems associated with the biomass boiler and wider heating system should be
checked regularly, particularly if there are changes to the demands from heat loads. Such checks and any
remedial action have two main purposes:
1. To ensure that the boiler and associated systems are operating as intended.
2. To identify any modifications to settings needed in response to changes on site or that will improve
the efficiency of operation.

The checks that should be made are too system specific to be described in detail in this guide. However, they
are likely to include:

• The boiler control system (as provided by the boiler manufacturer), including:
− Boiler flow and return temperature settings and confirmation they are being achieved.
− Thermal store target temperatures and settings for demanding heat from the boiler (may or may
not be integral to the boiler control system).
− Status and error indicators for the boiler itself, the buffer vessel/thermal store, and primary pumps
and control valves.

• Heating system controls (may be a BMS), including:

− Time settings for space heating and hot water services, including for different zones.
− Optimum start for space heating (integrated with boiler/thermal storage settings).
− Target temperatures (heated spaces and hot water services).
− External temperature compensation.
− Correct operation of secondary circuit pumps and control valves.

3.4 Performance evaluation

Metering and logging the heat output is essential for verifying the unit’s correct performance and is likely to
be required for any incentive scheme.

A regular review of metering data can provide a method for early detection of problems within a heating
system (which may not necessarily be due to the biomass plant). This is in addition to monitoring other
operational parameters such as combustion efficiency, grate temperature, pressure and emission levels.
Metering and monitoring are discussed further in the Technology Guide.

8
Directive 2014/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating
to the making available on the market of measuring instruments (recast). Applicable from 20 April 2016.
9
Heat meter accuracy testing, November 2016, Building Research Establishment for UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/576680/Heat_Meter_Accuracy_Testing_Final_Report
_16_Jun_incAnxG_for_publication.pdf
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 16

The heat meter readings and fuel consumption values (see Section 2.4) should be logged over time to build
up a performance profile for the boiler. This can be by taking manual readings, using the heat meter memory
or remote logging incorporated into the remote monitoring. Half-hourly or daily consumption rates are
preferable, but not always practicable.

The heat meter readings and fuel consumption data can then be analysed using a spreadsheet or specialist
software. The performance profile can be checked against the following to evaluate the system’s
performance:

• The expected performance in the system specification or manufacturers’ manuals.

• The performance against a previous period (e.g. the same month in the previous year).
• The correlation of the profile against any demand factor profiles, such as increased output or
shutdown periods. If the correlation is poor, this may suggest more heat is being supplied than is
needed or the heat demand is not being adequately met. This can be investigated in more depth by
comparing against data stored in the BMS.
• The output of any fossil-fuel boilers, and whether the balance between fossil and biomass heat is as
expected.

Other operational parameters (e.g. combustion efficiency, grate temperature, pressure and, if possible,
emissions levels) should be monitored against those stated in the system specification and manufacturers’
manuals. A divergence from their specified ranges may indicate that the system is not operating correctly.

3.5 Emission limits and monitoring

Statutory emission limit values (ELVs) for biomass combustion plants in Ireland apply or will apply as follows:

The Medium Combustion Plant Directive (EU) 2015/2193 10 applies to plants with a rated thermal input of
over 1MW but less than 50MW, excluding those covered by the Industrial Emissions Directive, 2010/75/EU
(IED) (i.e. biomass boilers burning contaminated waste wood and plants of 50MW or more). There is also an
exemption for on-farm combustion plants that exclusively use unprocessed poultry manure where the total
rated thermal input is less than or equal to 5MW.

Table 1 summarises the MCPD ELVs for solid biomass in milligrams per normal cubic metre (mg/Nm3) of flue
gas 11.

Table 1: Summary of MCPD ELVs for solid biomass

Applicability Rated thermal Emission limit values (mg/Nm3)

input (MW) NOx* Dust/PM** SO2***
1 to ≤ 5 500 50
New plants from 20 December
5 to ≤20 30 200†
2018 300
20 to ≤50 20
Existing plants from 1 January 5 to ≤20 650 50 200†
2025 20 to ≤50 30 300‡
Existing plants from 1 January 1 to ≤5 Δ 50
2030
Δ On-farm combustion plants that exclusively use unprocessed *Oxides of nitrogen
poultry manure are exempt ** Particulate matter
† Does not apply to plants firing exclusively woody biomass *** Sulphur dioxide
‡ If firing straw ≤ Less than or equal to

10
Implemented in Ireland under the European Union (Medium Combustion Plants) Regulations 2017
http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2017/si/595/made/en/print
11
Defined at 273.15K and 101.3kPa after correction for water vapour content and at 6% oxygen content
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 17

From 1 January 2020, new solid fuel boilers up to 500kWth (thermal output) will be required to comply with
the ecodesign requirements of Directive 2009/125/EC as implemented by Commission Regulation (EU)
2015/1189, but they do not apply to non-woody biomass boilers. The requirements include the following
ELVs.

Applicability Rated heat Emission limit values (mg/Nm3)

output, kWth CO* NOx Dust/PM OGCs**
Manually stoked ≤500 700 200 60 30
Automatically stoked 500 40 20
*Carbon monoxide
**Organic gaseous compounds

Since ecodesign requirements are product standards, there are no related obligations on users to monitor
performance.

• The standard EN 303-5:2012 ‘Heating boilers for solid fuels, manually and automatically stoked,
nominal heat output of up to 500kW’ sets ELVs for appliances up to 500kW rated heat output, but
adherence by manufacturers is voluntary. The standard defines three Classes: 3, 4 and 5 – 5 being the
best. The ELVs for this standard are the same as the ecodesign requirements above.
• Prospective operators should consult the requirements of any incentive scheme to which they are
intending to apply for specific ELVs required.
• Irish legislation in the area of local air quality is evolving. Developments can be monitored via the
Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment’s website at:
https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/environment/topics/air-quality/national-clean-air-
strategy/Pages/default.aspx

3.6 Record keeping

The following records should be kept for the biomass system:

• Performance records as detailed in Section 3.4.
• Maintenance records for reference, including details of what was checked and what was done.
• An issue and resolution log. This should cover ongoing and historical issues and related actions and
resolutions. This makes it easier to rectify repeat issues and keep on top of current ones.
• The record-keeping requirements relating to any financial support schemes should be verified and
adhered to.
• Documents from construction for reference, such as the construction contract, operating and
maintenance manual, installation photos, safety file, system design specification and as-built
drawings, commissioning certificates, and meter calibration certificates.
• The maintenance contract for reference.
• Copies of warranties. Also create a schedule of the warranties so it is clear when they expire.
Operating hours should be verified and monitored as some warranties are based on whichever occurs
first – a given time period or a number of operating hours. Schedule a service before the end of the
warranty to ensure any repairs and replacements can be identified and rectified under the warranty.
Replacement parts may have their own warranties and a record of these should be kept in case the
part requires a second replacement within that warranty period.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 18

4. Heat sales

Key messages

• A heat sales system will be required for projects where the biomass boiler will be supplying heat to
sites not owned by the boiler/heating system owner or to tenants.

• The heat sales system will require eachheat user’s consumption to be metered and then the user
to be billed for it.

• The heat sales contract should be reviewed annually, mainly to assess the heat tariff that has been
set. The heat generated and consumed should then be reviewed to assess if it is as expected and
to identify any differences for discussion. The contract review can also be an opportunity to
identify any issues or improvements and discuss any potential changes in demand.

A heat sales system will be required for projects where the biomass boiler will be supplying heat to sites not
owned by the biomass boiler owner or to tenants. This guide focuses on the ongoing requirements of a heat
sales system. How to identify heat customers and set up a heat sales system is discussed in the
accompanying Implementation Guide.

4.1 Metering and billing

The heat sales system will require each heat user’s consumption to be metered and then the user billed for
it. This process is shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: Process for establishing a heat sales system

Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 19

4.2 Contract reviews

The heat sales contract should be reviewed annually, mainly to assess the heat tariff that has been set. The
heat tariff should have been indexed against parameters such as fossil-fuel costs, retail price of heat or costs
of biomass fuel. The annual review should consider the current price of fossil fuels and biomass and the
impact of these on the heat sale tariff. For example, if biomass costs rose, the tariff may increase or if fossil
fuel costs fell, the tariff may require reducing.

The heat generated and consumed should be assessed here to enable any differences to be identified for
discussion. The contract review can also present an opportunity to identify any issues or improvements and
discuss any potential changes in demand.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 20

5. Health and safety

Key messages

• The intention of this section of the guide is to alert readers to the hazards and risks that need to be
managed. It does not provide a comprehensive guidance of the subject and additional advice and
guidance should be sought by a suitably qualified Health and Safety professional

• Fuel delivery and handling hazards include delivery lorry and other vehicle movements, below
ground fuel storage, moving mechanical components and increase in dust levels from pneumatic
delivery.

• Fuel storage hazards include carbon monoxide (CO) build-up in fuel stores and oxygen depletion,
dust-laden atmospheres, mould growth on the fuel and fuel storage fires.

• Boiler hazards include: sudden boiler shutdown (e.g. due to loss of power), build-up of un-
combusted gas mixtures within the boiler and/or its flue, CO escape into the boiler house from
boiler and/or flue system, exposure to soot and ash, particularly during cleaning operations, entry
into the confined space of larger boilers for cleaning and other maintenance, sudden ash-bin
ignition and flue system tar fire.

Biomass systems give rise to a range of potential hazards that either do not arise or arise to a lesser degree
with boilers operated on natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or oil. There is often less knowledge and
experience of biomass systems amongst heating system designers, installers and operators. Design and
installation standards are also less developed for biomass systems.

The accompanying Implementation Guide summarises some of the health and safety considerations in the
design of biomass systems. In the following paragraphs, operational health and safety issues associated with
biomass fuel delivery and handling, fuel storage and the boiler are considered.

Important Health and Safety Note

The intention of this section of the guide is to alert readers to the hazards and risks that need to be
managed. It does not provide a comprehensive treatment of the subject. Readers are strongly advised to
consult the Combustion Engineering Association’s (CEA) publication ‘Health and safety in biomass
systems’ 12. While the CEA document references specific UK legislation, equivalent provisions in Ireland
can be found on the Health and Safety Authority’s (HSA) website 13. Further advice can also be sought
directly from the HSA. t: 1890 289 389 (LoCall) or e: [email protected].

5.1 Fuel delivery and handling

Typically, bulk wood chip loads will be discharged by tipping into a hopper, onto a conveyor or a hard
standing. In the latter case, the fuel will tend to be moved in batches to the boiler’s local fuel store by a
telescopic handler or similar.

It is more common for bulk wood pellets to be pneumatically blown into a silo or store. Small volumes of
pellets can be purchased in bags, which will normally be on a pallet and unloaded using a forklift truck.

12
http://www.cea.org.uk/files/4313/7502/0795/Biomass_HS_final_071211.pdf
13
http://www.hsa.ie/eng/
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 21

Other fuels, such as logs and straw, may be unloaded by a forklift truck, tractor, telescopic handler or similar
vehicle, or the lorry’s own crane. Bulk bag deliveries of pellets and chips are also possible and handled
similarly.

Fuel handling includes the extraction of fuel from stores for delivery to the boiler. Wood pellet and wood
chip stores are usually equipped with augers, agitators, walking floors and/or conveyors. These pose a
hazard, particularly as they are normally submerged in the fuel and not visible to personnel.

Table 6 summarises the main hazards and associated risks of fuel delivery and handing, but these should not
be taken as comprehensive. Likewise, the example mitigation measures referred to may not be suitable for
all circumstances. Operators should undertake full risk assessments and establish site-specific health and
safety plans and procedures.

Table 6: Summary of the main hazards and associated risks of fuel delivery and handling

Hazard Risks Comments Example mitigation

Delivery lorry Injuries, potentially Although oil or LPG Establish strict
movements, fatal, to pedestrians deliveries pose similar procedures and
particularly when and other vehicle hazards, due to the higher mandatory use of a
reversing. operators. energy density of these banksman.
fuels, vehicles tend to be
smaller and deliveries less
frequent than for biomass.
Movements of Injuries, potentially Directly from the vehicle General staff training.
vehicles used for fatal, to pedestrians, concerned or due to items Training vehicle
unloading deliveries, the vehicle driver or falling from the vehicle. operators.
moving fuels between other vehicle Vehicle reversing
stores or directly to operators. alarms.
boilers (e.g. forklift Designated pedestrian
trucks, tractors and routes.
telescopic handlers) Using a banksman
Below ground fuel Injuries, potentially Appropriate barriers should General staff training
storage. fatal, caused by falls be used for fuel delivery regarding the dangers.
from a height or Adopt exclusion zones
crushing by for non-authorised
discharging fuel. staff.
Avoid lone working.
Augers, conveyors, Injuries, potentially Ensure it is safe to enter the Staff training and
agitators, walking fatal, from contact space with supporting procedures.
floors. with moving parts. personnel in the near Erect barriers where
vicinity possible and display
clear warning signs.
Increase in dust levels Health problems from Mainly, but not exclusively, a Relevant staff should
from pneumatic dust inhalation. hazard from bulk wood use appropriately rated
delivery. Heightened dust pellets. face masks.
explosion risk in Specify and enforce
confined areas. maximum vehicle
offload rates to limit
pellet disintegration.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 22

5.2 Fuel storage

Unless well-ventilated and open, biomass fuel stores are likely to be considered as ‘confined spaces’ under
the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2001 and the HSA’s associated Code
of Practice for Working in Confined Spaces 14.

The storage of biomass fuel gives rise to various hazards, including fire, explosion, asphyxiation and
poisoning. The Health and Safety Authority 15 summarises the main hazards and associated risks of wood
pellet fuel storage, but this should not be taken as a comprehensive list. Likewise, the example mitigation
measures outlined below may not be suitable for all site circumstances or for all fuel types. Operators should
undertake full risk assessments and establish site-specific health and safety plans and procedures.

Table 7: Summary of the main hazards and associated risks of fuel storage

Hazard Risks Comments Example mitigation

Carbon monoxide Asphyxiation/poisoning. Greatest risk from the release Establish method statements
(CO) build-up in of CO from stored wood and a permit-to-work system for
fuel stores and pellets. However, there is fuel stores.
oxygen depletion. potential for CO (and CO2) Before entry to a fuel store,
from the boiler’s combustion switch off boilers and fans,
chamber to collect in a fuel isolate extraction equipment,
store. ventilate store and test
atmosphere for CO with portable
alarm.
A second person should always
be positioned outside the store
to monitor the person in the
store.
Dust-laden Health problems from Greatest risk from wood Relevant staff should use
atmosphere. dust inhalation. pellets, which produce fine appropriately rated face masks.
Explosion and dust when mechanically Isolate electrical equipment and
consequential injuries, handled on site and can only use safe torches.
and loss and damage to contain significant dust. No smoking in the vicinity of the
property. plant room and fuel store,
warning signs should be
provided.
Source certified/accredited
pellets to limit dust as delivered
and assure mechanical integrity.
Regular cleaning of the plant
room and associated areas.
Mould growth on Respiratory irritation Greatest risk from wet fuels, Avoid prolonged storage of wet
the fuel. from spores causing particularly wood chips stored fuel.
illness. for prolonged periods where Inspect stored fuel regularly for
the moisture content is greater mould.
than 30%. Use any mouldy fuel
immediately or remove and
dispose of it.
Fuel storage fire. Injuries, including Can arise as a result of: Boiler burn-back should be
fatalities • Boiler burn-back. addressed as part of the design.
Loss and damage to • Ignition from self-heating. Keeping fuel dry reduces the risk
property. • Ignition from a hot source of self-ignition.
within the store such as a No smoking.
cigarette or electrical Good electrical design.
component.

14
www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Codes_of_Practice/COP_Confined_Space.pdf
15
https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Safety_Alerts/2018/Wood_Pellets_Toxic_Carbon_Monoxide_Poisoning/
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 23

5.3 The Biomass boiler

Hazards associated with the boiler arise from the wet (heating medium) side, the fire (combustion) side, and
the flue/chimney system. The main hazards and associated risks listed in the table below should not be
taken as comprehensive. Likewise, the example mitigation measures may not be suitable for all site
circumstances. Operators should undertake full risk assessments and establish site-specific health and safety
plans and procedures.

Table 8: Summary of the main hazards and associated risks of the boiler

Hazard Risks Comments Example mitigation

Sudden boiler Excessive wet-side Biomass boilers cannot be Good system design.
shutdown (e.g. due to temperature or pressure extinguished quickly due to Well-trained staff.
loss of power). leading to explosion or remaining fire-bed and Clear operating
ruptures, causing escape of thermal inertia. System design procedures/method
boiling water/steam and and operating procedures statement.
consequent physical must allow for the safe
injuries and/or plant management and control of
damage. sudden shutdown scenarios.
Build-up of Explosion within the boiler Uncontrolled combustion can Well-trained staff.
uncombusted gas or flue and consequent arise from uncontrolled Clear operating
mixtures within the injuries, and loss and draught, excessive fuel procedures/method
boiler and/or its flue. damage to property. charging, delayed ignition or statement.
uncontrolled air to the
combustion space.
CO escape into the Asphyxiation/poisoning. Maintenance of boiler and Place CO alarms in the
boiler house from associated plant reduces the boiler house and
boiler and/or flue risks of CO escaping from the adjacent rooms,
system. plant particularly if the flue
passes through the
building.
Exposure to soot and Health effects due to Health risks arise particularly Staff training.
ash, particularly during toxic/carcinogenic content from polycyclic aromatic Appropriate personal
cleaning operations. of soot and ash in small hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile protective equipment
particulate form. organic compounds (VOCs) (PPE) including full
and heavy metals. overalls, rated dust
masks and eye
protection.
Entry into the confined Health impacts and/or Prepare a Health and Safety Establish method
space of larger boilers injury from excessive statement where required statement for entry and
for cleaning and other temperature, presence of cleaning.
maintenance. mineral fibre insulation, Boiler fuel must be
exposure to soot and ash extinguished for long
(see above), refractory enough to produce a
collapse and safe working
ignitors/burners. temperature (over 24
hours).
Sudden ash-bin Physical injury. Bottom ash can still contain Staff training to avoid
ignition. significant volatile content. sudden opening of
Ignition can be caused by the sealed ash containers.
sudden inrush of fresh air
from opening sealed ash
containers.
Flue system tar fire. Injuries, including fatalities. A build-up of tar in the flue Flue cleaning and
Loss and damage to ductwork and stack can occur avoiding the conditions
property. from poor-quality fuel and for tar production.
prolonged low fire running.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 24

6. References and other sources of information

A substantial amount of guidance on biomass systems has been published over recent years. This guidance
will not all remain fully correct or accurate, several factors and variables referred to in this guide are likely to
change over time, such as technology, costs, fuel availability, financial support schemes, legislations and
standards. It is important to cross-reference these factors against the latest publications.

6.1 General

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) (2014). AM15 Biomass Heating
https://www.cibse.org/Knowledge/knowledge-items/detail?id=a0q20000008I76dAAC

Carbon Trust (2012). Biomass Heating: A Practical Guide for Potential Users
https://www.carbontrust.com/media/31667/ctg012_biomass_heating.pdf
It should be noted that the costs and Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) are mainly UK specific.

Invest Northern Ireland (2014). Biomass: A Best Practice Guide for Businesses in Northern Ireland
http://www.elementconsultants.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/biomass-a-best-practice-guide-for-businesses-in-
northern-ireland1.pdf

Biomass Energy Centre, Forest Research (2011). Biomass Heating: A Guide to Feasibility Studies
https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/biomass-energy-resources/reference-biomass/documents-
downloads/best-practice-guidance/

Biomass Energy Centre, Forest Research (2011). Biomass Heating: A Guide to Medium Scale Wood Chip and
Wood Pellet Systems.
https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/biomass-energy-resources/reference-biomass/documents-
downloads/best-practice-guidance/

Deutscher Energieholz- und Pellet-Verband e.V. (DEPV) (German Wood Fuel and Pellet Association) (2012).
Recommendations for Storage of Wood Pellets (English translation produced by COFORD, Department of
Agriculture, Food and the Marine).
http://www.dimnikarstvo.si/files/GRADIVA/recommendations_for_storage_of_wood_pellets.pdf
(See also:
http://www.coford.ie/media/coford/content/publications/projectreports/cofordconnects/pp12_pelletstoragefacility.pdf
and www.r-e-a.net/upload/enplus_pellet_storage_guideline_ukpc-v1.pdf )

Conversion factors for energy units of oil and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from SEAI
https://www.seai.ie/resources/seai-statistics/conversion-factors/

6.2 Sustainability legislation

The EU Renewable Energy Directive (under revision at time of writing) will come into effect in 2021, extending
the scope of the existing EU sustainability criteria for bioenergy to cover biomass and biogas used for heating,
cooling and electricity generation.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016PC0767R%2801%29
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 25

6.3 Health & Safety

Combustion Engineering Association (CEA) (2011). Health and Safety in Biomass Systems, Design and
Operation Guide
https://cea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Biomass_HS_final_071211.pdf

Health and Safety Authority (HAS) (2013). Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations
2013 http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Legislation/Regulations_and_Orders/Construction_Regulations_2013/.

Details of the duty holders and responsibilities are included on this website.
http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Your_Industry/Construction/Construction_Duty_Holders/

6.5 Procurement and contracts

Carbon Trust (2012). Biomass Installation Contracting Guide, Practical Procurement Advice
https://www.carbontrust.com/media/88611/ctg073-biomass-contracting-guide.pdf

Carbon Trust (2012). Template Contracts for Supply of Biomass Fuel, Supply of Heat Energy, Operation and
Maintenance Agreement and Services Agreement
https://www.carbontrust.com/resources/guides/renewable-energy-technologies/biomass-heating-tools-
and-guidance/

Energy network (produced by North Karelia University of Applied Sciences) (2003). Heat Sales Contract
http://elearn.ncp.fi/materiaali/kainulainens/nwh/heat_energy_entrepreneurship/business_models/material/
Contract%20for%20supplying%20district%20heat.pdf
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 26

7. Glossary
Ash content Percentage of a biomass fuel’s mass, on a dry basis that will be produced as
ash upon complete combustion of the fuel.
Auger An Archimedean (a rod with a helical projection) screw used to transfer
material that is in a particle form.
Base load The minimum heat demand from a system which is maintained
throughout a defined period.
Bioenergy Renewable energy from living (or recently living) plants and animals e.g.
wood chippings, crops and manure
Biomass Any organic matter that can be burned for energy. Typically derived from
solid wood into wood chips and pellets. Also, from short-rotation coppice,
miscanthus, sawdust and straw.
Buffer vessel A form of thermal storage used to capture residual heat on boiler shut-
down to improve system efficiency and to protect the boiler. Must have
sufficient thermal capacity to absorb residual heat on boiler shut-down.
Smaller than a thermal store.
Bulk density Measure of the mass of the fuel divided by its volume (e.g. kg/m3).
Calorific value (CV) – net The net calorific value of a fuel is the total energy released during
combustion excluding that needed to evaporate any water arising in the
combustion process. Also known as the Lower Heating Value (LHV) of the
fuel.
Calorific value (CV) - gross The gross calorific value of a fuel is the total energy released during
combustion including that needed to evaporate any water arising in the
combustion process. Also known as the Higher Heating Value (HHV) of the
fuel.
Capital costs Initial setup costs of plant or a project, after which there will only be
recurring operational or running costs.
Client The ultimate person or organisation purchasing the biomass plant.
Combined Heat and Power The simultaneous production of heat and electrical power from a single
(CHP) fuel source for useful purposes. Fuel typically combusted in a reciprocating
engine or used to generate steam to be expanded in a turbine.
Commissioning The process of verifying that the new heating plant meets the performance
specifications as per design and called for in the installation contract.
Consultant Professional person or organisation appointed to provide advisory
assistance under a predetermined contract.
Contractor Person or organisation appointed for the task of executing the scope of
works.
Energy Services Company Services company that sells heat (and/or other forms of energy) to the
(ESCO) customer instead of a boiler and/or fuel. May install, own and maintain the
boiler, or may sub-contract some or all of that.
Energy crops Crops grown specifically for energy production purposes e.g. miscanthus.
Energy density Measure of the energy contained within a unit of fuel in MJ/m3.
Feedstock The raw biomass material subsequently used as a fuel.
Firebed The mound of fuel undergoing combustion within a boiler’s combustion
chamber.
Flue The passageway between the combustion device and the terminal of a
chimney which acts as a duct to exhaust combustion gases to a position
and height where they will not cause annoyance or health hazard.
Biomass Boilers Operation & Maintenance Guide 27

Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR) FGR is the feeding of a proportion of the cooled flue gases back to the
combustion chamber to reduce the temperature of combustion at the grate
with the aim of reducing the production of nitrous oxides. Sometimes
referred to as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR).
Heat demand The demand of heat of a site at any one time, typically expressed in kW or
MW.
Heat exchanger A device that transfers heat between two fluid systems e.g. water flows from
boiler system and heating pipework. Many different configurations available
but plate-heat exchangers most commonly found.
Heat meter Device that measures the rate of heat transferred by a system by monitoring
the flow rate of water and temperature difference between flow and return
pipes.
In-house Work or activities conducted by employees within an organisation.
Installer Organisation or person contracted for the installation of equipment. May
also be the supplier.
Lambda (λ) Denotes the ratio between the actual amount of combustion air (oxygen) and
the minimum theoretical (stoichiometric) amount of combustion air (oxygen)
required for complete combustion of the fuel.
Liability A person or organisation’s legal responsibility to pay debts or fulfil
obligations.
Moisture content (MC) Percentage, by weight, of biomass fuel that contains water. For example,
wood pellets typically have an MC of less than 10%. Wood chips and logs are
likely to have a more variable MC of between 20% and 60%.
Operating costs Costs of maintaining the ongoing operation of a process or facility. Do not
include any capital outlays or costs incurred in the design or commissioning
phases of a project.
Peak load The maximum heat demand a site experiences across a year, typically
expressed in kW or MW. Used to size heating systems.
SEAI Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland.
Supplier Organisation or person contracted for the delivery of a goods or assets.
Technical specification A document that lays out the design of a system so that a contractor can
provide a quotation for its installation.
Thermal store A reservoir of heat energy provided from the boiler to enable the heating
system to meet the majority of energy demands. Allows the boiler to be
smaller as well as improving its operating efficiency by allowing running for
longer continuous periods. May also perform the role of a buffer vessel.
Turndown ratio The turndown ratio of a boiler is a measure of its ability to operate at heat
outputs less than the full rated output. It is the ratio of the maximum heat
output to the minimum level of heat output at which the boiler will operate
efficiently or controllably. For example, a boiler with 2:1 turndown ratio will
be able to operate down to 50% of its full rated output.
Warranty Agreement provided by an organisation such as a contractor or manufacturer
that it will remedy, without additional charge, deficiencies in their service or
goods that have arisen within a stated period after their installation.
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