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Structure and Function of Major and Subcellular Organelles

This document provides information about cell structure and organelles. It describes the three major parts of the cell - the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It also details the three major types of organelles - the endomembrane system, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Finally, it lists other organelles like peroxisomes, the cytoskeleton, vacuoles, and cell walls. It provides diagrams of plant and animal cell structure.

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MEDRANO, Hana Jhiemyka O.
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219 views

Structure and Function of Major and Subcellular Organelles

This document provides information about cell structure and organelles. It describes the three major parts of the cell - the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It also details the three major types of organelles - the endomembrane system, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Finally, it lists other organelles like peroxisomes, the cytoskeleton, vacuoles, and cell walls. It provides diagrams of plant and animal cell structure.

Uploaded by

MEDRANO, Hana Jhiemyka O.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Baguio City National Science High School

Purok 12, Irisan, Baguio City


S.Y. 2022-2023

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MAJOR AND SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES

THREE MAJOR PARTS OF THE CELL


a. Cell membrane
o also called as the plasma membrane
o found in all cells
o separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment
o has a lipid bilayer that is semi-permeable
o regulates/control the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
b. Cytoplasm
o jelly-like fluid that fills the inside of a cell
o place where organelles are embedded
o secure the organelles and assists in the mobility of the cell
o helps in the suspension of organelles and support the internal structure
c. Nucleus
o membrane-bound
o largest organelle
o separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane
o contains the DNA (genetic material)/blueprint that code for proteins
necessary for the cell to function
• Nucleolus – found inside the nucleus responsible for the production of ribosome

THREE MAJOR TYPES OF ORGANELLES

a. Endomembrane system
o group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to
modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
a.1. Nuclear envelope/membrane
o surrounds the nucleus
o create room within the cell to protect the genetic information
o house all molecules involved in the process and protect the info
a.2. Lysosome
o cell’s recycling center
o contains enzyme which help break down old and unnecessary structures so
their molecules can be reused
o can digest foreign particles
a.3. Golgi apparatus
o organelle made up of flattened discs of membrane
o where sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution takes place
a.4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
o consists of a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs
o discs and tubules are hollow
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
o termed as ‘rough’ due to the presence of ribosomes attached to it
o for protein production in particular for export out of the cell

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• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
o no ribosomes attached, thus the term ‘smooth’
o synthesize lipids
b. Mitochondria
o ‘powerhouse’ of the cell as it produces cellular energy in the form of ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate)
o composed of inner and outer membrane

c. Chloroplast
o has chlorophyll which is used in the process of photosynthesis

Other organelles
a. Peroxisomes
o small vesicles, single membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells
o contain digestive enzymes for braking down toxic materials in the cell
b. Cytoskeleton
o network of protein fibers
o for cell movement and stability
o components: microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
b.1. Microtubules
o small tubes from protein tubulin
o found in cilia and flagella for cell movement
o involved in cell division
b.2. Intermediate filaments
o smaller than microtubules and larger than microfilaments
o provide structure to the nuclear envelope and anchor organelles
b.3. Microfilaments
o thinnest part of the cytoskeleton
o cell movement

c. Vacuoles
o stores food, water, and wastes
o in plants, used for water balance and store compounds such as toxins and
pigments
d. Cell wall
o specialized form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant
o rigid wall which provides the cell with structural support and protection and as
a filtering mechanism
other parts
a. Flagella – s. flagellum
o microscopic ‘whip’ like appearance that helps to propel a cell
o for some organisms – sensory organ that can sense changes in pH and
temperature
b. Cilia – s. cilium
o small hairlike structure on the outside of cells
o for locomotion/movement
c. Secretory Vesicle
o move molecules outside of the cell

2
Plant Cell

source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_04_03_01b.png

Animal Cell

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell-organelles-labeled.png

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF CELL


a. biosynthesis
o production of chemical compound/complex molecules by a living organism
ex: photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, ATP synthesis
b. excretion
3
o process of eliminating or expelling waste matter

c. assimilation
o absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from foods
ex: photosynthesis, nitrogen cycle, digestion
d. respiration
o the act or process of breathing
ex: cellular respiration
e. mobility
o the ability to move
f. irritability
o the property of protoplasm and of living organisms that permits them to react
to stimuli
ex: wearing jacket in cold weather, running from a dog
g. nutrition
o taking in food and converting it into energy and nutrients required for life
h. egestion
o discharging undigested or waste material from a cell or organism
ex: lungs giving out carbon dioxide to take in oxygen
i. reproduction
o production of spring
j. secretion
o production and release of useful substance by a gland or cell
ex: stomach secreting substances for digestion

Source:
Cell structure and Function. (2020). Retrieved from
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Human_Anatomy_and_Physiology_Preparatory_Co
urse_(Liachovitzky)/04%3A_Smallest_Level_of_Complexity_Alive-
_Cells_Their_Structures_and_Functions/4.01%3A_Cell_Structure_and_Function

Khan Academy. (2022). Cellular organelles and structure. Retrieved from


https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/a/organelles-article

Khan Academy. (2022). The Endomembrane system. Retrieved from


https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-structure-and-function/cell-compartmentalization-and-its-
origins/a/the-endomembrane-
system#:~:text=The%20endomembrane%20system%20(endo%2D%20%3D,and%20transport%20lipids%20and%20proteins.

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