De La Salle University

Gokongwei College of Engineering

Analog Calculator:
Adder Circuit, Subtractor Circuit, Multiplier Circuit, Divider Circuit

In partial fulfillment with the requirement of Mixed Signal Electronics (MISIGEL)

Submitted by:
Ian Delos Santos
Leonardo Miguel Lanto

Submitted to:
Engr. Jose Martin Maningo

Submitted on:
December 12, 2017
I. Introduction

a. Discussions
The main topic for this project is the basic application for the operational amplifier or the
OP-AMP. The group is tasked to implement the op-amps in an adder circuit, a subtractor circuit, a
multiplier circuit, and a divider circuit.
Op-amps are mainly used in high gain DC amplification that is why it usually seen in circuit
for filtering, amplification of signals, and doing mathematical operations. The op-amp contains a
feedback loop that includes a capacitor, a resistor, or both. The construction of the feedback loop
gives the device its function, hence the name operational amplifier (it amplifies the input based on
the operation through the configuration of the feedback). Its main construction is it has basically
terminals (this is excluding power sources, which when included increases the pins to 5), two inputs
and 1 output. A basic diagram of an op-amps is shown below:

Figure 1.a.1: Basic diagram for an Op-Amp

As seen in the figure above, the input side has a positive sign and a negative sign. The
positive sign is what we call the non-inverting input while the negative sign is called as the inverting
input. These signs are very important because the output of the op-amp is basically the difference
between the two inputs because the input side of the op-amp is basically a differential amplifier.
An op-amp can run on two voltage inputs, ensuring a constant supply, or a single voltage source,
which is in the diagram the positive Vs.

An ideal om-amp will have the following characteristics:

• Infinite Open-loop gain

- The efficiency of an om-amp is best seen through its amplification. The
higher the open-loop gain, Avo, is better because it tells us that that the
output is less tampered with any positive or negative feedback.
 • Infinite Input Impedance
- The input impedance is the ratio between the input current and input voltage.
This has to be very large or infinite so that no current will flow through the
op-amp.

• Zero Output Impedance

- If an op-amp will have a zero output impedance, it means that it will be a
perfect internal voltage source, meaning it will give the load the current it
needs

• Infinite Bandwidth
- The op-amp is said to be able to work on nearly all from all frequencies
ranging from DC to AC.

• Zero Offset Voltage

- This just means when the two inputs are the same, or when they are both
grounded, there will be no output voltage for the device.

Of course, these are for ideal op-amps only. Practical op-amps will have some limitations to
what they can do and can have slight variations to what they can do, such as for off-set voltage, a
practical op-amp will regularly have a small offset value for it.

b. Relevance of the System

There are many applications that can be associated with the op-amp, especially the one that are
specified in this project like the summing amplifier, difference amplifier, etc. Some of the
applications for each configuration of the device are listed below.
For the summing amplifier, it is mostly used for mixing inputs where the resistance varies for
each input of the circuit. It is a op-amp configuration based on the standard inverting op-amp. The
summing amplifier, also known as the adder, is easily constructed and can be used for many inputs.
As the name implies, it takes multiple inputs and a single output. Some of the applications of is for
audio mixers, where multiple signals are added to produce a single sound. Another is when a DC
off-set circuit is needed with an AC circuit.
Next is the differential amplifier, as the name suggests, takes the difference between two inputs.
More correctly, a differential amplifier cancels out signals, voltages, or whatever is common
between the inputs and amplifies what is left of them. An application of this is volume control. This
happens by applying a control signals then subtracting it from the source signal to achieve the
desired result. Some other applications are for gain control and for amplitude modulation.
As for the multiplying amplifier and the dividing amplifier, both of them are just applications
of the logarithmic and anti-logarithmic op-amps. Their function is also the same as their names and
is useful for mainly manipulating input data.
II. Design Process

Given that the inputs are: V1=4 and V2=5;

A. Summing Amplifier
For the output voltage of this circuit , it will be calculated by:
𝑅𝑓 𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑉𝑜 = (1 + )(𝑅1||𝑅2)( + )
𝑅𝑎 𝑅1 𝑅2
Then, by substituting the values given:
1000Ω 4𝑉 5𝑉
𝑉𝑜 = (1 + )(1000Ω||1000Ω)( + )
1000Ω 1000Ω 1000Ω
The final out will be Vo = 9V.

B. Difference Amplifier
For the output voltage of this circuit, it will be calculated by (the computation below will
output a positive value):
𝑅𝑓 𝑅2 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = (1 + )( ) 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑅𝑎 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 𝑅𝑎
Substituting the values:
1000Ω 1000Ω 1000Ω
𝑉𝑜 = (1 + )( ) 5𝑉 − 4𝑉
1000Ω 1000Ω − 1000Ω 1000Ω
After eliminating the common voltage between the inputs, the finals answer will become:
Vo = 1V

C. Multiplier Circuit
For the multiplier circuit, we utilized a lot of amplifiers and used our flexibility in order to
attain the desired output: the product of two input voltages.
Using two non-inverting amplifiers, these values are to be noted.

Vsum = VlogA + VlogB

𝐴 𝐵
Vsum = -VTln( ) + -VTln( )
𝐼𝑠 𝑅 𝐼𝑠 𝑅
𝐴𝐵
Vsum = -VTln( )
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅 2
Whereas each input is described by logarithmic amplifiers. Once the amplifiers are
input into the buffer, and then characterized about by an inverting amplifier, we get
the following below.
𝐴
VlogA = -VTln( )
𝐼𝑠 𝑅
𝐵
VlogB = -VTln( )
𝐼𝑠 𝑅

Vinv = -Vsum
𝐴𝐵
Vinv = VTln( )
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅2
𝐴𝐵
VoutB = Vinv = VTln( )
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅2

It is then applied about into an anti-logarithmic amplifier.

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑣
Valog = -IsRf𝑒 𝑉𝑇

𝐴𝐵
VTln( 2 )
𝐼𝑠 𝑅2
Valog = 𝑒
-IsRf 𝑉𝑇

𝐴𝐵
Valog = -IsRf( )
𝐼𝑠2 𝑅2
−𝑅𝑓 𝐴𝐵 𝑅𝑓
Valog = ; =K
𝐼𝑠 𝑅 𝐼𝑠 𝑅
−𝑅𝑓
Vout = x Valog
𝑅𝑎

Vout = A X B
D. Divider Circuit

For the divider circuit, we utilized a lot of amplifiers and used our flexibility in order to attain
the desired output: the product of two input voltages.

𝐴
VlogA = -VTln( )
𝐼𝑠 𝑅
𝐵
VlogB = -VTln( )
𝐼𝑠 𝑅
Vdiff = VlogA - VlogB
𝐴 𝐵
Vdiff = -VTln( ) - -VTln( )
𝐼𝑠 𝑅 𝐼𝑠 𝑅
𝐴
Vdiff = -VTln( )
𝐵
Vinv = -Vdiff
𝐴
Vinv = VTln( )
𝐵
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑣
Valog = -IsRf𝑒 𝑉𝑇

𝐴
VTln( )
𝐵
Valog = -IsRf𝑒 𝑉𝑇
𝐴
Valog = -IsRf( ) ; IsRf = K
𝐵
𝐴
Valog = -K x ( )
𝐵
−𝑅𝑓
Vout = x Valog
𝑅𝑎

Therefore,

Vout = A/B

The values for the inputs will be the same. Since there are few problems in manipulating the
op-amps in the software used, the values for certain resistors are subjected to change.
 Additional components were also placed inside the circuit to further improve the output voltage
of the said circuits. Never the less, the output voltage was still the correct output for the circuits.

III. Framework

Figure 3.a. Methodology Framework

The operation of the circuit starts when the user wants to use the calculator. He then enters the
desired values to be computed for the circuit. Once he has desired operation it then goes to the
specific operation he chose.
Next the output will be displayed depending on the operations. As for the subtractor and the division
circuits, since interchanging the placement of the subtrahend and minuend, as well as the divisor
and dividend will produce a different a result, two possible answer are shown. The last part is the
calculator ending its operation.

IV. Circuit Design (Schematic Design Op-Amp level)

Figure 4.a: A Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier

Figure 4.b: A Basic Difference Amplifier

Figure 4.c: A Basic Multplier Op-Amp Circuit

 Figure 4.d: A Basic Divider Op-Amp Circuit

V. Alternative Design Consideration

a. Alternative Design Topology

Notably, the output values varies about varying inputs. Another design that can be considered
would be varying resistors, whereas the value of the resistor will change accordingly to what is
required. For example, an op-amp operation notably multiplication is given. The division process
can also be formed accordingly when one input in the multiplication process is reciprocated, which
can be done by varying Ra of the input to be reciprocated, where Rf is 1 ohm, and the Ra is the
square value of the input voltage. This will in turn reciprocate the initial voltage input when a
applied about into an inverter operational-amplifier. The next thing to do is to invert the sign of the
output to get the original polarity.

VI. Data and Results

Figure 5.a.1: The Main Analog Calculator

Figure 5.a.2: The Main Analog Computer

 Figure 5.a.3: The Main Analog Calculator

Figure 5.b: The Adder Part of the Calculator

Figure 5.c: The Subtractor Part of the Calculator

Figure 5.d. The Multiplier Part of the Calculator

 Figure 5.e: The Divider Part of the Circuit

V1 V2 Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

5 4 9.00 1,00 20.00 1.25
4 11 15.00 -7.00 26.80 360m
3 12 15.00 -9.00 26.40 246m
2 3 5.00 -0.99 6.02 664m
1 5 6.00 -4.00 5.02 194m
6 6 12.00 1.86m 26.4 1.00
7 9 16.00 -2.00 27.2 777m
1 4 5.00 -3.00 4.00 250m
9 2 11.00 7.00 18.00 4.54
6 3 9.00 3.00 18.00 2.01

VII. References

➢ Bigelow, K. (2015) Some Applications for Differential Amplifiers. Retrieved on December 11,
2017 from http://www.play-hookey.com/analog/diff_amps/diff_amp_apps.html
➢ Storr, W. (2013) Operational Amplifiers. Retrieved on December 11, 2017 from
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_1.html
➢ Electronics Tutorials (2017) Summing Amplifiers. Retrieved on December 11, 2017 from
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html
➢ [4] Agarwal, T. (2012) Summing Amplifier Circuit Diagram and Its Applications