Electrical And Electronic Measurement Technology Lab Student’s Manual

Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY LAB -
STUDENT'S MANUAL

For domestic use only.

Revision Date Author Description

15.01 10/01/15 Dept. of Automatic Control First version
15.07 15/09/15 Dept. of Automatic Control Second version

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Electrical And Electronic Measurement Technology Lab Student’s Manual Last updated 10/10/2015 10:45:00 AM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LAB 1 LEARNING ABOUT THE OSCILLOSCOPE AND FUNCTION GENERATOR .............................. 1

1.1 FUNCTIONS ON AN OSCILLOSCOPE AND FUNCTION GENERATOR ................................................................ 1
1.1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Functions On An Oscilloscope .................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Functions On A Function Generator............................................................................................ 5
1.1.4 Procedure ................................................................................................................................... 7
LAB 2 LEARNING ABOUT VOM ............................................................................................................ 11
2.1 OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................................................ 11
2.3.1 Observe and write device parameters ....................................................................................... 11
2.3.2 Function and analog VOM ........................................................................................................ 12
2.3.3 Function of digital VOM ............................................................................................................. 13
2.3.4 Determining the structure of VOM ............................................................................................. 15
2.3.5 Structure of digital VOM ............................................................................................................ 17
LAB 3 VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND RESISTANCE ................................................................................ 19
3.1 VOLTAGE, CURRENT IN DC CIRCUIT ........................................................................................................ 19
3.1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 19
3.1.2 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 19
3.1.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................................. 19
3.2 EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN DC ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT .............................................................................. 21
3.2.1 Procedure ................................................................................................................................. 21
3.3 VOLTAGE, CURRENT, TOTAL RESISTOR IN THE AC 1-PHASE CIRCUIT .......................................................... 26
3.3.1 Procedure ................................................................................................................................. 26
3.4 VOLTAGE, CURRENT IN THE AC THREE PHASES CIRCUIT............................................................................ 31
3.4.1 Procedure ................................................................................................................................. 31
LAB 4 MESUREMENT OF POWER ........................................................................................................ 36
4.1 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................................... 36
4.1.1 Apparent power, power consumption, reactive power, power factor ......................................... 36
4.1.2 Structure, operation principle of Wattmeter ............................................................................... 38
4.1.3 Measurement of power ............................................................................................................. 39
4.1.3.1 Measurement of AC 1-phase using Voltmeter and Ammeter (Figure 4-5) ............................. 39
4.1.3.2 Measurement of AC 1-phase using Wattmeter ..................................................................... 39
4.1.3.3 Measurement of AC 3-phase 3-wire using Wattmeter........................................................... 40
4.1.3.4 Measurement of AC 3-phase 4-wire using Wattmeter........................................................... 41
4.2 PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................................................ 42
4.2.1 Measurement of DC power ....................................................................................................... 42
4.2.2 Measurement of AC 1-phase power.......................................................................................... 45
4.2.3 Measurement of AC 3-phase power.......................................................................................... 48

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LAB 1 LEARNING ABOUT THE OSCILLOSCOPE AND

FUNCTION GENERATOR

1.1 Functions On An Oscilloscope And Function Generator

1.1.1 Objectives

Provide students with skills to understand and how to use the oscilloscope and function generators.
1.1.2 Functions On An Oscilloscope

Figure 1-1 Front panel of Oscilloscope.

Display Area (To protect the oscilloscope, do not touch on the screen)
In addition to displaying waveforms, the display provides details about the waveform and the
oscilloscope control settings.

Figure 1-2 The display of oscilloscope.

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1. The acquisition readout shows when an acquisition is running or stopped. Icons are:

Run: Acquisition enabled

Stop: Acquisitions not enabled.

2. The trigger position icon shows the trigger position in the acquisition. Turn the Horizontal
Position knob to adjust the position of the marker.

3. The trigger status readout shows:

Armed: The oscilloscope is acquiring pretrigger data. All triggers are ignored in this state.

Ready: All pretrigger data has been acquired and the oscilloscope is ready to accept a trigger.
Trig’d: The oscilloscope has seen a trigger and is acquiring the posttrigger data.
Stop: The oscilloscope has stopped acquiring waveform data.
Acq. Complete: The oscilloscope has completed a Single Sequence acquisition.
Auto: The oscilloscope is in auto mode and is acquiring waveforms in the absence of trigger.
Scan: The oscilloscope is acquiring and displaying waveform data continuously in scan mode.
4. The center graticule readout shows the time at the center graticule. The trigger time is 0.

5. The trigger level icon shows the Edge or Pulse Width trigger level on the waveform. The icon
color corresponds to the trigger source color.

6. The trigger readout shows the trigger source, level, and frequency. Trigger readouts for other
trigger types show other parameters.
7. The horizontal position/scale readout shows the main time base setting (adjust with the
Horizontal Scale knob).
8. The channel readout shows the vertical scale factor (per division) for each channel. Adjust with
the Vertical Scale knob for each channel.
9. The waveform baseline indicator shows the ground reference points (the zero-volt level) of a
waveform (ignoring the effect of offset). The icon colors correspond to the waveform colors. If
there is no marker, the channel is not displayed.
Using the Menu System
When you push a front-panel button, the oscilloscope displays the corresponding menu on the right
side of the screen. The menu shows the options that are available when you push the unlabeled
option buttons directly to the right of the screen.
Vertical Controls
Position (1 and 2). Positions a waveform vertically.
1 & 2 Menu. Displays the Vertical menu selections and toggles the
display of the channel waveform on and off.
Scale (1 & 2). Selects vertical scale factors.

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Horizontal Controls
Position. Adjusts the horizontal position of all channel and math waveforms. The
resolution of this control varies with the time base setting.
Acquire. Displays the acquisition modes — Sample, Peat Detect, and Average.
Push to Center. Sets the horizontal position to zero.

Scale. Selects the horizontal time/division (scale factor).

NOTE. To make a large adjustment to the horizontal position, turn the Horizontal
Scale knob to a larger value, change the horizontal position, and then turn the
Horizontal Scale knob back to the previous value.

Trigger Controls
Trigger Menu. When it is pressed once, it displays the Trigger Menu. When it is
kept pressed for more than 1.5 seconds, it will show the trigger view, meaning it
will display the trigger waveform in place of the channel waveform. Use the trigger
view to see how the trigger settings, such as coupling, affect the trigger signal.
Releasing the button will stop the trigger view.
Level. When you use an Edge or Pulse trigger, the Level knob sets the amplitude
level that the signal must cross to acquire a waveform. Push this knob to set the
trigger level to the vertical midpoint between the peaks of the trigger signal (set to
50%).
Force Trig. Use this to complete the waveform acquisition whether or not the
oscilloscope detects a trigger. This is useful for single sequence acquisitions and
Normal trigger mode. (In Auto trigger mode, the oscilloscope automatically forces
triggers periodically if it does not detect a trigger.)
Menu and Control Buttons

Figure 1-3 Menu and Control Buttons.

The function is determined by the displayed menu or selected menu option. When active, the
adjacent LED lights. The next table lists the functions.

Active menu or Knob

Description
option operation

Cursor Turn Scroll to position the selected cursor.

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Highlights entries in the Index.

Help Turn, push Highlights links in a topic. Push to select the
highlighted item.

Scroll to position and scale the Math waveform. Scroll

Math Turn, push
and push to select the operation.

Scroll and push to select source, window type and

FFT Turn, push
zoom values

Measure Turn Scroll to position the selected gating cursors.

Scroll to highlight and push to select the type of

Turn, push
automatic measurement for each source

Scroll to highlight and push to select the action and file

Save/Recall Turn, push
format. Scroll through the list of files.

Scroll to highlight and push to select the trigger type,

source, slope, mode, coupling, polarity, sync, video
Trigger Turn, push
standard, trigger when operation. Turn to set the
trigger holdoff and pulse width values.

Scroll to highlight and push to select miscellaneous

Utility Scroll, push
menu items. Turn to set the backlight value.

Scroll to highlight and push to select miscellaneous

Vertical Scroll, push
menu items.

Save/ Recall. Displays the Save/Recall Menu for setups and waveforms.
Measure. Displays the automated measurements menu.
Acquire. Displays the Acquire Menu.
Ref. Displays the Reference Menu to quickly display and hide reference waveforms stored in the
oscilloscope non-volatile memory.
Utility. Displays the Utility Menu.
Cursor. Displays the Cursor Menu. Cursors remain visible (unless the Type option is set to Off)
after you leave the Cursor Menu but are not adjustable.
Help. Displays the Help Menu.
Default Setup. Recalls the factory setup.
Auto set. Automatically sets the oscilloscope controls to produce a usable display of the input
signals. When held for more than 1.5 seconds, displays the Autorange Menu, and activates or
deactivates the Autoranging function.

Single. (Single sequence) Acquires a single waveform and then stops.

Run/Stop. Continuously acquires waveforms or stops the acquisition.

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Performs the Save function to the USB flash drive.

Save.
Input Connectors

Figure 1-4 Input Connectors.

1 & 2. Input connectors for waveform display.
Ext Trig. Input connector for an external trigger source. Use the Trigger Menu to select the Ext,
or Ext/5 trigger source. Push and hold the Trigger Menu button to see trigger view, which will
show how the trigger settings affect the trigger signal, such as trigger coupling.

PROBE COMP. Probe compensation output and chassis reference. Use to electrically match a
voltage probe to the oscilloscope input circuit.
Other Front-Panel Items

Figure 1-5 USB flash drive connector.

USB Flash Drive Port. Insert a USB flash drive for data storage or retrieval. For flash drives with
an LED, the LED blinks when saving data to or retrieving data from the drive. Wait until the LED
stops to remove the drive.
1.1.3 Functions On A Function Generator
Entry keys
Main Display

Figure 1-6 Function generator.

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Main Display
7 segment LED Shows frequency and voltage.

TTL indicator Indicates that the TTL output is

enabled.
Waveform indicator Indicates the waveform shape: Sine,
Square, and Triangle.
Frequency indicator Indicates the output frequency:
MHz, kHz, or Hz
Voltage indicator Indicates Voltage unit: mV or V.

-40dB indicator Indicates -40dB attenuation is

activated.
Entry keys
Waveform key Selects the waveform: sine, square, and
triangle.
TTL activation Activates TTL output.

Numerical keys Specifies frequency.

Frequency unit selection Specifies the frequency unit: MHz,

kHz, or Hz.

Cursor selection Moves the cursor (frequency editing

point) left or right.

-40dB attenuation Attenuates amplitude by -40dB

Frequency/Voltage display Switches the display between

selection frequency and voltage.

Shift key Select the second function associated to

the entry keys. The LED lights when
Shift is activated.
Output On/Off key Turns the output On/Off. The LED
lights when the output is On.

Others
Frequency editing knob Increases (right turn) or decreases (left
turn) the frequency.

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Main output Outputs sine, square, and triangle

waveform. BNC, 50Ω output
impedance.

TTL output Output TTL output waveform, BNC

terminal.

Amplitude control Sets the sine/ square/ triangle waveform

amplitude. Increases (right turn) or
decreases (left turn).

When pulled out, attenuates

the sine/ square/ triangle waveform
amplitude by -40dB.
DC offset control
When pulled out, sets the DC
offset level for sine/ square/ triangle
waveform. Increases (right turn) or
decreases (left turn). The range is -5V ~
+5V, in 50Ω load.
Duty cycle control
When pulled out, sets the
square or TTL wave duty cycle.
Increases (right turn) or decreases (left
turn). The range is 25% ~ 75%

Power switch Turns the main power On/Off

Example:
To generate sine wave 99 MHz, 5Vp-p:

Frequency: press , and

Amplitude: press , to select Voltage and turn the AMPL button to

adjust the value 5Vp-p.

Finally, press to generate the waveform.

1.1.4 Procedure

1. Connect wires from MAIN OUTPUT of function generator to Channel 1 of oscilloscope as

below figure. Select sine waveform 10 kHz 5V and press OUTPUT ON.

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Figure 1-7 Connection of oscilloscope and function generator.

Press Autoset button on oscilloscope, what is on the display screen? Give some comments? Repeat
with triangle waveform and square waveform. Draw the waveforms.

2. Turn Vertical Position button on channel 1 of oscilloscope, what is on the screen? Give some
comments?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
3. Turn Horizontal Position button on oscilloscope, and then press it, what is on the screen? Give
some comments?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
4. If the waveform move and flash, press Menu button combine with press or turn Level knob on
oscilloscope, what is on the screen? Give some comments?
...........................................................................................................................................................
5. Turn Vertical Scale, Horizontal Scale knob on oscilloscope, what is on the screen? Give some
comments? When turn these knob, do the amplitude and frequency values of signal change?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

6. Press Run/Stop button on oscilloscope, what is on the display screen? What is the difference
with Force Trig button?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

7. Press Single button on oscilloscope, what is on the display screen? Draw the waveform.

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8. Measure the amplitude of the signal

8.1 Adjust the AMPLITUDE button on the function generator and observe the signal on the
oscilloscope, does the amplitude of the signal change? Does the frequency of the signal
change?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
8.2 What are the minimum and maximum values of amplitude when adjusting the
AMPLITUDE button?
...........................................................................................................................................................
9. Adjust the FREQUENCY button on the function generator and observe the signal on the
oscilloscope, does the amplitude and frequency of the signal change? When adjusting the
FREQUENCY button, how many Hz change per step of each range?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
10. Switch to square waveform, then turn DUTY button on function generator. How does the
signal change?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
11. Pull out and adjust OFFSET button on function generator. How does the signal change?
Observe the signal on oscilloscope and write some comments.
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

12. Change positions ×1, ×10 on the probe. Observe the signal on oscilloscope. How does the
signal change? Determine the amplitude and frequency of signal on the oscilloscope for each
case. Do amplitude and frequency of signal change when changing from ×1 to ×10?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

13. Press the -40dB button. Does the amplitude of the signal change? Does the frequency of the
signal change? Minimum and maximum value? Turn off -40dB mode.

...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

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14. Press Measure button, practise the following functions and fill the blanks:
Period
Frequency
Peak-Peak
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Cycle Mean
Cursor Mean
RMS
Cycle RMS
Cursor RMS
Rise Time
Fall Time
Pos Width
Neg Width
Pos Duty
Neg Duty
Amplitude
High
Low
Pos Pulse Cnt
Neg Pulse Cnt
Rise Edge Cnt
Fall Edge Cnt
Burst Width
Pos Overshoot
Neg Overshoot
Area
Cycle Area
Phase
DelayRR
DelayRF
DelayFR
DelayFF

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LAB 2 LEARNING ABOUT VOM

2.1 Objectives

To help students learn the structures and principles of operation of a very popular measuring device
that is VOM. Analysis measuring the value of non-sine signals, understand the structure of its kind
device and learn to use the similarities and differences of the two types of devices: mechanical and
electronic.
2.2 Discussion

- Presentation the structure of the Voltmeter, Ohmmeter and Ammeter.

- Presentation operating principle of the measurement structure Volt, Ohm, Ampere.
- The methods of measuring the value of DC voltage use half period rectifiers, full period rectifiers
and measured real Root Mean Square (RMS) value.
- Stated definition and form factor of the peak ratio of a repeating signal.
- Compute the form factor and peak factor of these waveforms: unipolar square wave, bipolar
square wave, triangle wave and sine wave. The amplitude of the above signal is 5V.

Type of signal Average value RMS value

Unipolar square wave
Bipolar square wave
Triangle wave

- Compute the average value and RMS value of the half period rectifiers, full period rectifiers of
these above waveforms.
Type of rectifier Full period Half period
Signal Average value RMS value Average RMS value
value
Unipolar square wave
Bipolar square wave
Triangle wave

2.3 Procedure

2.3.1 Observe and write device parameters

1. Observe analog VOM, write all functions of analog VOM and its uses.
No. Location/keys Function

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2. Compare the line division on VOM, interpret why Ohm scale is non-linear?
Interpretation:
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Observe digital VOM, write all function of digital VOM.
No. Location / Function
keys

2.3.2 Function and analog VOM

For voltage scale

1. Set the function generator to sine wave 50Hz, amplitude 5V
2. Set analog VOM to AC measuring mode, AC voltage range is 10VAC. Measure and record
the results.
Type of signal OSC value (V) VOM value (V)

3. Adjust the function generator to get output voltage +5V DC, the AC element equals 0
4. Keep the VOM, record results. Interpretation of measured value.
Type of signal OSC value (V) VOM value (V)

Interpretation of results:

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

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5. Adjust the function generator to get DC -5V, element AC = 0

6. Record values displayed on the VOM, interpret and comment the results.

Type of signal OSC value (V) VOM value (V)

Interpretation of results:

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

For resistor scale:

7. Select ×100 mode on VOM to measure resistors, “0” calibrate for this scale and measure
one resistor on the panel.
8. Switch to a different measuring range, do not make calibration for this new measuring
range, measure on the same resistors and compare two measured values.

Measuring ranges Resistor values

9. Comment experimental results and interpret the phenomenon.

Interpretation of results:
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2.3.3 Function of digital VOM

1. Adjust the function generator to get output voltage +5V DC, the AC element equals 0.
2. Use the digital VOM to measure DC voltage, which symbol displays on the screen?

Symbol Voltage

3. Press RANGE-H button, which symbol displays on the screen? Does the measured values
change? Comment.

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Symbol Interpretation

4. Adjust function generator to get sine wave 50Hz frequency, amplitude 5V and DC element
equals 0V.
5. Switch VOM to AC mode, what symbol displays on the screen? Measured the value on
function generator, compare and VOM values and on the function generator, which value does
the VOM measure?
Symbol Value Interpretation

6. Press RANGE-H button, which symbol displays on the screen? Does the measured values
change? Interpret.

Symbol Interpretation

Remove the VOM from function generator. Rotate the knob on VOM to resistor
measurement mode. Which symbol displays on the screen? Measure the value of resistor on
the experimental panel.

Values Measured
Symbol Interpretation
on panel value

7. Rotate the switch to diode / short circuit mode. Which symbol displays on the screen?
Connect 2 probes directly and record the phenomenon.

Symbol Phenomenon

8. Press to change the button diode / short circuit mode. Which symbol displays on the
screen? Which mode is the VOM in? Practice to measure a diode and record the results.
Identify the anode and cathode pin of the diode.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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9. Two diodes connected in series. Measured 2 these diodes and record the results, compared
with the above step and get the conclusions.

Number of Colour of probe / Measured

Comment
diode figure of diode value

One diode

Two diode

10. Switch to current mode, how to change the probe? Interpret the reasons for the change
and record symbol on the screen.
Symbol Change the probe Interpretation

11. Press button to select current AC/DC mode. Which symbol displays on the screen?
Interpret.

Symbol Interpretation

12. Switch to AC voltage mode. Adjust to 5V amplitude sine waveform, frequency 50Hz,
DC component equal 0V. Connect the VOM to the function generator and measure the values.
Measured value = ………………V
Push DATA_H button (or Hold depends on VOM), then decrease the amplitude of signal on
function generator to 3V. Record the measured values and interpret the phenomenon.
Measured value = ………………V

Interpretation:
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2.3.4 Structure of VOM

Learning about the structure of analog VOM

Preparation: Switch the oscilloscope to DC (Direct Coupling) mode, and measurement range
consistent with the amplitude of the signal on function generator.

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 Measurement of bipolar square signal

1. Set the function generator in square wave mode, at frequency 50Hz, 5V amplitude,
press Offset button in to get average value at 0V.
2. Set VOM in AC voltage measurement mode, measurement range is 10VAC.
3. Measure voltage value on the function generator, record the measured value.
Type of signal OSC value (V) VOM value (V)

 Measurement of unipolar square signal

4. Pull Offset button out, adjust offset and amplitude button on the oscilloscope to
display unipolar square waveform 0V - 5V.
5. Measure voltage value use VOM as step 2 and record this value.

Type of signal OSC value (V) VOM value (V)

 Measurement of triangle signal

6. Switch the function generator to triangle waveform mode, press the Offset button in
and adjust the amplitude of signal to get amplitude 5V and average value is 0V.
7. Measure and record the value on VOM as step 2.

Type of signal OSC value (V) VOM value (V)

 Determine the type of structure measured

8. Using theory to compute average values, RMS value of unipolar square signal,
bipolar square signal, triangle signal (with amplitude given in the experiment)
Type of signal Mean value RMS value
Unipolar square wave
Bipolar square wave
Triangle wave

9. Compute the average value, the RMS value of the signal half period rectifiers, the full
period of the above waveforms (based on the form factor and peak factor of the above
waveforms to compute)

Type of rectifier The full period The half period

Signal Average RMS Average RMS
Unipolar square wave
Bipolar square wave
Triangle wave

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10. Compare and analyze the measured values with the theoretical values to conclude
which structural measurements analog VOM base on: half period rectifier method, full
period rectifier method, real RMS value (point out the structure analysis measurement
process into reports specifically).
Comment:
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
2.3.5 Structure of digital VOM

 Measurement of bipolar square signal

1. Set the function generator in square wave mode, at frequency 50Hz, 5V amplitude,
press Offset button in to get average value at 0V.
2. Set VOM in AC voltage measurement mode, measurement range is 10VAC.
3. Measure voltage value on the function generator, record the measured value.

Type of signal OSC value (V) VOM value (V)

 Measurement of unipolar square signal

4. Pull Offset button out, adjust offset and amplitude button on the oscilloscope to
display unipolar square waveform 0V - 5V.
5. Measure voltage value use VOM as step 2 and record this value.

Type of OSC value (V) VOM value (V)

signal

 Measurement of triangle signal

6. Switch the function generator to triangle waveform mode, press the Offset button in
and adjust the amplitude of signal to get amplitude 5V and average value is 0V.
7. Measure and record the value on VOM as step 2.

Type of signal OSC value (V) VOM value (V)

 Determine the type of structure measured

8. Using theory to compute average values, RMS value of unipolar square signal,
bipolar square signal, triangle signal (with amplitude given in the experiment)

Type of signal Mean value RMS value

Unipolar square wave
Bipolar square wave
Triangle wave

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9. Compute the average value, the RMS value of the signal half period rectifiers, the full
period of the above waveforms (based on the form factor and peak factor of the above
waveforms to compute)
Type of rectifier Full period Half period
Signal Average RMS Average RMS
Unipolar square
wave
Bipolar square
wave
Triangle wave

10. Compare and analyze the measured values with the theoretical values to
conclude which structural measurements analog VOM base on: half period rectifier
method, full period rectifier method, real RMS value (point out the structure analysis
measurement process into reports specifically).
Comment:
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

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LAB 3 VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND RESISTANCE

3.1 Voltage, current in DC circuit

3.1.1 Objectives

After finishing this lab, student will be able to measure current, voltage in DC circuits.
3.1.2 Discussion

- Learning about measuring current, voltage, resistance.

- Computation of the different loads in the circuit.
3.1.3 Procedure

1. Turn off the power supply. Make sure the power supply must be connected well.
2. Set the diagram shown in Figure 3-1. Using E1 meter to measure the voltage on two resistors
and I1 meter to measure the current in the circuit. Make sure polarity connected accurately for
measuring current and voltage.

Figure 3-1 Current and voltage in DC circuit.

3. Turn on the power supply.
4. Adjust the power source to get the desired voltage is 24V, adjustable varistor, as R = VR1
+ R2 values obtained and recorded in the following table:

E1=24V
Steps
I1 R

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5. Turn off the power supply after getting the final values.
6. Does the current values I1 directly proportional to the resistance R?
Yes No
7. Draw a graph between voltage and current with the x-axis is R and y-axis is I1

I1

0 R
8. From the graph above. Give comment about this.
 Linear  Non-linear
9. Compute the product of R and I for a few resistor and current values. Are those ratios
approximately equal to the voltage values used in the circuit?
Yes No
10. Compute the ratio of E / R using the data in the last row of the table (100%). Does it equal
I value?
E / R = _____________A
Yes No
11. Change the resistor value according to the data in the table below. Turn ON power and
adjust the voltage to obtain current IS in the table. Turn OFF power and answer the
following questions:

Voltage E(V) Resistor R () Current I (A)

0.8
12. Does the product of I × R equal E value?
Yes No
13. Connect the current source to the Lab Sections Module, adjustable current source to 2A.
Connect variable resistor into position A1 A2, adjust the values of variable resistor and
observe current values on the current source and record data into the following table:

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No. Current Voltage Variable resistor values

14. Give some comment about current source? What is the difference between current source
and voltage source?
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Turn off the power completely, store the cables and cleanup the tools.
3.2 Equivalent resistance in DC electrical circuit

3.2.1 Procedure

1. Set the serial circuit as Figure 3-2. Connect the voltage meter E1 and current meter I1 for
measuring voltage and current. Must ensure connect correctly the polarity of voltage and current
of measurement devices.

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DC (0-2.5A)
I1

R1

Es E1 R2
DC (0-24V)
DC (0-75V)
R3

Figure 3-2 Determine the equivalent resistance of the serial circuit.

2. Turn on the power and adjust the voltage reach 24V and then record the measured values
in the following table:
Voltage E1 (V)
The current I1 (A)
Resistors R1 () 100//65//50
Resistor R2 () 65//50
Resistor R3 () 100//50
Turn off the power supply.
3. Compute the equivalent resistance for the Figure 3-2.
REQ = R1 + R2 + R3 = ………………………
4. Compute REQ using voltage and current
REQ = E/I = ………………….. 
5. Turn off the power completely and use Ohmmeter to measure the resistance of the
equivalent circuit
REQ = ………………………. 
6. Do the results from step 3, step 4 and step 5 match together?
 Yes  No
7. Set the parallel circuit as the Figure 3-3. Connect the voltage meter E1 and current meter
I, I1, I2, I3 for measuring voltage and current. Must ensure connect correctly the polarity of
voltage and current of measurement devices.

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I
+
DC (0-2.5A)
+ + +

I1 I2 I3
+
ES DC (0-75V) E R1 R2 R3
DC (0-24V)

Figure 3-3 Determine the equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit.

Voltage (V) R1 () R2 () R3 ()

24 100 65 50
8. Turn on the power and adjust the voltage reach 24V and then record the measured values
in the following table:

Theory Practical result

Voltage E1 (V)
Current I (A)
Current I1 (A)
Current I2 (A)
Current I3 (A)

Turn off the power supply. Comment I = I1+I2+I3 or not?

 Yes  No
9. Compute the equivalent resistance of the Figure 3-3.
1 1 1 1
  
REQ R1 R2 R3
REQ = ……………………. 

10. Compute the equivalent resistance according to the voltage and current measured
according to Figure 3 -3.
REQ = E / I = ……………. 

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11. Turn off the power completely and use Ohmmeter to measure the resistance of the
equivalent circuit.
REQ = …………………….. 

12. Do the results from step 9, 10, 11 match together?

 Yes  No

13. Set the serial parallel circuit as the Figure 3-4. Connect the voltage meter E1 and current
meter I1, I2, I3 for measuring voltage and current. Must ensure connect correctly the polarity of
voltage and current of measurement devices.

DC (0-2.5A)
Is
I1

R1

Es
DC (0-24V)
E1 I2 I3

DC (0-75V)
R2 R3

Figure 3-4 Determining the equivalent resistance of the parallel serial circuit.

Voltage (V) R1 () R2 () R3 ()

24 100//65//50 65//50 100//50

14. Turn on the power and adjust the voltage reach 24V and then record the measured values
in the following table:
Theory result Practical result
Voltage E1 (V)
Current I1 (A)
Current I2 (A)
Current I3 (A)
Turn off the power supply. Comment I1= I2 + I3 or not?
 Yes  No

15. Compute the equivalent resistance of Figure 3 -4.

REQ = ……………………. 

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16. Compute the equivalent resistance using the voltage and current measured according to
Figure 3-4.
REQ = E/I =………………. 

17. Turn off the power completely and use Ohmmeter to measure the equivalent resistance of
the circuit.
REQ = …………………. 

18. Do the results of the step 15, 16 and 17 match?

 Yes  No

19. Implement the serial parallel circuit as the Figure 3-5. Connect the voltage meter E1 and
current meter I1, I2, I3 to measure voltage and current. Must ensure connect correctly the polarity
of voltage and current measurement devices.

I1

I3

I2

Figure 3-5 Determination of the equivalent resistance of the parallel serial circuit.

Voltage (V1) R2 () R3 () R4 () R5 () R7 ()

24

20. Turn on the power and adjust the voltage reach 24V and then record the measured values
in the following table:

Theory result Practical result

Voltage E1 (V)
Current I1 (A)
Current I2 (A)
Current I3 (A)
Turn off the power supply. Comment I1= I2 + I3?
 Yes  No

21. Compute the equivalent resistance for the circuit in Figure 3 -5.
REQ = ………………… 

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22. Compute the equivalent resistance using voltage and current on the in Figure 3-5.
REQ = E/I = ……………

23. Turn off the power completely and use Ohmmeter to measure the equivalent resistance of
the circuit.
REQ = ………………… 

24. Do the results of the steps 21, 22 and 23 match?

 Yes  No
25. Turn off the power completely, store the cables and clean the tools.
3.3 Voltage, current, total resistor in the AC 1-Phase circuit

3.3.1 Procedure

Total resistance in circuit serial

1. Implement the circuit as Figure 3-6. Connect all parts of the load module in parallel, call the
known values for R and XL. Connect I1, E1, E2 and E3 as the figure to measure the current and
voltage in the circuit.
2. Turn on the main power.

IS
AC (0-5A)
I1

R E2 AC (0-75V)

ES
E1
N
AC (0-75V)
XL E3 AC (0-75V)

Figure 3-6 Determination of total resister in RL circuit.

Voltage (V) R () L (mH)

24 100//65//50 60//40

3. Record the measured voltage circuits.

E1 E2 E3 I1

4. Using the circuit values given in Figure 3-6 to compute Z and .

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XL
Z= R2  X L2 =…………. = arctan = ……………..0
R
5. Using Ohm's law, compute Z value in the previous step and the value IS, R and XL was
given in Figure 3-6 to compute the circuit voltage (ES = IS Z, ER = IS R, EL = IS XL )
ES = ……………….V ER = …………….V EL = ……………..V

6. Compare measured values with computed values of Z and do the same with other voltages.
Do they approximately equal?
 Yes  No

7. Do measured values of R and XL approximately equal to the values in the panel?

 Yes  No

8. Turn off the power and replace inductor of the circuit in Figure 3-6 by a capacitor as table.
Turn on the power.

Voltage (V) R () C (F)

24 100//65//50 40//70//100

9. Record the measurement results are displayed on the meters.

E1 E2 E3 I1

Notes: Negative sign of the meter said one capacitor was measured. When record XC value,
the negative sign is ignored.

10. Using the circuit values given in step 8 to compute Z and .
 XC
Z= R 2  X C2 = ……….  = arctan = …………̊
R

11. Using Ohm's law again, Z values computed in the previous step and the value I, R and XC
were given in step 8 to compute circuit voltage.
ES =………..V ER = ………V EC = ……..V
12. Compare measured values and computed values of Z and do the same with other voltages.
Do they approximately equal?
 Yes  No
13. Do measured values of R and XL approximately equal to the values in the panel?
 Yes  No
14. Turn off the power and implement one more inductor into the serial RLC circuit as Figure
3-7. Connected I1 and VOM, E1, E2, E3 as the figure and give the known values of R, XL
and XC. Turn on the power and change the voltage to ES as given in Figure 3-7.

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IS
AC (0-2A)
I1

E1 AC (0-75V)
R

ES
VOM XL E2 AC (0-75V)
N AC (0-75V)
AC (0-25V)
XC E3 AC (0-75V)

Figure 3-7 Determination of total return of the series RLC circuit.

Voltage (V) R () L (mH) C (F)

24 100// 65//50 60//40//20 40//70//100

15. Record the values of Z, R and XEQ (equal XL - XC) show on the meters.
VOM E1 (V) E2 (V) E3 (V) I1 (A)

Does VOM value equal E1 + E2 + E3?

 Yes  No

16. Using values of the circuit given in Figure 3-7 to compute Z and .
X
Z = R2  ( X L2  X C )2 = ………  = arctan EQ = ……….0
R

17. Compare measured values and computed values of Z. Do they approximately equal?
 Yes  No
18. Do R and XEQ values approximately equal the values of the circuit in panel?
 Yes  No
Total impedance in parallel circuit
19. Turn off the power and implement parallel RL circuit as Figure 3-8. Give the known values
for R and XL. Connect the I1, I2, I3, E1, E2 and E3 as figure to measure the current and voltage of
the circuit.
20. Turn on the power and adjust the value of ES has given in Figure 3-8. Warning: ES source
is AC source.

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IS
AC (0-2A)
I1

I2 AC (0-2A) I3 AC (0-2A)

ES
E1
N

AC (0-75V)
AC (0-75V)
AC (0-75V)
AC (0-25V)
R E2 XL E3

Figure 3-8 Determination of total impedance in parallel RL circuit.

Voltage (V) R () L (mH)
24 100 60
21. Using the values above to compute Z and .
RX L R
Z= = ………..  = arctan = ………..0
R 2  X L2 XL

22. Using the Z value in the step 21 and the value ES, R and X L was given in Figure 3-8 to
compute the currents.
IS = ……..…A IR = ………….A IL = …………..A

23. Compare measured values with computed values of Z, do the same with the other currents.
Do they approximately equal?
 Yes  No

24. Do measured value of R and XL approximately equal to the value in the module?
 Yes  No
25. Turn off the power and replace XL in Figure 3-8 by a capacitor load to become a parallel
RC circuit according to values given in the table. Turn on the power.

Voltage (V) R () C (F)

24 100// 65// 50 40//70//100
26. Record results are displayed on the meter.
Notes: Negative sign of the meters said one solution resistance was measured. When
records value XC, the negative sign is ignored.
E1 E2 E3 I1 I2 I3

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27. Using the circuit values given in step 25 to compute the Z and .
RX C R
Z= = ……………..  = arctan = ……………….0
R 2  X C2 XC

28. Using Ohm's law, Z value in the previous step and the value of ES, R and XC in step 25 to
compute the currents of the circuit.
IS = ……..…….A IR =…………….A IC = ……….…A

29. Compare measured values with computed values of Z, do the same with the other currents.
Do they approximately equal?
 Yes  No

30. Do measured value of R and XC approximately equal to the value in the module?
 Yes  No

31. Turn off the power and implement the parallel RLC circuit as Figure 3-9. Connect the
VOM in current mode, E1 and I1, I2, I3 as figure, give the known values for R, XL and XC. Turn
on the power and adjust value ES given in Figure 3-9.

IS
VOM

AC (0-5A)
I1 I2 I3
AC (0-5A)

AC (0-5A)

AC (0-5A)

ES
E1
N
AC (0-25)

AC (0-75V)

R XL XC

Figure 3-9 Determination of total impedance in parallel RLC circuit.

Voltage (V) R () L (mH) C (F)

24 65//50 60 70//100

32. Record the Z, R and XEQ XL XC / (XC - XL)  values display on the meters.

E1 IS I1 I2 I3

Comment: Is = I1 + I2 + I3?
 Yes  No

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33. Using current values given in Figure 3-9 to compute the Z, XEQ and 
XC XL RX EQ
XEQ = =........................ Z= =..........................
XC  XL R2  X EQ
2

R
 = arctan =..................................0
X EQ
34. Compare measured values with computed values of Z, do the same with the other currents.
Do they approximately equal?
 Yes  No
35. Value of R and XL measured approximately equal to the value in the module or not?
 Yes  No
36. Turn off the power completely, store the cables and clean the tools.
3.4 Voltage, current in the AC three-phase circuit

3.4.1 Procedure

1. Connect E1, E2 and E3 to measure line-2-neutral voltage and line-2-line voltage as in Figure
3 -1 0 (using AC voltmeter 0-75V to measure)
Note: In this document, EPHASE is a line-2-neutral voltage and ELINE is a line-2-line voltage.
Power connection is Y-connection with all cases.
2. Turn on the power.
3. Record the results then turn off the power. Determine the average value of line voltage
and phase voltage.
E1-N (V) E2-N(V) E3-N (V) E1-2 (V) E2-3 (V) E3-1 (V)

E1 - N  E2  N  E3 N
EPHASE average= = ........................V
3

E1 - 2  E2  3  E31
ELINE average= = .............................V
3

E1
ES
2

E1
N E1
E2
3 E2
N
E3
Figure 3-10 Measurement of line voltage and phase voltage.
4. Compute the ratio of the average ELINE and average EPHASE.
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E LINE
=………………….
E PHASE
5. Does the above ratio approximately equal to 1.73 (√3)?
 Yes  No
6. Implement 3-phase Y-connection with resistor as Figure 3-11. Do not connect neutral wire of
resistor load to neutral wire of power. Connect the I1, I2, I3, E1, E2, E3 as figure to measure current
and voltage.

7. Turn on the power to get ES (E4-5, E5-6 hoặc E6-4) was given in Figure 3-11. Measure the voltage
and current of the circuit, and then turn off the power.

ER1 (V) ER2(V) ER3 (V) IR1 (A) IR2 (A) IR3 (A)

ES (V) R1 () R2 () R3 ()

24/41 65//50 65//50 65//50

AC (0-75V)
E1
AC (0-2A)
1 R1
I1
AC (0-75V)
E2
AC (0-2A)
ES
2 R2
I2
AC 24/41V N AC (0-75V)
E3
AC (0-2A)
3
R3
I3

AC (0-2A)

I1

Figure 3-11 Three-phase Y-connection resistor load.

8. Compare voltage of load and current of load separately. Do they approximately equal? Is the
load balanced?
 Yes  No
9. Compute the average phase voltage from measurements in step 7.
E R1  ER 2  ER 3
EPHASE average = =............................V
3
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10. Do the ratio of ELINE and EPHASE approximately equal to 1.73 (√3)?
 Yes  No
11. Connected I1 following the dashed line in Figure 3-11 to measure the neutral current
connect from neutral line of source to neutral of Y-connection load. Turn on the power
and record IN value with ES equal ES in step 7.
ER1 (V) ER2(V) ER3 (V) IR1 (A) IR2 (A) IR3 (A) IN (A)

12. Does the current of neutral wire equal 0?  Yes  No

Turn off the power. Replace with R3=100//65.
Turn on the power. Does the current of neutral wire equal 0?
Interpretation:
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
13. Using the results from step 7 to compute active power consumption of circuits in each
phase and total power consumption of load.
PR1 = ER1 × IR1 = .............W; PR2 = ER2 × IR2 = ................W
PR3 = ER3 × IR3 =....................W; PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 =......................W
14. Using the measured value in step 11 to compute phase currents
IPHASE = .............................A
Using the phase voltage and phase current to compute PT, compare the results with step 13.
Do the values of two steps approximation equal?
PT = 3(EPHASE × IPHASE) = .........................W
 Yes  No
15. Turn off the power and implement the 3-phase circuit with resistor -connection as Figure
3-12. Connect the I1, I2, I3, E1, E2, E3 as figure to measure the current and voltage.

AC (0-5A) I1 AC (0-5A)
I3
1 AC (0-75V) E1 R1
ES
2

AC 24/41V 3 AC (0-5A)
I2 E3 R3
AC (0-75V)
AC (0-75V)
E2 R2

Figure 3-12 Three-phase -connection resister load.

ES (V) R1 () R2 () R3 ()

24/41 50 50 50

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16. Turn on the power. Measure the voltage and current of the circuit, and then turn off the
power.
ER1 (V) ER2(V) ER3 (V) IR1 (A) IR2 (A) IR3 (A)

17. Compare voltage of load and current of load separately. Do they approximately equal?
Does the load is balanced?
 Yes  No
18. Compute average value of phase currents from the measured data at step 16.
I R1  I R 2  I R 3
IPHASE average= =.............................A
3
19. Implement I1, I2, I3 as Figure 3-13 to measure the line current ofconnection load.
Measure and record the line current, then turn off the power. Compute the average line
currents.
I1 = ........................A I2 =.........................A I3 =....................A
I1  I 2  I 3
ILINE average= =.....................................A
3
20. The ratio of the line currents and average phase current.
I LINE
=..................................A
I PHASE
21. Does the above ratio approximately equal to 1.73 (√3)?
 Yes  No
AC (0-2A)
1
I1
AC (0-75V)

E1 R1
AC (0-75V)

AC (0-2A)
ES
2
I2 E3 R3
AC (0-75V)

AC 24/41V
E2 R2
AC (0-2A)
3
I3

Figure 3-13 Measurements of 3-phase connection resister load.

22. Using the results from step 16, compute the active power consumed in each phase of the
circuit and total load consumption.
PR1 = ER1 × IR1 =......................................W
PR2 = ER2 × IR2 =.......................................W
PR3 = ER3 × IR3 =..........................................W
PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 =..................................W

23. Using the measured value in step 11 to compute the phase voltage
EPHASE =...............................V

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Using the phase voltage and current to compute PT , compare the results with step 21. Do the
value of two steps approximation equal?
PT = 3(EPHASE × IPHASE) =............................W
 Yes  No

24. Using AC Lab Sections Module, connect 3-phase power into A1-A2, B1-B2, C1-C2,
measure neutral current through D1-D2, this value =……………….A.

25. Turn off the power completely, store the cables and clean the tools.

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LAB 4 MESUREMENT OF POWER

4.1 Discussion

4.1.1 Apparent power, power consumption, reactive power, power factor

Power of DC circuits: power consumption (measured in Watt-W) of the device:

P = E.I = E2/R
Power of 1-phase AC circuits:
- If the load is a resistor, the voltage e(t) and current i(t) will be phase synchronization and
power consumption on the resistor is converted to heat.
- If the load is not a resistor, impedance elements (capacitive reactance, inductive reactance)
is the reason of the phase difference between voltage and current. Instantaneous power
curve p(t) in this case has positive and negative values, means that power is returned to
source (Figure 4-1).
E P
P E
I I
Amplitude

Amplitude

t t

(a) (b)
Figure 4-1 AC circuits: the capacitive phase difference (a) inductive reactance (b) and
instantaneous power
The total impedance is made up of two perpendicular components, these are resistor R and
reactance X: Z=RjX (+jX only inductive reactance, -jX only capacitive reactance). It can
be showed on a vector graph as Figure 4-2, where - phase angle between the voltage and
current (tan = X / R, cos = R / Z).
Y
+X: 𝑍 = √𝑅2 + 𝑋 2
X
𝑡𝑎𝑛  = 𝑋/𝑅, 𝑐𝑜𝑠  = 𝑅/𝑍
Z

R
-X X

Z
-X -X: 𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (−𝑋)2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (−) = −𝑋/𝑅, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠  = 𝑅/𝑍
-Y

Figure 4-2 Resistance R, reactance X total impedance Z.

Power is showed by triangle power (Figure 4-3) with three components: apparent power
S (VA), power consumption P (W), reactive power Q (VAR). The angle between the axis of
power consumption (x-axis) and the hypotenuse of the triangle corresponds to the phase angle .

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S Q induc ti ve rea ct ance

Φ X

P
Q ca pa ci ti ve reac ta nc e

-Y

Figure 4-3 Power Triangle.

Apparent power provides to load by the product of voltage and current (E.I). Apparent
power is always greater than or equal to the power consumption.
Reactive power can be capacitance, inductance is determined by the equation:

Q= S  P
2 2

When know phase angle , reactive power can be computed by using the following
equation:
𝑄 = 𝐸. 𝐼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆. 𝑠𝑖𝑛
And power consumption can be computed by the equation:
𝑃 = 𝐸. 𝐼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑆. 𝑐𝑜𝑠
In AC circuits with voltage and current are sine waveform, the terms cos(cos= P/S) is
called power factor and depends on the phase angle between the current and voltage.
 If f(t) and i(t) are phase synchronizations (resistor circuit), phase angle = 0, then
cos= 1 and power consumption P equals apparent power (E.I).
 When the phase angle between the voltage and current is 90o (only L, C circuit),
the power consumption equals P = 0 and cos= 0. Power factor equals 0 because the load do not
consume power, although they create the current and is a load of power.
 When an electrical circuit including resistor and capacitive reactance or inductive
reactance then phase angle changing from 0o to 90o, the value of coschanges from 0 to 1.

3-phase AC power circuits:

For 3-phase balanced load, if PPHASE = EPHASE × IPHASE × cos is the power consumption of
each phase, the total power consumption of load is:
PT = 3 × PPHASE = 3 × EPHASE × IPHASE × cos
 For Y-connection circuit EPHASE = ELINE / 3 and IPHASE =ILINE. Therefore:
3
PT = × ELINE × ILINE × cos= 1.73 × ELINE × ILINE × cos
3
In -connection circuit, the result is same result because EPHASE = ELINE and IPHASE =
ILINE / 3

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Because of the product of (EPHASE × IPHASE) denotes the apparent power of each phase, thus
total apparent power of 3-phase in Y or -connection balanced load is computed by the following
equation:
S = 3 × EPHASE × IPHASE= 1.73 × ELINE × ILINE
The relationship between P, Q and S are the same as 1-phase circuit, so reactive power is:
Q= S2  P 2
Power factor with 3-phase balanced load is the ratio of:
cos = PT/S
Improving power factor:
Reactive power can be power of capacitive reactance, inductive reactance, but in the
majority of electrical equipment it is inductive reactance (inductive reactance of the coil). Power
of inductive reactance is transfer between load and AC source.
A capacitor in parallel with the load, can be adjusted power of capacitive reactance equal
power of inductive reactance. This moment, the reactive power of the capacitor will eliminate the
reactive power of the load. Reactive power will transfer between the load and the capacitor instead
of transfer between the load and the AC source. AC source will not provide reactive power, power
factor increases, current from the source will drop to a minimum value (which allows reducing the
diameter of the wire) without changing the power consumption of load.
4.1.2 Structure, operation principle of Wattmeter

A modern digital electronic wattmeter/energy meter samples the voltage and current
thousands of times a second. For each sample, the voltage is multiplied by the current at the same
instant; the average over at least one cycle is the real power. The real power divided by the apparent
volt-amperes (VA) is the power factor. A computer circuit uses the sampled values to compute
RMS voltage, RMS current, VA, power (watts), power factor, and kilowatt-hours. The readings
may be displayed on the device, retained to provide a log and compute averages, or transmitted to
other equipment for further use. Simple meters may be calibrated to meet specified accuracy only
for sinusoidal waveforms. Waveforms for switched-mode power supplies as used for much
electronic equipment may be very far from sinusoidal, leading to unknown and possibly large
errors at any power. This may not be specified in the meter's manual.
Electromotive wattmeter with 2 coils (Figure 4-4): coil 1 (current coil) fixed and coil 2
(voltage coil) can rotate in the magnetic field of the coil 1. Current coil is connected in series with
the load and thus carry current through the load, voltage coil with high resistance is in parallel with
the load as a voltmeter (small electric current running through the coil is proportional to the voltage
on the load). Voltage coil reverse with helical springs and its rotation is proportional to the product
of the current in two coils (i.e. proportional to the product of current and voltage of the load need
to be measured), the pointer of instruments will show the value in W of power consumption.

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Wattmeter
3
1 2
Current coil W
4

Load
Power Voltage coil POWER
IS RS Load

Figure 4-4 Measurement of power by Wattmeter.

4.1.3 Measurement of power

Measurement Value DC 1-phase AC AC 3-phase 3-wire AC 3-phase 4-wire

Using Voltmeter and Section 3.1 - -
Ammeter
Usinh Wattmeter Section 3.2 Section 3.3 Section 3.4

4.1.3.1 Measurement of AC 1-phase using Voltmeter and Ammeter (Figure 4-5)

R
E2 E3
I1
E1
Load

VAC E3
E2 ᵠ φ1 ᵠ
I E1

Figure 4-5 Measurement of AC 1-phase using Voltmeter and Ammeter.

 Power consumption:
 E 2  E 22  E12 
P  I . 3 

 2 E1 
 Apparent power:
S=I .E2
 Reactive power:

Q= S2  P 2
 Power factor:
E 32  E 22  E12
cos  
2 E1 E 2
4.1.3.2 Measurement of AC 1-phase using Wattmeter

 Measuring power consumption P by using Wattmeter

 Measurement of apparent power S by Voltmeter and Ammeter.

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 Reactive power: Q = S2  P 2
 Power factor: cos = P /S
4.1.3.3 Measurement of AC 3-phase 3-wire using Wattmeter

 Power consumption:
Using two Wattmeters connect as Figure 4-6. The current coils are connected to measure
the current of 2 in 3 wires, the voltage coils are connected to measure the voltage between these
two wires with the other wire. Total power consumed equal the algebraic sum of the results
measured in two Wattmeters PT = P1+P2. This method is called 2-Wattmeter method.

*
A * W1

AC 3-phase 3 wires
*
B * W2

Figure 4-6 Measurement of AC 3-phase 3-wire using Wattmeter.

With balanced load, power factor equal 1, the result is the same on Wattmeters. When the
power factor of load equal 0.5, one Wattmeter will indicate 0 and the other will show the total
power consumption. When the power factor from 0.5 to 1, one Wattmeter value will be higher than
the other. If the power factor is lower than 0.5, then one Wattmeter will show a negative number
and total power consumption will be diminished by this negative value. If the power factor equal
0, the two Wattmeter will give equal value but opposite sign, and the result is 0W. In all cases, the
total power consumption is the algebraic sum of 2 results on 2 meters.
 Reactive power (balanced load and symmetry voltage):
Using 2 Wattmeter as Figure 4-7. Total power is measured in W1 and W2:

P = P1 + P2 = 2IL.EL.sin = 2 3.E.I L . sin   2 3.Q

P
Inferred: Q  , where P = P1 + P2
2 3
EA

IA
*
ᵠ A A *
W1
60 ̊
60 ̊
*
90 ̊ - φA EBC * W2
B Tải

EC
EB
C

Figure 4-7 Measurement of reactive power AC 3-phase 3-wire.

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4.1.3.4 Measurement of AC 3-phase 4-wire using Wattmeter

 Power consumption:
P = P1 + P2 + P3 = VA IA cosA + VB IB cosB + VC IC cosC

*
A *
W1

3-phase load
B * W2

*
C * W3

Figure 4-8 Measurement of AC 3-phase 4-wire using Wattmeter.

 Reactive power:
Connect Wattmeters as Figure 4-9, where W1 - voltage coil connected between B and C
, W2 - voltage coil connected between A and C, W3- voltage coil connected between B and A.

EA

IA *
A *
W1
ᵠ A

* 3-phase load
B * W2
0̊ - φA
EBC
*
C * W3

EB
EC N

Figure 4-9 Measurement of reactive power AC 3-phase 4-wire.

     
Because of E A  E BC , E B  ECA , EC  E AB so the result measured on W1:
PA
PA  I A .E BC . cos(90 0   )  I A . 3.E A . sin   3.Q A . So, Q A 
3
Reactive power QB, QC are defined similarly.
PA  PB  PC
Total reactive power of the load Q A  , where PA, PB, PC is a
3
measurement of the W1,W2,W3.

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4.2 Procedure

4.2.1 Measurement of DC power

Objective: After completing this lesson, students will be able to determine the power consumption
in the DC circuit. Students will check the errors of measurement results are compared with the
computed results.
1. Implement the circuit as Figure 4-1. Must ensure correct connection of the device polarity
voltage and current measurements.

DC (0-2.5A)

DC (0-75V)
DC 25V

Figure 4-10 DC power measurement circuit.

Voltage (V) R1 ()

24 Two 100 ohm resistors in parallel

2. Turn on the power and then record the measured values in the following table:
Voltage E1 (V) Current I1 (A)

Turn off the power supply.

3. Use the measured results to compute the power consumption of the circuit.
P = E × I = …………………..W
4. Doubles the value of the resistor, turn on the power supply and record the measured values in
the following table:
Voltage E1 (V) Current I1 (A)

Turn off the power supply.

5. Compute the power consumed by the resistor, using 3 types of equation.
P=E×I = …………………….W
P = I2 × R = …………………….W
P= E2/R = ……………………….W

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6. Do three equations have the same results?

 Yes  No
7. Connect the circuit as Figure 4-11. Must ensure connect correctly the polarity of voltage and
current of measurement devices.

IS
DC (0-2.5A)
I1

R1 E1 DC (0-75V)

ES
DC 24V

R2 E2 DC (0-75V)

R3 E3 DC (0-75V)

Figure 4-11 Determination of total power in parallel circuit.

Voltage (V) R1() R2() R3()

24 100 65 50

8. Turn on the power and then record the measured values in the following table
I1 (A) E1 (V) E2 (V) E3 (V)

Turn off the power.

9. Compute the power consumption on each resistor using data in the table above.
P1 = ER1 × I = ……………….W
P2 = ER2 × I = ……… ………W
P3 = ER3 × I = ……………….W
10. Compute the total power consumption and compare with the total power of power supply.
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = ……………W
PT = ES × I = ………………….W
11. Do the results approximately equal?
 Yes  No

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12. Implement the circuit Figure 4-12. Must ensure connect correctly the polarity of voltage and
current of measurement devices. Turn on the power.
13. Record the value of the voltage and current in the table below, then turn off the power.
I1(A) E1(V)

14. Power consumption in each resistor and the total power is computed using the equation:

PR1 =
E 2S = …………………..W
R1

PR2 =
E 2S = …………………..W
R2
PT = PR1 + PR2 =……………...W

DC (0-2.5A)

DC (0-75V)

DC 24V

Figure 4-12 Determination of total capacity in parallel resistor circuit.

ES(V) R1() R2()
24 100//65 65//50

15. Give the power supply equals total power consumption of circuit and voltage of source ES.
Compute the currents of power supply:
I = PT/ES = …………………..A

16. Compare the computed values with measured values in step 13. Do they approximation equal?
 Yes  No

17. Turn off the power completely, store the cables and clean the tools.
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Answer the questions

1. A 1 volt causes a current 1 ampere through 1 Ohm resistor is defined as:
a. Work b. Voltage c. 1 Watt (power) d. Resistors

2. Power dissipation in a resistor in DC circuits can be identified:

a. From E and I.
b. From E and R.
c. From I and R.
d. All of the above parameters.

3. An excitation coil followed by a DC motor with resistor 240 . How much total
power consumption is, if put 120V in a coil?
a. 480W b. 120W c. 60 W d. 600W
4.2.2 Measurement of AC 1-phase power

Objective:

After completing of this lesson, student will be able to determine the power consumption, apparent
power and power factor of the circuit by measuring voltage, current or power. Student will also
learn how to improve the power factor of the circuit.
1. Implement the circuit as Figure 4-14. Implement Wattmeter according polarity: 1-2 is I, 3-4 is
U, then connect 220VAC power to Wattmeter. Connect I1 and E1 as figure to measure current and
voltage of the circuit. Note: Es is AC.

AC (0-5A) 3
IS R-L load
1 2
I1 W1
4

ES
E1 R XL
AC (0-30V)

Figure 4-13 Measurement of 1-phase AC power with R-L load.

ES (V) R () XL ()

24 100

2. With the above circuit, compute following values: the current through the load, apparent power,
power consumption, reactive power, power factor:
I = …… A, S = E × I = ……… VA, P =……. W, Q = ……..VAR, cos =……….
3. Turn on the power, use power factor meter to measure and compare with step 2.

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Error= |cos (step 1) − cos (step 2)| =………………

Comment:
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
4. Record values:
E1 = ………….. V I1 = ………………A P = ………….W
Turn off the power.
5. From the results, compute the apparent power, reactive power, power factor. Do these results
same with the results computed in step 2?
 Yes  No
6. Implement a capacitor in parallel with the as Figure 4-15. Make sure that all component of
capacitive reactance is in parallel and all switch is OFF. Warning: ES is AC.

AC (0-5A) 3
IS Tải R-L
1 2
I1 W1

ES
E1 R XL
XC
AC (0-30V)

Figure 4-14 Adjust the power factor by increasing resistance.

ES (V) R () XL ()
24 100

7. Turn on the power and increase the capacitive reactance of the circuit by closing the first switch
in each module, then middle switch and finally the third switch until all the switches are closed.
With each new capacitive reactance values, record the current measured value.
Xc () I1 (A) cos

8. After all the data values have been recorded, select I1 is the y-axis parameters and Xc is the x-
axis parameters to examine the different curves of electric current. Currents increase, decrease or
no change when increase the capacitive reactance in the circuit?
...........................................................................................................................................................

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9. Is there exist a point which electric current does not decrease but stopped then started increasing
when increase the capacitive reactance?
 Yes  No
10. Adjust the switch in the capacitive reactance load to the minimum current while adjusting the
voltage necessary to keep the correct value of ES. Determine the value of the capacitive reactance
makes the current minimum.
XC = 1/2 FC = ………………… 
11. With Xc has been changed to get the minimum current value, record the value of E, I min and
power consumption in W1.
E = ……………… V Imin = …………… A P = …………..W
12. Compute the apparent power, reactive power, power factor:

S = E × Imin = ……… VA Q = S 2  P2 = ……….VAR cos = P /S = ……….

13. Does reactive power of circuit reduce compared with step 5?
 Yes  No
14. Does the currents decreased significantly when increasing capacitive reactance?
 Yes  No
15. Does power consumption of RL load approximately equal capacitive reactance?
 Yes  No
16. Turn off the power completely, store the cables and clean the tools.

Answer the question

1. An electromagnet creates 3 kW power consumption and capacity felt resistance is 4 kVAR.
How much is apparent power?
a. 500 VA b. 5 kVA c. 50 kVA d. 7 kVA
2. How much is the power factor cos  of electromagnet in question 1?
a. 0.75 b. 1.33 c. 0.60 d. 1.00
3. A capacitor creates 4 kVAR reactive power in parallel with the electromagnet in question 1.
How it affects to apparent power S and power factor cos?
a. Apparent power equal the power consumption and cos = 1.
b. Apparent power doubles and cos is a constant.
c. Constant apparent power and cos reduced.
d. Both the apparent power and cos increased.
4. What is the equation for computing the reactive power Q?
a. Q = S - P
b. Q = S cos
c. Q = EI cos

d. Q = S 2  P2

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5. A capacitor generated reactive power 8 kVAR in parallel with an electromagnet to create

power consumption 3 kW and reactive power 4 kVAR. What is affect reactive power Q of
AC power and power factor cos?
a. Q ranges from +4 to -4 kVAR and cos equal 1
b. Q ranges from +4 to -8 kVAR and cos is a constant
c. Q ranges from +4 to -4 kVAR and cos is a constant
d. Q ranges from +4 to -8 kVAR and cos equal 1
4.2.3 Measurement of AC 3-phase power

Objective: After completing of this lesson, student will be able to determine the power
consumption of the 3-phase balanced circuit using 2 Wattmeter to measure power. Reactive power
and apparent power is also determined by measuring the voltage and current of the circuit.
1. Implement 3-phase circuit with connection loadas Figure 4-16. Give XC1, XC2 and XC3 equal
R1, R2 and R3. Turn on the power to get the given value ES.

AC (0-5A) 3
1 1 2
I1 W1
AC (0-75V)

4 R1
E1 XC1
ES
2
R3 XC3
AC (0-75V)

AC 24/41V
E2 R2 XC2
AC (0-5A) 4
3 1 2
I3 W2

Figure 4-15 Measurement power of connection load.

ES (V) R1 () R2 () R3 ()

24/41 100 100 100

Measure the voltage and line currents, record the results read on the meters. Turn off the power.

E1 (V) E2 (V) I1 (A) I2 (A) P1 (W) P2 (W)

2. Compute the total power consumption, apparent power and cos .
P = P1+P2 =........................W
S = 1.73 × ELINE × ILINE =.......................VA
cos = P / S =………………
3. Use the S and P values to determine Q.

Q= S 2  P2 =..........................VAR
4. On the panel, implement Wattmeters W1, W2 as Figure 4-17 to measure reactive power.

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*
A *
W1

*
* W2
B Load

C
Figure 4-16 Measurement of reactive power 3-phase 3-wire AC.
5. Turn on the power. Remember the measurements of 2 Watt design and off.
P 1 = ………………. W P 2 = ………………. W
6. Compute the total measured power and reactive power:
P
P = P1+P2=………………….W Q  ........................VAR
2 3
7. Do measured reactive power match the measured results in step 4?
 Yes  No
8. Implement the circuit as Figure 4-18. Give XC1, XC2 and XC3 equal R1, R2 and R3.

AC (0-5A) 3 XC1
1 1 2
I1 W1
R1
4
AC 24/41V E1 AC (0-75V)
AC (0-5A) 3 XC2
ES 1 2
2
I2 W2
R2
N
4
E2 AC (0-75V)
AC (0-5A) 3 XC3
3
1 2
I3 W3
R3
4 E3
AC (0-75V)

Figure 4-17 AC 3-phase 4-wire load.

ES (V) R1 () R2 () R3 ()
24/41 100//50 100//50 100//50

9. Turn on the power and adjust the ES to the given value. Measure and record the values in the
table below. Then turn off the power.
E1 (V) E2 (V) E3(V) I1 (A) I2 (A) I3 (A) P1 (W) P2 (W) P3 (W)

10. Compute the total power consumption, apparent power and cos .
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P = P1+P2+P3 =........................W
S = 1.73 × ELINE × ILINE =.........................VA
cos = P / S =................................

11. Use S and P values to determine Q.

Q= S 2  P2 =..............VAR

12. On Figure 4-18, implement Wattmeters W1, W2, W3 according to Figure 4-19 to measure
reactive power.

*
A *
W1

3-phase load
B * W2

*
C * W3

Figure 4-18 Measurement of reactive power AC 3-phase 4-wire.

13. Turn on the power and adjust to get value ES was for. Record the values of 3 Wattmeters, then
turn off the power.
P1 = ………….. W P2 = …………… W P3 = …………….. W

14. Compute the total measured power and reactive power.

P
P = P1+P2+P3 =…………….W Q  ..................VAR
3

15. Does measured reactive power value match the results in step 12?
 Yes  No

16. Turn off the power completely, store the cables and cleanup the tools.
Answer the questions
1. In a 3-phase balanced circuit, power consumption can be determined by using 2
Wattmeters. Which method?
a. 1-phase Wattmeter method
b. 3-phase Wattmeter method

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c. 2-Wattmeter method
d. Apparent capacity method

2. The equation for computing the total power consumption of 3-phase balanced
circuit.
a. P = 1.73 (EPHASE × IPHASE × cos)
b. P = 1.73 (ELINE × IPHASE × cos)
c. P = 1.73 (ELINE × ILINE)
d. P = 1.73 (ELINE × ILINE × cos)

3. Total apparent power in resistor connection balanced load:

a. 3 times power consumption

b. Product of the line voltage and line current

c. 3 × (Product of the line voltage and line current)

d. 3 times reactive power

4. The results are read on 2 Wattmeters of 3-phase balanced load is 175W and -35W.
Using 2-Wattmeter method to measure total power, how much is total power
consumption of the load?
a. 220W b. 140W c. 175W d. 435W

5. Power factor in question 4 is:

a. Cannot be determined from the given data.
b. <0.5
c. = 0.5
d. > 0.5

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