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FIELD ASSESSMENT OF OLD JETTY IN MALAYSIA
TAN JOO EE
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil-Structure)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2016
iii
Specially dedicated to…
To all my teachers in life
Thank you.
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ABSTRACT
Malaysia being a maritime country now faces the problem of lack of knowledge
on how to assess the performance of old marine structure from available local
practitioners. The existing guidelines adopted are still too complicated to be applied in
engineering practice. There is an urgent need for a simple yet reliable method for
assessing old structures. The project report presents detailed investigation findings on
68-year-old jetty facility which is still in service in northern part of Peninsular Malaysia
to assess its structural condition. The objective of the report is to develop a practical
assessment programme, to determine the long term relation between the rates of structure
deterioration by measurements of material properties, and to determine the remaining
service life of the jetty. A combination of direct tests and non-destructive tests such as
concrete core compression test, rebound hammer test, carbonation tests, chloride ion
ingression test and steel pile thickness measurement were performed. Direct testing on
concrete cores has indicated the approximate remaining compressive strength of
33.5N/mm2. The result from the rebound hammer tests found that the Main Jetty’s
equivalent compressive strength was 32 N/mm2 which is below present marine structural
standard of minimum 50 N/mm2. The close approximation of the results shows that field
tests using NDT can produce sufficiently adequate results for assessment of marine
structures as long as the results of the NDT have been validated. Carbonation tests on the
concrete cores shows that the 68-year-old jetty is not experiencing significant
detrimental effects from carbonation. From observation of the core indicates that
carbonation will remain within the concrete structure even after repair works unless
concrete section affected by carbonation is completely removed. Chloride ion ingression
is an observation of long term exposure effects to aggressive environment. The
ingression of chloride is influenced by the location of the structure. It is found that the
South Mooring Dolphin age 59 year old has shown high chloride content beyond the
concrete cover and is therefore at higher risk of exposure to chloride induced corrosion.
Steel thickness measurement is for assessing the critical steel pile member of the jetty
facility where reduction of steel thickness is an indication of mass loss which is related
to the capacity of the piles to carry load. As a conclusion, field assessment tests
proposed in this report is simple yet produces reliable results for assessment of structures.
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ABSTRAK
Malaysia sebuah negara maritim yang menhadapi masalah kekurangan pakar
tempatan yang berpengetahuan bagi penilaian prestasi struktur marin tua. Garispanduan
sediada adalah terlalu rumit untuk dilaksanakan dalam amalan kejuruteraan praktikal.
Suatu kaedah penilaian yang mudah dan boleh diterimapakai adalah sangat diperlukan.
Laporan ini telah mengemukakan suatu kajian terperinci ke atas struktur jeti berusia 68
tahun yang masih beroperasi di utara Semenanjung Malaysia bagi tujuan mengenal pasti
keadaan strukturnya. Objektif laporan ini adalah untuk membangunkan suatu rancangan
penilaian praktikal, menentukan kesan jangka panjang kadar kemerosotan struktur
melalui pengukuran sifat bahan, dan menentukan baki hayat perkhidmatan jeti. Suatu
kombinasi ujian termasuk ujian terus and ujian tanpa musnah seperti ujian mampatan
konkrit, “rebound hammer test”, ujian pengkarbonatan, ujian pengingresan klorida dan
pengukuran ketebalan cerucuk keluli telah dilaksanakan. Ujian beban terus ke atas
sampel konkrit menunjukkan bahawa kekuatan mampatan anggaran konkrit adalah
33.5N/mm2. Hasil ujian “ rebound hammer tests” didapati kekuatan manpatan setara Jeti
Utama adalah 32 N/mm2 dimana nilai ini adalah kurang daripada piawaian terkini iaitu
kekuatan mampatan minima 50 N/mm2. Keputusan yang hampir setara di antara kedua-
duanya menunjukkan kaedah ujian tanpa musnah boleh memberi keputusan yang boleh
diterimapakai bagi mengenal pasti keadaan struktur marin sekiranaya kaedah tersebut
telah disahkan terlebih dahulu. Ujian pengkarbonatan pada struktur berusia 68 tahun
menunjukkan tiada kesan yang memudaratkan akibat pendedahan kepada karbon.
Pemerhatian menunjukkan bahawa kesan pengkarbonatan akan kekal sekiranya kawasan
yang terlibat tidak dibuang, walaupun kerja membaiki telah dibuat,. Ujian pengingresan
klorida boleh menunjukkan kesan jangka panjang akibat terdedah kepada pesekiraan
yang agresif. Kadar pengingresan klorida adalah dipengaruhi oleh lokasi struktur
berkenaan. “South Mooring Dolphin” yang berusia 59 tahun menghadapi risiko
pengaratan disebabkan oleh pengaruh klorida yang tinggi. Pengukuran ketebalan keluli
adalah bertujuan bagi menkaji struktur kritikal seperti cerucuk keluli di mana
pengurangan ketebalan keluli yang diukur menunjukkan pengurangan jisim pada cerucuk
and seterusnya berkaitan dengan pengurangan kapasiti cerucuk untuk menanggung
beban. Sebagai kesimpulan, ujian padang yang dikemukakan dalam laporan ini adalah
mudah dan member keputusan yang boleh dipercayai bagi menilai keadaan struktur.
