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Three-Tier Client Server Architecture in Distributed System

The most common type of multi-tier architecture in distributed systems is a three-tier architecture. In
this architecture, the entire application is organized into three computing tiers

 Presentation tier
 Application tier
 Data-tier

The major benefit of the three tiers in client-server architecture is that these tiers are developed and
maintained independently and this would not impact the other tiers in case of any modification. It
allows for better performance and even more scalability in architecture can be made as with the
increasing demand, more servers can be added.

Three-tier client-server architecture in a distributed system:

 Presentation Tier: It is the user interface and topmost tier in the architecture. Its purpose is to
take request from the client and displays information to the client. It communicates with other
tiers using a web browser as it gives output on the browser. If we talk about Web-based tiers then
these are developed using languages like- HTML, CSS, JavaScript.

 Application Tier: It is the middle tier of the architecture also known as the logic tier as the
information/request gathered through the presentation tier is processed in detail here. It also
interacts with the server that stores the data. It processes the client’s request, formats, it and
sends it back to the client. It is developed using languages like- Python, Java, PHP, etc.

 Data Tier: It is the last tier of the architecture also known as the Database Tier. It is used to store
the processed information so that it can be retrieved later on when required. It consists of
Database Servers like- Oracle, MySQL, DB2, etc. The communication between the Presentation
Tier and Data-Tier is done using middle-tier i.e. Application Tier.
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Advantages:
 Logical separation is maintained between Presentation Tier, Application Tier, and Database Tier.
 Enhancement of Performance as the task is divided on multiple machines in distributed machines
and moreover, each tier is independent of other tiers.
 Developers are independent to update the technology of one tier as it would not impact the other
tiers.
 Reliability is improved with the independence of the tiers as issues of one tier would not affect
the other ones.

Disadvantages:
 The Presentation Tier cannot communicate directly with Database Tier.
 Complexity also increases with the increase in tiers in architecture.
 There is an increase in the number of resources as codebase, presentation code, and application
code need to be maintained separately.
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Introduction to JSP
 It stands for Java Server Pages.
 It is a server side technology.
 It is used for creating web application.
 It is used to create dynamic web content.
 In this JSP tags are used to insert JAVA code into HTML pages.
 It is an advanced version of Servlet Technology.
 It is a Web based technology helps us to create dynamic and platform independent web pages.
 In this, Java code can be inserted in HTML/ XML pages or both.
 JSP is first converted into servlet by JSP container before processing the client’s request.

Features of JSP
 Coding in JSP is easy :- As it is just adding JAVA code to HTML/XML.
 Reduction in the length of Code :- In JSP we use action tags, custom tags etc.
 Connection to Database is easier :-It is easier to connect website to database and allows to read or
write data easily to the database.
 Make Interactive websites :- In this we can create dynamic web pages which helps user to interact
in real time environment.

JSP syntax

Syntax available in JSP are following

1. Declaration Tag :-It is used to declare variables.
Syntax:-
<%! Dec var %>
Example:-
<%! int var=10; %>

2. Java Scriplets :- It allows us to add any number of JAVA code, variables and expressions.
Syntax:-
<% java code %>
3. JSP Expression :- It evaluates and convert the expression to a string.
Syntax:-
<%= expression %>
Example:-
<% num1 = num1+num2 %>
4. JAVA Comments :- It contains the text that is added for information which has to be ignored.
Syntax:-
<% -- JSP Comments %>
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Process of Execution

Steps for Execution of JSP are following:-

 Create html page from where request will be sent to server eg try.html.
 To handle to request of user next is to create .jsp file Eg. new.jsp
 Create project folder structure.
 Create XML file eg my.xml.
 Create WAR file.
 Start Tomcat
 Run Application

Example of Hello World

We will make one .html file and .jsp file
demo.jsp
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Hello World - JSP tutorial</title>
</head>
<body>
<%= "Hello World!" %>
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</body>
</html>
Advantages of using JSP
 It does not require advanced knowledge of JAVA
 It is capable of handling exceptions
 Easy to use and learn
 It can tags which are easy to use and understand
 Implicit objects are there which reduces the length of code
 It is suitable for both JAVA and non JAVA programmer

Disadvantages of using JSP
 Difficult to debug for errors.
 First time access leads to wastage of time
 It’s output is HTML which lacks features.

Introduction to ASP

ASP stands for active server pages and it is a server-side script engine for building web pages. ASP is
basically a server page that contains embedded programs in it. The programs in it are processed on
the Microsoft server. The ASP server-side engine basically performs the task of reading and executing
the ASP file and then return the file to the browser. It is basically a web-based framework that helps
programmers to build dynamic web pages. ASP can contain scripts as well as standard HTML.

History: ASP was firstly introduced in December 1996 as part of IIS (Internet information services) 3.0
which was called ASP 1.0. Then its subsequent versions came in 1997 and 2000 named ASP 2.0 and
ASP 3.0 respectively. ASP 3.0 had some additional features so ASP 3.0 increased its performance.

Syntax:

 html

<html>

<head>

<title>ASP page</title>
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</head>

<body>

<% response.write("Welcome to BITT!") %>

</body>

</html>

Output
Welcome to BITT

Characteristics:
 User Control: The creation of user controls supports the making of reusable components.
 Custom Controls: We can make custom controls from ASP. Here the code is compiled into a
Dynamic Link Library file.
 Rendering Techniques: ASP uses visited composite rendering technique in which composite tree is
built.
 Code-Behind Model: Microsoft recommends to use the code-behind model for dealing with
dynamic program code.

Use of ASP: ASP is mainly used because of its high speed, language-independent nature, and low cost.
We can make ASP pages in any language so it is not dependent on a particular language. It is used to
develop dynamic websites in a more efficient way.

Advantages:
 ASP reduces the line of code for building the complex applications.
 It has smart caching technologies.
 ASP is language independent so any language can be used for coding it.
 ASP is much faster than other applications.
 ASP is more used now-a-days.
Disadvantages:
 There is a lot of complexity in pages and there are many performance issues.
 It is dependent on IIS(Internet information services) so it is problematic.
 It has limited development and debugging tools.
 There is no real state management in ASP.

ASP stands for active server pages and it is a server-side script engine for building web pages. ASP is
basically a server page that contains embedded programs in it. The programs in it are processed on
the Microsoft server. The ASP server-side engine basically performs the task of reading and executing
the ASP file and then return the file to the browser. It is basically a web-based framework that helps
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programmers to build dynamic web pages. ASP can contain scripts as well as standard HTML.
History: ASP was firstly introduced in December 1996 as part of IIS (Internet information services) 3.0
which was called ASP 1.0. Then its subsequent versions came in 1997 and 2000 named ASP 2.0 and
ASP 3.0 respectively. ASP 3.0 had some additional features so ASP 3.0 increased its performance.
Syntax:

 html

<html>

<head>

<title>ASP page</title>

</head>

<body>

<% response.write("Welcome to BITT!") %>

</body>

</html>

Output
Welcome to BITT
Characteristics:

 User Control: The creation of user controls supports the making of reusable components.
 Custom Controls: We can make custom controls from ASP. Here the code is compiled into a
Dynamic Link Library file.
 Rendering Techniques: ASP uses visited composite rendering technique in which composite tree is
built.
 Code-Behind Model: Microsoft recommends to use the code-behind model for dealing with
dynamic program code.
Use of ASP: ASP is mainly used because of its high speed, language-independent nature, and low cost.
We can make ASP pages in any language so it is not dependent on a particular language. It is used to
develop dynamic websites in a more efficient way.
 IWT(BIT R)

Advantages:

 ASP reduces the line of code for building the complex applications.
 It has smart caching technologies.
 ASP is language independent so any language can be used for coding it.
 ASP is much faster than other applications.
 ASP is more used now-a-days.

Disadvantages:
 There is a lot of complexity in pages and there are many performance issues.
 It is dependent on IIS(Internet information services) so it is problematic.
 It has limited development and debugging tools.
 There is no real state management in ASP.

ASP stands for active server pages and it is a server-side script engine for building web pages. ASP is
basically a server page that contains embedded programs in it. The programs in it are processed on
the Microsoft server. The ASP server-side engine basically performs the task of reading and executing
the ASP file and then return the file to the browser. It is basically a web-based framework that helps
programmers to build dynamic web pages. ASP can contain scripts as well as standard HTML.

History: ASP was firstly introduced in December 1996 as part of IIS (Internet information services) 3.0
which was called ASP 1.0. Then its subsequent versions came in 1997 and 2000 named ASP 2.0 and
ASP 3.0 respectively. ASP 3.0 had some additional features so ASP 3.0 increased its performance.
Syntax:

 html

<html>

<head>

<title>ASP page</title>

</head>

<body>

<% response.write("Welcome to BITT!") %>

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</body>

</html>

Output
Welcome to BITT
Characteristics:

 User Control: The creation of user controls supports the making of reusable components.
 Custom Controls: We can make custom controls from ASP. Here the code is compiled into a
Dynamic Link Library file.
 Rendering Techniques: ASP uses visited composite rendering technique in which composite tree is
built.
 Code-Behind Model: Microsoft recommends to use the code-behind model for dealing with
dynamic program code.

Use of ASP: ASP is mainly used because of its high speed, language-independent nature, and low cost.
We can make ASP pages in any language so it is not dependent on a particular language. It is used to
develop dynamic websites in a more efficient way.

Advantages:
 ASP reduces the line of code for building the complex applications.
 It has smart caching technologies.
 ASP is language independent so any language can be used for coding it.
 ASP is much faster than other applications.
 ASP is more used now-a-days.
Disadvantages:
 There is a lot of complexity in pages and there are many performance issues.
 It is dependent on IIS(Internet information services) so it is problematic.
 It has limited development and debugging tools.
 There is no real state management in ASP.

Introduction to J2EE
 J2EE(Java Platform, Enterprise Edition)

The Enterprise version of Java has a much larger usage of Java, like development of web services,
networking, server side scripting and other various web based applications.
J2EE is a community driven edition, i.e. there is a lot of continuous contributions from industry
experts, Java developers and other open source organizations.
J2EE uses many components of J2SE, as well as, has many new features of it’s own like Servlets,
JavaBeans, Java Message Services, adding a whole new functionalities to the language.
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J2EE uses HTML, CSS, JavaScript etc., so as to create web pages and web services. It’s also one of the
most widely accepted web development standard.
There are also many languages like .net and php, which can do that work, but what distinguishes it
from other languages is the versatility, compatibility and security features, which are not that much
prominent in other languages.
Nowadays, developers are going more towards this edition, as it more versatile and web friendly that
it’s other counterparts.
Apart from these three versions, there was another Java version, released

Java Card.
This edition was targeted, to run applets smoothly and securely on smart cards and similar
technology.
Portability and security was its main features.
JavaFX is another such edition of Java technology, which is now merged with J2SE 8.It is mainly used,
to create rich GUI (Graphical User Interface) in Java apps.
It replaces Swings (in J2SE), with itself as the standard GUI library.
It is supported by both Desktop environment as well as web browsers.
PersonalJava was another edition, which was not deployed much, as its function was fulfilled by
further versions of J2ME. Made to support World Wide Web (and Java applets) and consumer
electronics.
PersonalJava was also used for embedded systems and mobile. But, it was discontinued in its earlier
stages.

Java EE
The Java EE stands for Java Enterprise Edition, which was earlier known as J2EE and is
currently known as Jakarta EE. It is a set of specifications wrapping around Java SE
(Standard Edition). The Java EE provides a platform for developers with enterprise
features such as distributed computing and web services. Java EE applications are usually
run on reference run times such as microservers or application servers. Examples of some
contexts where Java EE is used are e-commerce, accounting, banking information systems.

Specifications of Java EE

Java EE has several specifications which are useful in making web pages, reading and
writing from database in a transactional way, managing distributed queues. The Java EE
contains several APIs which have the functionalities of base Java SE APIs such as
Enterprise JavaBeans, connectors, Servlets, Java Server Pages and several web service
technologies.
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1. Web Specifications of Java EE

o Servlet- This specification defines how you can manage HTTP requests either in a synchronous
or asynchronous way. It is low level, and other specifications depend on it
o WebSocket- WebSocket is a computer communication protocol, and this API provides a set of
APIs to facilitate WebSocket connections.
o Java Server Faces- It is a service which helps in building GUI out of components.
o Unified Expression Language- It is a simple language which was designed to facilitate web
application developers.

2. Web Service Specifications of Java EE

o Java API for RESTful Web Services- It helps in providing services having Representational State
Transfer schema.
o Java API for JSON Processing- It is a set of specifications to manage the information provided
in JSON format.
o Java API for JSON Binding- It is a set of specifications provide for binding or parsing a JSON file
into Java classes.
o Java Architecture for XML Binding- It allows binding of xml into Java objects.
o Java API for XML Web Services- SOAP is an xml based protocol to access web services over
http. This API allows you to create SOAP web services.
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3. Enterprise Specifications of Java EE

o Contexts and Dependency Injection- It provides a container to inject dependencies as in

Swing.
o Enterprise JavaBean- It is a set of lightweight APIs that an object container possesses in order
to provide transactions, remote procedure calls, and concurrency control.
o Java Persistence API- These are the specifications of object-relational mapping between
relational database tables and Java classes.
o Java Transaction API- It contains the interfaces and annotations to establish interaction
between transaction support offered by Java EE. The APIs in this abstract from low-level
details and the interfaces are also considered low-level.
o Java Message Service- It provides a common way to Java program to create, send and read
enterprise messaging system's messages.

4. Other Specifications of Java EE

o Validation- This package contains various interfaces and annotations for declarative validation
support offered by Bean Validation API.
o Batch applications- It provides the means to run long running background tasks which involve
a large volume of data and which need to be periodically executed.
o Java EE Connector Architecture- This is a Java-based technological solution for connecting Java
servers to Enterprise Information System.
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Java SE vs Java EE
Java SE refers to standard edition and contains basic functionalities and packages required
by a beginner or intermediate-level programmer. Java EE is an enhanced platform and a
wrapper around Java SE. It has the edge over Java SE an also has a variety of aspects in
which it outshines other features.

Java SE Java EE

Java SE provide basic functionalities such as Java EE facilitates development of large scale
defining types and objects. applications.

SE is a normal Java specification EE is built upon Java SE. It provides

functionalities like web applications, and
Servlets.

It has features like class libraries, deployment Java EE is a structured application with a
environments, etc. separate client, business, and Enterprise layers.

It is mostly used to develop APIs for Desktop It is mainly used for developing web applications.
Applications like antivirus software, game, etc.

Suitable for beginning Java developers. Suitable for experienced Java developers who
build enterprise-wide applications.

It does not provide user authentication. It provides user authentication.

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Introduction to .NET
.NET is a software framework that is designed and developed by Microsoft. The first version of the
.Net framework was 1.0 which came in the year 2002. In easy words, it is a virtual machine for
compiling and executing programs written in different languages like C#, VB.Net, etc.
It is used to develop Form-based applications, Web-based applications, and Web services. There is a
variety of programming languages available on the .Net platform, VB.Net and C# being the most
common ones. It is used to build applications for Windows, phones, web, etc. It provides a lot of
functionalities and also supports industry standards.
.NET Framework supports more than 60 programming languages in which 11 programming languages
are designed and developed by Microsoft. The remaining Non-Microsoft Languages are supported by
.NET Framework but not designed and developed by Microsoft.

There are three significant phases of the development of .NET technology.

 OLE Technology
 COM Technology
 .NET Technology

OLE Technology: OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) is one of the technologies of Microsoft’s
component document. Basically, its main purpose is to link elements from different applications
within each other.
COM Technology: The technology of the Microsoft Windows family of the operating system, Microsoft
COM (Common Object Model) enables various software components to communicate. COM is mostly
used by developers for various purposes like creating reusable software components, linking
components together to build applications, and also taking advantage of Windows services. The
objects of COM can be created with a wide range of programming languages.
.NET Technology: .NET technology of collection or set of technologies to develop and windows and
web applications. The technology of .Net is developed by Microsoft and was launched in Feb. 2002, by
basic definition, Microsoft’s new Internet Strategy. It was originally called NGWS (Next Generation
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Web Services). It is considered to be as one of the powerful, popular and very much useful Internet
Technology available today.

11 Programming Languages which are designed and developed by Microsoft are:

 C#.NET
 VB.NET
 C++.NET
 J#.NET
 F#.NET
 JSCRIPT.NET
 WINDOWS POWERSHELL
 IRON RUBY
 IRON PYTHON
 C OMEGA
 ASML(Abstract State Machine Language)

Main Components of .NET Framework

Common Language Runtime(CLR): CLR is the basic and Virtual Machine component of the .NET
Framework. It is the run-time environment in the .NET Framework that runs the codes and helps in
making the development process easier by providing various services such as remoting, thread
management, type-safety, memory management, robustness, etc.. Basically, it is responsible for
managing the execution of .NET programs regardless of any .NET programming language. It also helps
in the management of code, as code that targets the runtime is known as the Managed Code, and
code that doesn’t target to runtime is known as Unmanaged code.

Framework Class Library(FCL): It is the collection of reusable, object-oriented class libraries and
methods, etc that can be integrated with CLR. Also called the Assemblies. It is just like the header files
in C/C++ and packages in java. Installing the .NET framework basically is the installation of CLR and FCL
into the system. Below is the overview of the .NET Framework
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Is .NET application platform dependent or platform independent?

The combination of Operating System Architecture and CPU Architecture is known as the platform.
Platform dependent means the programming language code will run only on particular Operating
System. A .NET application is platform-dependent because of the .NET framework which is only able
to run on the Windows-based operating system. The .Net application is platform-independent also
because of the Mono framework. Using the Mono framework the .Net application can run on any
Operating System including windows. Mono framework is a third-party software developed by Novell
Company which is now a part of Micro Focus Company. It is a paid framework.
Release History of .NET Framework and its compatibility with the different Windows version
Development tool
.NET Version CLR Version Windows Support

1.0 1.0 Visual Studio .NET XP SP1

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Development tool
.NET Version CLR Version Windows Support

1.1 1.1 Visual Studio .NET 2003 XP SP2, SP3

2.0 2.0 Visual Studio 2005 N/A

3.0 2.0 Expression Blend Vista

3.5 2.0 Visual Studio 2008 7, 8, 8.1, 10

4.0 4 Visual Studio 2010 N/A

4.5 4 Visual Studio 2012 8

4.5.1 4 Visual Studio 2013 8.1

4.5.2 4 N/A N/A

4.6 4 Visual Studio 2015 10 v1507

4.6.1 4 Visual Studio 2015 Update 1 10 v1511

4.6.2 4 N/A 10 v1607

4.7 4 Visual Studio 2017 10 v1703

4.7.1 4 Visual Studio 2017 10 v1709

4.7.2 4 Visual Studio 2017 10v 1803

Important Points:
 Visual Studio is the development tool that is used to design and develop .NET applications. For
using Visual Studio, the user has to first install the .NET framework on the system.
 In the older version of Windows OS like XP SP1, SP2, or SP3, the .NET framework was integrated
with the installation media.
 Windows 8, 8.1, or 10 do not provide a pre-installed version 3.5 or later of .NET Framework.
Therefore, a version higher than 3.5 must be installed either from a Windows installation media or
from the Internet on demand. Windows update will give recommendations to install the .NET
framework.