JEE 2023

Modern Physics
Class 1
Homework from “Modern Physics” module
Illustration 2,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
In chapter exercise A (1,6,7,10,11,13,16)

Homework from “Modern Physics” workbook

Daily tutorial sheet-1 (2,3,6,7,9,10,14)
 Modern Physics Subtopics

1. Basics

I
(A) Cathode Ray Experiment
Read from module section 1
(B) Thomson Experiment (Homework)
(C) Millikan Oil Drop Experiment

2. Photoelectric Effect
3. Radiation Pressure
4. Matter Wave
5. Atomic Structure
6. X-Rays
7. Nuclear Physics
Photoelectric Effect

electrons

-¥¥
"
-

low
light sufficiently
when
of
is
wanehgte incident on a hotel
electrons
surface ,
are
ejected .

Ejected electrons are called

photoelectron .

* Eapeninerlcldsservhs ?
PEE is observed
No if wavehghght
incident
of
light is above a

particular role .
( even if intensity is

increased )
PEE for low
If occurs
wauehgth ,

electrons are ejected instantly

l there is no time
leg )
Experimental observations of PEE can't
explained nature
be
by wane of light
Failure of Wave Nature in explaining Photoelectric Effect

work function (d) :

Miniver that needs to

energy
be
supplied
to a free .
electron of metal to make

it from metal It is
escape property
. a

of the metal

,
No electron in inns
◦ +

are of one
layer
15%7 → 1 electrons
I
Int → low electrons

Total electrons
no of
absorbing
.

the d- cidnt
energy
≥
= 2×10-4×5 ✗ 10° = to electro
E- cidnt wit tins
energy her

Intensity area
= ✗

I
10-5×2×154 W = 2×1-09 Jls
In wane
picture ,
the electrons absorb the

incident
energy continuously
Energy absorbed
by
an electron

her second
= -2×1-09 = 2×1-0
"
Jls
't
10

Energy repaired for emission

= Zev

= 2 ✗ 1^6×110-19 J

retired
2¥;¥!
i. time =
s

I 1^6 ✗ 107 Seconds

= 0.5
years

In
reality emission occurs
intently .

Einstein explained PEE

wig
panicle model .
Particle Nature of light

In nature is assured b-
particle , light
travel in the form of particles
called PHOTONS packet energy
→
of

Properties of phobic
1 .

They are
electrically neutral

particles ( they are not deflected

electric
magnetic field )
by
or

2 .

They travel at speed c= 3×1084

in Vacca .

3 Photon
.
has
energy
ʰ÷ energy of one
E = = hv :

photo _ of Waugh
✗ or
freeing u

h :
plank 's constant -

F- photon =
1240hL ev
✗ Lina)
 ✗ 300hm
eye =

F- photo _
=
'%÷ ev = 4 . er

4. Rest mess of photon is zero

( photons don't exist at rest )

They Lene relativistic wars

f- = more
'

← ↓
Energy of relativistic
photon wars

Mr = m_→ʳsthhˢ
Relation between rest

FÉ mess a relativistic
mass for a

moving
particle

for photons ; Mo =
mrFÉ = 0

5 .
Photon has momentum

p= were =
E- =
¥
of photo
¥ month one -
D=
 a-
¥
, find no .

of photons

light been
passing though
(
intensity
= I a cross -
section

area = A per unit time

try = v7
unit fine
WHY shag her
' "

n = IA_
↓ HV
↳
energy of one photo -

he .
of photons
her second
crossing

increased
If
intensity is
keeping
sane
frequency ,
in will increase
 Visible photons

Energy emitted in the form of light

per second =
% ✗ 100 = 5
Jls

F-photon =
1%%- e. u = 2.48 ell

w .

of emitted photos her secret

in =
{÷✗i6✗
Explanation of Photoelectric Effect using particle nature

When is
light incident on a metal
,

photons strike the metal and

transfers to electrons
energy .

One electron can

gain energy
-

from a
single photon only

a
photon transfers either all
-

of its to electron
energy a-

or home . Partial toaster of

energy is not allowed .

For PEE let occur ?

F- >
photon metal

¥ > a

wavelength
h¥
Threshold I ✗◦ =

✗ < do for PEE

 hu > 10

No =
¥ : threshold
frequency
V7 V0 for PEE

Effi If f-
photo _
= Zev 4 Cheke -_3eu
→ No PEE

If f-
photon = GeV 7- dhefd =3eu

PEE occurs

If PEE occurs
,
then emitted
electrons kinetic
here
energies
in the
range to -

Kwea )

Kmea = F- photon - ①metal

not all emitted electrons has

this KE .

( electrons loose due

energies te

internal collisions different

by
amount)
 photoelectric is
Efficiency of emission

low
very
.

no -
of emitted electrons

< < < < her

of incident photons

Quantum
efficiency is of the order

of 1 photoelectron per 10° incident

photons .
Question
'
m

Find minimum wavelength of light that can cause photoelectric effect in

lithium. Work function of lithium is 2.5eV

E photon > ctmetal

121,2% , > 2-5

/ MOO
> ✗ link )

✗ mean Ñ
lY!ˢ
=
= 4960

I 4000 Ñ
If =
,
which of these

ca - be the K E -

of emitted
electron ?
0 .
Zev # 0.6 e u

☒ 0 .
few * 0 . I e u

Ephoton
%◦_ev=
'
=
3. lev

knee = Epirote -

① = 3.1 -2.5

= o.be ✓
 Oz
F-photo
1÷%
=
_
er = 3^1 ev

As
Epww _
> to PEE occurs .

I = (no .

of photoelectrons her see )

←
✗ ( Cheng o one electron )
Chugs
-

her see

= 1 me
F-
photon
=
✗ ✗ ¢
3. I
✗¢
= 5
✗ 10-5 Amperes
 A°
✗ , = 4000 → E, =
17¥00 = 3. lev

✗2 4500 A° Ez
1,29%0 tsev
= =
→ = 2.

✗ 6000 Ñ
11%-0
→
z = Es = =
2.08 e u

✗ * die PEE
Ketel I cause
= 2.65 e u

✗ 3 can 't Cann PEE

him Quentin
efficiency for
: di 2- ✗ 2

Is 100%

nelecfras =
trphobns Me

=⇐÷←)ⁿ
No of electrons ejected de
by photos
.

per second

" =
'
:*
similarly fr a- : not ✗ 1

Retired ones = (hit his ✗ 2

Experimental setup to study Photoelectric Effect
killer plate Emitter plate
made of (E)

collector
is
[ plate
•
photosensitive
metal ( lewd)
µ > ,

vacuum tube we
ne

&
É i {
→ variable voltage battery
( photocurrent)

light is incident on F- and electrons

are
ejected due to PEE .
Ejected
electrons accelerated the B
by
are

and reach C-

In the external circuit ,

electrons
moves
from C to F-
through
the

ammeter A. current recorded

by
⑨ is called photocurrent .

Potential difference between R RE

varied
is in
magnitude as

well B
as
polarity by changing
and value of i is plotted
against Vc -

VE
 i

to -

• >
-

V0 Ve VE
-

① Vc -

VE = 0

There is current in the Circuit ( io )

some
highly energetic electrons

are able to Ouercone the repulsion

of electron cloud and reach C.

② Ve -

VE = + we

Electric field is present in the

tube from C te f-

Electrons experience force towards G.

Due let this support by

the field ,
more electrons are able b- reach C

and i is more than do

As cc -

VE ) ↑ i ↑
But i saturates linnea )
finally
At this situation ,
all the electrons

emitted her emitter

plate
by
sea

( due b- PEE ) are able to reach C.

③ Ve -

Ve = -
ve

Electric field eh the tube is

from E to C

Electrons experience force away

from C

to this opposition field,

Due by
fewer electrons are able to reach

e. and i < to .

As / Ve VEI - ↑ ,
i to till it

becomes 2- en
.

At this situation even the

,
most
energetic photoelectron are

not able b- reach C .

No :
stopping potential /
Cut off potential