Electrical

Engineering

Electrical Materials

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

Publications
 Publications

MADE EASY Publications

Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delhi-110016
E-mail: [email protected]
Contact: 011-45124660, 8860378007
Visit us at: www.madeeasypublications.org

Electrical Materials
Copyright © by MADE EASY Publications.
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced
into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above
mentioned publisher of this book.

First Edition : 2015

Second Edition : 2016
Third Edition : 2017
Fourth Edition : 2018

© All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission from the publisher.
Contents
Electrical Materials

Chapter 1
2.3 Types of Polarization...................................................23
Introduction to Engineering Materials.......1
2.4 Internal Field in Solids and Liquids........................29
1.1 Introduction..................................................................... 1
2.5 Classification of Dielectrics on the Basis of Their
1.2 Classification of Engineering Materials.................. 1
Dielectric Behaviour....................................................30
1.3 Classification of Solids from Electrical
2.6 Another Classification Based on Special Features
Engineering Point of View........................................... 2
of Dielectric Materials.................................................34
1.4 The Atomic and Electronic Structure...................... 2
2.7 Dielectric in AC Fields, Complex Permittivity of
1.5 Quantized Energies....................................................... 3 Lossy Dielectrics...........................................................41

1.6 Bonding in Solids........................................................... 3 Student’s Assignment-1...............................................44

1.7 Atom Arrangement in Materials............................... 3 Student’s Assignment-2...............................................51

1.8 Amorphous...................................................................... 4

1.9 Space Lattice.................................................................... 4 Chapter 3

1.10 Basis.................................................................................... 5
Magnetic Properties of Materials..........55
1.11 Bravais Lattices................................................................ 5
3.1 Parameters......................................................................55
1.12 Unit Cell............................................................................. 7
3.2 Magnetic Dipole Moment.........................................57
1.13 Cubic Crystal Structures............................................... 8
3.3 Classification of Magnetic Materials......................59
1.14 Miller Indices..................................................................12
3.4 Magnetic Anisotropy..................................................65
1.15 Planar Density...............................................................13
3.5 Magnetostriction..........................................................66
1.16 Interplanar Spacing.....................................................13
3.6 Villari Effect.....................................................................66
1.17 Properties of Engineering Materials......................14
3.7 Antiferromagnetic Material......................................67
1.18 Structural Imperfections............................................14
3.8 Ferrimagnetic Materials.............................................67
Student’s Assignment-1...............................................17
3.9 Magnetic Materials Used in Electrical Devices..68

Student’s Assignment-1...............................................74
Chapter 2
Student’s Assignment-2...............................................78
Dielectric Properties of Materials.........19
2.1 Dielectric.........................................................................19

2.2 Homogeneity, Linearity and Isotropy...................22

(iii)
Chapter 4
Conductive Materials.............................82 5.4 Mechanism of Current Flow in a Semiconductor
....................................................................................................104
4.1 Electrical Conductivity...............................................82
5.5 Charge Densities in a Semiconductor............... 105
4.2 Free Electron Theory of Metals-Ohm’s Law.........82
5.6 Electrical Properties of Semiconductors........... 105
4.3 Joule’s Law......................................................................85
5.7 Hall Effect..................................................................... 106
4.4 Relaxation Time (t).......................................................85
5.8 Conductivity Modulation....................................... 109
4.5 Collision Time (tc).........................................................86
5.9 Thermistors................................................................. 109
4.6 Mean Free Path (l).......................................................86
5.10 Photoconductors...................................................... 109
4.7 Mean Free Path and Velocity at Fermi Level.......86
5.11 Generation and Recombination of Charges.... 110
4.8 Factors Affecting Electrical Conductivity (or
Resistivity) of Conducting Materials......................87 5.12 Recombination........................................................... 110

4.9 Relation between Temperature Coefficient of 5.13 Diffusion....................................................................... 110

Alloys and Pure Metals...............................................88 5.14 Einstein Relationship............................................... 111

4.10 Application of Conducting Materials....................89 5.15 Total Current (Diffusion + Drift)........................... 111

4.11 Conductors for Electrical Machines.......................89 5.16 Electrical Properties of Semiconductor............. 111

4.12 Thermal Conductivity of Metals-Wiedemann 5.17 Crystal Oscillator........................................................ 112

Franz Law........................................................................89
5.18 Relation between ws and wp.................................. 113
4.13 Thermoelectric Phenomena....................................90
5.19 Variation of Impedance (Z) with w...................... 113
4.14 Superconductivity.......................................................91
5.20 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)......................................... 120
4.15 Other Properties of Superconductivity................93
Student’s Assignment-1............................................ 121
4.16 Types of Superconductors........................................93
Student’s Assignment-2............................................ 124
4.17 Applications of Superconductor............................94

Student’s Assignment-1...............................................97
Chapter 6
Student’s Assignment-2...............................................99
Miscellaneous.......................................126
6.1 Low Resistivity Conducting Materials................ 126
Chapter 5
6.2 Solder’s.......................................................................... 126
Semiconductor Materials.....................101
6.3 High Resistive Materials.......................................... 127
5.1 Electrical Conductivity of Metals,
6.4 Insulating Materials.................................................. 128
Semiconductors and Insulators........................... 101

5.2 Electrons and Holes in an Intrinsic 6.5 Some Important Points........................................... 129

Semiconductor (Pure Semiconductor).............. 102 Student’s Assignment-1............................................ 129

5.3 Extrinsic Materials..................................................... 103 nnnn

(iv)