WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

General Biology 2 Grade 11 Quarter 4

Animal and Plant Development

Name: Grade and Section:

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Compare and contrast plant and animal development (STEM_BIO11/12-IVb-1).

Specific Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to:
1. describe the animal and plant development;
2. trace the animal and plant development; and
3. appreciate the similarities and differences between animal and plant development.

Key Concepts
One of the characteristics of life is growth and development. Growth is a stage of development
characterized by an increase in size of an individual. Development involves formation of sex cells,
zygote formation, subsequent stages in one’s life span. Development is terminated by death.
Stages of Animal Development
A. Gametogenesis - a process
which refers to the biological
formation of gametes via a
series of cellular division,
differentiation, and genetic
material reduction to achieve
a haploid number of
chromosomes. The formation
and development of sperm
cell are via spermatogenesis
whereas its female
counterpart, egg cell or
ovum, is via oogenesis.
Figure 1. Gametogenesis
Source: https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/

➢ Spermatogenesis - The precursor cell spermatogonium first divides and differentiates into
two primary spermatocytes via mitosis. The spermatocyte undergoes first meiotic division
giving rise to two secondary spermatocytes. Further, each secondary spermatocyte
proceeds to second meiotic division giving rise to four spermatids that mature into sperms
having an equal number of genetic material and cytoplasm.
➢ Oogenesis - The daughter cells produced from the two meiotic divisions do not receive an
equal amount of cytoplasm primarily because almost all of the cytoplasm of the primary
oocyte is concentrated only to one of its daughter cells. High concentration of cytoplasm in
an ovum provides enough nourishment to the developing embryo after fertilization.

Author: PEJIE ANN S. CORNITES

Station: Buenavista National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Add: [email protected] 1
 B. Fertilization- The two gametes fuse together via fertilization which starts the development
process. In animals, zygote(fertilized egg) formation occurs once a sperm cell successfully
fused to an ovum, which in turn allows embryo development to take place.

C. Cleavage - Fertilization initiates embryotic development allowing cleavage to take place.

Cleavage is the rapid series of mitotic cell divisions of the developing embryo leading to
multicellular ball mass. In mammals, this continuously happens as the embryo transverses
the oviduct toward the uterus. Once more than 100 cells are present, the embryo is now a
blastocyst, characterized by having a distinct inner cell mass, which eventually forms the
fetus.

D. Gastrulation - is the formation of three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Each will give rise to specific tissues and organs.

E. Organogenesis - is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of

gastrulation and continues until birth. During organogenesis, the three germ layers formed
from gastrulation (the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) form the internal organs of the
organism.
Table 1. Three Germ Layers
ECTODERM(Outer layer) MESODERM (Middle layer) ENDODERM ( Inner layer)
Nervous system (brain and muscles, bones, cartilage, digestive and respiratory
spinal cord), epidermis, circulatory, excretory, and organs, endocrine glands,
sense organs reproductive organs germ cells and gametes

Figure 2. Animal Development

Source: https://bastiani.biology.utah.edu/

Author: PEJIE ANN S. CORNITES

Station: Buenavista National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Add: [email protected] 2
 In many species, the organism that hatches from the egg or is born into the world is not
sexually mature. Indeed, in most animals, the young organism is a larva that may look
significantly different from the adult. Larvae often constitute the stage of life that is used for feeding
or dispersal. In many species, the larval stage is the one that lasts the longest, and the adult is a
brief stage solely for reproduction.

Plant Development

The general life cycle of plants:

The mature, multicellular organism is
a diploid sporophyte. Later, some cells
undergo meiosis to produce haploid
gametes which are then released. Gamete’s
fuse and form the zygote which develops by
mitosis to become the multicellular diploid
sporophyte. In some plants, the dominant
part of the life cycle is a multicellular,
haploid gametophyte ( all cells have a
haploid chromosome number). Mitosis
releases individual cells that can act like
gametes (gamete are produced by mitosis).

Figure 3. General Life Cycle of Plants

Source: Teaching Guide, General Biology 2

Types of life cycles

➢ Haplontic life cycle

Chara is a multicellular green alga

related to higher plants because it has both
chlorophyll a and b and produce plant starch.
Its dominant stage is a multicellular haploid
stage which produces gametes that
eventually fuse to form unicellular zygotes.
Each zygote then undergoes meiosis to
become haploid, after which it undergoes
mitosis to become the multicellular organism.

Figure 4. Life Cycle of the Green Alga Chara

Source: Teaching Guide, General Biology 2

Author: PEJIE ANN S. CORNITES

Station: Buenavista National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Add: [email protected] 3
 ➢ Haplodiplontic life cycle

A moss has a multicellular haploid

(gametophyte) stage that produces
gametes. These gametes fuse to produce a
zygote that undergoes mitosis to produce a
multicellular sporophyte. Within a part of
the sporophyte called the capsule, cells
undergo meiosis to produce meiospores.
These spores are eventually released and
germinate by dividing mitotically to become
a multicellular gametophyte.

Figure 5. Life Cycle of a Moss

Source: Teaching Guide, General Biology 2

➢ Diplontic life cycle

Type of life cycle found in

flowering plants. The organism is in
the diploid stage ( all cells are diploid
in chromosome number) except for
mature, haploid sex cells which are
called gametes.

Figure 6. Life Cycle of Flowering Plants

Source: Teaching Guide, General Biology 2

Development in Flowering Plants

I. Gametophyte - Development through gametogenesis

a. Male gametophyte - The microsporangium in the anther contains numerous
microsporocytes. Each microsporocyte will undergo meiosis to produce four haploid
microspores each microspore develops into a pollen grain (containing two sperm nuclei
and one tube nucleus).
b. Female gametophyte - The megasporangium in the ovule contains megasporocytes. One
megasporocyte will undergo meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores three

Author: PEJIE ANN S. CORNITES

Station: Buenavista National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Add: [email protected] 4
 megaspores degenerate remaining megaspore divides mitotically three times, an embryo
sac with eight haploid nuclei membranes partition to make the embryo sac multicellular.
II. Pollination - Transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma. May be animal-aided or
wind-aided.
III. Double fertilization - Inside a pollen grain there is a tube cell and generative cell. Generative
cell divides to produce two sperm cells while the tube cell becomes pollen tube. Pollen tube
elongates along the style and penetrates the ovule in the ovary via the micropyle (an opening).
Pollen tube discharges the sperm cells into the embryo sac. Inside the ovule, one sperm unites
with the egg to form the zygote while the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to become the
endosperm, which serves as food of the early embryo.
IV. Embryo development (embryogenesis) - Zygote divides mitotically to produce the proembryo
and suspensor.
V. Maturation of ovary and ovule - Ovary matures into fruit while the ovule becomes the seed.
The seed may become dormant for some time.
VI. Seed germination
a. Transformation of seed to seedling
b. Seed undergoes imbibition to break dormancy nutrients stored in the endosperm or
cotyledons.
i. Epigeal germination occurs when the cotyledon emerges above ground, thereby
exposing the hypocotyl of the plumule.
ii. Hypogeal germination occurs when the cotyledon remains below ground, thereby
concealing the hypocotyl.
VII. Seedling growth to mature plant
A. Primary meristems differentiate to become the different plant tissues

Figure 7. Seed Germination

Source: Teaching Guide, General Biology 2

Author: PEJIE ANN S. CORNITES

Station: Buenavista National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Add: [email protected] 5
Activity 1. I Wanna Grow Old with You!
Objective: Describe the animal and plant development.
What you need: pen and paper
What to do: On a separate sheet of paper, copy the table below and describe the development
process on animals and plants.

Developmental Animals Plants

Process
Example: Example:
A biological formation of gametes via Male gametophyte - Each
a series of cellular division, microsporocyte will undergo meiosis
differentiation, and genetic material to produce four haploid microspores
reduction to achieve a haploid each microspore develops into a
number of chromosomes. The pollen grain.
formation and development of sperm Female gametophyte - One
Gametogenesis cell are via spermatogenesis whereas megasporocyte will undergo meiosis
its female counterpart, egg cell or to produce four haploid megaspores
ovum, is via oogenesis. three megaspores degenerate
remaining megaspore divides
mitotically three times, an embryo
sac with eight haploid nuclei
membranes partition to make the
embryo sac multicellular.

Fertilization

Embryogenesis

Adult Organism

Guide Question: (Limit you answer to 3 sentences only.)

Cite the similarities and differences in the developmental process of animals and plants.

Please refer to page 9 for the rubrics for guide questions.

Author: PEJIE ANN S. CORNITES

Station: Buenavista National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Add: [email protected] 6
Activity 2. BEAN there, FROG that!
Objective: Trace the animal and plant development
What you need: pen and paper
What to do: Using the figure below, arrange the development process of a frog and a bean plant
starting from the egg mass and seed, respectively. Write your answer on the space
before the letter and use numbers 1 to 5 in sequencing.

Figure 8. Life Cycle of a Frog Figure 9. Life Cycle of a Bean Plant

Source: https://www.shutterstock.com Source: https://cf.ltkcdn.net

Life Cycle of a Frog

A. The embryo transforms into a tadpole.
B. The tadpole’s hind legs grow after the development of organs.
C. The young frog develops lungs, forelimbs, hind limbs and transforms into an adult frog.
D. The tadpole with legs metamorphoses into a young frog and has a small tail stuck in the
body.
E. A mother frog lays a cluster of eggs covered with a jelly-like substance called egg mass. The
single cell within the egg undergoes cell division, growing into an embryo.

Life Cycle of a Bean Plant

A. The flowers began to produce seeds.
B. The roots begin to grow downwards.
C. a shoot will grow upwards and will appear in soil.
D. The plant will grow taller, and more leaves will grow.
E. After the seed is planted, the hard shell softens and splits.

Guide Question: (Limit you answer to 2 sentences only.)

How does the life cycle of the frog differ from the bean plant?

Please refer to page 9 for the rubrics for guide questions.

Author: PEJIE ANN S. CORNITES

Station: Buenavista National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Add: [email protected] 7
Activity 3. Ginuwine!
Objective: Appreciate the similarities and differences between animal development and plant
development.
What you need: pen and paper
What to do: In a separate sheet of paper, complete the Venn Diagram below.

Animal Plant
Development Development

Differences Differences

Similarities

1. 1.
2. 1. 2.
3. 2. 3.
3.

Reflection
Write at least five-sentence practical application on the question below.

A report of United Nations last 2019, shows that around 1 million animal and plant
species are now threatened with extinction. The average abundance of native species in most
major land-based habitats has fallen by at least 20%, mostly since 1900. As a student, how will
you be able to help in the proliferation of animal and plant species?

Rubric for Guide Questions and Reflection

5 – Discussion is scientifically explained consistent to the concepts and has no misconception.
4 – Discussion is scientifically explained consistent to the concepts, but with minimal
misconception.
3 – Discussion is explained consistent to the concepts, but with misconceptions.
2 – Discussion is not consistent to the concept.
0 – No discussion

Author: PEJIE ANN S. CORNITES

Station: Buenavista National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Add: [email protected] 8
References:

Book Sources

Dela Pena, Renato A. Jr., Daniel E. Gracilla and Christian R. Pangilinan. General Biology. Manila:
JFS Publishing Services. 2016.

Raven, Peter H., George B. Johnson, Jonathan B. Losos, and Susan S. Singer. Biology. New York:
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2005.

Rea, Maria Angelica D., Mary Zugar M. Dequillo, and Jenny Lyn C. Chua. General Biology 1.
Manila: Rex Book Store. 2017.

The Authors. General Biology 2. Quezon City: Commission of Higher Education. 2016

Image References

Figure 1. Gametogenesis. Accessed on April 5, 2021. Retrieved from: https://www.toppr.com

/ask/question/

Figure 2. Animal Development. Accessed on April 5, 2021. Retrieved from: : https://bastiani.

biology.utah.edu/

Figure 3. General Life Cycle of Plants. Scanned from: General Biology 2. Quezon City:
Commission of Higher Education. 2016

Figure 4. Life Cycle of the Green Alga Chara. Scanned from: General Biology 2. Quezon City:
Commission of Higher Education. 2016

Figure 5. Life Cycle of a Moss. Scanned from: General Biology 2. Quezon City: Commission of
Higher Education. 2016

Figure 6. Life Cycle of a Flowering Plants. Scanned from: General Biology 2. Quezon City:
Commission of Higher Education. 2016

Figure 7. Seed Germination. Scanned from: General Biology 2. Quezon City: Commission of
Higher Education. 2016

Figure 8. Life Cycle of a Frog. Accessed on May 4, 2021. Retrieved from: https://www.shutter
stock.com/search/life+cycle+frog

Figure 9. Life Cycle of a Bean Plant. Accessed on May 4, 2021. Retrieved from: https://cf.ltkcdn
.net/garden/images/std/252297-400x446-bean-plant.jpg

Author: PEJIE ANN S. CORNITES

Station: Buenavista National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Add: [email protected] 9