FOUNDATIONS OF

STRUCTURES
According to American Codes

Ahmed A. A. El-Abbasy
Mohamed S. Issa
FOUNDATIONS OF
STRUCTURES
According to American Codes

Ahmed A. A. El-Abbasy
Prof. of Concrete Structures
Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
Mohamed S. Issa
Prof. of Concrete Structures
Housing and Building National Research Center, Egypt

2021
 Dedication
To our parents and families.
 LIST OF CONTENTS
PREFACE vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF PRIMARY SYMBOLS USED IN TEXT xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND REVISION OF SOIL MECHANICS 1

1.1 Types of Foundations 2
1.2 Soil Pressure under Concentrically Loaded Footings 4
1.3 Gross and Net Soil Pressures 5
Example 1.1 7
1.4 Revision of Soil Mechanics 8
1.4.1 Development of Soil Mechanics 9
1.4.2 Preliminary Definitions and Relations 10
1.4.2.1 Water content (w) 11
1.4.2.2 Unit Weight (Density) of Soil 11
1.4.2.3 Specific Gravity (Gs) 12
1.4.2.4 Void Ratio (e) 12
1.4.2.5 Porosity (n) 12
1.4.2.6 Degree of Saturation (S) 12
Example 1.2 13
Example 1.3 14
1.4.3 Stresses in Soil 15
1.4.3.1 Stresses Due to Concentrated Load (Boussinesq Equation) 15
Example 1.4 16
1.4.3.2 Newmark Chart 17
Example 1.5 18
1.4.3.3 Approximate Method 19
Example 1.6 20
1.4.4 Settlement of Soil 21
1.4.4.1 Types of Foundation Settlement 21
1.4.4.1.1 Immediate Settlement (Elastic Settlement) 22
Example 1.7 23
Example 1.8 27
Example 1.9 29
1.4.4.1.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement 30
Example 1.10 35
1.4.4.1.3 Secondary Consolidation Settlement 36
Example 1.11 36
1.4.5 Approximate Properties and Classification of Soils 38
Summary 38
Problems 38

CHAPTER 2 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL 41

2.1 Definitions 41
2.2 Bearing Capacity of Soil Supporting Shallow Foundations 41
2.2.1 Types of Shear Failure 41
2.2.2 Terzaghi’s Assumptions 42
2.2.3 Calculations of Bearing Capacity (B/C) 42
2.2.3.1 Definitions 42
2.2.3.2 Shear Failure 43
2.2.3.3 Effect of Foundation Shape on B/C 45
2.2.3.4 Ultimate Net Bearing Capacity of Soil 46
2.2.3.5 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Clay 48
2.2.3.6 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Sand 48
2.2.3.7 Effect of Groundwater Table on B/C 49
Example 2.1 50
Example 2.2 51
2.2.3.8 Effect of Multi-Layer of Soil below Foundation Level on B/C 51
Example 2.3 52
2.2.4 Determination of Soil Bearing Capacity According to Allowable Settlement 53
Example 2.4 54
Example 2.5 56
Summary 58
Problems 59

CHAPTER 3 ISOLATED FOOTINGS 61

3.1 Design of Isolated (Spread) Footings 61
Example 3.1 75
Example 3.2 80
Example 3.3 84
Summary 92
Problems 93

CHAPTER 4 WALL FOOTINGS 94

4.1 Introduction 94
4.2 Design of Wall (Strip or Continuous) Footings 94
Example 4.1 99
Example 4.2 102
Summary 105
Problems 105

CHAPTER 5 COMBINED FOOTINGS 106

5.1 Introduction 106
5.2 Design of Combined Footings 107
5.3 Important Notes 121
Example 5.1 122
Summary 134
Problems 134

CHAPTER 6 FOUNDATIONS ON OR NEAR THE PROPERTY LINE 136

6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Design of Strap Beam Foundations 136
6.3 Steps of Design Strap Beam Foundation 137
Example 6.1 150
6.4 Using Combined Footings for Columns on or Near Property Lines 161
Example 6.2 164
Summary 185
Problems 185
CHAPTER 7 RAFT FOUNDATIONS 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Steps of Raft Foundation Design 188
Example 7.1 204
Summary 217
Problems 217

CHAPTER 8 DEEP FOUNDATIONS 221

8.1 Introduction 221
8.2 Types of Pile Material 222
8.2.1 Timber Piles 222
8.2.2 Steel Piles 222
8.2.2.1 Steel H-Piles 222
8.2.2.2 Steel Pipe Piles 223
8.2.3 Concrete Piles 223
8.2.3.1 Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) 223
8.2.3.2 Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles (Bored Piles) 223
8.3 Choice of Pile Types 223
8.4 Pile Load Transfer Mechanism 224
8.5 Pile Load Capacity 224
8.5.1 Load Capacity of Pile from Soil Parameters 224
8.5.1.1 End or Point Resistance 225
8.5.1.2 Shaft Resistance 226
8.5.1.3 Total Ultimate Pile Resistance 226
8.5.1.4 Overburden Stress (qo\) 227
8.5.1.5 Check of Pile Material Capacity 227
8.5.1.6 Allowable Pile Resistance 228
Example 8.1 228
8.5.2 Load Capacity of Pile Using Dynamic Driving Formula 229
Example 8.2 230
8.5.3 Load Capacity of Pile Using Static Pile Load Test 230
8.5.4 Load Capacity of Pile Using In-Situ Soil Test Methods 230
8.5.4.1 Load Capacity of Pile Using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 230
Example 8.3 230
8.5.4.2 Load Capacity of Pile Using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) 231
8.6 Pile Groups 231
8.6.1 Arrangement of Pile Groups 232
8.6.2 Efficiency of Pile Groups 232
Example 8.4 232
8.7 Negative Skin Friction 232
Summary 233
Problems 234

CHAPTER 9 PILE CAPS 235

9.1 Introduction 235
9.2 Methods of Pile Caps’ Design 235
9.3 Design of Pile Caps Using the Conventional Design Method 235
Example 9.1 248
Summary 256
Problems 256

CHAPTER 10 ISOLATED FOOTINGS SUBJECTED TO “P” & “M” 257

10.1 Design of Isolated Footings Subjected to “P” & Permanent “M” 257
Example 10.1 268
10.2 Design of Isolated Footings Subjected to “P” & Temporary “M” 273
Example 10.2 275
10.3 Check of Sliding 279
Summary 280
Problems 281

CHAPTER 11 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE 282

11.1 Introduction 282
11.2 Earth Pressure at Rest 282
11.3 Rankine's Theory of Active and Passive Earth Pressure 283
11.3.1 Lateral Active Earth Pressure 283
11.3.2 Lateral Passive Earth Pressure 285
Example 11.1 286
11.3.3 Sloping of Soil Surface 288
Example 11.2 288
11.3.4 Surcharges 289
Example 11.3 290
Summary 291
Problems 292

CHAPTER 12 RETAINING WALLS 294

12.1 Introduction 294
12.1.1 Classification of Retaining Walls 294
12.2 Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls 295
12.2.1 Analysis for Dry Back Fills 295
12.2.2 Analysis for Backfill with Sloping Surface 296
12.2.3 Stability Requirements of Retaining Wall 296
12.2.3.1 Check against Overturning 297
12.2.3.2 Check against Sliding 298
12.2.3.3 Design of Shear Key 299
12.2.3.4 Pressure below the Retaining Wall 299
12.2.4 Depth of Foundation 300
12.2.5 Preliminary Proportioning of T-Shaped Wall 301
12.2.6 Behavior or Structural Action of Retaining T-Wall 301
Example 12.1 302
Summary 311
Problems 311

REFERNCES 312

APPENDIX (A) DESIGN AIDS 318

 PREFACE
Design codes for reinforced concrete vary from country to country and from time to
time, this fact is true because, design codes are deeply affected by various factors
such as temperature, climate, environment, resources, and even culture, and common
units. ACI Reinforced Concrete Code (ACI318-19) is the most convenient reference
when teaching and design structures inside North America. The fact is that university
professors responsible for teaching design courses in different American universities
originate from different countries in addition to those local professors attaining their
Ph.D. degrees from the west or Japan adopting different design codes. As a logical
result, the same curriculum will be demonstrated in several different approaches from
university to another. Unifying teaching methodology and the adopted code in design
is necessary, as it gathers all graduated students, future engineers, under the same
umbrella.
One of the main obstacles in applying the (ACI318-19) and implementing it as the
main reference for design when teaching reinforced concrete design courses is the
lack of metric design aids. Although ACI Code (ACI318-19) adopted a metric
version, but still using the imperial design aids appended to the ACI code in its both
versions. Another disadvantage, is the lack of exercises, and solved examples using
the metric equations and metric design aids, that clarify the concepts and maneuvers
of applying the code in design. From recourses point of view, another disadvantage
arises when adopting ACI code. The reinforcing steel bars strength and diameters
manufactured in USA varies from those used oversees. Raw materials, mixing, and
casting conditions of concrete in USA varies from place to place. For the above
reasons, the author prepared this book to overcome all obstacles preventing
applying ACI Code (ACI318-19) and unifying the design criterion and teaching
methods among the civil engineering students and engineers.
The book contains 12 chapters cover the basic design of shallow foundations, deep
foundations, and retaining structures with accordance to the American code
requirement for loading and forces, American code requirement for soil and
foundation, and American code requirements for reinforced concrete structures.
Most of the figures, tables, and calculations of the book are conducted and prepared
by the authors except for those given in the ACI code. The main audiences of this
book are the civil engineering and architectural engineering students and engineers.
It also helps staff teachers of foundation of structures to prepare their lecture notes.
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1 A Photo of a Concrete Building Foundation 1
Fig. 1.2 Collapse of a Building Due to Foundation’s Problems 2
Fig. 1.3 Types of Shallow Foundations Used for Structures 3
Fig. 1.4 Pile (Deep) Foundation Used for Structures 4
Fig. 1.5 Soil Pressure Distribution under Footings 5
Fig. 1.6 Gross and Net Soil Bearing Pressure 7
Fig. 1.7 Data of Example 1.1 8
Fig. 1.8 Three-Phase Diagram of Soil 11
Fig. 1.9 Three-Phase Diagram of Example 1.3 14
Fig. 1.10 Effect of Concentrated Load 15
Fig. 1.11 Solution of Boussinesq Equation for Concentrated Load 16
Fig. 1.12 The Isobars Corresponding to Stresses 80 and 30 kN/m2 (Example 1.4) 17
Fig. 1.13 Newmark Chart 18
Fig. 1.14 Data of Example 1.5 19
Fig. 1.15 Solution of Example 1.5 19
Fig. 1.16 Stresses in Soil by the Approximate Method 20
Fig. 1.17 A Photo of Leaning Tower of Pisa 21
Fig. 1.18 Types of Foundation Settlement 21
Fig. 1.19 Elastic Settlement of Flexible and Rigid Footing 22
Fig. 1.20 Influence Coefficient Ic 27
Fig. 1.21 Elastic Settlement Calculation Using SIF 28
Fig. 1.22 Data and Solution of Example 1.9 29
Fig. 1.23 Change of Settlement with Time for Different Soils 30
Fig. 1.24 Change of Stresses with Time during Consolidation 31
Fig. 1.25 Schematic Diagram of Consolidation Test Arrangement 31
Fig. 1.26 Time-Deformation Plot 32
Fig. 1.27 Void Ratio (e) - log v\ Plot 32
Fig. 1.28 Graphical Determination of c\ 33
Fig. 1.29 Determination of Compression and Swelling Indices 33
Fig. 1.30 Data and Solution of Example 1.10 35
Fig. 1.31 Determination of the Secondary Compression Index 36
Fig. 1.32 Data of Example 1.11 37
Fig. 1.33 Data of Problem 9 39
Fig. 1.34 Data of Problem 10 40
Fig. 2.1 Types of Shear Failure 41
Fig. 2.2 Shear Strength of Soil According to Terzaghi’s Assumptions 42
Fig. 2.3 Steps of Shear Failure 44
Fig. 2.4 Failure of Soil According to Terzaghi's Theory 44
Fig. 2.5 Values of Nc, Nq, and N Used in Calculating Bearing Capacity of Soil 46
Fig. 2.6 Different Cases for Groundwater Table 49
Fig. 2.7 Different Cases for Foundation Level Depth (DF) 50
Fig. 2.8 Effect of Multi-Layer of Soil below Foundation Level on B/C 52
Fig. 2.9 Data of Example 2.3 52
Fig. 2.10 Allowable Settlement and Bearing Capacity of Soil 53
Fig. 2.11 Data of Example 2.4 54
Fig. 2.12 Solution of Example 2.4 56
Fig. 2.13 Data of Example 2.5 57
Fig. 2.14 Data of Problem 8 60
Fig. 2.15 Data of Problem 9 60
Fig. 3.1 Dimensioning of Isolated Footing 63
Fig. 3.2 Safe Extension Distance of P.C. Footing beyond R.C. Footing 64
Fig. 3.3 Punching Loading Area and Perimeter 66
Fig. 3.4 A Photo of Punching Shear Failure 68
Fig. 3.5 Check of One-Way Shear 69
Fig. 3.6 Check of Bearing 70
Fig. 3.7 Design of Isolated Footing for Bending Moment 71
Fig. 3.8 Reinforcement Distribution in Rectangular Footing 72
Fig. 3.9 Common Practice of Isolated Footing Details 74
Fig. 3.10 Isolated Footing Details According to ACI318-19 75
Fig. 3.11 Common Practice of Example 3.1 Details 79
Fig. 3.12 Example 3.1 Details According to ACI318-19 80
Fig. 3.13 Details of Example 3.2 84
Fig. 3.14 Data of Example 3.3 85
Fig. 3.15 Details of Example 3.3 (b) 91
Fig. 3.16 Details of Example 3.3 (c) 92
Fig. 4.1 Dimensioning of Wall Footing 95
Fig. 4.2 Check of One-Way Shear 97
Fig. 4.3 Design of Wall Footing for Bending Moment 98
Fig. 4.4 Wall Footing Details 99
Fig. 4.5 Example 4.1 Details 102
Fig. 4.6 Example 4.2 Details 105
Fig. 5.1 Analysis of Combined Footing [M. Ghoneim et al. (2008)] 106
Fig. 5.2 Given Dimensions of Columns to Be Supported by a Combined Footing 107
Fig. 5.3 Location of the Columns’ Working Loads Resultant 108
Fig. 5.4 Dimensioning and Layout of the Combined Footing 110
Fig. 5.5 Choosing R.C. Footing Depth Based on Punching 112
Fig. 5.6 (S.F.D.) and (B.M.D.) for the Longitudinal Direction 113
Fig. 5.7 Check of Punching Shear in Combined Footing 115
Fig. 5.8 Cross Beams in the Transversal Direction of Combined Footing 117
Fig. 5.9 Details of Combined Footing 120
Fig. 5.10 Common Practice of Combined Footing Details 121
Fig. 5.11 Data of Example 5.1 122
Fig. 5.12 Dimensioning and Layout of the Combined Footing in Example 5.1 123
Fig. 5.13 Check of Punching Shear in Example 5.1 126
Fig. 5.14 (S.F.D.) and (B.M.D.) for the Longitudinal Direction in Example 5.1 127
Fig. 5.15 Cross Beams in the Transversal Direction of Example 5.1 129
Fig. 5.16 Details of Combined Footing in Example 5.1 132
Fig. 5.17 Common Details of Combined Footing in Example 5.1 133
Fig. 6.1 Strap Beam Solution for Property Line Foundation 137
Fig. 6.2 Given Dimensions of Columns Supported by a Strap Beam Foundation 138
Fig. 6.3 Dimensioning of the Exterior and Interior Footings 141
Fig. 6.4 Distribution of the Own Weight of the Strap Beam between the Columns 142
Fig. 6.5 Resultant of the Ultimate Loads of Columns 143
Fig. 6.6 The Ultimate Loads of Columns and Pressures under R.C. Footings 145
Fig. 6.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams of the Strap Beam 146
Fig. 6.8 Design of Footings for Flexure and One-Way Shear 149
Fig. 6.9 Details of Strap Beam Foundations 150
Fig. 6.10 Data of Example 6.1 151
Fig. 6.11 Using Strap Beam Foundation in Example 6.1 152
Fig. 6.12 Dimensioning of the Exterior and Interior Footings in Example 6.1 154
Fig. 6.13 The Ultimate Loads and Pressures of Example 6.1 155
Fig. 6.14 S.F.D. and B.M.D of the Strap Beam in Example 6.1 156
Fig. 6.15 Design of Footings for Flexure and One-Way Shear in Example 6.1 160
Fig. 6.16 Details of Strap Beam Foundations in Example 6.1 161
Fig. 6.17 Using Combined Footing for Column on Property Line 162
Fig. 6.18 Design of Combined Footing for Column on Property Line 163
Fig. 6.19 Configurations of Example 6.2 165
Fig. 6.20 Details of Strap Beam Foundations in Example 6.2 172
Fig. 6.21 Configurations of Example 6.2 for Combined Footing Calculations 173
Fig. 6.22 Details of Combined Footing in Example 6.2 181
Fig. 6.23 Common Practice Details of Combined Footing in Example 6.2 182
Fig. 6.24 Configuration of Problems P1 and P2 185
Fig. 6.25 Configuration of Problem 3 186
Fig. 7.1 Raft Foundation 187
Fig. 7.2 Given Data of Columns Supported by a Raft Foundation 189
Fig. 7.3 Dimensioning of Raft Foundation in Case of No Property Lines 191
Fig. 7.4 Dimensioning of Raft Foundation in Case of a Property Line Existed
Perpendicular to the X-Direction 192
Fig. 7.5 Dimensioning of Raft Foundation in Case of a Property Line Existed
Perpendicular to the Y-Direction 193
Fig. 7.6 Dimensioning of Raft Foundation in Case of Property Line Existed in Both
Direction 194
Fig. 7.7 Punching Loading Area and Perimeter 197
Fig. 7.8 Data of Example 7.1 205
Fig. 7.9 Dimensioning of the Raft in Example 7.1 207
Fig. 7.10 S.F.D. and B.M.D. for Strip on Axis 2 214
Fig. 7.11 S.F.D. and B.M.D. for Strip on Axis B 215
Fig. 7.12 Details of Raft in Example 7.1 217
Fig. 7.13 Data of Problem 1 218
Fig. 7.14 Configurations of Problem 2 219
Fig. 8.1 Types of Piles According to the Method of Load Transfer 221
Fig. 8.2 Types of Piles According to Their Material 222
Fig. 8.3 Ultimate Capacity of Pile Using Soil Parameters (Static Analysis) 224
Fig. 8.4 Values of Nc* with Different Foundation Level to Breadth Ratios 225
Fig. 8.5 Relationship between Nq* and ϕ for L/D = 5, 20, and 70 226
Fig. 8.6 Data of Example 8.1 228
Fig. 8.7 Negative Skin Friction 233
Fig. 9.1 Pile Cap Configurations According to the Number of piles 236
Fig. 9.2 Punching Shear Area and Perimeter 237
Fig. 9.3 Different Cases of Punching Area with Respect to Surrounding Piles 240
Fig. 9.4 Common Area between Pile and Punching Area around Column 241
Fig. 9.5 Intersection between Pile Cap and Punching Perimeter around Pile 243
Fig. 9.6 Check of One-Way Shear in a Pile Cap 245
Fig. 9.7 Design of Pile Cap for Bending Moment 246
Fig. 9.8 Details of Pile Cap 248
Fig. 9.9 Dimensioning of Pile Cap in Example 9.1 250
Fig. 9.10 Check of Punching Shear around Column in Example 9.1 251
Fig. 9.11 Accurate Value of Vu for Punching around Column in Example 9.1 252
Fig. 9.12 Check of Punching Shear around Pile of Example 9.1 253
Fig. 9.13 Check of One-Way Shear in Example 9.1 254
Fig. 9.14 Design for Flexure in Example 9.1 255
Fig. 9.15 Details of Example 9.1 256
Fig. 10.1 Dimensioning of Isolated Footing Subjected to permanent Moment(s) 259
Fig. 10.2 Punching Loading Area and Perimeter 260
Fig. 10.3 Check of One-Way Shear 262
Fig. 10.4 Design of Eccentric Footing for Bending Moment 264
Fig. 10.5 Common Practice of Isolated Footing Details 267
Fig. 10.6 Isolated Footing Details According to ACI318-19 267
Fig. 10.7 Dimensioning of Footing in Example 10.1 269
Fig. 10.8 Contact Stresses Beneath R.C. Eccentric Footing 274
Fig. 11.1 At Rest Lateral Earth Pressure 282
Fig. 11.2 Distribution of at Rest Lateral Earth Pressure 283
Fig. 11.3 Lateral Active Earth Pressure 284
Fig. 11.4 Distribution of Active Earth Pressure 284
Fig. 11.5 Lateral Passive Earth Pressure 285
Fig. 11.6 Distribution of Passive Earth Pressure 286
Fig. 11.7 Data of Example 11.1 287
Fig. 11.8 Lateral Earth Pressures in Example 11.1 287
Fig. 11.9 Active Earth Pressures with Sloping Soil Surface 288
Fig. 11.10 Effect of Surcharge on Active Earth Pressures 290
Fig. 11.11 Data of Example 11.3 290
Fig. 11.12 Lateral Earth Pressures in Example 11.3 291
Fig. 11.13 Data of Problem 1 292
Fig. 11.14 Data of Problem 2 292
Fig. 11.15 Data of Problem 3 293
Fig. 11.16 Data of Problem 5 293
Fig. 12.1 Different Types of Retaining Walls 294
Fig. 12.2 Retaining Wall Analysis for Dry Back Fills 295
Fig. 12.3 Soil Pressure Due to Inclined Surcharge 296
Fig. 12.4 Overturning of Wall 297
Fig. 12.5 Sliding of Wall 298
Fig. 12.6 Shear Key to Prevent Sliding of Wall 299
Fig. 12.7 Maximum Pressure at the Toe 300
Fig. 12.8 Rankine’s formula for Foundation Depth 300
Fig. 12.9 Preliminary Proportioning of Retaining Wall 301
Fig. 12.10 Deformation of Retaining T-Wall under Loading 301
Fig. 12.11 Details of Retaining T-Wall in Example 12.1 311
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Range of Material Parameters for Computing Elastic Settlement 23
Table 1.2 Coefficient of Shape and Rigidity (I) for Foundation on Soil with Infinite
Depth 23
Table 1.3 Solution of Example 1.7 24
Table 1.4 Approximate Properties and Classification of Soils 38
Table 2.1 Values of Nc, Nq, and N using in Calculating B/C 47
Table 2.2 Values of c, q, and  using in Calculating B/C 48
Table 2.3 Maximum Allowable Total Settlement 53
Table 3.1 Values of (xp / hp) with Different Values of fc\ & qall 65
Table 5.1 Table of Footings 133
Table 6.1 Plain Concrete Footings Dimensions and Properties 140
Table 6.2 Reinforced Concrete Footings Dimensions and Properties 141
Table 6.3 Plain Concrete Footings Dimensions and Properties of Example 6.1 152
Table 6.4 R.C. Footings Dimensions and Properties of Example 6.1 153
Table 6.5 Cost of Materials and Manufactures 164
Table 6.6 Plain Concrete Footings Dimensions and Properties of Example 6.2 166
Table 6.7 R.C. Footings Dimensions and Properties of Example 6.2 167
Table 6.8 Development Lengths of different Rebar Diameters in Example 6.2 180
Table 6.9 Dimensions and Reinforcements of Footings Using Strap Beam 182
Table 6.10 Dimensions and Reinforcements of Strap Beam 183
Table 6.11 Dimensions and Reinforcements of Footings Using Combined Footing 183
Table 7.1 Dimensions and Reinforcement of Columns 188
Table 7.2 Stresses under Corner Points of Plain Raft 196
Table 7.3 Dimensions and Reinforcement of Columns in Example 7.1 205
Table 7.4 Stresses under Corner Points of Plain Raft 208
Table 7.5 Dimensions and Reinforcement of Columns in Problem 1 218
Table 7.6 Dimensions and Reinforcement of Columns in Problem 2 218
Table 7.7 Footings’ Dimensions and Reinforcements 219
Table 7.8 Cost of Materials and Manufactures 220
Table 8.1 Values of KHC and KHT for Different Piles 227
Table 8.2 Values of Adhesion between Saturated Clay and Different Piles 227
Table 8.3 Results of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) of Example 8.3 231
Table 8.4 Results of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) of Problem 3 234
Table 11.1 Values of ka and kp According to Rankine's Theory 286
 FOUNDATIONS OF
STRUCTURES
According to American Codes

Prof. Ahmed El-Abbasy Prof. Mohamed S. Issa

FEATURES
 Reflects the very latest American Code Provisions.
 Numerous illustrations and figures of each topic.
 Assumption of foundation depth based on the critical internal
forces: one-way shear, two-way shear, or flexure.
 Concrete and steel reinforcement properties and bearing
capacities of soils assumed in examples are identical with those
commonly used and found.
 Good theoretical background for each topic with code
provision.
 Extensive examples in each chapter utilizing SI units.
 Full reinforced details for every example.
 Design of each type of foundation is summarized as a step by
step procedure.
 All expected cases in common practice is considered.
 Economy and practicality of the design are also considered in
addition to safety.
 Analysis and design equations are written such that the design
of all foundation types could by programmed or prepared using
spread sheets, easily.
 An appendix is provided contains design aids such as tables,
figures, drawings, and important equations of foundation
analysis and design.