INTERNATIONAL IEC STANDARD 60076-10-1 First edition 2005-10 Power transformers — Part 10. Determ jon of sound levels — Application guide © IEC 2005 Copyright - all rights reserved may be reproduced of size in any fom or by any mean, elaconlc oF mechanical reroti, whout permission n wing rom the pusher, Ne part of Inte he Iman roc Cormier, 3, ute Varo PO Box 31, C121 Gna 28, Swen Telephone: +41 2291902 1 Teetax +41 229190300 Ermal-Inmaigieach Web: we! price cove =X Fee sacPublication numbering ‘As from 1 January 1987 all IEC publications are Issued with a designation in the 60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred fo as IEC 60034-1 Consolidated editions The IEC is now publishing consolidated versions of its publications. 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On-line information is also available on recently issued publications, withdraw and replaced publications, 8s well a corrigenda + IEC Just Published This summary of recently issued publications (ywiz.lec.chlontine_ news! justpub) is also available by email. Please contact the Customer Service Centre (see below) for further information, + Customer Service Centro you have any questions regarding this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre Email: [email protected] Tel #41 2291902 11 Fax: +41 22.919 03 0060076-10-1 © IEC:2005 CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 Scope. 2 Normative references 3. Basic physics of sound 3.1. Sound pressure, p 3.2 Particle velocity, w 3.3. Sound intensity, / 3.4 Sound power, 1” 3.5 Sound fields 4 Sources and characteristics of transformer and reactor sound. 4.1 General 42° Sources. 4.3. Vibration transmission 4.4 Sound radiation 5 Measuring principles 5.1. General 5.2. Sound pressure level measurement 5.3. Sound intensity measurements. 5.4 Guidance on narrow-band measurements. 6 Comparison of measuring methods. 61 General 6.2 Sensitivity of the sound pressure method to the test environment.. 6.3 Sensitivity of the sound intensity method to test environment 6.4 Guidance on method selection .... 7 Practical aspects of making sound measurements 7.1 General 7.2 Orientation of the test object 7.3. Number of measurement points on a measuring surface 7.4 Choice of microphone spacer for sound intensity measurements 7.5. Impact of background noise on sound intensity measurements. 7.6 Measurements in the presence of sound-proofing screens 8 Difference between factory tests and field sound level measurements 8.1 General 8.2 Load power factor 8.3 Load current. 8.4 Operating voltage 8.5 Operating temperature 8.8 Harmonics in the load current and voltage 8.7 DC magnetization. 8.8 Effect of remanent flux 8.9 Sound level build-up due to reflections 8.10 Influence of distance when making on-site measurements 8.11 Converter transformers with saturable reactors and/or interphase transformers " " "1 " 13, 13, 13 15 7 7 7 27 29 29 29 34 31 33 238 39 41 43 a7 47 47 47 47 49 51 53 53 53 53 55 55 55 87 57 87 87 59 5960076-10-1 © IEC:2005 9 Specifying transformer and reactor sound levels 9.1 General 9.2 Guarantee sound levels. 9.3 Choice of test method 9.4 Load conditions 9.5 Auxiliary cooling equipment 9.6 Voltage regulation 9.7 On-site operating conditions. 9.8 Example noise specification for power transformer and cooling auxiliaries (see Annex A) 9.9 Example noise specification for a distribution transformer (see Annex B) ‘Annex A (informative) Worked example: Power transformer with cooling auxiliaries mounted on a separate structure >3 m from the principal radiating surface of the transformer ~ Sound power level determined via sound pressure method Annex B (informative) Worked example: Distribution transformer, sound power determined via time-synchronous sound intensity method Figure 1 ~ Example curves showing relative change in length for one type of core lamination during complete cycles of applied 50 Hz a.c. induction up to different peak flux densities Bmax = 1,2 T- 1,97 Figure 2 - Induction (smooth line) and relative change in lamination length (dotted) as a function of time due to applied a.c. induction: 1,8 T, 50 Hz ~no d.c. bias. Figure 3 ~ Example curve showing relative change in lamination length during one complete cycle of applied a.c. induction with @ small d.c. bias: 1,8 T, 50 Hz and 0,1 T, 0 Hz. Figure 4 ~ Induction (smooth line) and relative change in lamination length (dotted) as 8 function of time du to applied a.c. induetion with & small dc. bas: 1,8 T, 80 He and 0,17, 0 Hz Figure 5 — Sound level increase with d.c. current in the windings Figure 6 - Typical load current sound spectrum measured under short-circuit conditions. Figure 7 ~ Microphone arrangement Figure 8 — Test environment Figure 9 — Distribution of disturbances to sound pressure in the test environment. Figure 10 ~ Sketch of dry-type transformer showing measurement points Figure 11 ~ Illustration of background sound passing through test area and sound radiated from the test object. Microphone pair positions indicated by open (microphone A) and full (microphone B) circles Table 1 - Values of A-weighting as a function of frequency, 641 61 61 63 65 67 67 67 67 69 m 91 19 24 24 23 23 28 33 a 43 49 51 3760076-10-1 © IEC:2005 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION POWER TRANSFORMERS ~ Part 10-1: Determination of sound levels — Application guide FOREWORD 1) The international Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standerdization comprising all-natlonal electrotechnical committees. (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC Is to promote International co-operation on all questions concerning standardization inthe electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)), Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees: any lEC National Commitee Interested inthe subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. Intemational, governmental and non- {governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the Intemational Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by ‘agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an International consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all Interested IEC National Committes. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure thal the technical content of IEC Publications {s accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, !EC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence ‘between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be ciearly indicated in the latter 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in canformity with an IEC Publication 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication, 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members ofits technical committees and IEC National Commitiees for any personal injury, property damage or ather damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct of indirect, of for costs (Including legal fees) and ‘expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Atention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication, Use of the references publications is Indispensable for the correct application ofthis publication 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 60076-10-1 has been prepared by technical committee 14: Power transformers. This standard is to be read in conjunction with IEC 6076-10. The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FoIS Report on voting 14/5051 141819/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.60078-10-1 © IEC:2005 -9- IEC 60076 consists of the following parts, under the general title Power transformers: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5: Part 6: Part 7 Part 8: Part 10. Part 10-1 Part 11 Part 12: Part 13: Part 14 Part 15: General Temperature rise Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external clearances in air Guide to the lightning impulse and switching impulse testing ~ Power transformers and reactors Ability to withstand short circuit Reactors (under consideration) Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers. Application guide Determination of sound levels Determination of sound levels ~ Application guide Dry-type transformers Loading guide for dry-type power transformers (under consideration) Self-protected liquid filled transformers Design and application of liquid-immersed power transformers using high- temperature insulation materials Gas-filled-type power transformers (under consideration) The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under “http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be + reconfirmed; + withdrawn; + replaced by a revised edition, or + amended60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 == POWER TRANSFORMERS ~ Part 10-1: Determination of sound levels - Application guide 1 Scope This part of IEC 60076 provides supporting information to help both manufacturers and purchasers apply the measurement techniques described in IEC 60076-10. The sources and characteristics of transformer and reactor sound are described. Practical guidance on making measurements is given, and factors that may influence the accuracy of the methods are discussed. This application guide also clarifies those factors which should be agreed between manufacturer and purchaser when specifying a transformer or reactor, and indicates why values measured in the factory may differ from those measured on site. This application guide is applicable to transformers and reactors together with their associated cooling auxilieries 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60076-10:2005, Power transformers — Part 10: Determination of sound levels 3° Basic physics of sound 3.4 Sound pressure, p Sound may be defined as any pressure variation (in air, water or other elastic media) that the human ear can detect. The pressure variations travel through the medium (for the purposes of this document, air) from the source of the sound to the listener's ears. The number of cyclic pressure variations per second is called the ‘frequency’ of the sound, and is measured in hertz (Hz). The frequency of a sound produces its own distinctive tone or pitch, A transformer ‘hum’ is low frequency, fundamentally 100 Hz or 120 Hz, while a whistle is high frequency, typically above 3 kHz. The normal range of hearing for a healthy young person extends from approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz A further characteristic used to describe a sound is the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations which is measured in pascals (Pa). The weakest sound that a healthy human ear can detect is strongly dependent on frequency; at 1 kHz it has an amplitude of 20 uPa. The threshold of pain corresponds to a sound pressure of more than a million times higher. Therefore, to avoid the use of large numbers, the decibel scale (4B) is used.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -13- The dB scale is ‘logarithmic’ and uses 20 uPa as the reference level, yo, which then corresponds to 0 dB. Sound pressure level /., is defined in equation 1 2 lp = 101g 2 a) *B where p is the sound pressure measured by a microphone. Sound pressure is @ scaler quantity, which means that it has magnitude only, ‘A useful aspect of the decibel scale is that it gives a better approximation to the human perception of relative loudness than the linear pascal scale. This is because the ear responds to sound logarithmically. However, the human ear does not respond by the same amount for each frequency, hence a suitable filter is required to ensure that the microphone measurements truly reflect the sound perceived by the ear. An internationally-standardized filter, termed 'A weighting’, addresses this requirement 3.2 Particle velocity, « This quantity describes the oscillation velocity of the particles of the medium in which the sound waves are propagating. It is measured in metres per second, ms~! 3.3 Sound intensity, 1 Sound intensity is a vector quantity describing the magnitude and direction of the nett flow of sound energy at a given position. It is the time-averaged product of the sound pressure and particle velocity at a given point. aaa (2) It is measured in watts per square metre, Wm-2, The direction of the energy flow is given by the phase angle between the sound pressure and particle velocity at the specific location. (sound pressure can be thought of as analogous to voltage while the particle velocity Is analogous to current when considering the flow of electrical energy.) The normal sound intensity is the rate of sound energy flow through a unit area, measured in a direction normal (that is at 90°) to the specified unit area. 3.4 Sound power, W ‘A sound source radiates power into the surrounding air resulting in a sound pressure field Sound power is the cause. Sound pressure is the effect. The sound pressure which is heard (or measured with a microphone) is dependent on the distance from the source and the acoustic environment. Therefore, the noisiness of a source cannot be quantified by simply measuring sound pressure alone. Instead, it is necessary to determine its sound power; this is independent of the environment and a unique descriptor of the noisiness of a sound source. Sound power is the rate at which energy is radiated (energy per unit time) and is measured in watts60076-10-1 © 1EC:2005 ~15— 3.8 Sound fields 3 1 General A sound field is @ region in which there is sound. It is classified according to the manner in which the sound waves propagate. The precise relationship between sound pressure and sound intensity is known in only the first two special cases described in 3.5.2 and 3.5.3 3.6.2 The free field This term describes sound propagation in an idealised free space where there are no reflections. Sound propagation from a point source in a free field is characterised by a 6 dB drop in sound pressure level and intensity level each time the distance from the source is doubled in the direction of sound propagation. This is also approximately correct when the distance from an extended source is large enough to treat it as a point source. These conditions hold in the open air when sufficiently far away from the ground and any walls, or in a fully anechoic chamber where all the sound that strikes the walls, ceiling or floor is absorbed. NOTE IEC .60076-10 requires all sound measurements to be made over a reflecting surface, Therefore, measurements in fully anechoic chambers are not allowed. 3.5.3 The diffuse field In a diffuse field, sound is reflected so many times that it travels in all directions with equal magnitude and probability, hence the same sound pressure level exists at all locations. This field is approximated in a reverberant room. According to the law of conservation of energy, an equilibrium condition will occur when the sound power absorbed by or transmitted through the enclosure equals the sound power emitted by the source. This phenomenon may result in very high sound pressure levels in environments having low sound absorption or transmission characteristics 3.5.4 Active and reactive sound fields Sound propagation involves energy flow, but there can be a measurable sound pressure when there is no nett propagation. If sound pressure and particle velocity are in phase, the result is a totally active field. In this case, all energy emitted by the source is transmitted outwards. In a pure reactive field, there is no nett energy flow; sound pressure is 90° out of phase with particle velocity. At any instant, energy may be travelling outward, but it will be returned at a later instant; the energy is stored as if in a spring. Averaged over a whole number of cycles, the nett energy transfer is zero and hence the measured sound intensity is zero. In general, 2 sound field will have both active and reactive components, 3.5.5 Standing waves Standing waves arise in sound fields as a result of reflections between a sound source and the boundaries of the sound field. For example, in a room, the existence of a standing wave of frequency, f, depends upon the distance, «, between the reflecting walls as follows:60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -17- lindo @) Where cis the speed of sound in air in m/s. At 20 °C, ¢ = 343 mis. A standing wave does not transmit energy to the far field; it is an example of a reactive field Within the region of a standing wave, large variations in measured sound pressure will occur over small distances. 3.6.6 The near-field The near-field is a region close to a sound source, usually defined as within a distance of % of the wavelength of the tone to be measured. In this region, the air acts as a mass-spring system that stores energy that circulates without propagating. The near-field therefore can have a significant reactive component. At 20 °C in air, the wavelength of a 100 Hz tone is 3,4 m, while that of a 1 kHz tone is 0,34 m 4 Sources and characteristics of transformer and reactor sound 4.1 General Transformer and reactor sound have several origins. The relative importance of each mode of sound generation depends on the design of the equipment and its operating conditions. The design of the transformer or reactor will also modify the sound-producing vibrations as they travel from their origin to the transformer tank or enclosure surface. 4.2 Sources 4.2.41 Magnetostriction Magnetostriction is the change in dimensions, which is observed in certain materials when they are subjected to a change in magnetic flux. In magnetic core steel, the dimensional change is in the range of 10-7 to 10-® metres per metre length at typical induction levels. Figure 1 shows magnetostriction vs. flux density for one type of core lamination measured at five different flux densities. Each loop describes one 60 Hz cycle with flux density Bing60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -19- g Ha== Bat ze aster 5 oc aoe “10 oo 10 20 Fre donsty.T feo vatos Figure 1 - Example curves showing relative change in length for one type of core lamination during complete cycles of applied 50 Hz a.c. induction up to different peak flux densities Bmay = 1,2 T-1,9T NOTE For a given quality of steel, the mechanical stress in the core laminations will have a strong Influence on the magnotostiction The strain does not depend on the sign of the flux density, only on its magnitude and orientation relative to certain crystallographic axes of the material. Therefore, when excited by a sinusoidal flux, the fundamental frequency of the dimensional change will be twice the exciting frequency. The effect is highly non-linear, especially at high, near saturation, induction levels. The non-linearity will result in a significant harmonic content in the vibration spectrum of the core. Figure 2 shows magnetostriction under oscillating induction to B = 1,8 T, 50 Hz. It has a periodicity of twice the exciting frequency (and its harmonics) and the peaks at 5 ms and 15 ms are indistinguishable. The sound emitted by transformer cores depends on the velocity of the vibrations, i.e. the time derivative of the magnetostriction (dotted line) seen in Figure 2. The effect of derivation is to emphasise the harmonics (distortion) of the signal in relation to the fundamental 2 x exciting frequency. Several even multiples of the exciting frequency will be seen in the spectrum and the fundamental 2 x exciting frequency is seldom the most important frequency ‘component of the sound60076-10-1 © 1EC:2005 -2t- Flux density T 30 -— -204 -20 sao . J so » Fo es Figure 2 — Induction (smooth line) and relative change in lamination length (dotted) as a function of time due to applied a.c. induction: 1,8 T, 50 Hz ~ no d.c. bias If the flux has a d.c. bias, for example due to remanence in the core from preceding measurements of the windings’ resistance, or due to a d.c. component in the current, the strong non-linearity of magnetostriction causes a significant increase in vibration amplitudes. With a d.c. bias on the induction, the peaks in magnetostriction at the positive and negative peaks in flux density differ significantly; this is obvious from the magnetostriction loop of Figure 3, Strain anv ~-E rr vw + | 0) SE 1.0 — a 20 t | ao Lf ae _ Py) 7) oo 20 Figure 3 - Example curve showing relative change in lamination length during one complete cycle of applied a.c. induction with a small d.c. bias: 4,8 T, 50 Hz and 0,1 T, 0 Hz The vibration pattern is repeated every 360°, that is every 20 ms in a 50 Hz system, indicating a magnetostriction at 1 x the exciting frequency. See Figure 4. The presence of peaks in the spectrum at odd multiples of the exciting frequency, is a clear indication of d.c. bias in the induction60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -23- Flux density T Stain mim 10 20 30 cy Time ms feo sya Figure 4 ~ Induction (smooth line) and relative change in lamination length (dotted) as a function of time due to applied a.c. induction with a small d.c. bias: 1,8 T, 80 Hz and 0,1 T, 0 Hz Because of the possibility of d.c. bias magnetization affecting the true measurements, a transformer undergoing sound tests should be kept fully energised until the effects of inrush currents and remanence have died away and the sound levels have stabilised before making measurements. If residual d.c. magnetization is present, the sound level may be affected for a few minutes or, in extreme cases, for several hours. The ratio between the d.c. bias current and the no-load current is an important parameter in determining the expected increase in sound power caused by the d.c. bias current. The relationship between dc. bias current and sound level increase has been measured on a number of large power transformers; Figure 5 shows one set of this data, 2 » 18 6 4 2 10 key X-axis dc. bias current as per unit of a.c. ne-load current Y axis increase in total sound level in dB(A) Figure § — Sound level increase with d.c. current in the wi60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 =25- NOTE Figure 5 shows the results for a certain design of large power transformer. For other constructions, for example with diferent core form or different core steel type, the curve wil look different in detail but wil basically Contain the same upward trend, 4.2.2. Electromagnetic forces in the windings Load current in the windings of transformers and reactors generates a magnetic field that oscillates at the network frequency. The resultant electromagnetic forces act in both axial and radial directions in the windings. The magnitude of these forces depends only on the magnitude of the load current and on the local magnetic field, which is also a function of the load current. Thus, the magnetic forces in the windings are proportional to the square of the load current while their frequency is twice the network frequency. The resulting vibration amplitudes depend on the elastic properties of the conductor and of the electrical insulation. In a well-clamped and tightly-wound winding, the elastic properties of the insulating material are almost linear in the range of displacements occurring under normal operating currents. Metals have very linear elastic moduli. Therefore little harmonic vibration is normally generated, and the fundamental and perhaps the first harmonic dominate the vibration spectrum, see Figure 6 The deflections of the windings and their vibration velocities are proportional to the exciting force, that is, proportional to the square of the load current, The sound power radiated from a vibrating body is proportional to the square of the vibration velocity (see 4.4). Consequently, the sound power varies with the fourth power of the load current. In applications demanding low sound level transformers, the load current sound power produced by the winding can make a significant contribution to the overall sound power of the transformer, see 6.3 of IEC 6076-10 Harmonics in the load current are audible in the sound spectrum at twice their electrical frequency and at the sum and difference of all their frequencies. They can make a significant contribution to the transformer or reactor sound level, for example, when operating in HVDC convertor stations or rectifier transformers. B83 I ‘Acweigthed sound pressure level dB(A) it Jee NLT sf i 200 400=«eo0==«80 1000 «1200 «1400 :«1600 «1800 +~—«2.000 Frequency Hz. ‘eo te0s oe Figure 6 ~ Typical load current sound spectrum measured under short-circuit condi60076-10-1 @ IEC:2005 -27- 4.2.3 Magnetic forces in reactors There are several different types of single-phase and three-phase reactors, utilising (in general) two different technologies in their design: = in air-cored reactors, the load current sound power produced by the winding is the main sound source. The interaction of the current flowing through the winding and its magnetic field lead to vibrational winding forces. While the oscillating forces can be clearly determined, the vibrational response of the winding structure is rather complex. The vibrational amplitude and the size of the sound radiating surface of the apparatus essentially determine the emitted audible sound. Therefore, the sound emitted is governed by the magnitude of the winding vibration in the radial direction (because the winding represents the main part of the radiating surface). The contribution of axial winding vibrations, and that of other components, to the total sound emitted is relatively low. = in magnetically-shielded reactors (with or without gapped cores), the magnetic force between the yokes tends to close the gap as the flux increases; the cyclic displacement thus produced is the dominant sound source. These forces mechanically excite the entire magnetic circuit of the reactor, resulting in a sound spectrum that is dominated by twice the power frequency and its first few harmonics. Magnetostriction and winding vibrations are also contributing factors 4.2.4 Magnetic tank shields Magnetic shields are frequently used in large transformers to reduce eddy current losses due to leakage of the flux which results from the load currents. At full load currents, the leakage flux in magnetic shields can reach values that may exceed the nominal core flux densities. This results in magnetostrictive sound generation in the magnetic shields, and may result in a significant contribution to the overall sound level. 4.2.5 Fan noise The origin of fan noise is the turbulent flow of air, resulting in pressure fluctuations with a wide range of frequencies. This broad-band noise has a wide peak around the frequency at which the fan blades pass by structural parts such as the fan or fan motor supports, or the ribs in the protective screen 4.2.6 Pump noise Oil flow through cooling auxiliaries may cause vibrations, however oil pumps do not normally contribute @ significant amount of sound power except at the highest flow rates or on special application, extremely low-noise transformers. 4.3 Vibration transmission The magnetic circuit, the windings and the transformer tank or enclosure are mechanical structures with their own typical resonance frequencies. If the frequency of one of the exciting forces coincides with a structural resonance, a significant amplification of this frequency may occur, Resonances should be eliminated at the design stage, or sufficient damping provided to control the vibration amplitude.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -29- In liquid-filed transformers, vibrations from both the core and windings are transmitted to the tank through the structural supports of the core and coil assemblies and through the liquid Vibration isolators under the core supports inside the tank, or outside the tank, reduce the transmission of vibrations through the ground and hence decrease their propagation to remote locations. Vibration isolators have less influence on the sound power radiated from the transformer tank surface itself. If the insulating fluid is a gas, as in the case of dry-type transformers, the excitation of vibrations in the enclosure or tank surfaces is dominated by the structural supports of the active part It should be noted that IEC 60076-10 determines the sound power radiated through the surrounding air; vibration transmission is not addressed. In some applications, the power transmitted via structural vibration may be significant and these vibrations may cause noise problems if the transformer is installed in a building. Similarly, transformers mounted on bedrock can cause problems in buildings mounted on the same bedrock even when they are as much as a kilometre apart 4.4 Sound radiation The sound power radiated into the far field depends on the square of the vibration velocity, the radiating surface area and the radiation efficiency of that surface as defined in equation 4: pocSaoPx2 “) where Wis the radiated sound power in W; Po is the air density in kg/m®; ¢ is the speed of sound in fluid (oil or air) in mis; Sis the sound radiating surface in m' © is the radiation efficiency (no unit); this depends on the frequency and geometrical and structural properties of the component; «ax is the vibration velocity in mis «= 2rf's the acoustical angular frequency in s~t; x Is the vibrational amplitude in m. Vibrating objects with smaller dimensions than the wavelength of the radiating frequency have a2 low radiation efficiency. Pulsating vibration shapes have higher radiation efficiencies than oscillating vibration shapes. Large, flexible plates with complex vibration patterns radiate less sound than stiff plates with simpler vibration patterns when the vibration amplitudes are equal 5 Measuring principles 5.1 General The sound power level of a source may be determined by directly measuring sound pressure or sound intensity at a known distance. Both methods are valid and either can be used. Both methods use the same prescribed contour and microphone positions, as described in Clauses 8 and 9 of IEC 80076-10. Both methods use the assumption that the average sound measured at the walls of the transformer can be extrapolated to the tank cover, where measurements are not possible due to safety considerations. Historically, sound pressure measurements60076-10-1 @ IEC:2005 -31- have been used for quantifying sound levels from transformers. As a result of recent work, sound intensity measurements have now been incorporated as an alternative in IEC 60076-10. The systematic difference in the near-field measurements between the two methods is discussed in Clause 6 5.2 Sound pressure level measurement A sound level meter is an instrument designed to give objective, reproducible measurements of sound pressure level. There are many different measuring ‘systems available, Although different in detail, each system consists of a microphone, a processing section and a read-out unit, The microphone converts the sound signal to an equivalent electrical signal. The most suitable type of microphone for sound level meters is the condenser microphone, which combines precision with stability and reliability. The electrical signal produced by the microphone is quite small. It is therefore amplified by a preamplifier before being processed A simple measurement of the unweighted sound over the audible frequency range (usually taken to be 20 Hz to 20 kHz) is rarely used because of its poor correlation with subjective response. Consequently, sound level meters usually incorporate an electrical filtering network known as ‘A-weighting’ which modifies the frequency response to simulate that of the human ear. Other frequency weightings that are internationally-standardized but not in general use for measuring transformer noise are the B-, C- and D-weightings The A-weighted sound level has been shown to correlate well with the subjective response of people to noises, and has shown up consistently well in comparisons with other noise scales. This fact, together with the ease with which an electronic circuit whose sensitivity varies with frequency can be built into sound level meters, has led to it becoming the preferred scale for national and international standards. 5.3 Sound intensity measurements Sound intensity is the time-averaged product of the pressure and particle velocity. A single microphone can measure pressure. However, measuring particle velocity is not as simple With Euler's linearized equation, the particle velocity can be related to the pressure gradient (that is, the rate at which the instantaneous pressure changes with distance). Euler's equation is essentially Newton's second law applied to a fluid. Newton's second law relates the acceleration given to a mass to the force acting on it. If the force and the mass are known, the acceleration can be found and then integrated with respect to time to find the velocity, With Euler's equation, the pressure gradient accelerates a fluid of density With the knowledge of pressure gradient and density of the fluid, the particle acceleration (or deceleration) can be calculated using equation 5, & ed (5) where a is the particle deceleration due to a pressure change dp in a fluid of density p across adistance or.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 ~33- Integrating the above, equation 6 gives the particle velocity w as follows: (4.42) -f 422) 6) por o It is possible to measure the pressure gradient with two closely spaced microphones facing each other and relate it to the particle velocity using the above equation With two closely-spaced microphones, A and B, separated by a spacer of length ar, it is possible to obtain a straight line approximation to the pressure gradient by taking the difference in their measured pressures p, and pg, and dividing it by the distance Ar between them. This is called a finite difference approximation Ney Key Aand 8 microphones ce ‘spacer of length Ar Figure 7 - Microphone arrangement The pressure gradient signal must now be integrated to give the particle velocity as shown in equation 7: (7) 1 ea=om iy pr ar Since sound intensity, /, is the time-averaged product of pressure, p, and particle velocity, » (8) This is the basic principle of signal processing in sound intensity measuring equipment. 5.4 Guidance on narrow-band measurements Transformer sound is characterised by tones at double the power frequency and at even harmonics of the power frequency (assuming sinusoidal excitation and no d.c. bias). Therefore, noise at other frequencies can be suppressed by applying narrow-band measurements. The term “narrow-band” is used here to describe a measurement where a frequency analysis of the sound is made, and thereafter only the frequency bands containing the characteristic transformer tones are used in the evaluation, A more exact description would be “band-selective analysis". This method is applicable for sound pressure and sound intensity measurements, and can be used to calculate sound power levels. The method cannot eliminate the effects of reflections described by the environmental correction K.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 ~35- The application of the band-selective narrow-band measurement method is subject to agreement between manufacturer and purchaser. Cooling equipment and oil-circulating pumps do not produce sound characterised by tones at fixed frequencies; instead they produce sound at many different frequencies, in other words they are a ‘broad-band’ noise source, Therefore, band-selective narrow-band measurements are not permitted when cooling equipment and oil-circulating pumps are in operation The required frequency analysis may be achieved by using either the parallel real-time analysis method, which results in logarithmic frequency resolution (1/1 octave, 1/3 octave, 41112 octave, etc), or the FFT (fast Fourier transformation) method, which results in a constant bandwidth resolution (Hz). (FFT transforms the digitised measured sound pressure amplitudes versus time records into amplitudes versus frequency records (spectra) by a mathematical algorithm. The bandwidth of the spectra thus obtained depends on the sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter.) Band-selective analysis can also be applied in principle to wide bands, such as 1/3 octave, but the background attenuation becomes more effective if a narrower bandwidth is chosen. If the power supply frequency generates a higher harmonic frequency which falls outside the chosen bandwidth (AV), or if the frequencies to be measured do not match the pre-defined centre-band frequencies of the analyser, a different (neighbouring) band for that harmonic or a wider bandwidth should be selected. Measurements are made as usual except that, instead of measuring single A-weighted values, the levels are measured over frequency bands containing frequencies equal to twice the rated frequency and multiples thereof. The A-weighted sound pressure level or sound intensity level at each measurement position can then be calculated by equation 9 La =101g SF 4 00ttar \ it (9) where TAi_ is the A-weighted sound pressure level (or sound intensity level) at rated voltage and rated frequency; TAy is the A-weighted sound pressure level (or sound intensity level) measured over the chosen bandwidth, 4/, centred on a frequency equal to 2/v, at rated voltage and rated frequency. The A-weighting may be accomplished in two ways a) by using an analogous filter on the front end of the measurement system so that all measured values are A-weighted from the start; b) if the measurement is linear: apply A-weighting digitally on the measured level in each frequency band. Values of the A-weighting for each harmonic frequency may be taken from Table 1 below; fis the rated frequency; vis the sequence number (1, 2, 3, etc.) of multiples of the even harmonics of the rated frequency; Ymax = 10, NOTE The summation of sound levels for the frst 10 bands is adequate for most transformers operating at almost sinusoidal voltage and current. However, in the presence of harmonics. In voltage andlor current, higher frequencies may contaibute significantly £0 the total Sound level. in ths ease, more frequency bands should be taken into consideration,60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -37- Table 4 - Values of A-weighting as a function of frequency Lower frequency limit | Uppor frequency limit | A-weighting value He He 8 (Greater than) 8 than oF equal to) 2 _| 36 - 38 6 6 36 ~ “56 | 7 a 90 0 2 7 112 141 14 170 170 | 224 7 224 281 | 355 “66 4a7 48 561 32 561 | 710 =19 710 295 08 7 595 1120 00 420 1410 1410 1790 L 1790 2240 2240 ‘2610 ime method 5.4.1 Frequency analysis by the roal- It is recommended that the analyzer bandwidth, Af, is chosen to 1/10 octave or narrower. For this type of evaluation, the frequency bands that contain transformer sound must be selected manually so that the first ten harmonic components of the sound are included. The frequency bands will not be centred on the harmonic components but each harmonic will be measured with sufficient accuracy if it is contained within a band. 5.4.2 Frequency analysis by the FFT method It is recommended that the analyzer bandwidth, Af, is chosen to 10 Hz, § Hz or 2,5 Hz. It is recommended that the “flat-top” time window of the instrument is used. This window gives maximum accuracy for the measured amplitudes of each harmonic, even if a harmonic frequency falls on the limit of a frequency band. However, 2 consequence of the “flat-top” window is that the pure tone at 100 Hz (which will be correctly measured in the 100 Hz frequency band) will also give a high level in the 95 Hz and the 105 Hz bands. This so-called ‘leakage’ causes no problem in a band-selective analysis, but must be considered if all frequency bands are added, such as in the case of measurements with cooling equipment in service,60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -39- A “flat-top” window gives an effective bandwidth of approximately 3,8 times Af, whereas the commonly used “Hanning” window has an effective bandwidth of approximately 1,5 times Af but gives a possible error of up to 1,4 dB on the measured amplitudes for a harmonic that is not centred. The specification and user guide for the FFT instrument should be consulted for exact data about the effective bandwidth and amplitude accuracy. 6 Comparison of measuring methods 61 General ‘The sound emitted by a transformer or reactor is uniquely quantified by its sound power. Sound power is therefore used for rating and comparing sound sources. However, sound power can only be determined by indirect measurements of pressure fluctuations in the air Two methods are allowed in IEC 60076-10; these are based on two different physical Quantities, namely sound pressure and sound intensity. Until recently, only the sound pressure method was commonly used. Sound power can be related to sound pressure only under carefully controlled conditions where special assumptions are made about the sound field. Sound intensity, however, can be measured in less ideal sound fields. This property allows measurements to be made in situations where many sound sources are present. Steady background noise makes no contribution to the sound power of the source determined from sound intensity measurements. In a free-field test condition, sound pressure and particle velocity are in phase and hence a unique relationship exists between the sound pressure, p, and the sound intensity, J, see equation 10. (10) where ge is the acoustic impedance of the medium through which the sound is propagated. Under standard conditions of pressure and temperature in air, pc = 412 kgim?s, Using equation 10 in the normal sound intensity level equation, the relationship between normal sound intensity level, 1), and sound pressure level, /.y, is shown in equation 11 Pb pelo 2 2 2 P= 101092 PB 0 eig 7 Rag + OW T= fo 10g (1) 1 1 =t01g Fee Oe clo For the given values of fg and py (10-'2 Wm? and 20 x 10-8 Pa respectively), the term 10ig-PE-is small when compared with 1, for most measurements in air at ambient conditions Pele (0,13 dB at 22 °C and 1,013 x 10-6 Pa). Sound intensity level measurements and sound pressure level measurements performed outside the near-field will therefore have the same numerical value in an ideal free-field environment,60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -41- 6.2 Sen: ity of the sound pressure method to the test environment A real test environment is usually significantly different from the ideal free-field environment. In general, the effect of a real test environment is to increase the measured sound level. The following example will be used as background information throughout this clause. A Key A test object D direct sound wave microphone position E reflected sound wave © reflecting surface of the test room F background noise Figure 8 — Test environment Factory tests are usually conducted in a confined space with the test object standing on the floor. The pressure waves leaving the radiating surfaces of the test object will hit the floor, factory walls and any other objects in the test room and be reflected. The reflected sound waves can constructively interfere with the sound waves emitted by the test object, thereby resulting in standing waves. Sound pressure measurements made in the region of standing waves and reflected waves will give over-estimates of sound power. in real test environments, noise from the manufacturing process, power generation units and other energized units can generate sound pressure waves that will increase the measured sound pressure level. In such test environments, the measured sound pressure at each microphone location will be the sum of = the transformer sound pressure, which decreases with the square of distance; = the reactive component of the sound pressure in the near-field, which decreases exponentially with distance; = sound pressure due to the reflected sound which is largest close to the walls of the test room: ~ sound pressure due to external noise sources. The microphone positions should therefore be optimised to minimise the effect of the above disturbances while respecting the constraints of limited space and safety. As is evident from Figure 9, the effects of these disturbances on the sound pressure can be minimized but they cannot be eliminated. The measurement distances specified in Clause 8 of IEC 60076-10, are @ practical compromise based on historical experience of measuring the no-load sound levels.60076-10-1 @ IEC:2005 -43- When measuring load current sound levels which are dominated by low frequencies, the 0,3. m measurement distance will lead to an over-estimate of the sound power level. Measurements made at an increased distance, for example 2,0 m, may be more accurate provided that the sound level from the test object still exceeds the background noise by the margins described in 11.3 of IEC 60076-10. The practicality of measurements at an increased measurement distance will therefore depend on both the test object and the test environment. The use of a different measurement distance would have to be agreed by the manufacturer and purchaser. D A fallection or external sound source pressure disturbance 2B nearield sound source pressure disturbance iy Sound pressure level D_distance between the test abject and receiver Figure 9 — Distribution of disturbances to sound pressure in the test environment In order to use sound pressure levels to determine accurate sound power levels, two correction factors have therefore to be applied (see 11.3 of IEC 60076-10). Firstly, the average background noise pressure level should be measured before and after the test and the lower of the two values subtracted from the uncorrected average sound pressure level of the test object using equation 16 of IEC 60076-10. This correction for background noise is only allowed if the total sound pressure level due to the test object and the background noise is at least 3dB higher than the background noise level alone. This correction attempts to remove the effect of disturbing sound sources present in the test environment Secondly, in order to take into account reflections in the test environment the environmental correction K should be determined. The magnitude of K depends on the ratio of the equivalent sound absorption area of the test room to the area of the measurement surface, see 11.1.2.2 of IEC 6076-10. 63 Sensi ity of the sound intensity method to test environment No correction factors are needed to determine an average sound intensity level, as long as the criteria for acceptance specified in 12.3 of IEC 60076-10 are met. This is because the sound intensity method takes into account the influence of near-field effects, constant background noise levels and reflections by measuring the sound pressure, particle velocity and phase angle between them, and using these quantities to calculate the active part of the test object's normal sound intensity.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 ~45- As explained earlier, sound intensity measurements involve measuring sound pressure differences between two closely spaced microphones, as shown previously in equation 8: _PA+ Pa ff PA~ Po 2 f io 6) Measurements performed under conditions where the difference in pressure is small compared to their absolute magnitude tend to become inaccurate, An example of such a condition is when there are standing waves or a high proportion of reflected energy. An indicator of this effect is the difference between the uncorrected average sound pressure level, Zpao . which contains background noise and reflections and the average sound intensity level, Ziq, which measures the sound power level propagating from the test object Experiments have shown that sound intensity measurement accuracy is strongly influenced by the difference Al: (12) where AZ is required by IEC 6076-10 to be <8 dB for a test to be accepted. On average, measurements performed at 0,3 m from the test object result in a mean Al. of 4 dB due to the reactive power in the near-field. This occurs because the sound pressure and Particle velocity are out of phase in the reactive field, and this is detected by the intensity method but not by the pressure method. If the measurement distance is increased to 1m, AL will be <1 4B, NOTE The differences presented above are the conclusions of CIGRE SC12-WG12, April 1990. More than 30 transformers in the power range 0,1 MVA to 350 MVA were tested under different factory test cancltione. In order to limit the sound intensity measurement error due to reflections to 0,5 dB, the test object should be positioned at least: = 1,2 m from the walls in the case of two adjacent reflecting walls; — 1,8 m from the walls for three adjacent reflecting walls. Measurements in transformer cells consisting of 4 reflecting walls are not permitted, Similarly, high background noise levels can affect the measured sound intensity. Equation 12 implies that, when measuring in the near-field of a power transformer, sound intensity measurements can be used as long as the sound pressure level of the background noise does not exceed the sound pressure level at 0,3 m from the test object by >4 dB (that is the 8 dB limit for AL minus the 4dB due to reactive power in the near-field). When narrow-band or time-synchronous intensity measurement methods are used, a AL of up to 16 dB is permitted Consequently, the intensity method has the advantage that the measured values do not need correcting for constant background noise and stationary reflection effects60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -47- 6.4 Guidance on method selection In idealized, free-field conditions, the sound pressure and the sound intensity method will yield the same numerical value for the sound power of the test object. In a real test environment, where near-field effects, background noise and reflections exist, the sound pressure method will yield a higher value for the sound power if no environmental corrections are made. Sound intensity measurements therefore give a direct measure of the sound power of the test object, provided the criteria for acceptance specified in 12.3 of IEC 60076-10 are met. Sound Pressure measurements are equally acceptable, provided the appropriate correction factors are applied and the criteria specified in 11.3 of IEC 60076-10 are met. Sound intensity measurements can be used to quantify the sound power of a test object when the test conditions are outside the limits set for the sound pressure method. When the test environment is outside the acceptance criteria for the sound intensity method, narrow-band or time-synchronous intensity measurement methods should be considered if the background noise levels cannot be reduced, (for example by working at night) or a larger test environment found (for example, outdoors) 7 Practical aspects of making sound measurements 7.4 General The requirements set out in IEC 60076-10 are the minimum required to gain an acceptable determination of the sound power level of a test object. However, many years of practical experience have demonstrated that these basic requirements can be expanded upon, and proved if a more accurate result is required. This clause provides further practical advice on making sound pressure and sound intensity measurements. 7.2 Orientation of the test object Ina test room, the emitted acoustic pressure waves produce both direct and reflected sound waves. The reflected waves can constructively interfere with the emitted waves to produce ‘standing waves. Under such conditions, sound pressure measurements made in the region of standing waves will give over-estimates of sound power. It is therefore advisable to orientate the test object as illustrated in Figure 8 7.3 Number of measurement points on a measuring surface IEC 60076-10 states that the microphone positions shall be on the prescribed contour(s). approximately equally spaced and not more than 1m apart. It also requires @ minimum of six microphone positions for any test object. However, due to the location of the active part in the tank, the location of cooling elements and the overall design of the tank, the sound field can be inhomogeneous; in other words, one side of the tank may emit more sound than the others. Practical experience has therefore indicated that the basic requirement for the number of measurement points can be improved upon. For example, if AL is found to exceed 8 dB when using the sound intensity technique, the accuracy of the test may be improved by measuring at one-third and two-thirds of the test object height when, according to IEC 60076- 10, only measurements at half the height are required. Further refinements are described below.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 =49- 7.34 Power transformers The basic constraint of having microphone positions with a spacing of not more than 1m apart results in an acceptable sound determination because power transformers are large, and consequently significantly more than six positions are required. Averaging of the sound levels measured at each point reduces the influence of local highs or lows in the sound field 7.3.2. Distribution transformers Although the minimum requirement of six measuring positions per prescribed contour (at each measurement height) may be acceptable from the point of view of having the microphone positions not more than 1m apart, eight measuring positions per prescribed contour (at each measurement height) may be preferable. These should be distributed at the middle of each side of the tank and one at each corner. For a more accurate measurement, twenty points equally spaced on the prescribed contour may be used. However, experiments have shown that the difference between a sound determination based on eight measurement points and one based on twenty measurement points is less than 1 dB(A). 7.3.3 Dry-type transformers In most cases, due to the strong differences in the sound field radiating from the three coils, experience has shown that twelve points are required. These should be distributed with one at the middle of each coil, and one at each corner of the enclosure, see Figure 10. A 8 i = a Key ‘A. transformer B_ prescribed contour © microphone positions Figure 10 ~ Sketch of dry-type transformer showing measurement points For a more accurate measurement, twenty points equally spaced on the prescribed contour can be used. Experiments have shown that the difference between a determination based on twelve measurement points and a determination made with twenty measurement points is less than 1 dB(A). 7.4 Choice of microphone spacer for sound intensity measurements When using the two-microphone technique, it is necessary to choose a spacer (see Figure 7) that is appropriate for the frequencies being measured. The assumptions made in the theory of sound intensity measurements impose an upper frequency limit for accurate measurements = the smalier the spacer, the higher the frequency that can be measured. Phase mismatch in the analysing system causes a low frequency limit ~ the /argor the spacer, the lower the frequency that can be measured accurately.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -51- Persons making sound intensity measurements should refer to the measurement equipment manufacturer's handbook in order to determine the appropriate spacer length for each test object. As a guide, a spacer of length 50 mm is typically used for low-frequency (approxi- mately 63 Hz to 1 250 Hz) sound from transformers and reactors, while a 12mm spacer Is required for higher-frequency (approximately 250Hz to 5000Hz) sound from cooling equipment, 7.5 Impact of background noise on sound intensity measurements As described above, the sound intensity method measures the propagating part of the sound field only and therefore its results do not require a correction for background noise. However, there are still limits regarding the level of background noise which is acceptable for a valid measurement, and these limits depend on the measurement equipment. As indicated by equation 8, the sound intensity at each point is computed from the average of the sound pressure measured at two closely spaced microphones and the difference between the two sound pressures at the same microphone pair. ° —> ° oo 44 oe eo ae —> > oe Figure 11 - Illustration of background sound passing through test area and sound radiated from the test object. Microphone pair positions indicated by open (microphone A) and full (microphone B) circles At each point, the sound intensity radiated from the test object is related to a small pressure difference between the two microphones. ‘At the measurement positions near the long sides of the test object in Figure 11, the contribution of the background noise field to the measured pressures pa and pa should be equal. In high background noise levels, the measurement system has to detect a small difference between two large pressure signals. Usually the measurement error for each microphone is a certain percentage of the full range. If the background noise pressure is so high that the full range error is of the same order of magnitude as the pressure difference caused by the sound from the test object, the measurement of sound intensity at each point becomes uncertain. The local difference AL (= Ly ~ 1;) will indicate this type of problem Therefore, A 1. should be examined for each measurement point, as well as for the averages of the sound pressure and sound intensity values, in order to indicate the acceptability of the test environment. The same effect occurs with large contributions from reflected sound. At the measurement positions near the short sides of the test object in Figure 11, there will be a significant difference between pa and pp, the magnitude of which will primarily be determined by the background noise. For each measurement position on these sides, AL (the log of (Pa + Pp)/2Pq — pe) will give no warning of an invalid measurement. However, the system can only detect the sound intensity at each position with limited precision, which again is given by a certain percentage of the full range. The sound power radiating from the short sides of the test object is determined from the small difference in intensities on the left and60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -53- right sides of the test object. If this difference is in the range of the measurement error for the individual readings, the measurement becomes uncertain in spite of an acceptable value of AL locally. In this case, only AL determined from the measured sound pressure and sound intensity levels averaged over the entire measurement surface indicates that there is uncertainty. The above discussion demonstrates that the validity of sound intensity measurements can only be judged on the basis of A/ determined from the measured sound pressure and sound intensity levels averaged over the entire — closed ~ measurement surface The limit of AL = 8 dB stated in IEC 60076-10 is a consequence of the precision of the measurement equipment available at the time of the experimental work 7.6 Measurements in the presence of sound-proofing screens In cases where transformers are provided with a sound-proofing screen that leaves the top of the transformer uncovered, for example a lagged steel sheet at 0,5m from the tank, the sound level outside this enclosure cannot be accurately determined using a prescribed contour at 0,3m as described in IEC 60076-10. This is because the sound energy can no longer be assumed to radiate equally in all directions, and consequently the approximation = 1,25 hry will not be valid. This method would be likely to under-estimate the sound power radiated into the far field The possibility of making measurements at a greater distance (at least 2m) should be investigated. Alternatively, measurements made at 0,3m from the sound-proofing screen, could be augmented by calculating the sound power of the transformer without the partial enclosure according to the manufacturer's empirical procedures. A fraction of that sound power proportional to the fraction of uncovered transformer surface could then be added energetically to the sound power measured at 0,3 m outside the screen in order to arrive at an estimate. Either approach would require agreement between manufacturer and purchaser at the contract negotiation stage. 8 Difference between factory tests and fleld sound level measurements 81 General In order to assure repeatability, factory measurements are made under controlled conditions specified by sound measurement standards. Sound level measurements made on-site are likely to differ from those made in the factory because the test object's operating conditions may deviate from those used in the factory. The effects of the factors described in 8.2 to 8.9 should therefore be considered when the purchaser specifies the sound level requirements for the test object and when interpreting a sound level measurement made on site 8.2 Load power factor In the factory, core and winding sound levels are measured separately at rated voltage and no load current and rated current and short-circuit voltage respectively. The two sound power levels are added to predict the total sound level of the test object in operation. However, this assumes that the vibrations are uncorrelated.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -55- Under actual operating conditions, depending upon the power factor of the load and the transmission direction of load, the magnetic flux in portions of the core may be modified by superposition of stray flux from the windings, A phase angle between the voltage and the load current may therefore cause the sound power measured on site to differ from the factory- predicted sound power by a small amount, generally in the order of 1 dB. Shunt connected reactive loading may have a more significant effect, either to decrease the noise level or to increase it further. 8.3 Load current On site, the load current can vary between a no-load condition and an overload situation. Between these extremes, the load-current sound power level will vary in accordance with equation 13: 1 fun = Loan + 4010 (13) where Iya i8 the A-weighted sound power level at the operating current; Lain _ {8 the A-weighted sound power level at rated current; 1 is the operating current; Nn is the rated current. This formula does not consider magnetostriction effects caused by leakage flux in magnetic shielding due to the load current For large MVA, low noise transformers, the load current can therefore have a significant impact on the total sound level. The load currents also change the internal voltage drop in the transformer windings, see 8.2. The voltage on the windings therefore varies, which in turn causes a variation in the transformer sound level. Some transformers are supplied with an internal reactor, connected in the tertiary winding Circuit to reduce the fault level. Consequently, the radiated sound power is strongly dependent on the load currents. in these circumstances, calculation of the load current sound power may not be adequate. Separate sound power measurement with the tertiary winding short-circuited may be required 8.4 Operating voltage The network voltage can vary by as much as +10 % under realistic operating conditions, and consequently the core induction and the test object sound level will vary. For high induction designs where the core approaches saturation, an increase of up to 10 dB can be expected. 8.5 Operating temperature For the majority of transformers, the sound level will be effectively constant with varying operating temperature; however, for certain units, the sound level may increase with increasing operating temperature. In these cases, a typical increase from a cold start to equilibrium at normal operating conditions could be 3 4B.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -57- 8.6 Harmonics in the load current and voltage During factory tests, a sinusoidal load current is used for measuring winding noise, In service, the supply to the test object may contain harmonics. Harmonic content in the load current can have a larger impact on the total sound level than expected because higher harmonics can constructively interfere with the power frequency current. Frequencies of twice the harmonic frequencies and the sum and the difference of all the constituent frequencies may be produced. The effect on the overall sound level can be significant because these higher frequencies are attenuated less by A-weighting than the 100 Hz or 120 Hz fundamental Non-linear loads in weak networks can cause harmonics in the excitation voltage, which may result in an increase in core sound levels. Current harmonics are a major cause of increased sound levels in HVDC and rectifier transformers 8.7 DC magnetization Even moderate d.c. magnetization of a transformer core, as described in 4.2.1 will result in a significant increase in the transformer sound level. Moder cores usually have very low no- load currents. When subjected to d.c. bias currents, such cores may develop sound levels as much as 20 dB higher than the factory test value. Traditionally, circuits such as d.c. feeders to transportation systems have been a source of d.c. fields in transformers. However, with the increased use of power electronic equipment in power transmission systems and industry, the number of possible sources for d.. magnetization is increasing, 8.8 Effect of remanent flux Remanent flux has a similar effect on the no-load sound level to that produced by d.c. bias currents. During factory testing, great care is taken to ensure that the remanent flux originating from lightning impulse tests or resistance measurements is dissipated prior to performing the sound level tests. The sound level of the transformer is allowed to stabilise before the sound level measurements are performed. On site, energising and de-energising the transformer or switching actions in the network can introduce remanent flux and hence increase the transformer sound level. In transformers connected to long transmission lines, geomagnetic storms may also cause severe d.c magnetization. These remanent flux effects will decay naturally with time; this can take a few minutes or, in extreme cases, several hours. 8.9 Sound level build-up due to reflections In the case of indoor installations, for example, a room with walls of low sound absorption coefficient, the sound from the transformer will reflect back and forth between the walls resulting in a build-up of the sound pressure level in the room, Assuming a reverberant field, the number of decibels by which the sound pressure level measured around the transformer will increase may be approximated according to equation 1460076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -59- Bb48-4p- 14-4 (ray where Ay is the surface area of the transformer, Ayis the area of the reflecting surface, ais the average absorption coefficient of the surfaces. in a room with concrete walls (with an absorption coefficient of 0,05) and with a sound reflecting surface area of four times that of the transformer (4y/4z = 4), the increase in sound pressure level at the transformer will be 13 dB. However, covering the reflecting surfaces of this room with sound absorbing material of absorption coefficient 0.3 will reduce this build-up 10 6,2 4B. Similar increases in sound level can take place in installations with walls that partially surround the transformer; in these cases, special calculation techniques will be needed to quantify the sound level increase 8.10 Influence of distance when making on-site measurements Sound propagation is affected by many factors, such as atmospheric absorption, interceding barriers and reflective surfaces. An explanation of these factors is beyond the scope of this, text, however they are mentioned to make the user aware of their potential influence. If site conditions exist which will influence the sound propagation and it is intended to make on-site measurements at a significant distance from the test object, the user of this guide should reference acoustic propagation text-books or consult an expert in conducting accurate sound propagation calculations ‘Assuming hemispherical propagation and neglecting ground absorption and atmospheric influences, the sound pressure level measured at a distance & (where R is > 30 m) may be estimated according to equation 15 oe] (15) So Ian = Liva ~1019 where Loan is the A-weighted sound pressure level at distance &; Lya, is the A-weighted sound power level; Sq is the reference surface, equal to 1m? 8.11 Converter transformers with saturable reactors and/or interphase transformers Unlike conventional transformers, the sound level of converter transformers is affected by the presence of saturable reactors and/or interphase transformers. The extent of this effect depends upon the degree of saturation of saturable reactors and on the load current in interphase transformers. Sound from converter transformers is discussed in CIGRE Technical Brochure No. 2021) 41) CIGRE Technical Brochure No, 202:2002, "HVDC stations audible noise"60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -61- 9 Specifying transformer and reactor sound levels 9.4 General The fact that there are a number of options available for defining sound levels means that it is necessary for the purchaser to consider how to set a guarantee level when placing an order for new equipment. Thus any ambiguity will be avoided in the interpretation of the results obtained when the unit is subjected to its final acceptance tests. Before a formal contract is signed, the manufacturer and purchaser should agree the following information: — the guarantee sound pressure or power level; = the choice of test method (sound pressure or sound intensity) = any permitted variation from the requirements of IEC 60076-10 (such as the use of a different measurement distance to compensate for the presence of a partial noise enclosure or sound-proofing screen); —_ the load conditions (such as the test voltage and power factor) = presence of auxiliary equipment, such as coolers; = the type of voltage regulation, constant or variable flux; = on-site operating conditions (optional). In some countries, legislation exists which requires products to operate within specified noise limits. In such countries, care should be taken to ensure compliance with these legal requirements, Similarly, product performance standards have been produced in some countries which reflect the ‘state of the art’ regarding various attributes, including sound levels of the product. Compliance with these values is highly recommended. 9.2 Guarantee sound levels ‘The purchaser normally derives a guarantee level for the required sound level by considering the on-site environment in conjunction with the factors described in Clause 8. This guarantee level will be used by the manufacturer when designing the transformer or reactor. The best way to express a guarantee level is as a sound power level. Alternatively, the purchaser can ask for an average surface sound pressure level measured at a specific distance, see 17.3 of IEC 60076-10. Exceptionally, the purchaser may desire a sound pressure level predicted at a larger distance from the unit, see Clause 15 of IEC 60076-10, usually to comply with national regulations regarding sound level values at the fence-line of an installation. The prediction of these values requires knowledge about sound propagation in the specific environment of the installation; this is normally not available to the transformer manufacturer. It may therefore be more appropriate for the purchaser to establish the guarantee level at one of the standard distances or the sound power level.60076-10-1 © 1EC:2005 -63- 9.3 Choice of test method 9.3.1 General Historically, the sound level of a transformer or reactor has usually been determined by the sound pressure method. Either the average sound pressure level at a specified distance from the test object or a sound power level determined from this has been quoted in test reports. This has led to a large database of results being available to help estimate the influence of the new unit on its intended environment, and thus sound pressure is often the preferred method for measurement. However, sound pressure measurements need correcting for the influence of background noise levels and reflections. Altematively, sound intensity measurements can be used to determine a sound power level; this avoids the need for correction factors as long as the test environment meets the relevant criteria, Before signing a formal contract, it is necessary to agree which test method will be used 9.3.2 Alternative measurements for low noise transformers When the required differential between the sound level of the test object and the background noise cannot be achieved in the factory, an alternative method of measurement may be considered. Transformer sound consists of tones at double the power frequency and at even harmonics of that frequency (assuming sinusoidal excitation and no d.c. bias). Therefore, by applying time-synchronous averaging or narrow-band measurements to only these frequencies, itis possible to attenuate uncorrelated noise. Although these methods reduce the effect of uncorrelated background noise, they do not eliminate the effect of reflections. Therefore, it may be necessary to relocate the test object to a suitable site outdoors where the influences of background noise and reflections are reduced to a minimum, Cooling noise is broad-band, therefore these methods cannot be used when auxiliary cooling equipment is operational 9.3.2.1 Narrow-band measurements The acceptability of using this measurement technique should be agreed with the purchaser. This may not necessarily occur at the tender stage because it may not be known that narrow- band measurements are required (for example, if the test object is too quiet compared to the background noise) until sound tests are begun on the completed test object. If the narrow-band measuring method is selected, the actual harmonic generated may fall outside the bandwidth of the measuring instrument when the frequency of the power supply is. still within its permitted variation. If the measured supply frequency generates a harmonic frequency outside the chosen bandwidth (4/), the acceptance of the measurement requires agreement between manufacturer and purchaser at the time of testing or a wider bandwidth (or different bandwidth containing that harmonic) should be selected 9.3.2.2 Time-synchronous measurements Time-synchronous averaging is an averaging of digitised time records of the sound signal, the start of which is defined by a repetitive trigger signal. By using a trigger signal synchronous with the transformer sound, for example, network voltage, all non-synchronous noise will be eliminated60076-10-1 © 1EC:2005, -65- The acceptability of using this measurement technique should be agreed with the purchaser. This may not necessarily occur at the tender stage because it may not be known that time- synchronous measurements are required (e.g. if the test object is too quiet compared to the background noise) until sound tests are begun on the completed test object. ‘When time-synchronous measurements are made, it is essential that the microphone is kept in a fixed position relative to the transformer. Moving the microphone continuously on the prescribed contour as described in Clause 8 of IEC 60076-10 is not allowed in this case. 9.4 Load conditions 9.4.1 Load current sound Historically, sound level measurements on transformers have been made under open circuit conditions with only the magnetizing current flowing in the windings. This was acceptable because the magnetostrictive deformation of the core is the primary source of noise. However, transformer designs with a low no-load sound level, for example with low induction levels, have reduced the sound generated by the core so that the load current sound caused by the windings may be significant. Before signing a formal contract, it is necessary to agree whether a measurement under load conditions will be required, ‘A guide as to whether a measurement under load conditions may be relevant is given by the following formula from IEC 60078-10: Lynn = 39-+ 18K WAIN a5, nel where is the A-weighted sound power level of the transformer at rated current, rated frequency and impedance voltage; S, is the rated power in MVA; is the reference power (1 MVA), Dwain Sp For auto-transformers and three winding transformers, the equivalent double-wound rated power, 5;, is used instead of S,. If Lyya.iy is found to be 8 dB or more below the guaranteed sound power level, load current sound measurements are not appropriate. NOTE Equation 16 was derived from data published by CIGRE Working Group 12-08 in 1988, In general, an Informative alternative would be lo review test evidence for similar units 9.4.2 Reduced load current If the measurements can only be performed at a reduced current, due to capacity limitations, the sound power level at the rated current may be calculated using equation 17: Dwain = Lwasr + 401g) (a7)60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -67- where Lain is the A-weighted sound power level at rated current; Lya.ir_ i8 the A-weighted sound power level at reduced current; N is the rated current, i is the reduced current, The equation only considers winding noise, and is valid for a reduced current of >70 % of the rated current. The use of this approximation should be agreed at the time of signing a formal contract. 9.4.3 Testing of large reactors There may be insufficient power available to energise large reactors that require very high load currents to reproduce the sound level expected in service. If the full load conditions cannot be achieved, it may be necessary to perform the measurements at site. Alternatively, in the case of three-phase units which have a path for the return flux (that is a five leg reactor), the sound level may be measured for the three separate single phases under full load and the resulting values summated logarithmically. This provides an approximation of the total sound level because it assumes that the three sound sources are uncorrelated, which will not be the case when the unit is in operation. The use of this approximation should be agreed at the time of signing a formal contract For all other three-phase units, this approximation will not generally be valid 9.5 Auxiliary cooling equipment If the cooling auxiliaries are separately mounted but less than 3 m from the tank wall, the prescribed contour as defined in IEC 60076-10 includes both transformer and cooling auxiliaries. Sound tests therefore give a combined sound level for both items. This is acceptable when no sound enclosure is to be fitted to the transformer at site however, when such an enclosure is specified, more relevant test will be to perform two separate tests thus determining the individual sound levels of the two items. The appropriate option given in 11.2 and 12.2 of IEC 60076-10 should be selected. 9.6 Voltage regulation For transformers with variable flux regulation, the voltage and tap position at which the sound level measurements are to be performed should be specified 9.7 On-site operating conditions It is recommended that the purchaser should advise the manufacturer of any on-site conditions that may effect the amount of sound produced by the transformer, especially the presence of harmonics and d.c. bias in the network 9.8 Example noise specification for power transformer and cooling auxiliaries (see Annex A) The main unit shall have a sound power level determined in accordance with IEC 60076-10 via the sound pressure method of 90 dB(A). The main unit shall be tested at rated voltage and ‘no-load current (see 6.1 and 6.2 of IEC 60076-10) with the tap-changer on the principal tapping60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 ~69- The cooling auxiliaries shall have @ sound power level determined in accordance with IEC 60076-10 via the sound pressure method of 85 dB(A). The cooling auxiliaries shall be tested separately from the main unit. 9.9 Example noise specification for a distribution transformer (see Annex B) The unit shall have a total sound power level determined in accordance with IEC 60076-10 via the time-synchronous sound intensity method of 60 dB(A). The main unit shall be tested separately at no-load current and rated voltage (see 6.1 and 6.2 of IEC 60076-10) and at rated current and short-circuit voltage (see 6.3 of IEC 6076-10). These two values shall be summed logarithmically to give the total sound power level (see Clause 14 of IEC 6076-10). Measurements made at reduced load currents shall not be accepted60076-10-1 © 1EC:2005 -M1- Annex A (informative) Worked example: Power transformer with cooling auxiliaries mounted on a separate structure >3 m from the principal radiating surface of the transformer — Sound power level determined via sound pressure method A‘ Environmental correct A441 Tost set-up ‘The test room is 20 m wide, 26 m high and 40 m long and has an average acoustic absorption coefficient of 0,15. The test objects are a transformer and a separate cooler bank which is, more than 3m’ from the transformer tank. The height of the transformer, h, is 3m with a prescribed contour length, Im, of 27m, while the cooler bank height, A, is 4.5m with a prescribed contour length, Iq, of 34 m. A.1.2. Calculation of environmental correction, K The environmental correction, X, accounts for the influence of undesired sound reflections from room boundaries and/or reflecting objects near the test object. 4) Ad og de (Ary ‘Sis calculated in formula A.3. The value of 4 in square metres is given by formula A.2 4= aby (A2) where @ _ isthe average acoustic absorption coefficient, see Table 1 of IEC 60076-10; 5, is the total area of the surface of the test room (walls, ceilings and floors) in square metres. The value of S, can be calculated as follows: Surface area of the end walls = 2x 20x 25 = 1000 m2 Surface area of the side walls % 25 x 40 = 2000 m2 Surface area of the floor and ceiling = 2x 20x40 = 1600 m2 which gives a total surface area S, for the test room of 4 600 m2. Therefore, from equation A.2, A = 0,18 x 4 600 = 690 m260076-10-1 @ IEC:2005 -73- A.1.3 Calculation of the area of the measurement surface A444 Transformer As the transformer and its cooling auxiliaries will be placed more than 3 m apart on site, separate measurements on the transformer will be made at 0,3 m from the principal radiating surface. The area 5 of the measurement surface is given by formula A.3: = 1,25 hy (a3) where his height of the transformer, Im is the prescribed contour length, S= 1,25 x 3 x 27 = 101,25 m2 The environmental correction, &, for a test performed on the transformer may be calculated: 10 (1 = — 81 ge07t012s A44.2 Cooler bank Measurements on the cooling auxiliaries will be made at 2m from the principal radiating surface. The area Sof the measurement surface, expressed in square metres, is given by equation A.4 + 2) ley (aay where his the height of the cooling auxiliaries including fans. (4,5 + 2) x 34 = 221 m2 The environmental correction, K, for a test performed on the cooler bank may now be calculated: 4) k=1019(1+ 4) = 9608 | sseraai) = 9° For a test room to be satisfactory, K must be < 7 dB. Therefore, the test room is satisfactory for both the transformer and cooler bank tests, A.2 Calculation of average sound pressure level The uncorrected average A-weighted sound pressure level, Ipaq, shall be calculated from the A-weighted sound pressure levels, Zpqj, measured with the test object energised using equation A.5: (4 Sag otnn AS) Fona= 1014 2.10 ] (As)60076-10-1 @ IEC:2005 -75- where N is the total number of measuring positions; Lpai_ is the A-weighted sound pressure level measured at position i A214 Transformer Results measured at 27 positions and two heights, giving 54 measurements (see test report form for full list of measurements). These results should be averaged by substituting the values in equation A.5: oo) sat sa. 7494009 (a) A.2.2 Cooler bank Results measured at 34 positions and two heights, giving 68 measurements (see test report form). These results should be averaged by substituting the values in equation A.5: (or soe 0808.08] on oe ould A.3 Calculation of average A-weighted background noise pressure level The average A-weighted background noise pressure level, Jpga, shall be calculated separately for before and after the test sequence using equation A.6: (A.6) where M is the total number of measuring positions; Iygai is the A-weighted sound pressure level measured at position i A314 Transformer The sound pressure level of the background noise was measured at ten positions before the test on the transformer (see test report). These results should be averaged by substituting the values in equation A.6: —_ ) i Taga =101[( 10% +1084" +409” +10)) 3,6 dB(A) Then the sound pressure level of the background noise was measured again at the same ten positions after the test on the transformer. These results should also be averaged by substituting the values in equation A.6: Teh ofa oh oat.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -77- ial and final average background noise levels is 0,7 dB, which The difference between the is less than 3B. Ipaq is dB higher than the higher average background noise level. Therefore, the test is acceptable. A.3.2 Cooler bank The sound pressure level of the background noise was measured at ten positions before the test on the cooler bank. These results should be averaged by substituting the values in equation A.6: ig 109) 0 082] = 86am Then the sound pressure level of the background noise was measured again at the same ten positions after the test on the cooler bank. These results should also be averaged by Substituting the values in equation A.6 ga = 10 oo 188 0.105 53.4010 The difference between the initial and final average background noise levels is 0,1 dB, which is less than 3B. Zpqq is 10,2 dB higher than the higher average background noise level. Therefore, the test is acceptable. A.4 Calculation of corrected average sound pressure level The corrected average A-weighted sound pressure level, Iga , shall be calculated by using equation A.7: toig{ 10°" 10% }_ AT) ol’ y) (A.7) Where pga is the lower of the two average A-weighted background noise pressure levels NOTE Transformers generate pure tones at harmonics of the power frequency; Its possible that standing waves may influence the measured sound pressure levels. In this case, the application of a single correction factor does not suffice and measurements should be performed, whenever possible, in surroundings, where environmental influence correction Is not necessary. A441 Transformer The corrected sound pressure level of the transformer can now be calculated: Taya = 101g (107"* -10°9)-2 = 69,0 dB(A) A.4.2 Cooler bank The corrected sound pressure level of the cooler bank can now be calculated: Tpa = 101g {10° — 105°) 36= 59,8 dB(A)60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -79- A.8 Calculation of sound power level The A-weighted sound power level of the test object, Lwa, can now be calculated bua oT 10105 (aay where Sis derived from equation A.3 or A.4, and Sq is the reference area (1m?) AS. Transformer Lyya = 69,0 + 10 Ig (101,25) = 89,1 dB(A) A.5.2 Cooler bank Lyin = 59,8 + 10 lg (221) = 83,2 dB(A)60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -8t- A6 Test report 2K Place of manufacture Contract XXXHHXX ‘Manufacturer XXXXXXX ‘adimmiyyyy Date of measurement Details of transformer ABco1234 Mya Voltage ratio Rated frequency Serial number “Tanping ange de ‘Cannections YNiyn0.d14 1083/1875/2065 A is of guarantood level See below Measurement distance, 0.3m Sound pressure/power level ‘TRANSFORMER / REACTOR WITHOUT COOLERS 80 dB(A) TRANSFORMER J REACTOR WITH COOLERS COOLERS WITHOUT TRANSFORMER/-REAGTOR 85 dB(A) RY-FYPE-TRANSFORMER WITHOUT ENCLOSURE DRY-EYPE TRANSFORMER WITH ENCLOSURE, DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMER WITH. COOLERS INSIDE ENCLOSURE, Meter type model XxX Make xxx ‘Serial number KL9101 ‘Microphone type. XXXX Cal 1ch noise test by pistonphone XXKXXXXXX proved company XXXXX = the sound meter Is calibrated befor - the pistonphone is calibrated every year by an externally.60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 ~83- 0% object TRANSFORMER FREACTOR WITHOUT COOLERS TRANSFORMER REACTOR WITH-COOLERS COOLERS WITHOUT-TRANSEORMER/ REACTOR DRY-T¥PE-TRANSFORMER WITHOUT ENCLOSURE Plan of test object: Including measuring positions, position of HV bushings, proximity of nearby sound reflecting surfaces, for example, ‘equipment, walls, and positions for background noise measurements Test room 4om Helght(s) of microphone above ground: 1/3'4 and 2/34 height Test conditions: Excitation voltage Frequency “Length of prescribed contours) Im Height of test object,60076-10-1 © 1EC:2005 -85- Teveighied sound presheva bacgraund nie Pangesin [Raat tets[Atend of tess [an pstton [Altar of es [Nandos 1 0 as % 3. 8 3 “6 64.9 17 62,7 61,9 3 63,4 20 62,8 62.4 a 63.2 622 23 644 “o23 ‘| 1 5 | 822 25 eae 621 athmale omy aea56. Toga | 688 we ‘A-woighted sound pressure levels, Lpai Plan postion | Height | Height? | Plan postion | Height | Height? | Plan postion [Height | Height? 1 ero | 67a. a ros | 732 2 mez | ere 2 ria [705 a eas | 733, 22 m4 | 05.8 3 cos | 703 18 eat _| 677 23 vaa | Tat 4 37_| 707 4 rea | 725 24 737_| 667 3 71.6 | 08.4 15 eas | 607, 25 708 | 675 6 To] 69.1 16 75 | 66 26 717] 689 7 vas | 68 17 7o3_| 716 z cas | 656 @ 7e7_[ 716 8 ae 8 73 | 70s 19 71s | 686 10 7a8_| 735 20 zai_| 670 acihmetio/eneray average [pag [718 dB(A) Toso ~ maximum Tpgq (must be 23 48(A)) 8.0 484A) Environmental corection (must be <7 68), K 2B Corrected average A-welghted sound pressure level, Iya ener {Gazkground noise + environmental cores) - Calculated A-weighled sound power level. EWA 89,1 48,4) Remarks, additional results, etc (including details of any significantly high sound pressure levels at positions other than the measuring positions): Calculated Acweigted sound pressure level or sound power level, lggror Lan Guaranteed sound pressure level-or sound power level Persons prosent during sound level measurements and thelr status AN Inspector ATester Test department {caved RREREREEEESE [ie ction 89 dB(A) 90 dB(A)60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -87- Tost objact TRANSFORMER J REACTOR WITHOUT- COOLERS TRANSFORMER REAGTOR WITH. COOLERS COOLERS WITHOUT TRANSFORMER/-REACTOR Including measuring positions, position of HV bushings, proximity of nearby sound reflecting surfaces, for example, ‘equipment, walls, and positions for background noise measurements 20m Heights) of microphone above ground: 1/8" and 2/3°4 nelght ‘Test conditions Excitation voltage Frequency Tap position NIA Gurrent at which measurements made (appropriate) Measurement distance, Perimeter at 2,0 m from transformer 94m Length of prescribed contaur(s), im60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -89- ‘A-woighted sound prossure lovels of the background noise Plan position | Atstartof tests | Atend oftests | Plan position | Atstartof tests | Atend of tests ; ia a8 % = ws 4 ~ 54,3. 53,6 20 53,3 53,4 7 — 53,5, 53,8 24 53,6 53,8 : r oo a ry a 32 a am En i 32 x timate eneny eonae, gg | 688 = ‘weighted sound pressure lovols, LpAi Pian position [Height 1 | Height? [Plan position | Height 1 | Heignt2 | Plan position | Height 1 | Height 2 1 eas | 035 4 40 | 64.0 2 35 | 643 2 535 | 640 16 35s | 635 2 3.8 3 540 | 643 16 3s | 638 2 634 | 54.0 4 64.3 | 640 17 34 | 635 634 | 4.3 5 4.0 | 64.3 18 xe | 638 3t 6 3, 6 84.0 10) eae | 634 32. 63, 64.0 7 a_| 635 20 eso | 636 23 540 | 64.3 34 | 65.8 24 eas | 4.0 34 84 54.6 2 8 4.3 22. 4.0 | 643 10 63.8 | 640 23. 35 | 64.0 4 64, 63.5 24 38 | 635 12 38 | 638 26. eas | 63.8 13 eas | o3.4 26 seo | 634 ‘arithmetic Venergy average Lyag | 69.8 dBXA) Tpag ~ maximum Tyga (must be > 3 d8(A)) Environmental correction (must be < 7-48), Corrected average Aweighted sound pressure level, Za 50,8 084) Calculated A-weighted sound power level, LWA 83,2 dB(A) Remarks, additional results, etc (including details of any significantly high sound pressure levels at positions other than the measuring positions): Calculated A-weighted sound pressuce-evel-or sound power level, Zga-or Lia 89 dBKA) Guaranteed sound pressure Jevel-or sound power level 85 dB(A) AN.Inspector ATester Test department Date: XXXAXX60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -91- Annex B (informative) Worked example: Distribution transformer, sound power determined via time-synchronous sound intensity method Contract XXX site HOOKKK HXXKHHK ddimmiyyyy Manufacturer Pace of manufacture XXXXXXX Date of measurement Details of transformer Serial number apco1234 va. Tapping range Voltage ratio 22.000 via00 V Rated frequency So H2 Connections. Rates current Details of guaranteed lo 20 000/410 V Rated voltage ‘Sound: pressure/power level 60 dB(A) Measurement distance, TRANSFORMER / REAGTOR WITHOUT COOLERS: TRANSFORMER J REACTOR WITH COOLERS. COOLERS WITHOUT TRANSFORMER REACTOR DRY-TYPE-TRANSFORMER WiTHOUT-ENCLOSURE, DRY-TYPE-TRANSFORMER WITH ENCLOSURE Tap position 3 Details of measurement method Measurement standard IEC 60076-10 ‘Sound pressures Sound intensity ‘ALweightad J Narrow-band. Time-synchronaus “"(@elete as appropriate) “Details of measuring instrument meu Calibration information Microphone 1 sensitivity Microphone 2 sensitiv60076-10-1 © IEC:2005 -93- Tost object TRANSFORMER /REAGTOR WITHOUT COOLERS TRANSFORMER LREACTOR WITH COOLERS. Including measuring positions, position of HV bushings, proximity of nearby sound reflecting surfaces, for example, ‘equipment, walls, and positions for background noise measurements esteem we JA Wal Height(s) of microphone above ground: 0,585 m ‘Test conditions Excitation voltage Frequency “Tap postion Current at which measurements made (\ appropriate) Perimeter Measurement distance, ‘Area of measurement surface, S = 1.25 h 10ig(siS0)60076-10-1 © 1EC:2005 -95- -—--/[] Plan Height 1 Height 2 Plan Height 1 Height 2 position | tiai_| tpai_| Mai_| tpai_| position | “imi | teai_| “ai | pai 1 aos | 497 E : a1 | 4801 | 487 zi : 2 402 | 466 7 E 2 45 | 474 : : 3 4552 | 474 : : 13 | 4402 | 468 : : 4 4624 | 480 5 zi 4 [4631 | aan : 5 4455 | 465 : : 15 | 4506 | 476 : 6 44s | 469 : : 16 | 4572 | 473 5 7 420 | 468 : : 7 | 4407 | 454 5 : 8 4509 | 473 18 | 44a | 488 : : 2 4a73_|_ 470 : 19 | 4621 | 402 : : 10 | 4208 | 457 : : 2 | aas7 | 453 : : a 47,4 dB(A) Auithmetlclenergy average, Lpag 45,5 dB(A) 1.9.dB(A) 54 dB(A) Remarks, additional results, etc (including details of any significantly high sound pressure levels at positions other than the measuring positions): Room temperature = 21,2 °C, alr pressure = 1 012,6 mbar Number of averages = 50 (or 100 if background Fundamental harmonic » 100 He, number of harmonics Caleuated A-welghted sound preeeutelevetor sound power evel, ac or Ly 54 dB(A) Guaranteed eound pressure leval-or sound power level 60 dB(A) Persons prosont during sound level moasuroments and tholr status AN.Inspector ATester Test department