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Pure Mathematics 1

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771 views235 pages

Pure Mathematics 1

Uploaded by

김수현 Kim SuHyeon
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UV SANs) Poe ue CHS eS PURE MATHEMATICS 1 STUDENT BOOK PDF COMPILED BY SAAD PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL eS Student Book Publohes by Pearson Eaueston Liaed, 0 Stand London, WO2R ORL, wa pearsenglobatchoos com Copies ofl spetcatons fora Person qualfctons may be oun on the ‘wate pe /quicatons person com Tet © Pearson Ecucation Ltd 2018 Denied by © Poezon Eaation Lina 2018 ‘petal by © Tech Set i, Gatesoaa, UK (hig tuations © Person Escalon Lined 2018 Iataled by © Tach-Set is, Gateshead, UK ‘Cover sign by © Parson Eeueaton riod 2018 “Tights of rug Attwood, Jack Baraclough lan Batson, Gordon Dave, Kan Gals, Oana Goldberg, Aisa Macpherson. na Kho Bronwen Mare, ‘Su Nehotson, Dane Olver Joo Pern, Kath Peder, Cong San, Joe Sakowe Hany Smith Gao Sine, Robert WarcPenry ond Dave Win f0 beefed ‘2 the authors af his work have bean saree by them naccowaew wi te ‘Copyriht, Oosians and Pans Act 186, Frotpublahes 2018 2120918 50967654921 Beth Library Gatalogurg i Publi Data ‘Acallogue recor for ths books avalable fom the Bish Libary ISN ore 1200044702 Copyright notice ‘Argh rose. No part of his pletion may be eproducedin any fom er by ‘fy means tntuding potecopying or sting i ry medium y leone moss ‘nd what o not varsity or nelly to ome other use of his puseaton| ‘wou the wtlen permission of th copyright ower, exept in accordance wi ‘a previcons of he Copan, Dens and Pateis Act 188 or undo the toes ‘of alence saled by the Copight Leerang Agency, Bama in 05 Fetor Line, London, EOAA TEN (nn Saco Appatons fr the copyright oxner's ‘rltonpemisson Should be acsossed tthe publ. Pinte by Neograa Siovekia Picture credie Trepublchar woud tke oank the flowing forthe kind parison reproduce thr ptographe ‘Aomy Stock Phot: anus 36: Getty Images: Gal 150, Heglen and Sects 18, ‘nvamon 1 NASA: 170 Science Photo Library Lid: Ch EXPERIMENT, CERW 57 ‘Cover inages: Frnt Getty mages: ena Vn Sean bride tort cover Shutterstock com: Dry Labarey ‘Atathe lngoue © Pouson Education ‘Alarwor Pearson Education Endorsement Statement irre o ensure Wat hs rscurce flr igh quay suppl the sna Parson quiation, tna ben ough a revaw proces bythe sarang oo ‘Ths procoes confine that ie esau uly covers he eacing an leaning content ofthe specfeston ar part ofa speccatn a which iis wmed also Cons that darorstates a appro balarce between the deepen of ub} sh, Knowledge and understanding, nadine preparation fer Endorsemnt dot not covet any gudence on seseatmant actus or procescar (©3.prctice ussions or aa¥ee on how to answer asseasont questo) Ince the resource, nor oes presen ary particule speach to he waching date ofa ltd cous. ito the pubishers have made every atom to ensure that advice onthe ‘altcaion ard ts aoeearnt acura, he oftcal speciation and ‘beosatad assessment dares raters eta ony sumone source ‘etomaon ana encud awaye be rere for osinave guidance, ‘xamnaten papers for whe hay have respons ‘Examiner wit ee endorsad resources 2 ure of mato ny sbsesrert tl hy Peart Enos ofa teesurce Gaus et meatal he ‘esau i required oacheve this Person quiet, ro esi rmean att |sthe on sutaberateral avaiable to suppor the aualfisatin, ad any resource Se point byte awe boy sa ce heed ob aes Couey COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS 1 2 QUADRATICS 18 3 EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 36 4 GRAPHS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 57 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 81 5 STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS 85 6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 104 7 RADIANS 133 8 DIFFERENTIATION 150 9 INTEGRATION 170 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 181 EXAM PRACTICE 185 GLOSSARY 187 ANSWERS 190 INDEX 222 Tessa CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRAIC CHAPTER 4 GRAPHS AND EXPRESSIONS 1 TRANSFORMATIONS 57 1.1 INDEX LAWS. 2 4.1 CUBIC GRAPHS 58 1.2 EXPANDING BRACKETS 4 4.2 RECIPROCAL GRAPHS 62 1.3 FACTORISING 6 4.3 POINTS OF INTERSECTION 63 1.4 NEGATIVE AND FRACTIONAL 4.4 TRANSLATING GRAPHS 67 INDICES, 9 4.5 STRETCHING GRAPHS 7 1.5 SURDS 12 4.6 TRANSFORMING FUNCTIONS 75 1.6 RATIONALISING DENOMINATORS 13 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 78 CHAPTER REVIEW 1 15 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 81 CHAPTER 2 QUADRATICS 18 2.1 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 19 HAPTER 5 STRAIGHT LINE 2.2 COMPLETING THE SQUARE 2 2.3 FUNCTIONS 25 GRAPHS 85 2.4 QUADRATIC GRAPHS 7 Bly=mete 86 2.5 THE DISCRIMINANT 30 5.2 EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES 89 CHAPTER REVIEW 2 3353 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES 93 5.4 LENGTH AND AREA 96 CHAPTER 3 EQUATIONS AND caren REET % INEQUALITIES 36 NON ay CHAPTER 6 TRIGONOMETRIC 3.2 QUADRATIC SIMULTANEOUS RATIOS 404 EQUATIONS go 6-1 THE COSINE RULE 105 6.2 THE SINE RULE 410 * am“ EQUATIONS ON gp 8S AREAS OF TRIANGLES 116 ssowonanc neous st SSCRAPISOFSIE.CISHEAND 3.5 QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 6 OR SNe in aan ws > 6.6 TRANSFORMING TRIGONOMETRIC 3.7 REGIONS 51 7 cnarns os CHAPTER REVIEW 3 54 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 129 Cs Gan CHAPTER 7 RADIANS 133 7.1 RADIAN MEASURE 134 7.2 ARC LENGTH 135 7.3 AREAS OF SECTORS AND ‘SEGMENTS 139 CHAPTER REVIEW 7 145 CHAPTER 8 DIFFERENTIATION 150 8.1 GRADIENTS OF CURVES 151 8.2 FINDING THE DERIVATIVE 154 8.3 DIFFERENTIATING x° 157 8.4 DIFFERENTIATING QUADRATICS 159 8.5 DIFFERENTIATING FUNCTIONS WITH TWO OR MORE TERMS 161 8.6 GRADIENTS, TANGENTS AND NORMALS: 163 8.7 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES 165 CHAPTER REVIEW 8 167 CHAPTER 9INTEGRATION 170 9.1 INTEGRATING x" 71 9.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS, 173 9.3 FINDING FUNCTIONS 176 CHAPTER REVIEW 9 178 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 181 POURS ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, 50 they can be applied alongside your learning, 1, Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle ‘+ Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated cr specify the problem } into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interests a + Challenge questions provide extra stretch Ue J 3. Transferable skills repretem information + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples ‘+ These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing, Finding your way around the book y= VAC) See PI ee NM TSS Each chapter stats witha stot Learning objectives ‘The Por knowledge cheek helps make sie you ar reagy to star tho chapter Glossary terms willbe ‘donttieg by bold bie txt con thoi frst appearance Each chapter is mapped to the specticaton canton for 225), reference ‘Te real weld applications of the maths you are about to foam ze highlghted atthe start of the nape CLL e ci Sepbystep wored | frames focus on the| ay types of questions you'll need to tackle Tansieabe aleae signposted where they natural occur inthe exercises and exapies recise questions aro careful graded So they increase in diicuty and gradually ‘bring you up to exam starware ‘Braces ae packed ‘wth exam tye ‘Questions to enue you 210 ready for the exams ‘roblemsoling boxes prod hints, tips and strategies. and Watch out Exam-style questions boxes nghight areas were students are flaggedwith ©) fen oso marks in thoi exame Problem-solving ‘questions are flagged Each chapter ends with a Ghapter review with sna Summary of hey points After every ew chapters Review exercise es you corso yur ering with | ee ot of xa sla quesona Exam practice Mathematics International Advanced Subsidiary ‘Advanced Level Pare Mathematics 1 Review exercise [Atul practice paper atthe back of the ‘book helps you prepare forthe real thing viii QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 1 (P1) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications: International Advanced Subsidiary in Mathematics International Advanced Subsidiary in Pure Mathematics International Advanced Level in Mathematics International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment, Percentage [Mark | Time valablty emathematics1 335 %of1AS 75 {hour 30mins | January, june and October Paper code WMA11/01 163% of AL First assessment January 2019 |S International Advanced Subsidiary, IAL- International Advanced A Level Assessment objectives and weightings Ea Recall, select and use their knowledge of mathematical facts, concepts and techniques in a 20% | varity of contents. 20m “Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proafs through use of precise statements, logical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expressions, including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form. Recall, select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent. ‘403. | situations inthe eal world; recognise and understand given representations involving standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms ofthe orignal situation, including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models. ‘Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics use the results of ‘404 | calculations to make predictions, or comment onthe context; and, where appropriate, read 5% _ritcally and comprehend longer mathematical arguments or examples of applications. 30% 10% {Use contemporary calculator technology and other permitted resources (such as formulae ‘405 | booklets or statistical tables) accurately and efficiently; understand when not to use such 5% technology, and its limitations. Give answers to appropriate accuracy. Cee EUS eS uy aig Relationship of assessment objectives to units ‘Assessment objective Marks out of 75 30-35 25-30 5-15 5-10 +5 % ue Bho 20 aa se Calculators Students may use a calculator in assessments for these qualifications. Centres are responsible for making sure that calculators used by their students meet the requirements outlined below. Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least the following keys: +,— x, vx, 4,» lm.x, ex sine, cosine and tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and in radians; memory. Prohibitions Calculators with any of the following facilities are prohibited in all examinations: + databanks + retrieval of text or formulae + built-in symbolic algebra manipulations + symbolic differentiation and/or integration + language translators + communication with other machines or the internet un ee @ Extra ontine content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides worked solutions for questions in the book. Download all the solutions as a POF or quickly find the solution you need online Use of technology Explore topics in more detail, visualise problems and consolidate your understanding. Use pre-made GeoGebra activities or Casio resources for a graphic calculator. EDD ns inst ortesecion G2 EF srophically using technology. GeeoGebra GeoGebra-powered interactives CASIO. Graphic calculator interactives \ 2 TEKE]!Show coordinates Interact with the maths you are learning, using GeoGebra!s easy-to-use tools Explore the maths you are learning and gain confidence in using a graphic calculator Calculator tutorials Our helpful video tutorials will guide you through how to use your calculator in the exams. They cover both Casios scientific and colour graphic calculators EEL work out each coefficient quickly using the *C, and power functions on your calculator. Finding the value of the first derivative to access the function pres aw) @ Gar) @ should appear on your calculator's screen. © Multiply and divide integer powers > pages 2 Expand a single term over brackets and collect like terms pages 2-6 Expand the product of two or three expressions + pages 4-6 Factorise linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions - pages 6-9 Know and use the laws of indices + pages 9-11 Simplify and use the rules of s ~ pages 12-13 Rationalise denoming “> pages 13-15 f'n + Sma — 2neen + mn? ~ 3m? 5x +24 3x2 = Tx 12 + International GCSE Mathematics Write as a single power of 2: a x2 b 2s < @ + International GCSE Mathematics b 5@2-3y) ternational GCSE Mathematics Write down the highest common factor of a and 16 b 6xand 8x Computer scientists use indices to describe very large number A quantum computer with 1000 | qubits (quantum bits) can consider © 4xyand 3xy + International GCSE Mathematics simplify a 10x ox 210 values simultaneously. Ths is 5 greater than the number of partic | + International GCSE Mathematies e universe Pat ae me se Gils l) © index taws ® You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. + anxar=anen + ameaaann { Notation } er [This isthe index, (ays an 4 power or exponent. (aby= arbor This is the base. Simplify these expressions: a xx b 2Px3n z Se d6s3x ce @PxQ@ f Great =2xae xa? = 20° Watch out Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: Goal a -3x(7x-4) b PG-2y) © 4xGQx= 28+ Sx) d 2x(5v-+3)-SQx +3) Versa} Caton 2 -Bx(7x- 4) = 21x84 12 by - 2p 2 — ay" © 4x3x~ 2x? + 5x") = 12x¢ - 8x8 + 20x4 4 2x(5x+ 3) ~ 5(2x4 3) = 10x? + 6x-10x- 15 = 10x? - 4x-15 i Em Simplify these expressions: ext 3x2 6x5 20x? + 153 ” 2, oe 20x? + 15x3 _ 20x7 5x? 5x? 7-2 + Bx3 ETE) wore 1_ Simplify these expressions: eee b 2x? x 3x7 4p 3x3 4a tae g 10x53 2x3 h (py 2a J Spt + dp* k at x 3a m 9x2 x 302) 3x3 x Da? x dx 0 Tax Gat? P Gy3p = 298 4 2a = 3a? x 6a Fo dat x 2a xa 4 CHAPTER 1 es eS 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a 9x -2) b x(e+9) © -394-3y) d x45) © -xGx+5) F Swede + 1) g (4x4 Spx h -3(5 25°) i -2x(5x - 4) i Gx-5x? k 30+2)4(0-7) 1 5x-6-Gx-2) md(c+3d?)- 3c 4d?) om (+30 +9)- QF 432-4) © xx? - 2n +5) p Ty'Q-5y +393) 4 2995 - Ty + 34) F Hx =2) 4 3x4 4) = O(x=2) s 5x -34= 21) +6 tf 3x-aG— aye? w Axe 3)-2xGe-7)—-y 32x41)-SVGr-4) 3 Simplify these fractions: a Gxt 10x 2s 8x4 Se a> @®) Expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you multiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression, Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 = 6 terms. LO (x YG = 2y +3) = ald 2y +3) + 5U4N=2y 43) NALA wx = Bay + Bx +200 10y + 15. Bx 12 = 2xy + 23y~ 10y +15 —— Simplify youransiwerby collecting EEE) ED ren Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: ike terms, a (x4 S)(x+2) b (x— 2p)? +1) © (xP d (v4 y)Gx- 2-4) =x 47x 410 naam "SLL aera ay Sy Caton xe = Duy — Ax + Bay = 2p? = Ay x2 xy = Ax = By? = Ay Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a xx 430-7) b x(5x- 32x © (v= 4v 4 3)0e# I a x2x+ See 7) = Gx? + Bux - 7) 2 — Max? + 3x2 - at — Seen yxy +4) Sxvl@x-y +4) xQx-y + A) - Sxy@x-y+ 4) = 10° - Sxéy + 20x? - Gx?y + Sy? - tay ey + 20x? + Bxy? ~ T2xy © (x= Ally + 3)ox + = x= 12) +1) elu + 1) ae + 1) 1260 + 1) ~x- 12x12 smarseuon 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (xt 4x47) b (v= 30+2) © (x= 2" @ (2x43) © (r+ 34r= 9) £ Qx- 48x49) & Qx-3)(r-4) h Gr t2y7F 1 2x4 82x43) i (+ 5)2x43y-5) k =NGr=4y-5) 1 (v= 4Ovt +5) m (x +2y- Ie +3) n Qxt2y 43x46) 0 (4-yi4y-x+3) y+ 5)Gx-y42) @ y= 2x 43)e-4) or y= x= 215-9) 6 CHAPTER 1 es eS 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a Sir+ De) Wx-22x+5) © 3x 3)(r-3) @ x= NO+y) xQ2v+ yIGx+4) fF yex- Sore g Gv 2(4e-+ 2) 792-8) i xQx+3)(Sx-2) 1 yGx+2y- 32x41) mx(Qx+3)@+y=5) 2xBx= DAx-y=3) 0 Sxbr-2y)2x43y+5) P(x 3x4 M+ 1D) (+ 20- 443) (F3)Or- Nw 5) 8 (r= 5)(e= 4) = 3) Qx+ DO 2041) w Qx+3)Gx=DEe#2) ¥ Gx-2)Qr+ NBx-2) (e+ y)e-O-I x Ox-3yF b © h j x(x + 2)0e+ 3-4) k yQxty-De+5) a 4 t w ©® 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out. The rectangle has length 3x = y+ 4 and width x + 7, Use the same strategy as you would use The square has side length x — 2. 2 Find an expanded and simplified expression iste lanes were er ss a for the area shaded green, Jocm x+7 Tem Beaped © 4 A cuboid has dimensions (x + 2)om, 2x ~ Im and 2x + 3)em, Show that the volume of the cuboid is (4x? + 12x? + Sx 6)em’, GP) 5 Given that (2x + 5yV3x- 2x + y) = ax + bxty + oxy? + dy, where a, 6, ¢ and d are constants, find the values of a, 6, ¢ and d. (2 marks) cs Expand and simplify (x +334. @®) Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. ‘ibang brackets * Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. axe 4 y) = 2 + oxy (r4 5-2 #1512 4 75x 4 125, (x + 2p)(e=5y) =? = 3xy— 109? ering 8 = Sy Caton GEE ©) ED cms Factorise these expressions completely: a arto b x-5x © 82+ 20x d 9x2y+ Say? @ 3x27 Oxy a axts = 3043) b xt -Sxe ay 5) | © Bx? + 20x= 4xl2x + 5) | 4 Oxy + 1Bxp? = Bxyx + Sy) © 3x? Sxy= 3xbx - 39) | = Aquadratic expression has the form CEE cat numbers are all the positive and ax? + bx + ewhere a, b and care real negative numbers, of zero, including fractions. numbers and a +0, and surds. To factorise a quadratic expression: + Find two factors of ac that add up to b Rare copressonex ex Bia ‘+ Rewrite the b term as a sum of these 2e-x46x-3 ‘two factors + Factorise each pair of terms + Take out the common factor: 826+ Ne-y) CED i expression in the form x?— 9? is called the difference of two squares, Factorise: a xt Sy-6 b xt+ 6x48 ¢ 6¢-1lx-10 d 2-25 1x6 = al@x~1) + 3(2x—=1) @x=10+3) = (r+ NO-6) Ciao) bxt+6x+8 x4 2x44x48 xx + 2) 4 4(x + 23 (w+ 21+ 4) © Gx*~ 1x10 6x° - 15x + 4x —10 = 3xl2x ~ 5) + 2124 - 5) —— = (2x ~ 53x + 2) x8 = 25 sige = (x4 Sr 9) e 4x * ~ 32 = (2x + 3yil2x - 3y) Factorise completely: b x -25y a 8-2x2 © 8 43x2- 10: = xix + Syee = 5) © x8 + 3x2 ~ 10x s x(x? + 3x — 10) Pes Ss) = x(e# Site 2) Xs 1 Factorise these expressions completely: a de+8 b 6x4 dws © 40420 g ote hv 44x J 6e-26 Loy? Sy mx? 42x nn 3y242y p 59° 20y 4 xy? + 12s 8 Sx? 25xy t 12x + 8x92 y 1-30 woyraay © x+15 f 6x2- 180, i 3x7-x 1 3532= 28x © 4x24 12x Gab 2ab? wu Isp ~ 20y: x Lay? 4px 2 Factorise ae 4dy dee 8x 412 45x46 20 j sex m 5x2 16x +3 0 24 IN 15 qe-4 s 42-25 0 v 2x" 3 Factorise completely a x4 2x d 8-9 gv Te + 6x jo 8+ 13x + 15x @® 4 Factorise completely xy © 5 Factoris Write 4x*— 13x2 + 9 as the product of four linear factors, completely 6x° +7 ox? 8x -8 Det + Mat +24 reese (2 marks) Sx. (2 marks) © Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. similarly x! x 2 nterms * You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. GU) Caton © e+ lly +24 f e-8x412 i xt-3x-10 13x24 1ox-8 GED rorparen take 2 outasa common factor first. For part p, let u 36x? x 15x 4 2x9 = 5x x84 Ux? + 30x 2x} = 5x2 = 3 13x84 2797 + 60x Geen Watch out for terms that can be written asa function of a function, for example: w= (°F. CEEED Eationat numbers are those that can be written as 5 where and bare integers, and 20, CEEED 2 iristne positive square root of u For example: 919 =3, but 92-3, SMH ate eR aT Nea sss Ut) Simplify: EXD win Evaluate: ao b 64! © 49 @ 252 elas Nepales ty Pa taie aM Given that y = 7x2, express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants ay Genes ‘Check that your answers are in the correct form, IF A-and m are constants they could be positive or negative, and they could be integers, fractions or surds. ~ EXE) reson 1 Simplify: ax base e Oi hoses Kk (xp x GR) 2 Evaluate, without using your calculator: a 25 bse a4? 3 Simplify: a ; a 4x9 » eee © (125x%) ae 44)! 9x2= 155 Sx43x2 # Ge) Boe ne © 4 Find the value of 81% (1 mark) Simplify x(2x~)}, @marks) 1 © 5§ Given that y= jx, express each of the following in the form kv", where k and 7 are constants, oo (2 marks) bly? (2 marks) art ate eR aT Nea sss Ut) @ sivas fis an integer that is not a square number, then any multiple of tis called a surd. Examples of surds are v2, \19 and 5:2. Surds are examples of irrational numbers. (CED rrotional numbers cannot be written The decimal expansion of a surd is never-ending in the form # where « and hare integers and never repeats, for example 12 = 1.414213562... 5 You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. ™ You can manipulate surds using these rules: + ab =Va xb @ va bb Simplify: a Vid b © 5v6 — 2/34 + 204 2 aero 245 _ = SG - 2G x V4 4G x aD WEG ~ 24 + 48) = -2%247) = Ge) =e rags) Caton rouse Expand and simplify if possible: Do not use your calculator for this exerci 1 Simplify: a 2B b 72 © 50 aR © 90 ‘2 2 b 20.80 i 200 +1872 j 17S + 63 + 2038 Kk 28-263 +47 1 80-220 + 3/45 m 3V80 ~ 220 + 5V45 " = 0 VI2 + 48 +75, 2 Expand and simplily if possible: a V3(2+V3) b ¥5(3 - V3) © /2(4-V5) d 2-1/2)3 +5) @ (2-V3)G-7) f (44)5)2+V5) g (S-V5L-V3) bh @4y32-V3) i @-/THQ+T) © 3 Simplify v75 - /12 giving your answer in the form av3, where ais an integer. (2 marks) KD Rationalising denominators it is sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the jonal number. This is called rationalising the denominator. denominator is a = The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form -1., multiply the numerator and denominator by va. + For fractions in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by (a — \b). ae + For fractions in the form multiply the numerator and den¢ tor by (a + vb). Pr CM ate eR aT Nea sss Ut) Rationalise the denominator: 1 1 V5 42 "Ss 342 °S-2 mit 1 (3-2) B42 (3+ 02)3 - 02) B42 _ 05 +1205 +12) = BMS + v2) 1x (4 4218) “@ 208N4 + 28) cf 4423 “16+ OS - &3 - 12 ——_] rags) Caton GEE) ED os Do not use your calculator for this exereise. 1 Simplify: at b et ae 5 2 us nv w 3 Rationalise the denominators and simplify: 1 1 4 a »—- © G2" (+5P -\2P L 2 — ——=— 6428-13) 6-323) @® 4 Simpity >=" giving your answer inthe You can check that your answer's in the correct form p + q\5, where p and g are rational SES aR ae aEaS US tauee orate eel numbers. (4marks) : checking that they are rational numbers. CEE 1) TEED ecco cron 1 Simplify: aay b Bx 28 © xy 4407 5 30 xb 2. Expand and simplily if possible: a (430-5) b Qe-DGr+!) © 2x+5)Gx-y+2) 3 Expand and simplify if possible axe +4)or-1) b Ww+2M0-3w+7) — € Qx+3w—2GW-D) 4 Expand the brackets: a Sy 44) b SVG=Sv+20°) © SxQx43)-2NU- 3x) Bn*(L + By) - 2a ry SC ata es eS 5. Factorise these expressions completely: a Sv+dy b 4y* + Lop ev taytay? dd 8xy? + 1Ox*y 6 Factorise: a t4are2 b 38+ 6x © at- 2x35 dQ? y-3 e Sx2=13x-6 F 6~ Sx 7 Factorise: a 2x? + 6x b 8 - 36x © 2x) + 7x2 = 153 8 Simplify a Oxte 3x9 bay © 3x? x Dt d 3x) 56x) 9 Evaluate, without using your calculator: 8\ 225)* a (3) » Ge) 10. Simplify, without using your calculator: a b 204285 ~ 80 v3 11 a Find the value of 3532 + 2 — 48 when x= 25, b By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors, 12. Expand and simplify if possible, without using your calculator: a 24.5) b (2-s5\S+13) © (6-24-17) 13. Rationalise the denominator and simplify: 1 3 33-37 1 + ‘= a e 3 3-2 13 +37 Or ap 14 Donot use your calculator for this question. a Given that x9 — x7 = 17x 15 = (x + 3)(02 + bx 4+ 0), where b and c are constants, work out the values of b and c. b Hence, fully factorise x3 = x? = 17-15. © 15 Given that y = ¢x°, express each of the following inthe form kx, where k and » are constants, ayt (mark) b4y (mark) G®) 16 Show that © 17 Expand and simplify (TT ~ 5\5—sT1), without using your caleulator, marks) gp cs be written in the form Va +B, where a and b are integers. (S marks) © 18 Factorise completely x — 64 (3 marks) 19 Express 27**! in the form 3°, stating y in terms of x. (2 marks) GU) Caton GP) 2 Solve the equation 8 + wT. Give your answer in the form avb, where a and b are integers. (marks) ©® 21 Donot use your calculator for this question. A rectangle has a length of (1 +3)em and area of VI en Calculate the width of the rectangle in em, Express your answer in the form a + by3, where a and b are integers to be found. @- aI a Show that—*" can be written as 4y-!~ 4+ x4 (2 marks) Given that 243/3 = 3°, find the value of a (3 marks) 4x3 4x Given that ‘ean be written in the form 4x +.x!, write down the value of a and the value of 6. (2 marks) a Simplify ia + \B)(a —\B). 1 1 1 1 b Hence show that —+ + —1_,_1_, 41 _iy, We 243 +a vee + 25 Bie moked ud 1. You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. saeaeann saneaeann ‘@ysam * (ab=a'h" 2. Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. 3 A quadratic expression has the form ax + bx + ¢ where a, b and ¢ are real numbers and a # 0. 4 Says W4NO-y) 5 You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. , «ahaa same, of 6 You can manipulate surds using these rules: _ + vab = Va x vb “§ = 7 The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form -—, multiply the numerator and denominator by va, + For fractions in the form Fal multiply the numerator and denominator by (a - vb). avy + For fractions in the form —*, multiply the numerator and denominator by (a + vb). a-b ra ae Learning objectives After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula and completing the square > pages 19-26 Read and use f(x) notation when working with functions ~ pages 25-27 Sketch the graph and find the turning point of a quadratic function > poges 27-30 Find and interpret the discriminant quadratic expression “> pages 30-32 Solve the following equations: -4 5x43 d (8) = 64 ‘€ International GCSE Mathematles the following expressions: a 48x45 b x¢+3x-10 © 3x2 Lax -5 x2 400 «section 13 ‘Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph crosses the axes: a y=3x-6 € #2y=18 ‘International GCSE Mathematics Solve the following inequalities: axe8 o> shape of a square with a smaller square missing. ‘The two areas shaded blue are the same. ae 4 by {Example @) San Complete the quae forthe expressions Se A a a 48x b x2-3x © 2x?= 12 2 x24 Gra (xe aye — 42 S44) 16 | b x2 3r=(x-3)°-Q) | =(x-3?-% © 2x° = 12x = 2x? = Gx) = 2(x — 3)? - 3°) = 2x - 3P - 9) Q(x - 3F - 18 Us aed saxtsberena(xt Ph) +(e ‘Write 3x2 + 6x + 1 in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, ¢ and r are integers to be found, ce tevel Cans = Bix? + 2x) +1 = Sire 1-41 3+ 1-341 = 3x4 P= 2 2. Sop =3.q=landr= GREEN ED errs @D inavssionse 1 Complete the square for these expressions: write the expression as 4x2 — 16x + 10 then take a factor of ~4 out ofthe first two terms to get -4(x? + 4x) +10, addy bxt-6x ¢8-l6x dxttx ee x-ldy 2 Complete the square for these expressions: a 2e+l6x b 3-2 © 5x°#20x d 2e-Sy © Br-2 3 Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q)? +r, where p, qand r are constants to be found: a 2et8rtl — b SP 1543 © 3x242v-1 d 10-16x—dy? © 2-8 +10 © 4 Given that x? + 3x +6= («+a +b, find the values of the constants a and b. (2 marks) © 5 Write 2 + 0.85 - 0.043? in the form 4 ~ Bix + CP, where A, Band Care constants to be determined. G marks) ‘Kus Solve the equation 2° + 8x + 10=0 by completing the square, Give your answers in surd form. x + Ox +10 23 aloe CUS ex Solve the equation 2x? ~ 8x + 7 = 0. Give your answers in surd form, ar aa Podceanla This is an equation so you can divide every term ee by the same constant. Divide by 2 to get x? on its ‘own, The right-hand side is Oso it is unchanged > ——_ a Ber | 24bande= x? Ax wae - 22 w-2F e-2F x-2 So the roots are MDD vie our caeitorio chock fa ‘solutions to quadratic equations quickly. SEE 2D) IED ews me ae 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form, aee6rtl=0 bxtei2v+3=0 © P+4y-2=0 @ P= 10v=5 2 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form, a 2x+6x-3=0 bb Sx+8x-2=0 — € dx?-x-8=0 a 15-6x-20 © 3 w= 1441 = (x +p) +g, where p and g are constants, a Find the values of p and g. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation 22 = Lx + 1 = O can be written in the form r + 5/3, where r and s are constants to be found. (2 marks) 4. By completing the square, show that the solutions to Geen aa i the equation x? + 2bx + ¢= 0 are given by the formula eet aa bey (4 marks) Ifthe coefficients were numbers. Challenge ‘a Show that the solutions to the equation ax? + thx + e= 0 are given by x=—8 + P= ae, GED stare by aividing the whole “ equation by a. bb Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation ax? + bx +e = Ocan be written as GED tou canuse this method to Seana prove the quadratic formula, 2a Section 2.1 Us aed &) Functions ‘A function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of a set of inputs toa single output. The notation f(x) is used to represent a function of x. "= The set of possible inputs for a function is called the domain, Poms fo)=9 Range "The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. This diagram shows how the function f(x) = x? maps five values in its domain to values in its range. ' The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. The funetions f and gare given by fx) = 2x — 10 CED the inpurors function, and goo) =32-9,.x ER. ‘x can be any real number, then the a Find the values of f(5) and g(10). domain can be written as.x € R. Find the value of x for which f(x) = a(x). The symbol € means is amember of and the symbol R represents the a f(5) 10=10-10=0 set of real numbers. g(t) 1 b 2x -10= x? = 2x41 ‘The function f is defined as f(x) = x2 + 6x ~ 5, x ER. a Write f(x) in the form (x +p) +4. b Hence, o otherwise, find the roots of f(x), leaving your answers in surd form € Write down the minimum value of f(x), and state the value of » for which it occurs. a fix) wear +3" x+3 f(x) has two roots: -3 +14 and ~3 — V4. Pm ali eS Find the roots of the funetion f(x) Mo4 Tx! 8, ER. (x3)? + 703) - 8 = 0: (x? - NF + 8) =O fia) can be written as a function of a function. ‘The only powers of x in f(x) are 6, 3 and 0 so you can write it as a quadratic function of x2 The roots of fix) are 1 and -2. __| ee fo) = x6 4729-8 3)? + 7(x9) - 8 Ee .____— ey u— Nu + 8) So when f(x) =O, w= 1 or w= 6. -6>x% >x The roots of fx) are 1 and -2. EXD werncion 1 Using the functions f(x) = Sx +3, g(x) = x° = 2 and h(x) = vix+ 1, find the values of: af) bg) © his) 4d f0.5) e 2) bQ) 2 The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = 32 - 2x, xR, Given that f(a) = 8, find two possible values for a. Aeon set the resulting expression equal to 8. f b(-1) g M4) +22) h £(0) + (0) + hO) i 3 Find all the roots of the following functions: a f(x) = 10- 15x b g(x) = (v4 9x2) © h(x) =x? + 6x-40 d jays 144-0 e kaart SMeHT) foyer + Sx8- 24x ®) 8 The function f is defined as fix: CU aed 4 The functions p and q are given by p(x) Find the two values of x for which p(x) = q(a). 3y and q(x) = 2v-6.xER. 5 The functions f and g are given by f(x) = 2° + 30and go) = 17, ¥ER, Find the three values of » for which f(x) = (+), © 6 The function f is defined as fix) = x7 - 2x+2,.vER. a Write f(x) in the form (x + p)? + g, where p and gare constants to be found. (marks) b Hence, or otherwise, explain why f(x) > 0 for all values of x, and find the ‘minimum value of f() (mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a flxy= x4 909 +8 b g(x) =a4 = 12x? +32 “The function in © h(x) = 27x84 2609 = 1 f(x) = 32x!” 3305 + 1 part b has four roots. € Kye x- WE +10 £ m(x) = 2x3 +2e)— 12 35-2839 427,.4ER. eens a Write f(x) in the form (3° ~ a)(3*~ 6), where a and b are real constants. Cmts) b Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) - @ Quadratic graphs When fix) = ax? + bx + c the graph of y = flx) has a curved shape called a parabola. You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. The coefficient of x? determines the overall shape of the graph. When ais positive, the parabola will have this shape: \/ When a is negative, the parabola will have this shape: /\ @ The graph crosses the y-axis when x =0. The p-coordinate i equal to @ the graph crosses the x-axis when y =0. The x coordinates are rots of the function 0) @ Quadratic graphs have one turning point. This can be a minimum or a maximum, Since a parabola is symmetrical, the turning point and line of symmetry are half-way between the two roots # You can find the coordinates of the turning point ‘of a quadratic graph by completing the square. IF Fox) = a+ p)? + gs the graph of y= fla) has a turning point at (-p, q). CD tie grophoty and ¢ for each function. Geen Check your answers by substituting values into the function. In part e the graph passes through (0, ~18), so (0) should be -18. B®) 3 The graph of y = ax? + bx + ¢ has a minimum at (5, ~3) and passes through (4, 0). Find the values of a, band ¢ (3 marks) ©) The discriminant If you square any real number, the result is greater than or equal to 0. This means that if is negative, 7 cannot be a real number, Look at the quadratic formula: oo IF the value under the square root sign is negative, x cannot be yah eva sae 2 real number and there are no real solutions. ifthe value under ea the square root is equal to 0, both solutions will be the same. ' For the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢, the expression b? — 4ac is called the discriminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + If ac > O then f(x) has two distinct real roots. + IF? 4ac=0 then f(a) has one repeated root. + IED ac <0 then f(x) has no real roots. Us aed You can use the discriminant to check the shape of sketch graphs. Below are some graphs of F(x), where f(x) = ax? + bx +o. beatae 0 teaaexo be tue<0 ‘Two distinct real roots One repeated root No real roots 0 * O| «oa : SEEN 13) ETE one soeme Find the values of & for which f(x) = 1° + kx +9 has equal roots, xi +kx+9=0 Herea=1,b=kande=9 Use the condition given in the question to write a For equal roots, b® - 4ac = O. statement about the discriminant. ke = 36 sok =+6 Find the range of values of & for which x? + 4x + x4 4xtk=0 Here a= 1, b = 4 and e= k. For two real solutions, b2 - 4ac > O. #-4x1xk>O 16 - 4k >0 16 > 4k 4>k Sok<4 Eee has two distinet real solutions. EN malar CUS a Calculate the value of the discriminant for each of these five functions: f fyyaxt+ 8x43 Hh g(x)=2x?- 3044 iit hw iv (ys 8- 8x +16 Vv k(x) = 23x24 1b Using your answers to part a, match the same five functions to these sketch graphs, a AMY 2. Find the values of & for which x2 + 6x +k =0 has two real s 3 Find the value of 1 for which 2x? — 3x + 1 = 0 has exactly one solution. (2 marks) 4 = 47e-3 lutions (2 marks) Given that the function f(x) =x? + 8x + y has equal roots, find the value of the positive constant s (2 marks) 5 Find the range of values of k for which 3x?~ 4x + &-=0 has no real solutions, (2 marks) 6 The function g(x) =x? + 3px + (14p ~ 3), where p is an integer, has two equal roots. Find the value of p, (2 marks) b For this value of p, solve the equation x? + 3px + (14p ~ 3) = 0. (2 marks) GB) 7 hx) = 282 + (k+4)x + k, where his a real constant. a Find the discriminant of h(x) in terms of k. (3 marks) _ fa question part says ‘hence or b Hence or otherwise, prove that h(x) has two distinct otherwise’ itis usually easier to use your real roots for all values of k. (marks) _aMswer to the previous question part. as a Prove that, if the values of a and c are given and non-zero, itis always possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) = ax? + bx + c has distinct real roots. b sit always possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) has equal roots? Explain your answer. Us aed REED OD ~~ Go 10 Solve the following equations without a calculator. Leave your answers in surd form, where necessary. a y243y42 b 3x2 + 13x-10=0 © Sx? = 10x = 40-43 d Qv-5P=7 Sketch graphs of the following equations: a yas Sred bya2tex-3 © y=6-10x— 4x? a y= 1Sx— 2x2 f(x) = 22 + 3x — 5S and g(x) = 4+ k, where & is a constant. a Given that £(3) = g(3), find the value of k: (B marks) b Find the values of » for which f(x) = g(x). (GB marks) Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures: a 4 llk-1=0 b 2e-Sr41=0 © 10-x @ Gx-1P Write cach of these expressions in the form p(x + g)? +r, where p, q and rare constants to be found: a 24 12y-9 b Sx2—40e4 13 © 8x- 28 @ 38-604 DF Find the value k for which the equation 5x? - 2x +k =0 has exactly one solution, (2 marks) Given that for all values of x: Bx? + Det Ss pla tg) +7 a find the values of p, q and r. (3 marks) b Hence solve the equation 3x? + 12x +5=0. (2 marks) The function f is defined as f(x) = 2° - 20(2%) + 64, x ER. a Write f(x) in the form (2° ~ a)(2* ~ 6), where a and b are real constants. (2 marks) b Hence find the two roots of fx), (2 marks) Find, as surds, the roots of the equation 2(x + I(r 4) — (v= 2) = Use algebra to solve (x = 1)(x + 2) = 18, Ey ator CUS GP) 11 A diver launches herself off a springboard. The height of the diver, in metres, above the pool seconds afier launch can be modelled by the following function h(1) = Sr- 102 +10, 10 a How high is the springboard above the water? (1 mark) b Use the model to find the time at which the diver hits the water. (Bmarks) Rearrange h() into the form A ~ B(r ~ C)? and give the values of the constants 4, Band C. (3 marks) Using your answer to part ¢, or otherwise, find the maximum height of the diver, and the time at which this maximum height is reached. (2 marks) For this question, f(x) = 4kx? + (4k + 2)x + 1, where & is a real constant. a Find the discriminant of f(x) in terms of k. (3 marks) b By simplifying your answer to part a, or otherwise, prove that fix) has two distinct real roots for all non-zero values of k. (marks) Explain why f(x) cannot have two dis et real roots when k= 0. (1 mark) 13 Find all of the roots of the function r(x) = a The ratio of the lengths a: of the lengths b:c. ~17x4 +16. (Smarks) this line is the same as the rat Se 145 Show that this ratio is b Show also that the infinite square root heiededete CU aed Bee fy To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx + ¢=0 + Factorise the left-hand side + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x The solutions of the equation ax* + bx + c= O where a # 0 are given by the formula (3) (+35) +(e-£) The set of possible inputs of a function is called the demain, The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. 6 The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. 7 You can find the coordinates of a turning point of a quadratic graph by completing the square. IF f(x) = alx + p)?-+ @ the graph of » = f(x) has a turning point at (-p. 4). For the quadratic function f(x) = ax® + bx + ¢ = 0, the expression f? — 4ae is called the discriminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + IFb2—4ae > O then the quadratic function has two distinct real roots. + IF 6? ~ dae =0 then the quadratic function has one repeated real root + IF —4ae <0 then the quadratic function has no real roots. Ea eee) Se AND INEQUALITIES = Learning objectives After completing this chapter you should be able to: ‘© Solve linear simultaneous equations using elimination or substitution “+ pages 37-38, Solve simultaneous equations: one linear and one quadratic “+ pages 39-40 Interpret algebraic solutions of equations graphically + pages 40-43 Solve linear inequalities > pages 44-46 Solve quadratic inequalities > pages 44-49 Interpret inequalities graphically > pages 49-51 Represent linear and quadratic inequalities graphically > pages 51-53 Prior knowledge check 1 A= (factors of 12) B= (factors of 20} Write down the numbers in each of these sets: a AnB b (AL ‘ International GCSE Mathematics 2 Simplify these expressions, avs p 245 + 3:52 © Section 1.5 3 Match the equations to the correct graph, Label the points of intersection with the axes and the coordinates of the turning point. =x 2+ x-T)(2x +5) Food scientists use regions on graphs to optimise athletes’ nutritional intake and ensure they satisfy the minimum dietary requirements for calories and vitamins BSUS es) Cate) Ed Linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns have one set of values that will make a pair of equations true at the same time. The sok n to this pair of simultaneous equations x+3y=ll 0 (2); * Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution, =5,y2 543@)=5+6=l1¥ bx-5y 4(5) ~5{2) = 20-10 ov Solve the simultaneous equations: a 2v+3y b 4x —Sy= Bx 6x + 2y = 25 u ae @ = 7 | P 443y28 3y ‘The solution Is. x = 7.9 The solution is x = 33, Eales) TS US Le Solve the simultaneous equations: 2x-y=l Ay +2y ETE resiornme 1 Solve these simultaneous equations by elimination: a2x-y © Sx42y 3x ly a 2v-y T 3v48y 6x4 2y=21 6x=3+5y 2. Solve these simultaneous equations by substitution: a xe3yeIl b dy—3y=40 @ 2y=2x-3 Ax —Ty=6 Qetyas Byex-1 3 Solve these simultaneous equations: GED Fist rearrange x=2y both «2p 452 Gyaises ‘equations into aw-2y45=0 00 b AS © 3y=5(x-2) pence Sixty)=6e+1) We t3y44=0 Bx-N+y+4=0 — egaxsbyze. 4 irthy=8 x dy=5 Ete are simultaneous equations where k is a constant, ‘isa constant, soit has the a Show that x=3. (marks) same value in both equations. b Given that » = +, determine the value of k. (mark) @®) 5 2x-p 4x4 Spt are simultaneous equations where p and q are constants, The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x = Find the value of p and the value of g. (Smarks) BS aus Cate) Es) ‘You must be able to solve simultaneous equations where one equation is linear and one is quadratic. ‘To solve simultaneous equations involving one linear equation and one quadratic equation, ‘you need to use a substitution method from the linear equation into the quadratic equation. = Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly. The solutions to this pair of simultaneous equations are x= 4, y= -3 and x=55,y=-15: x-ys7 yeexye2ee5 | Q——— 4- ev and 55-5) = 70 L____ 3+ #13) +24) = 9-124 8=5.v and Gx) (15? + 55)C15) + 255) = 225-625 +11=5 4 oe a (B= 20% + 3913 2y) = 10 _r ee) eee 9 1ay + 4? + By - So Solutions are x and x= 5, GEES) HED ocrse 1 Solve the simultaneous equations: axty=ll © y=3x xy =30 2y® ay 15 d 3a4b=8 f 3x42y=7 3a + 6 = 28 wey=8 2. Solve the simultaneous equations: bxty=9 © = Bay +2? =0 Cala} TS US Le 3 Solve the simultaneous equations, giving your answers in their simplest surd form: a xo yn6 b 2x+3y013 CEE ese brackets when you are veya 7B substituting an expression into an equation. 4 Solve the simultaneous equations: (6 marks) show that x? = 2x 11=0. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations 4x Bx +ay41l=0 ziving your answers in the form a b/3, where a and b are integers, (Smarks) © 6 One pair of solutions for the x-5 4xt- ay =6 is (1, p) where k and p are constants. a Find the values of k and p. multaneous equations Seen IF, p) isa solution, then.x=1, y=p satisfies both equations, b Find the second pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations. yoxek saad Given that the simultaneous equations have exactly one pair of solutions, show that =a BD Simuttaneous equations on graphs You can represent the solutions of simultaneous equations graphically. As every point on a line or curve satisfies the equation of that line or curve, the points of intersection of two lines or curves satisfy both equations simultaneously. * Solutions to a pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. Example (+) IE wrenenerarion a On the same axes, draw the graphs of b Use your graphs to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations, BS aus ak) ta. 4) ayn y= 28 b The solution is (7, -2) or x = y= ex) a On the same axes, draw the graphs of: Qxty=3 yee-3e41 b Use your graphs to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations, thecure. inology to find the two atecremataine CY BB] and (2, -1) or points of intersection. The graph of a linear equation and the graph of a quadratic equation can either: * intersect twice * intersect once + not intersect, After substituting, you can use the discriminant of the resulting quadratic equation to determine the number of points of intersection. a Cease) TS US Le + B-4ac>0 + B-4ac=0 + Ba 4ac<0 i one real solution ‘no real solutions wre VA YUN ‘The line with equation y = 2x + 1 meets the curve with equation kx? + 2y + (k= 2) =0 at exactly one point. Given that k is a positive constant a find the value of k eD «: Explore how the value of ce7 ki b for this value of k, find the coordinates of the line and the curve the point of intersection. Using technology. je ”—~—i TH | ks2 + Op +k Q kx? + 22x 41) + k= 2)=0 kx ay 24k-2 kx +4x¢k= 0 eens You are told that the line meets the curve at exactly one point, so use the discriminant of the resulting quadratic. There will be exactly one solution, so 2 ~ da tet OS ine b 2x24 4x 4220 x4 2x 4120 (k- 2k + 2) w+ D+ HO Beye Pont of intersection is (1, ~1), BS aus ak) EXE) ED oon 1 Ineach ease: draw the graphs for each pair of equations on the same axes ii find the coordinates of the point of intersection. 3x-5 b y=2x-7 © ya3x42 3 y=8-3x Br+y+1=0 a. Use graph paper to accurately draw the graphs of 2y= 2x + I] and y = 2x? ~3x~5 on the same axes b Use your graphs to find the coordinates of the points of intersection. ¢ Verify your solutions by substitution. 3a On the same axes, sketch the curve with equation x° + y b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. © Verify your solutions by substitution. 4 a On the same axes, sketch the curve with equation ee y-2)? and the line with equation y = 3x—2. mae b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection: and the line with equation 2x + ) = 4 intersects the curve 5. Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y with equation y? = 2x? = 17 6 Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y = 3x — 1 intersects the curve with equation y° = xy + 15. ©® 7 Determine the number of points of intersection for these pairs of simultaneous equations. 6x2 43-7 b y=dx— 180-440 © pa3v-2x44 Q+8 y= l0x-9 Ixty+3=0 GB) 8 Given the simultaneous equations Qveysl 4 By + 5k Where k is a non-zero constant a show that x? + 8x +k=0, 2 maris) Given that x2 + 8kx +k = 0 has equal roots D find the value of & (3 marks) ¢ for this value of k, find the solution of the simultaneous equations, (marks) Cate) TS US Le You can solve linear inequalities using similar methods to those for solving linear equations. The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers x that make the inequality true. CEE) ED reo Find the set of values of x for which: a Set 9>x420 b 12-3x< 27 QEEEEED vou can write the solution to this © 3v-5)>5—2v-8) inequality using set notation as (x: > 275). ‘This means the set of all values x for which i. yeyeo=a0500T dtr than or equa to 275 4x+9> 20 axe xe 7 b 12-ax<27 -3r<15 x>-5 € He-5)>5- 2x8) Bx- 1555-2416 Sx>5 416415 5x>36 x>72 You may sometimes need tofind thesetof EF i, so notation values for which two inequalities are true Sera sac anian eee together. Number lines can be useful to find catenin eerie thesolition: x<-Lorx>3iswitten (xix IU (ei x>3) For example, in the number line below the solution set is x >-2 and.x <4 S$ 2 200 2 TG is used for < and > and means the end value is rot included 7 L seisused for = and = and means the end value is included, ‘These are the only real values that satisfy both equalities simultaneously, so the solution is 2. 3. Here there is no overlap and the two inequalities have 7 7 i. to be written separately as x= —1or.x>3, BS aus ak) Find the set of values of x for which: a 3y—SextSandSv>x-8 b x-S>1-xor IS-3y>542x a Bx-Sex48 Bx>x-8 2e-5<8 Ax>-8 ax< 18 x>-2 x<65 426 2 4 6 8 xx o> x>-2 So the required set of values io -B exe 6S, b x-5>1-x 15-3x>5 42x 2x-5>1 10-3x> 2x ex>6 10> 5x x>3 2>x xe2 426 2 4 € 8 o> 5 v2 The solution is x> 3 or x< 2 rosea 1 Find the set of values of « for which: a 2x-3<5 b Sx+4539 © 6x-3>2047 @ Sx+66-12-% @ 18-134 f 21-2x>8+3x g l+x<2543% hIx-7<7-78 i 5-05r>1 | Set4> 12-28 aay TS US Le 2 Find the set of values of x for which: a Ax-3)=0 b 81-a)>x-1 © a+ 7)<8-4x d Axv=3)-(VH1<0 ee 14 112-2) <10(x-4) f 2-5) = 34-9 g 12x 3x3) <45 bh y-2(5+2x)<11 xr 4) 2 +2 4x +3) j xS->34x- k 3x42xe-3)<254x) xQe= 3. Use set notation to describe the set of values of x for which: a 3(y—2)>x—4and 4x + 12> 2417 b 2v-S23-x 2 © Qv-3>2and 3x+2)< 124% 15 ~x<2(11 ~x) and S(3x— 1) > 120+ 19 @ 3x48 <20and2Gx-1) > x+6 f Sv43<9orS(Qv+1)>27 6x g 4Gx +7) = 20 0r 23x 5) Challenge Am (x:3x45>2) Be {x:5+1<3} Co Oeitl<2x-0) Given that An) (BUC) =: =p rh find the values of p,q and r QB Quadrati = To solve a quadratic inequality: inequalities + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 + Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values *+ Sketch the graph of the quadratic function * Use your sketch to find the required set of values. The sketch shows the graph of f(x) =? - ax ~ 5 aes haetie camer ten +Ne-5) the curve is above the x-axis (the darker ) part ofthe curve). This is when »-< =1 or x> 5.In set notation, the solution is (exe Du (x33) ‘The solutions to the quadratic inequality The solutions to f(x) =0 ‘The solutions to the quadratic inequality are x ==1 and x . aid 7 x2—4x 5 < Oare the x-values when These are called the 1] 5 __*___ the curve is below the x-axis (the erie lighter part of the curve), This is when x>-Landy<5or-1h a Find the set of values of x for which 12 + 4x > 32, b Hence find the set of values for which 12 + 4x >. and Sx-3> 2 a 2 +4r>e O>x2-ax-12 x= 4y-12<0 at = 4x12 =0 (x4 2)0e- yale Sketch y x= dx-12<0 Solution -2a? ques -2 2 gives x > This question is easier if you represent the 426846 8 information in more than one way. Use a sketch graph to solve the quadratic inequality, nd tse a number line to combine it with the linear The two sets of valves overlap where inequality 1exee ENETD ED www Find the set of values for which © > 2, x #0 ee — eee ED ED owe 1 Find the set of values of x for which: ato llyt24<0 bI2-x- 50 ¢ ¥-3r-1030 @ 84741220 € 74 13x= 2x70 f 10+x-27<0 g 4xt- 84350 hh -247x-37<0 i v-9<0 J 6x2 + Ly - 1050 k -5y>0 1 axt+3xs0 2 Find the set of values of x for which: a at< 03x b il1 @ x(x + 1) <3 =) BS aus ak) 3. Use set notation to describe the set of values of x for which: a 8 = Tx + 10 0and 10-2v<5 © 4x? — 30-1 Oand 3v+17>2 f x°—2v-30 @® 4 Given that ++ 0 find the set of values of » for which ce tt3>2 1 6,7 5 a Find the range of values of k for which the QUE) the quacratic equation an? + bus equation x* — kx + (k+ 3) =0 has no real roots. “has real roots if be — aac 0. « Seetion2.5 b Find the range of values of p for which the roots of the equation px? + px ~ 2 = O are real. © 6 Find the set of values of x for which x= 14> 0. (4 marks) © 7 Find the set of values of x for which a 2Gx- 1) <4=3e (2 marks) b 28-Sx-3<0 (4 marks) © both 2(3x ~ 1) <4~ 3x and 2x? ~Sy-3 <0 (2 marks) <5, Gace . Multiply both sides of the (6 marks) inequality by («~ 3) @® 8 Given that x 3, find the st of values for which 9 The equation kx? = 2kx + Prove that k satisfies the inequality 0 < k <3, (4 marks) 0, where k is a constant, has no real roots. BD inequalities on graphs You may be asked to interpret graphically the solutions to inequalities by considering the graphs of functions that are related to them. = The values of x for which the curve y = f(x) is below the curve. FO) < gx). = The values of x for which the curve x= f(x) is above the curve y= g(x) satisfy the inequality F(x) > Bt). glu) satisfy the inequality 49 EO atck) TS US Le fo Fa) is above g(x) when x <2 and when x> 5, ‘These values of x satisfy f(x) > g(X. Seoul Fa) is below g(x) when 2 <.x<5. These values of x satisfy (x) < gl. The solutions to f(x) = g(x) are w= Zand x= eo L, has equation y = 12+ 4x. Lyhas equation y = The diagram shows a sketch of Z) and Lon the same axes, a Find the coordinates of P; and P, the points of intersection. b Hence write down the solution to the inequality 12 + 4x >. Substitute into y whenx =6,y=36 P,(6, 36) whenx=-2,y=4 P2(-2,4) b 12 + 4x > x? when the graph of above the graph of ~2 f(a) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve » = f(x) All the shaded points this region satisfy the inequality > f(x) All the unshaded points in this region satisfy the Inequality »< fs) Ey # Ify> FO) ory< fla) then the curve and is represented by a dotted line, fla) is not Cate) TS US Le included in the region * Ify> fla) ory < f(a) then the curve y = f(a) is included in the region and is represented by a solid line. EELS) HED oer On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the i ye -4,x<5,y<3x42andx>0 Example @) On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the i dyer ye xtoyn4 inequalities: inequalities: EMD sivievicregons CF ‘on the graph satisfy which inequalities using technology. BS aus ak) GEE.) HED ons 1 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yon 2y—2 3 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yat-2andy <9-x 5 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: yo(e- Byte = Sandy

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