by ce hep Analysis oF LiIngAg Systems i ee oF EMS UNEPR TIME -Toupriant Sysrems Morivenion Cenbintous and discrete -Hre systerns pebsets blk 0 rest and bie in vaviank: (ETI play & ceréval role a digikel @ Signal Procession, cormmnuntcaten engreacrirg a | control, applications: : ft ye x Mong i phy stool systems! lave.) either LTR! of approtimokely S! xe Moay efficient tools ave. averlable for the: analysis and design of LTE systems Cong. specval analysis). Garsider Whe geneva!” ypput-outpul Mock cbegam of a system, Tha YeSponse of the systern hit) to af ew input syrah xCE is found by a convolution process, which takes Yabo ensidevalion | da! complete history” of the “signal “and “he information tn the systeo memory. steno input a) a akpak acb> SO = 200 x hd = Txwdntinwd de ed saree @ Convolution Similarly for the discrete ~ Here case + ufo) vate) ehOrd = 2 fe) hfe] foarte iy a y Note that Gv] %s called bath Yonpulte, yespenie. and unit pulse Yesponse 7 ane PASS Spee’ lahy, eppulse, response, of unit pole, xesponte 9 let the ftapuk bo the ‘continuous! LP Syttero be: xis St), “Ten'fjen ter {definition of Be comolutien operation we. unyite fi s e HCE) = 20D * REED > SW *hU= [SC2DhLEDdr = hw = “The lass indegeat oboe %2 cbtained fren the stig heore 1 a Ts Sarin wit vanrdcanner © scanned wih onenscamerTropatse wespents of an aconnsteter: ! wt fe [ees y SUED) we (rat hOnd= =F stele) 222 ° ee one Properties. of Linear Conpluton- nape « Gromabats iby Prepadty:- Convolulion i856 commutative» TPPeratied te, the roles: of iLL and WE) can: be! inberehanged- Similaly efor fe) and “ALA « : i SCE) = tb %¢ hu) = WUE) * RED = fate): hUE-T AT : te oT pera: Mee De SOD safe h GD = Woo) als Sle) eh [r-K] ko t = Frklah Kewe Assectabvily Poport: “This! properly USI Porro the basis for cascade Cacrios) Systems : S) Sy 2 SD = (abd * KLE) pycey = ale ® (hyLD *hyCt ertiotitg =e) * h There bled’ represents the circade " cpprectiva'iof two subsystems Cb) and helt), respectively » hg =h CH) * be : , Genloined cascade systera tenpulse yesponse hg(t) is ape! te Ahe convolirtica of isystero response “Of” Wa dwidlial _ Subsystems, Thts yetulk) con leavily be extended sto the! Sevtes . conmacbion “OF many Sytkems. Vio" Tepaated applicafiit ob te associativity preperly. , Scanned witn Gamscanner © scanned wih omen scameree vily Bepetys this prety jon he oP ae os for parallel systeras or hand, forms] ge 2 O* HETs (09 Fhe «),, = LED [Ad a he (ES) = LED pt in Whe Previous cate , pled corresponds peel Combination of v0 sulbsysterts: & [near Conelutton Etomples ( plementay): parr Consalation of asigeals with detta ard unitestep Finches.» ee be ve & Lote 2 WO* SU = Pxcrd.5 E-OdT = xO) 2 ww XS UG): Faeyr dat : = X(b= te) °° > XLED Fale) = ‘Paced ute-0 8 “oa, ane * Pxuerdt “80 Obsewection te Obseweion | X The convaludion: of any functor by a delta’ funchon get — Ye. original functoo and Lhe convelttion ‘of any fine tisa esth eoshifked version of the delta function result in Bre! shifted yeplin of Abe ongirel funchon- * Comalvirg a ‘Signet bya unite -skep functor is equivalent _ too perfect inkeg ator. Etoonple + Time averages Time averaging 38 frequently employed to finds avonge behaviour oy mean of Systems or stnalt oy data + a7 FD = tye FAY xcrdar E “Ts can be computed ta terms of cep sfunchoas as folloss » = bye WA a (£ aCPsy, ~faerar) = AC xD ULERTD = XD uct) 2 ytd» [ulernd- wel) a with CamScanner © scanned wih omen scamerwo, cheat Broegle Span of a op ce volleage , ushers Yoper ond .systera renpulecs ove PY! EYE Vealld ana (HEY s We TF MEH UE 870 » ywLED Te dash ts ae Compute iB AV MUD = XO KD wh eee a” ] * Paced hLEse) at [he_aetd ses “os SO). {Xe nude ear! 1 ve 1s ~a = ~alk~ 4 Ftv ae ced uler8t | “2 Ciel 1 Umits of Xntagintion ave veay critical and decided y a renter Seqwents of tke product of Jwo step Ancons ACE) ale T) | Lek 45 new fied them “non-zero ssgjenerts with gaphial Sppork Peer Cas-4s teo ute) case 9: 190 ted te 1 ve : ea eottwy A shih nate Ty 1 vo} f cone \ ee THe “ Case-ds teo ; . Sing. nonzew sgronti of Uo peluck 709 a4 deny Seea fiom Le plols , te Jntegral Mayo Fs alto wo to yield = cd It * ge) 2 AV Jo-dz co. -e Case-2 + E70 Since non-zero Syerenlt OF! sha podtel tal he eo and Eas shown abo, WIE Lene, dhe, + hhe.comes ¥ t Sheth Rome Be some Y yeed spe EME ay $< << scone with Camsciner © scanned wih omen scamer zion ais tof talepelPF uoe aie fata 3 ale wy / J id = MU ety % , tarton wihen or combee (hese hoo. rest ilo a sing? oe on eg a unk, skep foreiteh “wa howe -lké Aral ontuot: Mn é").20 eat =o eel ! yp ones (stz0 (EY) ye coor (n, 7 pit Us 8a) ble Ch Numesteal “comolutioo”)) : xlsbel (“Tene , seconde”) } ylobol L' Approximation of wn’) gtd os Convatacton Efom pe Aap convection of $Ub> Fi: Gavolution of furctions usith a colleckton of “iwpulies . Let the, tqpuk and he syskew fanctoos ke wis Gea { 52) : “2 ect \ os it KUED = slev se) ~ 5 LE-20) scanned witn vam$canner © scanned wih omen scamer2 ruta Una) e AW sseck [Ga }p athe eck [ian PE Usieg the properties of dette fancltos © MUD = woe [UE Soret (E55 * yeck (ss) meek (8) 38 ys cond ered ak -a ond te Fist rectal of leghh 29 f Vedat 2 crn Sond one. is an inverted wedagle, © Bah conleved ab Sas Bramgle: Comedeton of 490 ficke dation ake Cxtnplar) Fanckoas- Task: Evaluate Mtb) sreck (Hoa) & reet (#120) te) he sah ay « a Both of these funckions can be. represented i -Lerms of unik-step functions 1 ACE) = alta) -AlE-a) when we substitute above bo equations ue fave * 8HD= PP Cucras -ace-od)}. (ace (red) = ule- (rai: “2 AS to ekampla , uz need bo deterrina syrents of the above integral for which two brackets have noa-zer6 Product. Careful observation and with the follows gephiel Support ue me thak there are four distnet Qos essa 1i Bean aie eh B ea ctes tat xr) i \ +R ot i, 1 et o roy Shue) hue=t) vol { ta Li | ae a Ha ‘ scanned with Camscanner © scanned wih omen scamerFMTCO( CCC OO | cos 4 * be-a0, Mie 1 PO overlap rents of the tuo poluos ord the waeagrol Fa equotea Gout yield zero + + MW to fy beeag t-20 °° obFerw ise ae aa E We can conclude that the comotitien of lwo idahel pubes Is dyiongle . [that would be the shope. of Ailferent size rectomes. Jo conoliion of ceeayieg exponential +60 5 = gevos (sive(n)); ACG IDL A; ‘Scanned witn Gamscanner © scanned wih omen scamer3 2 hn uo a Appetinaton of Lr] As| 0, Thine, Secorde N 0:60) At Zero $(Size (ny); zlor15)2 45 h = zeros (size CMY); WCE 3d) 45 Y= conv(h, 2) Stem (n, ¥C61D)! ble C prscete convlutioa of Gos pulses! »; Klabol (' Fine , seconds’) } label (Approximation of siny) gid 5 oats , : 7 Scanned with Gamscanner © scanned wih omen scameroipet of ms Sutton So fiegeneg. dome | Time. domain :- . 4 | a . | output yo Pie] a = xas% hed “hae hleedt | spate oi | Trpslee Response Frequency dortatn, ; xw) Faire | von = 19H tte) [> = pj ax NOt = XW) HL) Fs YG) = x(w0)- HED)] lw)= Yo) yee Xt) hw 23 Huds vs called as system function CO) Tauneler Bockoo. " “Transfer funcbton of a ssystern = 4H WS) = Freqrerey domain wpresentakion _ ok out Frequency domain repyosentation of topat- Bandwidihs~ The bandwidth of a signal % defied os ae difference, bebueen the upper and lous Requenctes of a signal geneated - A: Filler (or systern) Bandestdth :- Filter ler yen oor Ore senportont concept A systern analysts 1 ae bardusdth of 99 LIT syskern. Tere ae rary different Acdraitions of syste bandusidlh - ‘Scanned witn GamScanner © scanned wih omen scamerfan ideal rath We > F Nusolute Randustalh := The. lente Mewar; ete A low-pass filter eyuels ¥ absokite Vale =e Sa tis ese Lg met ‘deat bond, bandwidth. “the, absolute bend wy" 1, ewhoie we? ECtegy Auleer. no banduss dy, bands top Filker. wn! Biter rs Geen by We = we Called romowkand if We & Yo As the coaler Faaueney of the is defined for a high-pass of & ihe | The hardeatdth of a system ts defined at He wage eh Leg ueneros over “which the /egnitude. 9] Hw): temait wwithio Yyg Lines (within 3dB) of ths value at midband “The bondustdth of 0 systero whose [ttodl phk ic shown in Ague below 35 (uy~ U9) Where, we. ss nda irteeraystem—oheselHted} aalled the upper cuteft Den! of Upper 3 a8 Frequency of upper bolf. power Frequerey and WY js called “he lower cutolh Frequency or lower SAB equerey or lower half power Frequancy. plnor | a ke Biedwotayee Bandai dth The hard Uenited ssgnals on ke ‘Lronsrobtod uitheut distortion, if the tle berlotdiy > bon do the Signal handuvidth. ial a ‘Scanned with Gamscanner © scanned wih omen scamercon te, dodined as Boy * yrork” of be thoy arabigness “The bardustith of. a signal yore ok posit, frequencies va which oroegs powey Voss ths defini on ys subject do varios. conventions: son is 10 Po AB Borduotd ky = “he. bandusdth of o signal 100 con ole defied ono wsiemlay baris as a filter beardari ath gh os the 3- dB barduoidlh , usig dhe, rongeibate. apeckeun ewer) of Ate, sigeal . TUT ERIN FaUTERING, One of He most basic opembons 39 97 process ~qyster is filkerig- Faker 15 dre process hy which tre, Yelative. ovapli kudos of the Frequency compors- pis ino Signal oe changed ov perhops some (rerverey coaporents ove suppressed + As ute staan in Be prodigy gectioh , for conlinucus- tine LIE system, Yo spectrum ot tre cutout Is Hak of the, Teput reulliptied hy tho flog seme | Therefore AN LTD syckera acts cesponse of tre sySbewm ° as a filley cn the ippuk sgral » Here the word” Filter ys used bo “denote ct syste ot exhibits some sort of “Freqtiency= scleckie behoviou | Taal Frequery~ Selective Fillers : fin ideal Feniscney - selective, Silber ore that etoclly gasses signals atone sok of frequencies eid completely rejects the, vesk.. Te, bord of Seq Passed by te Gilker is tefevied te os be and We band of frutencios ve; 5 called the slop Vand: tet Thy be ‘Tre most cormmon kype of deal Rayuonry ~ wk, An waood highs pass biter CAPA ts speci fred 4 | Hw) = 3. woh or Ylw?s Yes) = HED KES) OF TAD = HEAD RED whe HEED oF A) hs pre. Aonsfey, Fiaeog 9 Susleo Frnelno of the sycten. ed wil mscanner © scanned wih omen scamerape: SyHleo reno , nafs We spect! dente] frelon oy sopuks The syste) acts at a kied ef filter for eres Freq uecey Comporentas Sore, fayversy comporekt ct peotted In strength, ie. they ao amplified «Sone, Rowen, cornperentt se, weskeread anil semen / wed tes oe attenuald fett@d ord Sone gay feroota cinedfecked + Seiler, toch feareray, CornPorent: suffers a diffecek amount of prose [ge 38 HO plecess of + brans mnt ign. (The. -ystere breetee, cos RS We. spocroh density Sanction oF the, sepul acendey ps Riker cavockeristes: the “tedificotion *S carried out accord 8 Be Tapatiler: funelso A cariiotx RED johich sepresents Are, response! of jhe. syskoro Novos, faeey cornporarts « Hlw? ockk ef ada psthy Function of | ayectiel shapig furckion to the, gffoiené Heqvery compres ja bo Spat sige! + An Lid syste 1 Uercfowm, acts as @ filers Pr Willer is basically of Fequony aseldckve ‘nebssork« A> Sone im” systems atlas Ue trensentssion ‘of’ only! love" Feeveres commporerts and «step ov igh Freueey connpe- rents. They ave called low- pak fitters CLPRS) Sorte LIT systems allow He, draosemtssion “of only high” Pequersy comporonts ond hap att Ie Frequany compres. “They ase Catled Wigh-past Alters CHPRD > Sore LTT systerts allow Lronsmission of of apartaily bord of Hequencies ond skp all other eqwerey cooponerly, | ey axe. called bard= pass Bikers (BPP) erSorte LT systome reject ony a parBealay band ot Requencios ard allow oi alter Fresyaaney cormporons ‘They axa called Land + weecboo Mitevs (BRR) - The bard of Hequeny thet is allowed by Bre: silker is colled poss-bend Tra bond of Henyseney drat 32, Severly otkemuakd and | nok otlound be post diagh the Ailkey ts called styp-band of rejectionbaed ¥ An LIT systeen epay be. characterised by ids pats-hand, slop + bard oad halt power bandu‘dth« ‘Scanned witn GamScanner © scanned wih omen scamercanbinecusr Tiene LTD system, Te fequaney response of Frequency Rospanse > The culprt Yttd of a continuous ” Etere a Suthem a tre conclution of the. rape tt) with be ‘apulse. Yotpoay Ks that is, MED = CED 3% HUD FPOPLIA| the” conslution prperty ee ebtoto -\ Yo? = x(w) Hd eats Where Yu), tus) aad Ain) ave te Fourter: transform PF SEE, AUD end RUD , selprclively otal So es 7 aN Cc) eee ters © ®t) oe |The furetion’ Hed 12 called, Phe, Heyuerey response of by “Sastem Relakionships: represented by (Le ae. epics, below fh Mtede Tru?) ous 4 : Then [Hewd) te cated tre nmgnitude, respon .cf te, + System and QyLW) Lhe phase respons of De system. hs syslero . ted 4 2 RW ‘ i aan Yeuo) = tw). 14 Coad HLA) lakenchips bean inpu ik a Rulatendipa, Wann pls ond outputs io an. LPF aut Gonsider the. cernplek exporenttal signal ay > gledt os with Fourter Haas fon MD ANG LG Then we have yew) = SIP Hl) Scw-eyy Lg Scanned with Camscanner © scanned wih omen scamervali] HF! aie anafoun of Yo 1am ophNM AED = Hwy ee ek rakeh Pnetolee nk te comple expnential sire on exgohretion of the tig system veith culteaps od Egrveleer WUD. ae ‘Fichorsnom, by Fo, ltecasthy Raped, if Wee tops Kd 45 flevtecks intth te Aousion series oil ie XU = Ge eat Kisco ten Ne coyespondi oe yl 34° alto ee with te fourier area es Mos poy? at f xu eda neo ord 64 ey (8) , the. vod i wD cn be expressed as oleae rage, af Hider strut, he kehaviowr of aq comfinuour Bree UIE syckem inf tre equenty domain ts covepletely chevackertza3 by its Feauerey vesponse. MLe) + Lok WD = [xe] POM essy ss byes eed Tren from eq-(s) ux, have Wyer|-s Jrwsl ned} Oytw) 2 Bylus) + Oy) Hane, bre rnegnituds specbuun Weddle Ue separ: ulti cet by the reoqat tu be response [Hes] of the syste ; bes sleriiina Be. magnitude specu, W102), of Ye output, ond the phase tesponse, Oy Wad rs added te te phase spectrin euurdrof bre. Yapuk to peduc te prore spectrum Byue) wf be output: The, enag nitude. yesperte [Hw] ts nenetimas “ehened to as the gor of ‘He. ‘ayrtean, oe ~~seanned with Caniscanner © scanned wih onenscamerSoveral pplication such as signet amnpl MOSHGE Signal Lransents Lute.. seuhitia, Ms ey Hak Abe output uoaveforen be. a' ve Ban Eveforns Le such @ses xe, mend tre. Sistorkoo cused Wy the amplifier of He Comma Gomme Des, tmesefove , of practisl inkeest to det, The characte ate if ; % skies of a gisten’ Hulk ollads 2 Signal by 5% SDeUk dalortion, (dieterkonlost branaratesion) “Wonsmission is said to be, distorBonkts if Bet Ord He cutpul hove identical uanve shopes within q rrealhy cetive constant . A delayed output Hat retains bhe iy f Wave fore ts also considered fo be dtsterHonless. Thay, distorkonle i AS tronsratssion , the Yap XLE and the, output Med sobafy Ve condition MLED = GoAle= kD “The. foustey bransforen of Akis equation yields. F jsyos FEGoAE-ts)} Vw) = Ge xu) ots Bat Vue) = 8 xqod Hie) — © Therebie fas) = Go oN AUDDE | Hesy)e! HO —o “This is the Freqyueney Yesponse required of g ay thoe Sor distorBonless transretaston Frora this eyuation it follows that: : cope OLD w= Gand ZH) = ~ ust, “This vesulk shows Lat for dteberlion lees honomissten, athe, amplitude’ response. Vritis) | enue beg conutant, Ond Phe phase Yerponse Zw) rrurk We Maeay Faneten of a with slope -b, whee ta Ts the. aly of tre cutpul ith vespeek by dope ~ Scanned with Gamscanner © scanned wih onenscamer(oasiey 0d paly- yslener cri tevien Lor physical sealization ik does not produce ao For an LTE syttoo pagsto® is cad to be causal if oukpot belo the inp is applied « couse! , the cendition fe be satisfied les: than Zero , He, bie ys HS Venpalie eae ymusk be zero for E wee WE =o fy keto aw | ot De) fee | ptt) Yup = xD hw Yu x2) wo) 134 Le Le domain the Condition for causality 's hie =o 3% saliady des 19 Fequerss oF system -funckod should be dowosn tre transfer fonction — csyuave wb gvoble- t ‘Scanned with GamScanner © scanned wih onenscamer__| Relation elweer Rigatime gad Bondsidth qo uteleian: oo Rie Rimes Any system ushich responds fromm to 4 44. of autor called as YES steady-state valua tren brat Was Lene 1H 9} Kw aie eee \ fre Scanned with CamScanner © scanned wih onenscamer