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 nPEATOBOP
Onoj yve6ru.IK e lrlttuyBaH cnopeA uajnonara [porpaMa 3a BTopa roArrHa Ha peQoprvrr4paHoro
rr{MHa3rrcKo o6pasonaHue.
@ugurara e SyugaueHTaJIHa npupo[Ha HayKa. Or.rgprqxnre 3aKoHr{ ce ocHoBa r,r Ha
ApyrI{Te npI{poAHI{ HayKI4: xerra{ara, 6raonornjara, reonorujara z acrponouujara. Bo
TexHI4Kara, r.tr$oprraarl4Kara, MeIIlrII,rHara lr eKoJrorujara ce [prrMeHyBaar ocHoBHI4Te 3aKoHr4
ua $usurara, xeurajara ra 6nonorujara. Heron ocHoBHrr Suruvxrr Merogrr ra uogenu cd
lor{ecro ce Kopr{crar I{ Bo HeKor{ omlrecrBeHr r.ayKr4. loneuara [clpenJlereHocr rra
Sn:uxara co ocraHarl,ITe HayKIl u npo$ecura - nejsunara r{HTepArrcqrrnJrr,rpaHocr - e Hejsuuo
ocHoBHo o6enexje. Toa o6uqno ce [nycrpupa co cJrequr.roB rrogaroK: canao Su:uqapr.rre ce
4o6ututtqu ua Ho6eloBara rlarpaqa 3a cwre Hayr{Hr.{ Ar4crIunJIIIHkt - v 3a $raszra, r.r sa xerrrzja,
I,I 3a MeAuqvrna,vt:a Susuoloruja,nla eronouzja,rravr sa lrup!
@Hslaxara e MHory IUI{aML{qHa ilayKa. Ceroja ro4r.rHa Srasuuapure ru o6janyBaar
pe3yJITarI4Te Ha HIrBHlrTe HayrIHI,I rrCTpAKyBaISa Ha AeceTr4rII{ MtlJrr{oHpr cTpaHl4qr.r Bo HayrrHI{
cilwcauwia, KHI4fI4 rrIwL, rta eneKTpoHcKr4 rrar, rrpeKy r,rHTepHer. Toj ruupor ollcer ua Su:zrara
e raKa foJIeM Ixro [ypu u ceroj $raenvap Mo)Ke aa 6wae ynareH uogna6oxo Bo caMo e[eH MaJr
leJI oA Hea. @rasnxara e Aocra rerrrKa HayKa 6ugejku ynorpe6yna MHory cJroxeHr4
eKcIIepIIMeHTI4, TIeCTO CJIO)KeHII MaTeMaTI4r{KLI MeTO[I4 U. II3pa3kITO KpeaTLIBeH HaTIIIH Ha
uncleme xoj BonI4 [o ynpocraByBalbe Ha ollucor Ha MHory cnb>xeuara npr4poAa, Ao
I43rpa[yBane Ha cooABerHR Mogenr.r. 3atoa ce nocraByBa rrpauarbdro: rcarco tupeda da ce
uayqyea Qusurcatua? Y.relrero Srasura rpe6a Aa 6nge paa6rapnuno, 3aHr4MJrr{Bo,
npeno3HarJll{Bo, Aa co3gaBa npercraBrr 3a Hellrrara. flpzroa e Hy)KHa ceJIeKTr4BHocr Ha
ue6opor: Ire Mopa ci ga ce yq4o Ho roa rrrro ce yqr rpe6a qo6po na ce coBJraAa. Bo oeaa
cMr{cJIa, Te)KI4trITero Ha u3yrryBalbero Ha Qnszrara e Aa ce coBJragaar ocHoBHr4Te npLIHI{r,IlLr r4
MeroALI co IIeJI, npr{ HaraMolulroro IIIKonyBaILe RJII{ pa6ornuor BeK, Jrr4rlara Aa Mo)<e
HenpeKlrllaro, crrope[ cBoffTe notpe6u, caMr4 Aa nponaofaar, caMrr [a coBJraAyBaar HoBr,r
3Haerba KoI{ rloHaTaIray r(e Mo>I<e tr Aa fu KopI,rcTaT rrpl,r HIrBHara pa6ora. 3Havu, ocHoBHara
IIeJI e ocnoco6ynalbe Ha yrIeHLIquTe za tupajuo r{AHo cTeKHyBarbe Ha HoBr4 c[eqnjaru:uOaun
3Haerba, yueruurcofr da ce ltoy.aa da yvu Hajnaxen $arrop, npuroa, e HeryBar+,ero Ha
cnoco6nocrl,ITe rla fIeHlIKor 3a pa3r[ttHlr aKTI{BHocrr{: peuaBarbe Ha pa3rr,rrrHr,r 3alarrr{,
pa3MlrcJlyBarbe Bp3 oApe[eu npo6lerra ra, najnaxHo, r{3BelyBar-be Ha nexoj egHocraBeH
eKc[epuMeHT. He rpe6a Aa ce sa6opanu gexa najtpajno e 3Haerbero creKHaro co
co[cTBeHoTo l,rcKycTao.
Anropure ua yve6xuxoB ce norpnxuja Aa rH qnegar oBpre ocHotsHH rrprrnrlnnu. Taxa,
cexoja HacraBHa elr{Hr{rla, noxpaj ocHoBeH TeKcr, Hy,alr' i
- pe[reupl nplrMep- 3aAaqrr, o6uquo noMecreHu Bo ocHoBHHor reKcr;
- rI3ABoeHtI ocuoBurr nouMr{, 3aKoHr{ urn QnonuKH BeJrurruHn KoI{ yqeHuKor rpe6a ga
3Hae ua ru o6jacnu;
- Bo o[AeJIor "ffi llpamass, lalaqH a SKTnarocrn 6 ce nocranynyBaar rrpaurarba Ha
Koil yrreHl,Iror rpe6a Aa o[rcBopn no pa3Mr.Ic.nyBarbe nps npo6reuor (xouqerrryaJrr{r4
$parrarba ra sagavu), 3anaqa KoLr yrrenuror rpe6a Aa ce rrorpyAn caM ga ru peurlr( aa
yeqwcu cfiTe e Aa[eH oAronopor ) n xaj noJreM 6poj nacr:aBHrr enuHr.rqll oA yrreHr.rKor ce
6apa no loMarrrrlll vnuyvrlurrz'rrrHr{ ycJioBu Aa Haupaeu uexoj eKcrrepr.rMerT r4nrrt HeKoe
eguocraBno Meperbe. floclegnaea aKT[rBrrocr e og ocodeua BaxHoc't.
 - pe.l'vcv ceKoja JreKrlr4ja 3aBprxyBa co aKTr4BHocrr4 co KoMnjyrep S,.. Bo roj gen Ha
yqeHI4IILITe I4M Ce npelJlaxaar pa3rurrHl4 aKTVBHOCTI4: rIOCOqeHrr t4M ce coo[nerHu ne6
crpaHr{III4 co roz fe Mo>Ke Aa rrr nporrrupar 3Haeriara, ga na6mygyBaar cooqBerHil
crtMrylra\xv ua nopnure. Ha uexoJrKy Mecra ce npeAJrara Kopr4crerLe Ha vHrep$ejcor COACH
co rroMorrr Ha Koj yqfeHr4KoT rpe6a Aa rr3Bprrrr4 oApeAeHo MepeBe.
flenonrare dsuaqeuz co ffi He ce
=rgon*ri. rr:nlz 3a cnre. Tue MO)Ke aa r4,;
nocJly)<ar Ha yrleHl4qure 3aL'IHTepecr4paHil aa $uaraxara, 3a Aa rr{ lpolrr4par cBor4Te 3Haerba.
floueroraur rarr,ry ce [a[eHI4 nooncrojHr't tr3BeAyBarta Ha oApeAeHr{ 3aKoHr4, Aa[eHr4 Bo
ocHoBHI4or reKcr KaKo foroBl,I peJraqr4r4, co ruro raj 3ar4HTepecr4paHr4Te ce crr{MyJrr4pa
[pOIxI4pyBaILe Ha HI{BHUTe TeOpI4CKI4 3Hae}ba, OAHOCHO KOpI4CTeIbe Ha MaTeMaTVKaTa BO
Su:nxara. Tauy ce IroMecreHll r{ HeKov 3aHr{MJrrrBr4 nojaez o[ ilpr4poAara. Anropvre prM
lpelopaqyBaar Ha cr4Te, caMo rau$oprr,rau4BHo Aa tr.I npoqr.rraar oBr4e [eJroBr.r.
Bo yve6uraKor ce rloMecreHl4 14 Llcropr4cKz 6eneurrlr co $ororp a$uu v
KparKI4 6votpa$uu Ha rro3Harl4Te HayqHugtr. ?[tvrurt+ara Ha HayqHr.{rlr4r. o"oj g-"n
HarII4IrraHI4 I4 Bo opt4rl4HaJr co IIeJr, aKo ueroj ce 3ar4rrrepecr4pa 3a >Kr4Boror 14 "o ""
AeJroro Ha ueroj
oA HayqHr.rqr4re, Aa Mo>Ke Aa tr4 [poHajge ua r4HTepHer.
Ha nerora Mecra ce [aAeHI4 KparKr4 erl{MoJlorxrz 6e,rerurl4 Kor4 Moxe Aa I4M IroMorHar
Ha yareHrlrlr4re ga ja pa:6epar cyrxrr4Hara Ha uexoj uorrM - o3uaKa ilL
Herora HacraBHIr coAp)KI4HI4, noce6uo og uornanjero 3, aBTopr{Te npexopaqyBaar Aa
6vgar o6pa6oreHl4 Bo BI4A Ha ecel4 rrJrr4 rrpoeKTr{, co rrrro, t4cro rara, rie ce norrr4KHyBa
rrllavBr4ay aJrHocTa Ha yqeHr4rlr4Te.
llogo6po e yr{eHVIII4Te Aa
rv pa:6upaar HacraBr4Te corp)Kr,rHu, orKoJrKy Aa ce rpygar
Aa Hayqar loJreM 6poj ranSopMaql4l4. Bo geueuruo BpeMe rau$oprr,raqvwle vM ce locrarrHrr Ha
cvre, Ho pa:6upamara Ha nojanrare, pa3Ml4cJryBaFbara Bp3 Herrrrara rpe6a ga 6ugar ocHoBHa
IIeJI Ha CeKoe yqel+,e.

flpu
o$oprr.rynan ero Ha onoj yue6nrar aBTopt4Te ce rprDKea Aa r-14 HaAMr.{Har
Ha crrrJlor ua ceroj aBTop noce6uo. Mefyroa, cerraK, oApeAeHI,r AeJroBrr ce
pa3JII4KI'rre
aBTopcrBo ua cexoja oA Hac. Tara, ryo$. A-p Heneuxa AngononcKa rv Harrr{rrra gelonzre:1.1.
Epauonu; 1.2. Ep:IaHa Ha 6pauonzre. PanenKa Ha 6pau; 1.8. 3nyvuu 6pauoeu; 1.9. Zn$pa-
3ByK, yJITpa3ByK I4 rpI4MeHa;1.16. CSepru orJleAaJra; l.Il. Ornuvrz lerira; 1.18. Onru.{rz
I4HcrpyMeHrz. Jlyna I,I MI,IKpocKon; 1.19. ZnspaqpneHo r{ yJrrpaBr4oJreroBo zpaue*se; 2.5.
Mogelu Ha aroMor; 2.6. BopoB MoAeJI Ia o6jacuynan e Ha cneKTpr4Te; 2.7. PengreHcKr.r 3parlu;
2.8. flpuvreHa Ha peHAreHcKI4Te 3pallrl; 2.9. CnouraHa pt crr4MyJrr4pana errrucuja;2.10. licepn;
2.1 l. Crpyrrypa Ha aroMcKoro jaupo; 2.12. Enepruja ua cBp3yBarbe Ha aroMcKoro jagpo; Z. t S.
@ysuja (saegHo co M. Pvlcrona); 2.19. Ancop6zpaua [o3a Ha 3parrerbe (:aegHo co M. pucrona)
2-20. QyugaMeHTaJIHI4 :aenHogejcrna (saeguo co M. Jouocra). flpo$. 4-p Mnpjana Jonocxa
rl'r Harlrrlra cJIenHI4Be nornanja: 1.3. Znrep$epenquja ua 6pauonu 1.4. Xajreuc QpeHelon
rpI'IHIIIln; 1.5. Pe$nexcuja I4 npeKprlyBane na 6panonzre; 1.6. Crojuu 6panonu; 1.7.
[uSparqtlja na 6paHonu; 1.10. EnexrpouarHerHrr 6pauonn; 1.11. Cnexrap Ha eJreKTpo-
MarHerHI4 6paHou.r; 1.12. 3a npl4poAara Ha cBerJrr{Hara u 6psunara 1.13.
"a "u"tn""ara;
floraprasaqraja ua cBerJrl4Hara;1.14. flucnep:uja Ha cBerJrr4Hara;1.15. PauHo ouega.no; 2.1.
Karognr.r 3parlz; 2.2. 3axonr4 3a 3par{ene. Ksanru; 2.3. @oroe$exy 2.4. flpnueua na
$oroe$ex:r. OoroeneMeHTI4; 2.13. PagvoaKTr4BHocr;2.l4.3aron 3a pagr.roaKrzsHo pacnafa-
me. BeurrarrKa rpaHcMyraqraja Ha jagpo; 2.15. flererroprr Ha joun:rapavro spauerrJ(saegno
co M. Practona); 2-16. JagpeHI4 peaKrlrlu. Qncuja (:aeguo co M. Pnciona); iSl. lg1y1p;neap1u
peaKropl{ (eaeqno co M. Pracrona); 2.20. @yHqaueuraruur :aeuHoqejcrna (saeguo
co
H.Augouoncra)' flpoQ. A-p Mnuo:a Pucrona rr4 Harrr4rrra cJreAHr4Be norranja: 1.20,
Paguorpaucwncvja; 1.21. Tetenvznia;2.15. fierexropv Ha jouzsupa.rxo 3par{e6e (sieguo
co
M.Josocxa ); 2-16. Jaqpeuz peaKIII4r4. Qvcnja (saegno io M.Jonocrayi z.tl. Fiy*rr.ap"z
peaKropr.r (:aegno co M. Jonocxa); 2.19. @ysuja (:aegno co H.Au4ononcra);
Ancop6zpaHa-Ao3a Ha 3paqene u uejsuno 6raonouxo qejcrno (saeqHo.o H.A"gouoecxa)
i.tg.
z
rleJrara uraBa 3. @usurca ua uatuepuja"turue (nornanja 3.1; 3.2; 3.3; 3.4; 3.5; 3.6;
3.7; 3.g),
Anropure I4M ce MHoI'y 6naroqapur4 Ha perleH3enrr4Te: ua upofi. d-p Bopa Mufrpecrca
3a TeMeJIHoTo nperJleAyBalr,e Ha paKonl4coT I4 3a yKa)KaHI4Te npolycTr4 oA
cTpyqeH, TeXHr4qKr4
zln ja:uueH KapaKTep; KaKo v Ha upofu. Hurco"ea Jloiee- og ."rtta:";atu .,Kr4psJr
llejvuuonz("- Tetoeo n ua upofi. OLtIurya KoncfrarufruHona oA fr4MH. "Hzrona Kapen'; o4
Cronje, KoI4 KaKo AoJlroroArrrrrHl4 rI4MHa3rrcKr4npoQecopu, co cBoI{Te ga6ererurz oA crpyr{eH
v MeroAoJrorrrKr{ BI'rA, MHofy Ht4 rroMorHaa reKcror
Aa fo upncnoco6r{Me KoH Bo3pacra v
pas 6upar+,ara Ha yqeHr{r{rrre.
Elarogapuu i<e vtvr 6ugeue 14 Ha cure I4AHI4 Kopr4onr4t\u ua yve6ulrxoB Kor4 co cBor{Te
go6ponaltepHl4 cyrecrnu ke HIr yKaxar sa 6uro KaraBr4 nporrycrr4 Bo reKcror,
co rIeJI Tr4e
Ilponycrt4 qa ce oq6erHar rrpr4 eBeHTyaJrHoro [per43AaBarbe ua yve6nzroe.

Od aefropufre
peaKTopl{ (saegno co M. Pzcrona); 2.20. @yuqaueHramrra saevruogejcrna (:aequo
co
H'Auqononcxa). flpo$. A-p Muuoga Plrcrona rr{ Harrr4rrra cJrenHr4Be nor.nanja: 1.20,
Paquorpaucw|cnia;1.21. Teneeurzuja;2.15. flererropr,r Ha jouzsupavxo 3parrerbe (aaequo
co
M.Jonocra ); 2.16. Jagpeur.r peaKrlr4r4. Qucvja (:aegHo io M.Jonocxayi z.tl. Fiy"rr"up""
peaKropt4 (saegno co M. Jouocxa); 2.19. @y:uja (saeguo co H.AngoHoncxa);
i.tg.
Ancop6rapaHa.AO3a Ha 3parrelbe lt uejszuo 6nonouxo qejcrno (:aeguo co H.AngoHoncxa)
z
qeJrara rrraBa 3. Qusurca ua uatuepujanuute (nornanja 3.1; 3.2; 3.3;
3.4; 3.5; 3.6; 3.7; 3.g),
Anroprare IlM ce MHory 6laroqapnrr Ha perIeH3eHTr4Te: ua ilpofi. d-p Bopa Mufrpecrca
3a TeMeJrHoTo [pefJreAyBarse Ha paKorrrrcoT il 3a yKDKaHrrTe nponycTr4 oA CTpyr{eH, TexHr4r{Kr4
zlu jasrzven KapaKTep; KaKo n Ha upo&. Hurco"ca Jfoiee- og .zr"a.";u"a .,Kupr4n
llejvzuonr'rr("- Teroso v ua upoQ. O"ciuqa KoHcfraHfruHoaa oA rr.rMH. "Hurona Kapen';
oq
Cxonje, KorI KaKo AoJIroroArrIrrHI4 rI4MHa3t4cKr4npoSecoplr, co cBor4Te sa6ereurr4 o[ crpyrreH
I{ MeToAoJIoIrrKI4 BI4A, MHoly HI4 IroMorHaa TeKcToT Aa ro npucnoco6r4Me KoH Bo3pacTa 14
pa:6upan ara Ha yrreHrrrlr.rre.
Blarogapuv fte ntvt 6Iaqeue v Ha cure r4AHI4 Kopr4 clkrtryr Ha yve6nraxoB KoI{ co cBor4Te
go6pouauepHl'I cyrecrutt i<e HI4 yKDKar za 6uto xu""" rrponycrr{ Bo reKcror.,
co qeJr rr4e
Ilpollycrr4 ga ce og6erHar npr{ eBeHTyaJrHoro nper43AaBarLe Ha yve6Hzroe.

Od aefropufie
 Codptruna

-Ougurara n erororudara, 36

coAPX(r4HA -3nyvna pe:onanquja, 36

-Ougr.mara n 6uororujara, 38
-flonrcpor ecperr, 38
1.1. Epauonr floiaBn, I
1.9. lInQpa3ByK, yrrrpa3ByK r{ uplruena,40
-Tpaucnepaa.lrHu u JIoHTI4TyAI,IHaTIHI{
-14u$pa:nyr,40
6pauonra, I
-Y.nrpa:uyr,40
1.2. Ep:una na 6panonnre. PaBetrKa Ha -llpurrreua Ha yJrrpa3Byxor, 4 I
6pan,5
-Ep:nua na 6pauouure,5 1.1 0. E.rrexrpoMarHernu 6panonu, 44
-PaseHxa Ha paMeH 6paH,6 -Bpcra uouefy npoMeHnl4Blrre MarIIerIrI4 I.I

rrpoMeHnr4Brrre eJreKTprrrivu nonutsa, 44

1.3. Cynepnoruquja Ha 6paHoBI4Te. EpaHoBa
-Karo ce co3J1aBa r{ npocrupa eJreKTpoMar-
unrepQepenquja, 9 HereH 6paw?,44
-Cynepnosuquja ua 6pauonure, 9 -Cnojcrna Ha eJreKTpoMarHerHr{Te 6pauo-
-I4urep$epeuquja na 6paHoeIare, 9 nn. Xepqonu eKcnepl{Mellru, 46
-Koxepeuruu u3Bopu. KoxepeHrHu -,(evoncrpupalbc rra cnojcreara Ha e,rleK-
6parronlr, 12 rpoMarHerrrn're 6panoeu (EMB) co
-Irlurep$epeHquja ua cBerJII{Hara. Jynroe rroMorrr Ha feHeparop FIa caHTr4McTapcKLI
ercnepuueur, 12 6panonr,48
-tr4:uegyeame Ha peraqnjara (3), l3
1.11. Cnexrap Ha eJreKTpoMarHernrr
1.4. Xajreuc-Openenon npnnqnu, 14 6pauanur 5l
-Xajreucoa uplrHqIan, l4 -Bugonn eJreKTpoMarHerHr4 6paHoer.r, 5 1
-Ceryuqapnrlre v3Bopr{ ce KoxepeHrluu, 14
l.l2.3a rprpoAara Ha cBerJrl{Hara. Ep3I{Ha
1.5. Og6nnarbe rr [peKprrryBarr'e Ha
Ha cBerJrl{Hara, 55
6paxonnre. Toranua pe$nexcnja, 16 -IIIro e roa ceerrraHa?, 55
-O46vrean'e u lpeKplxyBarbe Ha -Bp:uua ua cneuuuara, 56
6paHonure, 16
1.13. Iloraprd3arryja Ha cBerJnlnara, 58
-Ancoryreu uHAeKc Ha rlpeKpllryeaE'e, 17 -Tpaucnep:aJrHocl' Ha.cBerJrr{HcKHTe
-Toramra peQnexcuja, I 8 6pauonn, 58
-Pe$nercuja 14 rpeKprrryBan e u Xajrenc-
-flpnpoqna (nenolaprarupaua)
@peuenoeuor upuuqun, 20
cuerJrr,rHa. Iluuucru rroJrapr{3r{paHa
1.6 CrojHn 6pauanu,22 ceerrraHa, 58
-Bpauoe rzMnync npu pe$nexcuja,22 -Apyru Haqr4Hrr :a go6unan e
-Ceojcrla Ha crojuure 6pauonu,23 rronapl43l{paua cner;ruua, 5 9
-Paseura Ha croeH 6pau. Ycnon ga ce Bprer;c rra paMuxrra Ha
go6ue MeB r{Jrrr jazory 24 nonapusaquja,6I
1.7 fiu$paxquja Ha 6pauowrre. 1.14. fiucnepsuja rra cBerlrrnHara. Eoja ua
fln$paxquona pe[rerxa,, 27 reno. Cnexrpn,,53
-fiu$paxquja ua 6panonure, 27 -fticnep:uja na cueultrara, 63
-Foja ua renata, 64
-fiu$paxquja Ha cBerrrl{ua'ra. 27
-Cnexrpu. Bugoulr. IlpurraeHa, 65
-flu$paxql{oHa pelrerxa, 28 -Branoxcuro. 66
-Pa:gerua uo( ria orITI{qKI4TL-.
ullcrpyueH:ru, 30
1.8. 3nyuHu 6panonu,33
 Codpxuua

1.15. Parvrno or,reqano, 68 2.3" OoroereKTpuqer e$exr, 103

-JIux rra paMHo ouegaao,68 -Hagnopeurerr rporoe$err xaj
-flpurtleua Ha paMlroro ouregalo, 69
veralure, I 03
1.f6" C$epnn ornegala, 70 -(roroHr,l04
-(Dopuupan e Jrr4KoBr4 raj c$epno
-Aj rruirajrroBri paBerrKel 3a
orJreAaJro. PaseHxa ua ornegano, 71
(roroecferr, l 05
1.17. Onrlruxlr,rerfui, 75 -O6jacrrenno Ha 3aKorroMeprroc.r.H.rc
' -Paeenxa rla reHKa "rre(a, 75
na rporoecperl'o.r, 105
-KoHcrpyrqzja rra nvroau, 77
2.4. llpulrena Ha rforoe$exror.
1.18. OnruqKrr r.tncrpyMeuTrr. Jlyrra H
unxpocxour T9
-IIyna,79 -flpuruerra rra cpo'r'oe cfre r<ror, I07
-Muxpocxou,80 -Bnarperuerr (tor,occpcru, I 08
-PasgelHa uo(, 81 -Kopl.rcrcu,e rra $orononrar{tl[,, nar KOrr
-[lexrpoHcru ulrxpocxon, 82 florll4cra )Kr4Bcytllti <txolnua, I I 0
1. 19. frn$paqpBeuo r.r yJrpraBrrorreroBo 2.5. Moge;ut Ha aroMor, 111
:pa.rerrer 83
-ZH$paqpneuo spa.reme, 83
2.6. Fopor MoAeJr Ha aroMor r{
-YrpraevoleroBo apaueu,e, 85 o6iacuynan e rra creKTpnre, 115
-@iaszxara u erolorujara, 86 2.7 . P engrencxll :paqn,1 19
1.20. PaqnorpaucMlrcuja, 87 -3axo.rrro peFrIrgHcKo :pavemc, I 20
-EJrenaenrn Ha paAuorexunxara, 87 -Kapamepucrrrrrrrr.t per{AfeHcKr{ :paqlr, I2I

-Paruo,88 2.8. Ilpuntetra Ha peHAreHcKr{re:paqn, 123

-3acnrryeau,90 -Aucopnrlnja r{a peHIIreHcKoro
1.21. Te.nenr.rcuja,91 :paveme, 123

-L{puo-6ena relenueuja, 9 I -3axou sa ancopnqnja, 123

-Teresugucr a xauepa, 9 I -fln$parqlrj a rra peHArerr cru zparTu, 124
-Tpaucuucnj a na curnator, 92 2.9. Ocnonu Ha KBarrrHara eJreKTpoHUKa.
-Teneeusucx u npuewuux, 92 Cnorrrarra rr crr{MyJrr{pata evwctrjao 127
-Tetevuzuja no 6oja,93
2.10. Jlacepn u Hr{BHa npnuena, 129
-Teresugucra rIeBKa no 6oia, 93
-XonorpaSHjar, l3l
-Mo6nlsu releQouu, 94
-Carenzrcrr{ flpeHoc Ha rtr$opMa quu, 9 5 2.11. Crpyxrypa Ha aroMcKoroja4po, 133
-EguHraqa 3a Maca Bo HyKJreapHara
2. 1. Karogmt 3pa{r,96
$uzvxa,134
-KarogHn 3paryr. Orxpurue ua -fonelruHa rra aroMcKoro jagpo, 134
eJreKTpoHor,96 -JagpeHu culu,135
-3a rrerou Apyrr,r eKcnepvMeHTu, 97 -Mogelu 3a zl.l'oMcKr4Te jagpa, 136
2. 2. 3axowr 3a fomrnncxo 3paqerbe. 2.LZ.Eneprnja Ha cBp3ynarbe Ha aroMcKoro
Knanrur 99 jagpo, 139
-Torrnnncro rpauerre, 99 2.13. Paguoaxrnnnocr, 140
-Cre$an- Eo.rrquauos saxou, 100 -flpnpogHa paAr4oaKTlrBrrocr, I 40
-BuHon saxoH.l0l -Ilpaaula Ha fioMecryBarre npu
-flnamosa vqeia3a fiocroerbe Ha pa4fio aKTnBrroro pacnaf awe, I 4 I
xeaHru, l0l
 VI Codptrmta

2.14. 3axon 3a paArroaKTr.rBuo pac[afar6e. 3. 1. Crpyxrypa Ha cyucranqujara,lT5

Beruraqxa rpancMyraquja na jaqpo, 144 -Moqenlr Ha crpyKTypa Ha
-3arou 3a pa[r4oaKarrrBHo pacnafame, 144 cyncrauqujarara,lT 5

-Beurra.rra rpaHcMyrarlnja ua jagporo, 145 3. 2. AroucKr{ t{ MoJreKyJrapnr{ npcxu, 176

-Beurraqxa paAr,roaKTr4Buocr, I 46 -flplrpoqa Ha xeMlrcKrare apcru, 178
-Joucxa npcxa, 178
2.15. flererropr{ 3a jonn:upauKo 3patreH,e, -KosareHrHa npcxa, 179
148 -MeralHa npcra, 179
-Perucrpnpan e Ha paAr{oaKTrrBHoro 3pa- -Bau gep Bancoso epsyaame, 180
' -Bogopogna npcra, l8l
qeme, 148
-@oroeuylsuja, 148
3.3. KpncraJrnrr r{ arvrop$nu Marepr{jaJrr{, 180
-Bl.rncoHosa xor'aopa, I 48
-Kpuc.ralua pemerxa, 184
-fajrep- Munepon 6pojav, 150 -[e$er<ru Bo Kpr{craJrHara peruexa, lg5
-[pyru Br{[oBrr gererropu, l5l 3.4. TeqHu xpucranu, 187
2.16. Jagpeur{ peaxqrrrl. @uclrja, 158 -flogen6a Ha reqHr4Te rpncranu, 187
-Jagpeur..r pearquu, -I(axo ce noApe[yBaar MoneKynr4Te Ha
158
-Auuxutraquja Ha eJreKTpoH r4 rro3r{TpoH,
TelrHr4Te rpzcralu, 188
-Te.Iurzte KpI4craJII{ Bo rexHoJ'Iofujara ua
1s9 .
-Jagpeua $racuja, 160 LCD-TFT Ar{crrrer4 189

2.17. Hyxneapnn peaxroplr, 162 3. 5. Mera.nnr{ crpyKTyplr, 191

-Bepnrua peaxryuja, 162 -OcHosHu cnojcrna ua ueranure, l9l
-.Iagpeura peaxropu, I 63 -Mogel ua "elerrpoucru rac", 192
-Exoloruja u $uzuxa, I 64 -He4ocrarorllr Ha Mo[eJror Ha
"ereKTpoI-IcKu rac" , 793
2.18. Jaqpena Qy:nja. Teprrrojaqpenra -Jlerupau,e,194
peaK{Hr{, 166 -Cnnrepyaaura trarepuja nu, 194
-TepuojagpeHu peaKr{r.rr4 na CoHqe'ro u 3.6. flo.nnuepn, 195
sne:gure, 167
-Illacrurara oKoJry Hac, 195
-KourpolupaHa jagpeua $yzuja, 167
-fftae:oererrprrqHr,r u [[poeJreKTparrur4
2.19. Ancop6lrpaua Ao3a Ha 3paqen,e r rrolnlaepu, 196
Hej3rrno 6r.ronourxo gejcrno, 164 -Cnpoeoguu uolnuepu, I96
-floeaxHr.r Ao3r{Merpr{cxu nelu.ruun, I 65 -Brzononuvepu, 197
-3arurzra 'og -LI ryuara e nolralaep, 197
.{ usaopu Ha joHu:rapavxn
,spauema, 165 3.7. Crax"ro r{ KepaMr.tKar200
-fpauu.rurz BpeAHocrr{ Ha Ao3BoJreHu l\o3kr, -Crax.qo,200
166 -Kepauurca,202
-I4urepaxqraja Ha jo-rr:upaqKr,rre 3paqerba
co )Kr4Bara uarep;rja, 167 3.8. Ipaqexxn rvrarepuj atu, 204
-Qu:r.t.rxr4 cnojcraa r ra varepujalz.re
2. 20. OyuqaMerrraJrnt: 3aeMuoAejcrna, 170
rpalex<r{r4rrtreoro, 205
Ba)KHrd 3a
-OcuoeHra KapaKTcpr,rcrrlKr{ Ha rpaBr4 - -EHeprercrrz e$urauro rpaqeme, 207
TaUI4OHOTO I4 en rKTpOMafHeTHoTO
saeuuogejcrno, -70
llngexc,209
-Hyueapuo cprnHl 14 HyKJrepHo cna6o
:aelruoqejcrno, I71
-OcHoeHlr eneMeHTapHw vecru1u, 172
-O6equHyuarbe rra ocHoBHr4Te
saetrHogejcrna, 173
 l.l. Epanoau uojtteu. Tpauceepsanruu u noulttilyduuanuu 6panoeu

ocr{r{Jrr4paaT oHr4e rrecTr{Ilr{ oA cpe[[HaTa KoI,r ce

I.1. EPAHOBM IOJABI4 Bo HerrocpeAeH KoHTaKT co r43Bopor ua 6pauor, a
rto[aneqHure rrecrr4qlr [orlHar rto Sa:a
oA
rrperxoAHr4Te oA r{3Bopor na 6panor.
r4
Ilpuuepu aa 6paHoso dautreru,e uwa H&ce- flpoqecor Ha rrluperbe Ha ocr{r{Jraqr4r{Te Bo
Kade oKo"xy Hac. AKo so .ttupHa aoda Qpnuue npocropor co reKor Ha BpeMero ce Br{Ka 6panoa
Ka"MeH, o6"tactaa rcoja ueuocpeduo e douperua od
upoqec, 6pauoeo deutrceu'e unu 6pau.
rcsueHota uouuyea da oc4urtupq, a uoutoa llpu 6pauonuor [poqec qecrr4qr{Te Ha
ocrlunupatuetuo ce wupu coadaeajrtu 6panoeu uo eJr acTr.rrrHaT a cp eAr{Ha ocrlr4nr4paaT oKo JIy p aMHo-
uoepwuruauta ua eodatua. 3eyrcotu ucuto taarca e Te)KHara no;rox6a, a oA eAHa Ha Apyra qecrrrqa
eden eud 6pauoao dewrceu,e. Ilpueuota Ha
Bo rrpocropor ce rrpeHecyBa caMo ge$opuaquja-
aeyrcota u c"lurcatua eo paduo u ute"leeusucrcutue
Ta, a co roa r.{ eneprujara oA r{3Bopor. Bo roa
upueunu4u ce octuaapyaa co eneKtupouaZnetu- MO)Ke Aa Ce yBeplrTe aKo Ha Mr4pHa BoAa, KaAe
uutue 6pauoeu. EnercrapouaZueutuu 1pauoeu ce III\{a eAHa TOrrKa UrV Apyf JIeCeH npeAMeT,
u ceeruLtuucrcuute, peudleucrcuute apa4u u y* apa-
Spnlte KaMeH. flpuroa, TorrKara ocqr{Jrr4pa rope
4uute. n uurcpouectau4uute uorcatrcyeaatu
- AoJry, ocraHynaj(u perrr4cr.r Ha r{croro Mecro,
6panoeu caojcraea (rceauturuouexaHuvrcu
6e: pasnura rrrro 6paHor Br{AHo ce npour.rpr{Jr.
d e6p o nueecrcu 6p auo au).
tr4tu so )Kr{THoro rroJre - rroA y[ap Ha Berapor
HacraHyBaar 6paHowr, a ceKoe cre6nenqe, e ua
Tpaucnep3aJrulr tI cBoeTo MecTo, Ho ce Hrlura.
Jr oHf r4TyAr{H aJrHr,r 6p anonz Karceu 6pauoeu paanuKyla"Me u rcarco tuue
ce wupaut eo orco"tuuauta?
Bo :asucHocr oA rrpupoAara Ha 6pauonnor Bo ganucuocr oA Toa KaKo ocqr{Jrrrpaar
npoqec r4 cpeAr{Hara Hr{3 roja ce flpeHecyBa, rrecrIlIII4Te Ha eJlacrlrr{Hara cpeArrHa, 6pauonure
nocrojar: MexaHuqKu, enercutpoua|uetuuu u Mo)Ke [a 6ugarl.
rca arutuuo uexaHuvKu 6p auo eu. utpauceepaanHu - Toa ce 6pauoru rage
-
IIItuo e tuoa 6pau? Karco ce coadaea rle o g uarepuj aJrH ara cp eAr{Ha o cqr4nr{pa-
crrrrlr{Te
6p ano eouto d eutrceu, e? Ogronopure ce pa3rr.rrrH[ ar HopManHo Ha HacoKara Ha rxr{perbe na 6pauor.
3a pa3Hr{ Br{AoBr{ 6pauorn. Tarsu 6pauonn ce npr{Ka)KaHu ua cn.1;
l ocr.unupabe Ha .{ecTnqnTe
A
II
e[....
,--Jl 'f.rri--....it"'rrrrrrrrr.;..,, e@ unperbe na 6paxor
Y
[ ,r*2"try&&%e;?€tt bp&?4
143BOp Ha 6paHOT
- ttouZutuyduHanHu - rrecrurlure Ha cpeAr,r-
Cr. 1.
Hara ocrlr4nr4paar Bo HacoKa no roja ce rxr4pr{
[a noKaxeMe
HajegnocraBeH npr{Mep 3a 6panor.
e aKo 3eMeNre eAHo AoJrro
6pauono [Br4x<eu,e
jaxe r4rrv ryMeHo qpeBo r4 co paKa ro
npIa[BrDKyBaMe rope - Aony (cn.1). ocqlrn!tpatbe Ha qecTlr.lxTe
Kora Bo eAHa uareprajalHa cpeAr4Ha +$+
(rnpga, reqHa racoBr{ra) Iie ce uajge r{3Bop
rrJrr4
l7*?'tl"t477&&g*4e"'v6'* g&P&*"'
Ha ocqlrJlallura (roa e pr uasop ua 6paniml, uefy
rr3Bopor r{ qecrrrrdr{Te Ha lrarepujarHara
cpeAr{Ha Karo upuuep 3a noHrr{Ty'r{HaneH 6pau e urr4pe_
ce janynaar eJracrr4rrHr4 eurrv Ha :aelruogejcreo. *"ro ,uy.,"" Opan uo uorgy"o' (ci.Z). Kora na
flog uunuo srlrjaHue qecrur{r4Te oA cpegr4Hara ce KJrr4rror - gejcrByna xapMoH\rcKrl rrpoMeHnr{Ba
npl{cuneHl4 Aa ocqr4Jrr.rpaar co QpexreHqraja c'la, roj npecraayBa rr3Bop ua 6paHbu.r, na ro
e[HaKBa Ha Qpexeeuqujara Ha I{3Bopor Ha gorr*""utu-Ha ueBKara cr4Hycor.r4Ho ce MeHyBa
6pauor. Ce pa:6r.rpa, uajuanpeg r1e uouuar ga npxrr{coKor, oAHocHo rycrrrHara Ha racor.
 l.l . Epauoeu uojaeu. Tpanceepaanuu tt 'touitttuyi)uuattuu 6pauoett

llaror [rro ro I{3MI{HyBa geSopuaqujara

BO eJracTI{qHaTa cpeAIIHa 3a BpeMe O[ eAeH
rrepuo[or Ha oclll4nl4pa]be Ha I{3Bopor (upnara
qecrr{rla) e 6panoea dornrcuua. O6nqso raa ce
6ene>ru.r co l" .

llJ,.l$lo,i '

{i\,1,.,i1,.:.{,,2345678
$ rr$i r Si r *@. i(f ". rS. "fr rffri;
.t{L.
* T/A

Cl. 2. ,rlosrlrrygxHaneH 6pau eo r:rcoBlra cpellxHa.

lllrlpemero Ha noHrI{TyAI{HanHlITe
6pauoeu e ycnoBeHo on BonyMeHcKa
ge$opN{aq[ja Ha eJracrl4LIHara cpeAI'IHa, [a rl{e ce
IIIIpaT BO TBpAI{, Tedrrrr.{ LI facoBI4TI4 CpeAI'rHI{. ;i=1r .,.€.'dt'.&."
t-*-:J#t
E llgej fu{ rxrlpert,ero ua raHc$ep3 arrHLIre 6pauoeu
e [ocne[nrla Ha noce6eH BIIA
-------'e
AeSopMaIInja tynp
ceojcrreua caMo 3a TBpAL{Te TeJra, TI{e ce lxl4paT
caMo Bo TBpAnTe cpeAI{HI{.
lllupemero Ha rpaHcBep3aneH 6paH Bo
eEHOAT{MeH3I1lOHaJrHa MaTepltjanHa cpe[L{Ha
rpaslrvxre e unycrpl{paHo co Hu3a qecTl,Iqn
(vro,rexyru, aroNII4) ua cnurata 3.
Hera eo MoMeHTor 1-0. 6pauor lrrro ce Cn. 3. lllirpeme IIa rpaucBep:a.'reu 6pau.
rxr{pr{ oAJreBo HaAecHo Aolxon Ao qecTLIIIaTa 1.
Taa no.ruyna rpaHcnaropHo ocqlrnaropHo [BLl- Iloc'renenoro Sopvllpame Ha noFlrury-
)Kerr,e noB.lrexyeaj(u ja u vecu.tqara 2. Kora Ar{HaneH 6pan og noee(e qecrllqu (cl. 4) Mox<e Aa
qecruqara I ja gocrnrHyBa MaKcI4ManHara oAEa- ce o6jaculr aHaJrorHo KaKo I{ $oprrlllpamero Ha
JreareHocr oI paMHore>KHara rlono>K6a (t:Tl4), TpaHcBep3aneu 6pan. I4 no onoj cnvuaj ocql{Jrrr-
6pauor ce flporxl{pnn Ao qecrlrl1ara 3. 3a BpeMe parr,eTo Ha npBaTa qecTlrqa ce [peHecyBa Ha
t-T12,\ecrnqara I noBTopHo e Bo paMHore)KHara BTopara, a npeKy Hea Ha rperara uru. llpu ocqu-
rlono>K6a, AoAeKa rrecrlll{ara 3, noeleryeajfua ja u nr{parbero ce MeHyBaar caMo rltefyce6nure pac-
r{ecrr.ruara 4, ja gocrurHyBa MaKcI{ManHara eJroH- rojauuja. Taxeror
i^
6pau no cpeAl{Hara rIpeALI3-
raquja. 3a roa BpeMe 6panor ce nporuuplrn Ao BrrKyBa rlep[IoAI{tIHIr rlpoMeHI{ Ha fycTI4Hara
qecqrrlara 5 roja cd ylxTe e Bo paMHore)KHaTa (:rycuyrarra I{ pa3pegyBama) ron ce ABIDKaT Bo
rrono>K6a. Onoj npoqec npoAon)KyBa, TaKa Irrro HacoKa Ha [rlrperbe ua 6panor.
3a BpeN{e t:37/4 rlpBara qecrlrlla e tso '!
N{aKC}rManHa oAAanetleHocT oA paMHOTexHara Ho
BO CnpOTr.rBHa HaCOKa OA npBara, :a opaHor ce
npotrruprln [o ceAMara qecrl{qa. 3a t-T rlpBara
qecrr.{qa (e Hanpanu eAHa IronHa ocqulaqlrja, a sa
TOa BpeMe ocqnnllpalsero Ha r{ecrLIqLITe ce
flpoml,tprrJro cd go.recrnqara 9. Taa ro 3anorrHyBa
ocq[nlpabero Bo I{cro BpeMe Ko]-a 14 qecTullara
I ro sanovHyBa BTopLIor nepltog, r.e. uecruqara 9
ocqxnr{pa co BpeMeHcKo 3aAollHyearse og FL C,r. 4. lllupeme Ha JIoHTI{TyAyua,reu 6pan.
Tue gne Lrecrnrllrl oculrnfipaar vo Qaaa ut.e. [e,r o[ npocropor eo xoj cilTe trecrt4qn ce
cuHxpoHo (ueiy une rocroll Sa:na pa:lllra 2n).
 L I. Epauoett uojaott. Tpauceepaa"tutt u ttou|ttutyduuartutt 6paruoau

BKnyqeH[ Bo ocrlr{naTopHr{oT [poqec ce Br{Ka Tarer4 6pauowr ce ruupar. Ha npr4n,rep, rro

6pauoao uo"ce. lpaumqara roja rr.r olAenyBa qec- Aorr)Kr{Hara Ha eAHa npaea (xuqa, rpaqKa, jaxe).
Tr{rIr{Te irrTo ocqrrJrr{paaT oA oHr.re rxTo ce yrxTe He
IrotlHa.le Aa ocrlr4nr.rpaar, ce ewxa Qpontu na
ipauour (raruucrl.r frontis - qeJro).
Eparuoaa uoepwuna e reoMerpr4cKo Mecro
Ha rogKr{! Kor{ tso reKor Ha 6panoeuor rrpoqec
ocur{Jrr{paar co egHarnir Qa:1.r.
Epauonara rroBprurlHa Mox<e aa lrMa
npor.i3BonHa $opva" rro eo Hajnpocr c,ryvaj raa
Mo)Ke Ea 6l.rge par'rHa, cdrepua r4nr.r qunrrHAprrrHa.
Cnopeg roa, Bo HeofpaHlrqeHa xoMoreHa r{ rr3o-
rponHa cpeAr.rHa, raqe 6p:uHara Ha rxupelbe Bo
cr,rre HacoKv e vcra, Spanor ce ur{pu rro KoH-
rIeHTp[r{Hu noBprxr4Hlr vr,rj qeHrap e Bo r43Bopor
Ha 6paHor (cr. 5). Taxnnre 6pauonn ce cQepuu C,r. 6. Paveu 6pau. Bpart--Oeara floBplrr.rHa l.r cppoHror
6pauoeu, a Spouror Ha 6paHor e ccpepua Ha 6paHor ce paN,rHr4Hr4 napa.,reJlHr4 co ri3Bopor.

noBprxr.{Ha. flur,ren:l.rure Ha r.r3Bopor Ha raKoB

6paH ce N{aJrr.r [a ]\{o)Ke Aa ce cMera AeKa rl3Bopor 3a noeguocraBHo npr.{Ka)KyBa}r,e t,l o[].rruy-
Ha BaKoB 6pau e roqKecr. Barbe Ha 6panoer.rre ce BoBeAyBa noLruor apaK.
3par e runuja qr.rja raHreula eo cexoja roqKa ce
rroK.rroflyBa co HacoKara Ha trrrrperbe ua 6paHor
l/I3BOP
Bo xonorena cpegr.rHa 3parlrrre ce npaBr4, Hop-
N{aJrHr,r ua cppoHror Ha 6paHor. Hacorara Ha
3paur4Te e olpeAeneHa oA HacoKaTa Ha txllperbe
na 6paHor. flose(e 3paqr4 Qtoprttupaar anu.

O6jacrere rrr cJreAHr{Be nor{Mr{:

- 6pan - 6pauot npoqec

- TpaHcBep3aJrHr{ - JroHrr{TyArrHaJIHr.I
6panoez 6panoru
- 3paK - cHon Ha 3parlr{
- 6paHoea goJ.l)<r4Ha - il3Bop Ha 6paH
- $porm na 6pauor - 6paHora noBpurrrHa
- cQepeH 6pau - parraen 6pan
Cr. 5. EpaHoBa rroBprxr{Ha u $pour Ha c$epeu 6pan
(nprlxaxauu Bo paN,rHrrHara ua qprexor).

Axo 6pauoBr{Te rroBprxrrur ce paMHr.rHr,r

HoprvralrHr{ Ha HacoKara Ha rxr4per6e Ha 6paHor,
AKTI4BHOCTI4
Toa e pa,MeH 5pau. Pawen 6pau Ha rroBptur.rHara
Ha BOAara Nro)<e Aa ce Ao6r{e Ilpu Tpeneperbe Ha
,runnjxa co AIINIeH3I{I{ 3HaLIr4Ter.rHo rlofoneMl{ oA l. flalu Kajrre, roe (e ce uajge Ha Spauor
6pauonara Aonx<rrHa ua 6pauor (c,r. 6). Ha N,ropcKara tttr{p, rrJrr{Ba 3aeAFro co 6pauor?
Epauonure Mo)Ke IIa 6wgar ilpocu-opHu, 3oluro'.'
rutaptutmcrcu tt eduot)uueruauoH(r.ttttrt (Ltttrurcrcu). 2. 3oulo He Mox<e ga ce go6l.rjar uexa-
Aro ocqulaqr.rr4Te Ha r43Bopor ce npeHecyBaar rro Hr.rrrK[ 6pauoBn eo BaKyyM. 3saere ll.r Kol4
cAeH oAHaupeg yrBp^eH npaBeu. uo rrrj c,ry,raj 5pauoeu ce rut,rpar no naryyrvr?
cTaHyBa :6op :a [poc'rr4parbe Ha n14Hr,Icr(r4 6panoeu. 3. Hanegra HeKoil nojaelr Kou r4N{aar
 1.1. Epauoeu uo jaeu. Tpauceepea,cutt u "couZuwyduua"auu 1pauoett

4. O6iacsw. ro MexaHI43Mor Ha co3[aBarbe

TpaHcBep3aJrHr{ r4 JroHrr{TyAI4HanHn6panonu n
roja e pa3nrrKara ruefy unr?
5.Karsu ce 6pauoalrre rrrro ce [Ilrpar Bo:
revuocrn, n) repgra rera.
a) racoBr4, 6)
6. Bo roja nacora ce ur{prr 6pauonoro
ABr4)Kerbe, npHKa>KaHo Ha cn.1.

VI
Or.9.
Ctr.7.

7. Bo e[eH ir.ne6 rocraBere HeKoJrKy 9. Excneprauenror co Koj (e go6uere

MeraJrHr4 Torrqrrrba (narepu) rora uefyce6uo ce JroHrr{Tyqr{Haleu 6pau HanpaBere ro co eAHa
eJracrr4rrHa nppKr{Ha ua xoja (e :axa.rflre [oBer(e
Aonr{paar (c.rr.S). 3euere elHo ronr{e Ha Koe cre
My AaJre rr3BeceH r4Mlync (yuap) TaKa rrrro co rerqr4rba (cr.l0).
H3BecHa 6p:uua (ue nperoreua) (e yApr{ Bo
npBoro ronare. 3a6e;rexyeare cr4Te rorrqurba
ocraHyBaar Ha cBoero Mecro, ocBeH nocJleAHoro
Koe ce oqnojyna oA Hrr3ara 14 ce rpKalra
rroHaraMy. IIIro rroKa)KyBa roa? (Eueprujara
coo[IrlTeHa Ha clrcreMor rolrr{I4rba co I4MrIyJIcor <.-,,i>
(e 6nge npeAaAeHa 14 Ha nocJreAHoro rr roa (e ce C.n. 10.
npugnurru).
E
r€\
3a ga Hayrrrre rroBe(e,
no6apajTe rr{ Ha r{HTepHer
cJrenHrrBe Be6 crpaHurlu:

1 . LQt'ritiludiiisl qiid. tf6n *wrFal wave$

-:-Ihea{y
phy *ies. nad "rultr3 h ys i csl[ n g lish/\ry av,,lxt.?',lt..:, - 1 04
Cachc-d - Siiritar t)nqee
Cn. 8. Kora Ha ronrrero I (e ce rpe/Iage zuny:rc (ce
ygpn) ronvero 2 ja npegaea eueprrzjara Ha roa uo Hero 2 Lenqiludinal and Tran M.o_lrS!
urs. flor43BeHo BpeMe ce nplrABr4)KyBa caMo www.grni.eclu I**russelllDcn r;s,',',',r'r!ri, r'r'lr'r':'r tu ilf i)
rlocJreAHoro rotrqe rrrro HeMa Ha Koro Aa ja npegage ntrni - $k
eHeprraja'ra. 14 ,qpyrr4 c,rHrrH14 Jl14HKoB14 u cnvylupajre ru
npoqe cr4Te H a rrrup erbe Ha noHf r4TyAr{Ha.rrHr4Te

8. Onuror co xoj fe go6lrere raHcBep3an- r4 TpaHcBep3aJrHr{Te 6pauonu.

uu 6pauonra e npr4KaxaH Ha cr.9. Moxe ga ro 3. Co qerauqe aKTI4BI4pajre e4ua 3By(lHa

Ha[paBr4Te rr cai^{II co Hr{34 oA eAHaKBI4 He MHOry co 3ByqeH ceH3op ua uurep$ejcor
Br4Jr,yrrrKa r4
jarl.r npyxlrHr4 Ha rrurr KpaeBr{ r4Ma reroBl4 co Coach onpe[eJ]ere rrr nepr{oAor r{
eAHaKBa uaca. 3a ga go6lrere rpaHcBep3aJrHr4
Qperneuqrajara Ha 6pauor. Cnopegere ja
6paHoeu, TeroBl,rre rpe6a rrefyce6uo Aa ce BpeIIHOCTa CO Taa rrrTo e 3arrruraHa Ha
noBp3aHu co noc;ra6u npy)<l{Hr4. flocranere raxo BI{JbylxKara.
rrrro e noKa>KaHo na cn.9 (nsnegere ro reror I og
paMHore)KHara noro>r6a ll ocraBere ro Aa
ocqlr,uupa).
 1.2. Epauua ua 6pauoeutue. Paeeurca ua 6pau

AoAeKa B e roeSlrqr{eHT Ha BonyMeHcKo rrrrrpeme

1.2. BP3PIHA HA BPAHOB}ITE. Ha rerrur.ITe cpe[r.rHlI. E u B ce II3pa3eHr.I eo N/m2.
PABEHKA HA EPAH Bpsnuara Ha rxr4perie na rupnuceeJtaarrHlt
MexaHr4qKrr 6pauoeu (6panonr,l Hr{3 xr.rqa r.lrrrr
KoHerI 3arerHarrr Ha ABara rpaja) 3aBr.rcr{ oA
EpsraHa Ha 6paHoBrre eunara Ha 3arerHyBat+,e F u og cnojcrBara Ha
cpe4r4Hara nu: roja ce mvpv 6pauor:
Hexa so xoMofeHa eJracrr4rrua cpeAr,IHa
r43Bopor na 6paHor r{3BeAyBa xapMoHr.lcKl{ ocqu- (4)
naurlr4. Ceroja qecrurla, go xoja crr{rHalr 6panor,
r.r3BeAyBa npr.rcr4JreHrr ocqr{naqrrrl co Spexreuquj a
Ha r.r3Bopor. Og rue flplrqr.IHrr, KapaKTepIIcrr4KI4Te I4MeHo, 6pzvuata 3aBilcv oA cI{JIara Ha
Ha r.r3Bopor: Qperceeuqujaraa f, uepuodotu T u 3arerHyBalbe Ha rrlarepuja-uor ll ,rrrrHl{cKara
auunuutydarua A ce KapaKTeprrc"trrKr4 m na 6pauor rycrl{Ha F Gt = mll - Maca Ha eAr4ur4r{a golxraua).
ruro ce co3AaBa. Axo 6pauua Ha Luupetue Ha 3a 6p:unara Ha rur.rparbe Ha nouluuty-
6pauotu e v, 3a BpeMeHcKrr rrHTepBaJT [oAeKa duua"cuuwe 6pauoeu ao Tacua cpeduua naxu
r{3Bopor HanpaBr.r e[Ha rroJrHa ocqulaquja (egeu
rrepuo[ Z), 6pauor t(e ro noMrrHe naror vZ,
yp ,orHocuo ,=1,7nr (5)
oAHocHo roj norunua.n pacrojauue )" eqHareo na: p *,
)" -vT (l) KaAe rrrTo p e rycTr{Ha Ha racoT; p e HeroBuoT
npHTI4coK; y e floacoHosa KoHcraHTa uru4
I e 6panoea dontrcuua Ha 6paHor. Toa e aguja6arcxa KoHcraHTa roja :a eAHoaroMcKlrre
najrrlanoro pacrojaHlre Bo HacoKa Ha IIrLrpeH,e Ha racoBl{ e 1,67,3a [BoaroMHute 1,40, a sa noee(e-
6pauor rraefy ABe rrecrr4rlr.I oA eJlacrr{rlHara aroMcKrrre 1,33; rR e yHr4Bep3aJrHa racHa
cpeAr{Ha Kor{ ocqr{Jrr4paar no Qa:a. KoHcraHra;7 e ancolyrHa reMneparypa; M e
Og QopN{yrara 3a 6pauona 4onxzua (1) ce MOJIapHa MaCa Ha lacoT.
goluna u 6p:uuara ua 6paHor:
vt ) vz ?"P ),2
)"
v=-=lul (2)
T
floxpaj onoj onun fi3pa3 3a 6psznara,
nocrojar u noce6nr,r $oprrlynu ea 6peunara na
TpaHcBep3aJrHrrre r{ JroHrrrryAr{HaJrur4Te 6panonu.
Co Hus Henocpe4Ho ce r{3pa3yBaar cnojcrnara Ha Lr )uz

cpeAr.rHara uu: xoja 6panor noMvHyBa. Yurre

Ca.1.
iSyrn noraxaJr [eKa 6par.ruara Ha ruupeee Ha
6paHonn Bo qBpcrrl r4 TeqHr4 cpe[r.{Hrr 3aBrrcrr oA Epauuaila Ha tuupeH,e ua 1pauotu eo dadeua
cnojcrnara Ha cpeAnHara. Ep:nuara Ha rrrr4rpe6e xouoZeua cpeduua e rcouctaanutHa leJluquHa.
Ha JroHrr{TyAr{HairHr.ITe 6pauonu e 3aAaAeHa co Kora 6pauor npeMr,rHyBa oA eAHa Bo Apyra
Qoprvrynara: cpelr{Ha, roj ja nporr.reHyna cnojara 6pslrua, a co
Toa r4 6paHonara AoJIxIaHa rr.tefyroa, HeroBara
tr
!t (3) Qpernenquja ocraHyBa He[poMeHera (cl. 1).
Aro 6penHara Ha ruupelbe Ha 6pauor no
npBara cpegr,rHa e noroJleMa, ke 6uge [oroJleMa rr
Ka[e urro p e rycrr4Ha Ha cpeAr,rHara, E e Jyuron HeroBara SpaHona AoJrxr{Ha.
MoAyJr Ha eracrr{rrHocr roj e KapaKTepl4rrHa
BeJIr4qr{Ha 3a ceojcreara Ha r{Epcrlrre reJla,
 1.2. Bpsuuct ua Spauoeutue. Paeeurca ua 6pau

PaseHra Ha paMeH 6pan Wvai'ku npe[Bl4[ gera vT- ]" ce [o6uea:

3a qa ja usnegeue paBeHKara Ha paMeH . (2rc

y:lstn)-t-- 2n
6pau, qa lperrocraBr{Me AeKa I43Bopor ua 6panor
ce uaofa Bo KoopAl{HarHraor no.rerox O Ha
[r r ')
IlpaBoaroJrHr.lor KoopAr{HaTeH cr4cTeM I{ I{3BeAyBa tsonegyeajfur ja eeru.rltrara k:2rl\", roja
xapMoHrrcKr{ ocql{naqlrl{. Epauor ce uI{pI4 Bo ce Br{Ka 6pauoa 6poj u at=2nlT - rcpywuauta
HacoKa Ha -rr-ocKaTa, a qecTuIILITe Ha cpeAI4HaTa
Sperceeru4uja, paBeHKara Ha paMeH 6pau uoxe ga
ocrlr.rn[paar so Hacoi<a Ha ]-ocKara (cl. 2). Hexa ce Harrr{[re I4 tso cJreAHI{os o6rur:
co A e o3HarreHa aMrurrrrygara, co T nepl{o[or, a
co J+llT $pernenqrajara na 6pauor.
! = Asin(r,rr - rtx) (8)

Co k x ce r{3pa3yBa $a:uara pa3JrlrKa nouefy

ocr{r4narlr4r4Te [rTo tv LI3BeAyBa TorrKara
o[[arer{eHa 3a x oA r{3Bopor Ha 6pauor tr
ocur{,raunnre Ha n3Bopor Ha 6paHor.
Paneurara Ha.6pau Koj ce ixl{pl{ Bo
cnporr{BHara HacoKa (-r)'rracu:

.tztL_l / t- \
'v:Asinl-t+kxl.
[r )
(s)

Cn.2.
' ya 6pauor e eneprujara
tr4utueruauweu.r
PaseHxara Ha r43Bopor na 6pauor Mox<e [a rrrTo ce [peHecyBa Bo eAI{HI4ua BpeMe, HIr3
ce [pr{Ka>Ke co: eAI{HI{IIa rrJrorrrrr.lHa, Ha noBpIxL{Ha nocraBeHa
2n HopManHo Ha rrpaBellor Ha Irr.upee,e na 6panor.
Y: Astn- t (6) Aro co E ce o6erexra eueprujara ua 6paror; roja
T
Bo BpeMe I ce [peHecyBa HLI3 rl.]rolrrrl{Ha S, roraur
Hecu.rqure Kolr ce nolaneKy og u:nopor (e 3a I{HTeH3r,rreror -1 Bax<I4 paBerlKara:
rroqHar Aa ocql{Jrlrpaar co HeKoe 3aAoIIHyBaI+e Bo
oAHoc Ha rr3Bopor, 3Haqr.r Qa:no 3aocraHyBaar.
t: Jr : w'
t=!.elr4Huuarae . . {lOt
3a qa ce nporur{pu 6paHor Ao Llecrullara M roja e J/ m's m"
na pacrojauue r oA Ir3Bopor ua 6panor, rpe6a qa
rroMr{He BpeMe t. Cnopeq roa, paBeHKara I{a raa Tpe6a Aa ce 3Hae AeKa LIHTeH:r.rrer6r na
qecTnua e 3aAaAeHa co: 6pauor e rrponopqrloHa.rreH co KBaAparor Ha
aMrrJrr{Tygara ua 6pauor, a 3aBIIcu I{ oA HeroBara
Spexeeuquja (engu Bo yve6uuror 3a Bropa
r: Asin}r,_
T
r, (1) foIIdHa- e ue p 7 uj a Ho xo p,Lt ( H I t L K I t o c tltt "q tt t u o p).
)

Ilhapen ero Ha 6pauor Mo)Ke Aa ce IIoKa)Ke,

Aro 6p:uuara Ha rltrlpelne Ha SpaHor eo co flonoeuottt ouapaur sa 51tuuoetr (cr.3).
cpeALIHa e ]', a BpeNlero r
Taxoe arrapar aKO ro HeN{a Bo ra6utteror
[aAenara lrarepiaja,rHa
rto Qrrnnxrr \r())KC re lccHo Jtr to HanpaBil r'e caNtil.
eAHrKBo Hl r .\ r'. cu gtl6rrtl:
Ccl nouorrr H:l occlRr.{Ha xo.ia ultt palrKa \lo)Ke [a
ce Bp'rrr e/lHa tsprerxKa co $oprura llaAeHa Ha
2nl .r l
_lillrr cJrI4Kara. Bprerura'llr e HaIIpaBeHa oA [Be Kpv)KHtl
l._/lStn_l/
rt v) n.[o,tr],r nrcivceSuo crroeHtr co I 2,noge6enLI. )KI,ILU4.
(Zn 2rc ) pacoopclleHr.r rftr cllHi]Kuu pacTolatluJa I[o
J- .r l. oSuojHlrlara Ha qr"qr4H/Iapo'r. FIa cexoja xl.rqa
tr--i t'T )
,1sil1
i1N{a flo lIBe Tonrrr4Fr,il KOI{ no )KI4r{aTa NrO)Ke Ila CC
 Epauua ua 6pauoautue. Paeeurca ua Spau

nprlABrDKyBaaT, HO nopaAr.r Tpr{e}beTo ocTaHyBaaT ce fneAa AeKa 3a ABe ToqKr4 OAAaIer{eHn Ha

Ha I{CTO MeCTO KaAe IUTO CMe fI{ nOCTaBrIJIe. pacrojaune Ax- )" Sasnara pa3nr{Ka e L<p:2n.3a
Torr.rulbara pacflopeAere rr.r Ha )Kr.{qr{Te raKa rrrro Tr{e ABe TOqKr{ Ce Benr{ AeKa ocqr4nr4paar no @a:a.
oKoJry ocoBr{Hara npaBar eAHa cnrrpanHa ,runr{a.

IIPI'IMEP 2. PaeeHrara ua 6pauor e 3aAaAeHa co

-f = 6 cos n(t + 0,2x) KaAe rxro AoJr)Kr{Hara e
r{3pa3eHa Bo rIeHTrrMeTpr4, a BpeMeTo Bo ceKyHAr{.
,{a ce orpege.nlr: a) aMnJrrlTyAara, 6) nepr.rogor Z,
n) 6pauonara Aon>Kr{Ha.
Peurenrae. Aro ce r{Ma npelBrrA paBeHKara Ha
6pauor
(zn 2rc )
l:lsin - cneryBa rreKa
I t '- T )"
2n
a) anrunurygara e A = 0,06m 6)-t=ftt,
T
)r ')
r.e.T :2s ;e) -" x: 0.2nx, '-
)"= " , )" - l0 m
Cn. 3. llo,ron arapar :a 6panonu I 0,2

Co nouour Ha cBer.lrLIHcKr{ r43Bop npoeK- IIPI{MEP 3. Xouoreso jaxe uua naca og 0,300
rupajre ja cenxara Ha rorrr4r6ara, a ilprrroa kgr gon>rr.tra oq 6,00 m. Ja>rero e 3arerHaro co
rroJreKa Bprere ja pa.xara. 3a6e"ne>rynare AeKa rer roj r{Ma Maca oq 2 kg. [a ce olpeAenr{
ceHKaTa Ha ceKoe ToIIqe LI3BeAyBa XapMOHI4CKO 6p:r.ruara Ha rxr{peme Ha rpaHcBep:a"rtrr.ror 6pan
ocqunr{pame, Ho uouefy ABe coceAHrl rrocrot{ nra: jaxero.
$a:Ha pa3nr.rKa. Ceuxure Ha roirqtarlara .]rexar Peruesue. Cu,rara F co roja e onrerHaro jaxero
Ha eIHa cr.rHycor{Ea roja ce ABrrr<r4 r,rcro KaKo txro
r{3HecyBa:
ce ABr{>Kr{ Tp aHcBep3 aneH cr,rHycor{AaneH 6paH.
3a ga ce yBepr{Te AeKa ceKoe roflLre r{3Be- F- mE = (2,00kgX9,80 m/s2):19,6N
AyBa xapMoHl{cKo ocqr{nr4parbe co rroMoru Ha npo-
qeu, ognojre ja cenrara Ha eAHo o[ Torrrrr4nara.
Haqprajre ja ceu<ara Ha ronrrr{rtara 3a Irn
t-0; r-Tl8 t:Tl4; t-3T18; rTl2; t:7.3a Aa Brr ycnee
eKcnepr{MeHToT Ha eAHa oII Kpy)KHr{Te rrJrolrr4 co
2kg
Qlonracrep craBere 3HaKr{I4rba co KoI{ nno.rara rte
Macara Ha egr4Hr{qa Aonx<rrHa Ha jaxero
ja uogenrare Ha 8 eEHaKBr{ Aena. Craeere r.r eAeH
r43HeCyBa:
HenoABr4)KeH r{HAeKc. Co paurara Bprere noJreKa.
m 0,300 kg
3acraHere Kora rie Aoj[ere Ao rrpBoro 3HaKrre r.r
qpraire ja (na eKpaH og xapruja) ceHKara Ha 'lu- 6.00 rn
:0,0500 ke/m

TorIrIlIE,ara. ?Icroro HanpaBttre ro Kota (e

Cera lroxe Aa ce olpegelu 6p:r.rHara Ha rpaHc-
lojgere rr no BTopoTo 3HaKrre urH .
Bep:lanHr.ror 6pan, raa r{3HecyBa:
IPI4MEP 1. Aro egna roqKa ce saoia sa
oA[a.]reqeHocr 11 o[ u3Bopor Ha 6paHor, a Apyta
tr ; u:19,8m/s
Ha oAnaneqeHocT ,yt, Hr4BHr{Te sa:u ce !u
pa3nl{KyBaeT 3a:
2n 2n
Arp__(x, _x.): _Ar
/. /.
Zvraj(r.r ja npcgnng rrocreAHara paBeHKa,
 1.2. Epsuua ua dpanoeutue. Paeeurca ua 6pau

Tpaucnep:arHn 6paHoera Mo)Ke Aa ce

llpaurar*,a, gaqarrn nojasar 14 Ha noBpIIrI4Hara Ha reqHocrl4Te. Ho rarnttte
noBprrrrrHcKrr 6paHonu He ce ycJroBeHI4 o[ eJracrl{qHnre
1. Haqprajre KpI{Ba 3a 3aBlrcHocr Ha eJIoH- cnojcrna Ha cpeAl4Hara, TyI(y oA gejcreoro Ha

raqrrr4Te ua 6panonu ABIDKerba rruu ilepl4oAu ce 3eujuuara re)Ka u cI4JII{Te Ha rloBprlr{HcKr{or HaIIoH.
r{ecruqrare ua 6panor Irtro ce ABI4xII KoH
o[HecyBaar xaroL:2.
6peror r43BeAyBaar paMHoMepHo KpyxHo ABI{)<e}re
2. 3ourro Bo cpelI4HI{ co rroroJleMll eJracrl{r{Hrl
KaKo rrrro e rrpl4Kat<aHo na cr.5. flplrroa He rlocroll
c;rrnu 6pzuttara na 6pauoBrrre e IroroJreMa. xopr43oHTaJrHo rroMecryBalbe (ocreH ua 6pero'r). Kora
3. Co Kor4 ocHoBHI4 Belrv'ur4nr4 ce KapaK- 6pauosvre (e cracaat go 6peror, TpI,IeH'ero co no[-
Tepvzvpa 6panor 14 KaKBa e BpcKara rrlefy uue? Jrorara ce 3roJreMyBa. Kpyxuoro UBI{xer+e e co IIoMaJr
4. Cuopeq no[arollr{Te oA cnl4Kara 4. oupege- paurryc (ce MeHyBa nepr.logor), aN{rIJII4TyAara Ha
lere ja 6p:uuara Ha lrrl4perbe Ha 6panorrare. 6panonure pacre. Taa oco6eno Moxe [a lopacHe Kora
(Ogrorop: 0,3 m/s) HeKaAe Bo oKeaHor (e ce c,ryvar reKToHcKIt fioMecry-
nama. Bo roj cny'raj ce co3gaBaar raKaHapeqeHI4
T-0,1 4yHa"uu Spauoeu Lr rl4e He ce :a6e:re>rynaar cd gogexa
He cracaar go 6peror.

I
C1.4.

5. flpu npeMrrH ua 6pauor o[ eAHa Bo Apyra

cpeAr{Ha ce MeHyBa r.r 6pauoeara AoJDKrrHa, a
Qpereeuqujara He ce MeHyBa. Karo ce o6jacuyna Cn. 5. Cosgaearre Ha qyualrr.r 6pau.
roa?
6. Korxaea e rrarHara u $aauara pa3nl{Ka 3a Bo 1964 rolrrHa qyHaMr4 6panor, npeA{3BIIKaH
ABe rorrKr4 Korr ocqr{Jrnpaar co cuporranHLr Qa:z.
o[ eAeH :lenrjorpec na Anacra, Kora AoIxoJI go 6peror'
(Ogroeop: Lx-Xl2 Aq:rc). na Kanu$opHuja npegu:nura.n 6panosra vuja BL{cuHa
AocrrrrHaJra go 4 netpra.
7. Konrasa e 6p:nnara Ha uI,IpeH'e Ha JroH-
rr.lTyAr{HaJreu 6pau Hrr3 qeJrr,rKor roj urnla Jyuron
I O6iacnere ru cJle[IrtrBe rrolrMrl:
MoAyJr Ha eracrurrHocr 2,05. i0l N/m2 Lt

3 - 6panon 6poj
rvc'rr{Ha I ,6 .103 kg/m - r(pyxHa $pexseHquja
(Ogronop; v-5193 mis). - paBeHKa na 6pau
8. Korrana e 6psauara Ha tuupen,e Ha - 6psuna Ha JIoHrvrylLrHaJIHIire 6panonu
- 6psuna Ha rpaHcBep3aJIHI,ITe 6pauoru
JroHrr4TyArrHaJreH 6pau HIr3 BoAa, KaAe
xoeQlrqueHror Ha BonyMeHcKo ruupelbc e
2,1.10e N/m2 u rycrr4Hara 103 kg/ mr
(OgroeoP: r'- l'14i) in''si.
9. Pasesrara Ha 6panor e:JaAa]telrii ccl Clo xopr.rclen'e lra ynalcrBoro Ha flporpa-
/- \,r:lra PEARLS 14 ynarcrBol'o u:pa6oreuo oI
y --=
- \
(),1cosl {!t * 1 t l. [a ce otpcAen,{ Ileptlollor rineHoBrrre Ha Tenrnyc [poeKTor- Crotrje, 2001 op
\8 4 ) lrlucruryrol ra Su:ruxa, Bo oA[eJIor Epouoeu.
[poyqere ro "lla'rysa-rxu 6pau"
L 6) xpvxuara $pereeuqr.rja c'.r u s) 6panonara
.qc,.rxrrua i,. (Orr.: I=i6 s 'r)- tr lL.l"=0,-s rr)
I
 l. 3. tr4ntuepcpepeur4uja ua 6pauoeu

Tpe6a Aa ce HanoMHe AeKa oeoj nprauqun

1 .3. CvrrEPrro3r4qr4JA HA Ba>KI4 caMo :a 6pauoer.r co Malrr{ r4HTeH3I{TerI4.
FPAHOBZ. EPAHOBA Aro 6pauonr{Te rrMaar MHory roJreM r4HTeH3r4Ter,
I4HTEPOEPEHqI,IJA Ha npr{Mep, Hr{3 cpeArrHaTa Aa ce urrpr4
cBerJrrrHcKt4 6pau og uo(uure Jracepr{, [pr.rHrlr4nor
He Ba>Kr{. [er ua orrrr.{Kara roj rr.r npoyrryBa
Cynepnos erry4 a Ha 6paHoBr,r
TaKBrrTe [poMeHr{ ce HapeKyBa HeJrr{HeapHa
orrTr4Ka, pa3Br{eHa Bo [ocJreAHr4Te Tpr{ AeKa[r{ Ha
ABaeCeTTI4OT BeK.
Aro co
ABe cra[qnrba ucronpeueno ja
AolpeMe rroBprlr{Hara Ha Bo[ara, ceKoe oA nus rie I4urep$epeHrlr.rj a Ha 6paHoBrI
co3AaAe Kpyx<eH 6pau roj (e "uouunysa " lauz
npocropor Ha Apyrr4or, KaKo onoj lpyrr4or llpu cynepnosuqllja Ha ABa 6paua co
Boorrrrro Aa He nocrolr (cr.1). eAHaKBa Spernenqzja, Kor4 r{Maar eAHaKBa
6panona EoJr)KrrHa, Moxe Aa HacraHe eAHa MHory
Ba)KHa rojana co roja noonruupo (e ce
no3aHI4 MaBaMe.
[a ucr Apx(aq ABe eAHaKRr4
nocranuMe Ha
rr [p)<aqoT Aa fo nocTaBr{Me Bp3
cTanrrr4rba
HalpaBa roja Ile ilpegr43Br4KyBa eAHoBpeMeHrr
ocrlr4narlr4r4 Ha [BeTe cTanllr4lsa Kor{ yAr{paaT Bp3
rroBprxrrHara Ha Bogara. Ha roj Har{r4H cMe
go6ure ABa eAHaKBr{ KppKHr4 6pana co eAHaKBa
6pauona [on)Kr4Ha Kor4 ce rxr{par oA rr3Bopr4Te.
Karo pe:yrrar Ha crro)KyBarbero Ha BaKBr4Te ABa
6pana Bp3 rroBprur4Hara Ha BoAara, (e ja go6raeue
Cn.I cJrr4KaTa AaleHa co xor n $ororpa$njara
Cru.ruo ce rpocrr{paar 3ByrrHrrre 6panonu,
pa gno 6p auo Br4T e r4rrrr cBerJrr4HcKrne 6p anonu. [a
ce [oTceTrrMe [eKa aKo ABa My3urrKr4 r{HcTpy-
MeHTa 3ByrIaT, HI4e ABaTa rU CnyUaMe He3aBI{CHO
eAeH oA gpyr. AualorHo, rre3aBr4cHo eAeH oA
Apyr, ce rurrpar paguo6pauoBrrre oA ABe ,rJrr,r
(e paAr4ocraHr{ t\v, vnv cBerJu4HcKrr 6p anonu
rroBe
oA ABa r4Jrr{ noBe(e cBerJrr4HcKr4 r43Bopr4. 3Ha.rr4,
ttct<vcu.teotuo u erccuepuaeuutuwe uorcaltyatatu
derca 6pauoeutue od paa"tuuuutue ulsopu ce
tu t t pa u.t eo u poctu o pout ue.soettc uo.
Engej(u 6pauowrre 3aeMHo ue gejcrnyeaar, Cn, 2 . L{prex lr Qororpanuja ua 6pauoelr Ha Bo[a
Toraru cexoja roqKa o[ [pocropor, Bo roj ce
rxrrpar [Ba r4nr4 noee(e 6paua, (e :elre yqecrBo o[ cJr. 2. Karo urro ce rneAa He qoafa go
Bo ocqunr{parbara, [peqr43BrrKaHr{ oll 6pauorure eAHocraBHo 3acr{nyBarbe Ha 6pauynamero ua
oAlenHo. 3a Aa ce najge pe3ynraHTHara e 3HaqUTeJrHO IIOCJIO)KeHa.
BOAaTa, TyKy CJIIIKaTa
neQopr.,raqraja, rpe6a Aa ce uajge geSopuaqnjara Ha nexolr Mecra 6pauyrarrero e MHory 3acr{JreHo,
npeArr3Br{KaHa oA ceroj og 6pauonra're, a rroroa AolIeKa noc'rojar v Mecra KaAe rrrro Bogara
Taa Aa ce co6epe, uajvecro BeKTopcKr4, 6ugejfta Mr{pyBa.
TIIe HaCTaHyBaaT BO pa3nl{r{Hr{ npaBIU{ I1 HaCOKI4, llojaeara Ha cnox<yBarlero ua gna (unu
rrJrr{ cr(anapuo (alre6apcrn) aro 6pauoeure ce nore(e) 6pauoeu rlpn xoja no cexoja roqKa oA
HacorreHr{rro eAHa npaBa. Be;rulre AeKa Bo rrpocropor, no roj 6pauonr.rre ce paclpocrpa-
npocropor Eorrrxo [o cylepno3uquja na 6paHowr. HyBaar, ce co3AaBaar 6paHonra co BpeMeHcKr4
10 1. 3. Izlutuep Qep ent4uj a ua 6paruo au

nocrojaua aMnJrnryga ce Br{Ka Iaurep$epeuquja ruo4rca e edruarcea Ha l4e"a 6poi uaruu uo

ua 6pauonu. 6pauoeawa do"'ntcttHa. Ha c;rraxara 4 e gagena
BpeMeHCKa 3aBI4CHOCT Ha enOHfaIIuuTe !1 I4 12
Ke oolacHllMe noAeraJrHo Bo KOI'I ycnoBl{
npegr{38r.{KaHl{ oA 6pauonu 3a KoI{ e uclroJrHer
Mo>Ke Aa HacraHe uHrep$epenquja Ha 6panonrare.
ycnoBor (1), raro u pe3yJrraHranara elonraqraja
3a raa qe.n (e ce [ocny)KnMe co Ilpre)Kor on
cJrr{Kara 3. Ce npauyBaMe: KaKBa (e 6vge
y rcoja, KaKo [ITo ce fneAa, e pe3yJrrar Ha
aM[nr{Tygara Ha ocqllnllpan'ero no ro'rrara M co6r.rpame Ha eJrolIraIlI{I{Te lr v y, 3aroa,
roja og LI3BopLITe Or u Ou ce Haoia Ha coolBerHl4 paBeHKara (l) ja [aBa MareMaruqKara
pacrojannja d1w d2? Sopuyraqnja 3a ycJroBor Ha MaKcI{MyM.

Or

ia)

Or Cr. 4. 11 (qpeeua.nuHuja) A y2(gulua luunla) ce

rroMecryBa16ara (elouraqr.rrlTe) npeAu3BI4KaH14 oA ABa
6)
I /-\ i'l 6paua noueiy KoIr rlocrol{ narl{a pa3nl{Ka Ld:)..
Oz Torau He rlocrolr pa3JrLIKa eo Sa:ure 14 pe3yJr-
TaHTHoro noMecryBal+,e (eroHraIIuja) l (suoreroea
rltrnja) e e[HaKBo na :6llpor. floafa qo 3acl4JryBa]be
Ha ocqitJrupaBeTo.

C,r. 3. finara r.{3Bopa ce Haofaar ua pacrojaHue I Axo pacrojanuero Ad e Xl2, (ct.36) rttttr
Koe e MHory IIoMaJIo og pacrojanuiara dy n d1 HenapeH 6poj roralrl nouefy eJIoHraIlI{I4re /1
)'"12,

Pe:y:rraror Ha cno)KyBaF[,ero Ha 6pauonure v 12 Bo Koj II Aa 6ulo uoueur Irocrol{ $a:na

BO TOqKara M I(e gaellcu oA pa3nl{Kara Bo oa3ara pa3nrrKa n. ocqu.nLrparbeTo Bo TorrKIrTe Kale IxTo
roja e npeAI{3BxKaHa co pa3nl4Kara Bo oAor Ha e roa r{cloJrHero r4Maar e;rour-aqlrja 0, notouuo,
3parlrrre Ad Bo ycnoBl4 xora pacrojaulrero lrefy raMy ocurrnupan,e uerrla (cn. 5). Toa e ycnoB 3a
MrrHr{MyM:
r43Bopr{Te e MHory rroMano og pacrojaHnjara go
roLrKara M, Ld: dz- dt. Aro ora pacrojauue e i,
utrut2,3,4 tarv noro;renro og )", Ld =(Zk+l\L2 k = 0,1,2,... (2)

Ad:H, k :0,1,2..... (l)

M E NPUTTYgEHA HA OCqIIJ]AIII{U OA ABATA
T'OLIKATA
6paua raj xolr Bo I{cro BpeMe ce [ocrl{rHyBa
MaKcr{ManHa (arr,rnlurygua) enonraquja vlrt4
nej:una Hynra BpelHocr (cn. 3a ). Toraur, BerrrlMe
gexa 6pauoeuwe ce eo Qtaaa. Ha rue uecra (e
6uge r{clroJlHer ycnoBol' 3a MaKcI4ManHIr
aMnnr{TyAr{ Ha pe3ynTaHTHOTO OCqIlnI{paEe.
AuuLttrtuydatua Ha oct4u'tupttru,etuo Ha
cpeduuatua 60 daderua u1oqrcu fte 6ude
.MaKcu,MAr'IHa, oKO pctsnurcatua H(l odotu Ha Cr. 5. Pa:nuxara Ha ogor Ha 3pallnre Ld-)"2 uttu
lpo4uruc H(t deatutt 6pttun Kou ?o HerrapeH 6poj naru [oroJIeMa. Pe:yllaHruoto
Itpeduaeurcyaaatu octqttLtupan'euto ea dadeuatua rroMec'ryBame.y e HyJIa. Ocqrt,raquure ce nporuu$a:nll.
 l. 3. tr4nu.tepSepent4uja ua 6paruoeu 11

Auil"tttu,tydatua Ha oct4u"cupau'euto 8o 3a ga ogroBopl4Me Ha oBa nparuarle rpe6a

dadeua tuoqrca fte Sude ,MuHu"Ma"lHa, oKo Aa ce norcerl{Me AeKa eueprujara Ha 6paHor e
paanurcotua ua odoul ua apatqtttue od deatua npolopqr{oHaJrHa co KBaApaToT oA HefoBara
6pnutt. rcott 2u upedtttattrcyeootu ocL4u"to4ttttute uo aMnnr4TyAa. lla, roraur Ha Mecrara Ha MaKcI4My-
tuao tuoqrca, e edHnKao Ho ueilapeu 6poi Mr.rre Ha ocllrlJrl4parbe I{MaMe BI4tuoK ua euepruja.
uo,oo en u rcu o c) 5p uuo eau,ta d o.otruua. Orrarry e jacuo AeKa nprl nojanara Ha I{Hrep-
Ce pas6lrpa uocrojar rI TorrKI{ Bo KoI{ He e Qepeuquja Ha cBerJrlrHara, enepu{a'ra na 6paHo-
HI{ry ycnoBor (1) nury ycnoeor(2).
r.rcnor'rHer Br.rre ruro unrep@eperpaar caMo ce rpepacflpe-
Tauy aurnr4TyAara Ha pe3ynraHTHoro ocIII4n[- AenyBa.
pame r{Ma neroja BpeAHocr xoja ce uaofa uouefy
oBr{e [Be BDeAHocru. Ho, najeaxHo e roa AeKa
?InrepSepeHqlrj a Ha cBerrrlrHa.
aMnI{TyAaTa Ha OCUUnI{paH'eTO I{ BO TI'I9 TOTIKI{ He Jynron eKcrIepI,IMeHT
ce MeHyBa co BpeMero. 3aroa Ha noBplxlrHara Ha Bo uoqeroro'r ua XIX. eer cd yrure ue 6nno
Bo[ara ce nojanyna ogpe[eHa pacnpegel6a na rro3HaTO AeKa rI CBeTJII{HaTa UMa 6pauona
aMnnr{TyAara Ha ocqr{nl4palle roja ce BI{Ka uprrpoAa. Epuraucruor SI43L{qap Tor'Iac Jyur no
tturaep Qep eH4LroHa c"otrca ( clura2a). l80l roguua rIoKa)KaJr AeKa I4 cBerJII{Hara Mo)Ke
ZnrepSepesquja raro lojana ce janyla xaj ga uurepQepupa, a Toa 3HaLIfi AeKa Taa ce
cr{Te BI{AoBu 6pauoen: 3Byr{Hlrre, paquo6paHo- ol1HecyBa raro 6paH.
BI4TC I{NI,I CBCT.]II{HCKIITE Bo urro 6utr npo6.neMor co cserrl4Hara ?
Koxepenrnu u3Bopll. [a ce o6uqeMe [a ilo6apaMe Irlrrepc]epenr-
Ha cJrrrKa oA [Ba KaKBI4 u Aa 6nno cBernrIHcKI{
Koxepenrur 6paHoBLI r43Bopa, Ha npl{Mep oA ABe cBerI{nKI{. Ha erpauor
3a [a ce go6ue MI4pHa, cral{I{oHapHa ua roj *.e r'afa cBerJrl{Hara oA ABara I{3Bopa
ycnoB e
lrurepsepeuqrroHa cJlIrKa, Heonxo[eH Hr.lKofaru He Mo)Ke qa ce go6ujar raurep$epeHTHlr
Ha 6pauoeure Aa LIMaar e[HaKBa
r.{3BOpr{Te npyru. Toa ce o6jacryna co SaKror uno o6rq-
Spexnenqllja ll Qaaatua Ha uueuttruo HUTe CBeTJTITHCKIT Ir3BOpI{ He Ce KOXepeHTHIr.
ocL\rrrlltpatue du Sude untr edruarcea, ur'ttt aKo ce [euec nocrojar rI3BopI{ Ha KoxepeHTHa cBerJrlr-
poalxLtKyzo, utreuatua Qaana paarxLtKct da e Ha. Toa ce Jraceplrre. Co Hlrs noAoIIHa norurlpoKo
zpe.MeHcKLr rueupoueunuea. Co gpyru :6opoltl, (e ce sanogHaeN{e.
pa3nr4Kara no Sasnre Ha ocql{Jllrpart,ero Ha ABara Jyur ycnear ga go6rae ltrrep$epeurna cJrrIKa
r{3Bopa rpe6a Aa He ce MeHyBa co reKor rla co IIoMoIrr Ha o6ur{eH cBerJrI{HcKIr rl3Bop co uleMa
BpeMero. zsnopure Ha 6pauonure KoI4 fO AaAeHa Ha cJr. 6. Tpe6a Aa ce HarIoMHe AeKa
rrcrroJrHyBaaT' oBoJ ycJToB ce BI4KaaT KoXepeHTHI{ pacToJaHI{eTO noMefy rryKHaTr{Hr{Te Ha
r{3Bopu, 6panonr.rre [ITo rlre fI'I co3AaBaar -
a Jynronara r.[or{Ka (Yu) e MHory MaJIo Bo oAHoc
KoxepeHTHI{ 6panonu

,4
ua pac:rojauujara og Hea Ao eKpaHor LI I{3BopOT.
Cauo rcoxepeuwuu 1pauoau uotrce da uu-
ruepSepupaatu.
Aro pa:nuKara Bo Sa:lrre Haocql'IJII4-

l,
parbero Ha Il3BOpIrTe e BpeMeHcKI{ rIpoMeHJIrIBa,

n"fl
T0ra[r no ceroja roLIKa, tr{cro raKa, nocrojauo
ce MeHyBa pa3JllrKara Bo dlalure Ha
ocqr{n[pan,ara go6uenu oA TaKBI{Te v3Bopvt tt
HrrKaKo He MO>Ke Aa ce flocrlrfHe Ao6I{BaIbe Ha L
BpeMeHcKI{ [ocrojaHa cJrI{Ka.
Tpe6a [a ce o6jacsi{ ylxre llrro craHyBa co @^
eueprujara Kaj nojanara unrep$epenqllja. Cn. 6. llleua Ha Jyuroetlor eKcrIepI'IMeHr. Og uarpl'ryuoea
.nau6a (ltonoxpoMarcKll cBerJrI{HcKI4 ll3Bop) OpaHor rlaia
flalu raMyl Ka[e IrITo ocql{Jrl'Ipae,e Ha Bp3 e[Ha ryKHarI{Ha Pu, a loroa Bp3 npelpeKa co ABa
cpeArrr{ara He rlocroll (ycloeor :a ulruurrlyu), napare,'re,.rHI4 npaBo,'IL{HxcKlI orBopa Yu. Ha expauor E ce
eueprujara ce nperBopa Bo Apyr BI{A (so go6uea uHT ep$epenrHa c,nnxa xoja ce cocroll oA
BHarpeIxHa enepruja, na uprauep)? napaJreJrHu eKBI{AUCTaHTH}I TeMHI{ U CBeTJTI{ npyfil
l2 1.3. l'lnruepQeperuguja ua 6pauoett

Ce noxaxyna AeKa pacrojauuero Az tourefy

3a cBerJrlrHa co 6panona gon-
cBerJrr4Te rrpyrrr,
xraua og paclojantrero nouefy Jynro-
1", 3aBr4cl4
Bara npenpeKa Yu 14 eKpauo'r E (L) v
pacrojanuero nouefy ABere nyKHaruun l'.

Az =4I (3)

flogoqna ce roKa)Karro AeKa u Bo [pyrll

cnyqall Kora o[ Aa[eH cBernIrHcKI{ I43Bop ce AO-
6usaar ABa, KoI4 noreKHyBaar og roj e[IrHcrBeH
r43Bop ce go6nna raurepSepeuqllja ua cBerJII4- Cn.8
HATA.
Aro co z ce o3HaLrI,r pacrojanuero Ha oBaa ror{Ka
oA ToqKara O xoja e Ha cpe4lrHara Ha
raHrepQepenrHara c.rrr{Ka, ce rneAa AeKa
/ / t'
)2 r!
\ ))
- I
,t:: L' .(,.:)'
oA Kale:

Cn.1a Ct.76 CtrTs d: -,1: = (d, - d,)(d, + d t) = 2zl

Zurep@epeuquja na cBer.lrrlHara ce go6wya u Co orleg Ha roa ruro I >>dt Lr L >>dz Nto>Ke Aa ce
npra peSnerclrja og reHKr4 Sluuonlt co peg Ha cMera gera d, * d, =2L,rtad, - d, = Ld e'.
roJreMrrHa og lpm. Teuor cloj na Mac.rro Bp3 Bo[a,
Meyp Ha caryHlrqa (cn.7a), oKcIrAI4paHa reHKa
o,t =+ =+
ZL L
noBprxr{Ha Ha MeraJreH lpeAMer (ctr.76), urttr Cnopeg ycnoBor (1), eo ror{Kara M (e 6lrge ltax-
TeHoK MeraJreH drr.rnr.r nps craKJIo (cn.7n) Bo 6ena cr{MyM ogk-rv peA Kora e :
cBernrrHa, noKa)KyBaar o6oeun KpI{BH, KoI4 ce
-I
pe3yJrrar ua uurep$epenrllrja Ha ctserJrl{Hara. Bo Ld =H. ;
!=k) k= AJ,2..... (4)
MOHOXpOMaTCKa CBeTJII{Ha TI{e I43fne[aaT CBeTJIO L
TeMHrr (cr.7a). Barsure [pyrr{ ce BIrKaar KpIrBI4 a MaKcr{MyM og ( fr-rl) pe[ Kora e :

Ha eAHaKBa ge6eruua.
-t
IPLIMEP 1. Ortpege,'rere ro pacrojauuero Ld =(k+lfi ; a+=&+1)2
L
k=0,t,2.....(s)
noueiy ranrep$epeurHr{Te rpyrll raj Jyuronuor
oIITIT Ir3BeAeI{ co cBerJlrtra co 6panotsa AoJI)<r4Ha PacrojaHraero nolrefy uBa MaKcrIMyrta (e 6uge :

555 nm, aro pacrojaHl{ero nouefy lyKHarriHure A---

/L --{ - -L)'
,-.,-J
/:l mrn, a pacrojauuero rroMefy JyHloeerra
r,.roLIKa 14 eKpaHor I r.rsHecyua 2 rn.
IPI4MEP 2. ErpaHor e oAllaner{eH og JyHro-
Peurenrae. [ageuu ce L-2n, l:lrnm u 2:55-5 nm Bara flrorrKa co [Be nyKHar[rHI{ na pac'rojanue 1,3
Axo ce 3aMcrra'r 6poirulre Bpellllocrl{ no (3), :a rn. PacrojaHnero nouefy rIyKHarItHI{Te Ha
rxfiprrHara Ha npyrl4Te ce ,qo6uea Az: l,l I mni. r.lroqKara e 0,03 rnm. Marcuuyvor oA BTOp peg
ce naoia ua pacrojauve z: 4,5 crn. Oupegene're ja

,pd, Izl:ee4ysarue Ha penaurzjara (j)

]l:{l{rdir irir,hr,,S\#"}/l/#
bpanorara Aoxx(r{Ha ria ynorpe6e}rara cBerJrI{Ha.
Peuenue. Ke ce noclyxl{Me co peraqujara (4).
Co norrroiu l-{;l rrJIItKara 8 lroxe ,qa cc ol.IpcrJlcrnar
pacrojaunjara rJ1 u r[ o,t1 KoxepeHTHllre I43BopI{ llageuu ce'. k-2'. /'-0,03 cm: 3.10'' m, z - 4,5 cmu
L: 1,5 m. 3a 6panoaara ,qo,rx<I{Ha ce go6nea:
Ao roqKara 1\{ oo xoja nd unrepeorpii pe3yrlra'ror
Hl n Hrepr[.rep' ri I Il Iillrrl. -:l
):-=16Onm.
2t
 1.3. AuruepQepeu4uja Ha 6paHosu t3

'--i
O6jacuere rr{ cJreAHr{Be rror{Mr4:
1. flo6apajrc Ha rrHTepuer ae6 crparurqa : i
E
- cyflepno3nrluja ua 6paHoen Young's experiment i,

wrv'nv. physi cscl assloorn. colnicl ass/l i ghti u 12 l I b

- lrurep$epeuqlrja na 6paHonn
- ycJloB 3a MaKCI{MyM rr rxTo cTaHyBa Kora Ke ce npoMerrr4
cr4MyJrr4paJTe
- ycJ'roB 3a Mr{Hr{MyM pacrojaulrero novefv nyKHarr.rHr{Te Ha Jvurosara
- KOXepCHTHT4 143BOpr.r rIJIorrKa, rIJIil KaKo ce MeHyBa cJII{Kara xora Iie ce
- KoxepeHTHrr 6panonn rrpoMerr4 6paHonara IoJrx<rrHa.

2. Co ropucrerbe Ha vrrarcrBoro Ha nporpaMara

PEARLS rr yrrarcrBoro u:pa6o'reuo oA rrJreHoBrrre Ha
Teuryc [poeKTor- Cronje, 2001 oA Zncrnrvlor ga
flpaurana, 3ap.aarw r{ aKTr4BHocrrr Sraalrxa, Bo oAAeJror Epanoen, ilpoyrrere rc
"Meruarre na 6pauonu"

i. i3uyvua Bii"rbyrrrKa co 2000 Hz ce [px(lr rr Bprr{ 3. Co rrouour Ha JracepcKn rroKa)KyBarr u3BeAere ro

cr) paKa. 3eyror urro ro cnyuaar nyfero Bo Jyuronuor olI{T, TaKa Iuro cHoIIor (e ro Haco.{ure
6rr.i:irHa nocrojauo lo MeHyBa r{HTeH3I{Teror. Ar{peKTHo ua Jynrona n,rorrKa. Ha expau ce go6ueaar
eKBrI[I4CTaHTHII IIeTHa.
3ourci'? Co xoplrcrerre Ha cBerJrocHr{or ceH3op r{ ceH3opor
2. Flarrp:reerer BaKoe cKcnepr{MeHr. Bo norirr.rpor I{a noMecryBan e na Coach nurepSejcor, onpeAeners
nJrurori caq cr4nere coga (cn.9a). 3a raa HaMeHa frr MecTaTa Ha MaKcIIMyMII',re Ha eKpaHoT r.r r.{3MepeTe

Mo)<e Ia rr()cny)Krr lr o6n.rno raBrre. 3elaere gne ro pacrojannero norraeiy rlus. Aro nperxoAHo cre ro
craflLrfirr,i]. laKa ruro co npBoro gonupajre ja rr3MeprrJre pacrojaHuero norr.reiy nyKHarr,rHr4Te Ha
rrJroqKara r.r pacrojanr.rero uorr,refy rrJroqKara rI
BOAara Ruc. a c() BTopoTo Barulror Apyrap rlnr4
eKpaHor, co Koprrcreme ua pelarqzjara (3) l,ro>re qa ja
ApyrapKa. ,iJ,a"'ir,r r.r leopr'rre ce KoxepeHTrrlr? onpeAenr{Te 6pauonara [oirxrrHa Ha JraccpcKara
CBCTJII4HA.
Btrtruanaj:re, pacrojanlrero norr,refy nJloqKara r{
eKpaHor rpe6a ga Br.r e AoBoJrHo roJreMo. tr4cro rara,
euurr.raeajre, cBer.ilocurror ceH3op Aa ro ABrrxr,rre
TOTIHO BO HACOKA HA IIOCTABEHOCTA HA TIETHA'TA.

( l.rr. 9 T. Jyur (Thomas Young, 1773-1829)

e rro3uar 6pu'rancru HayrrHriK.
3 . tr4crvre Aec c'r'arr(r r.r H'a rlocraBere rrr Bp3 eAeH
Pogen e ao Mulreprou, AHrlllja.
Ap>{<aq r{ pr{Tr\.rt,rrrHo ;lorrrapajre ja norpurunara Ha 3rraen ga qr4Ta Ha 2 roguuu. Ha 14
Boqara (cr.9 6). lIIlo :a6e"rexyrare? roArrHI{ 3uaeJr 8 jasraxa. 3aepuru;r
.1. Megrrqrrua u pa6o'rer rr KaKo reKap r{
Kaxo rl3rne;1a cJrr,rKa'r'a Ha eKpaHor aKo nprr
n'iBeAynalbe Ha JyHroeuor eKcrrepr{MeHT ce #*;"G raxo npoQecop no nprpoAnr4 HayKr{

vnorpe6r{ 6ela cecr',ruHa? florpaj rro3Harr4or eKcrreprrMeHT aa unrepQe-

penqr,rja Ha cBerJrr.rHara. roj nc[r{TyBaJr Lt Apytt]l
5. ('ae'r.rrHcKu r..r:Bop eN,'r4'rr{pa cBerJrI4Ha co ABe orrrr.rqKrr nojann: gucnep:nja, geojHo npeKpruyBarse
rli;anoeu /{oJr)Kr{rrn: },r--430 nm r4 }"2 :510 nm. Ha cBerJrr{Hara. lIosHaT e It no rrcrpaxyBa}tara Ha
i .! rerrpol e yno'rpc.'5eH :zr JyHror eKcrrepr,rMeHT, eJracrrrr{Hrrre cBojcrBa na lra'repuj anzre. 3anraM.[zso
iriln rrn'(; pacrerjaiurclcl uefy Jynronara rrJroqKa r{ e [eKa roj 6un npB rrrro ycleaJr Aa rr,r oArarHe
i:1.:palrrn' (in"la 1.,5 nr. il pacrojaHr.rero noMefy Harrucr.rre rrI,r[ryBaHrr co xzepornrdru.
;I',1',Krtit'rrilrnfe ufl .lvnroBaTa IIIor{Ka 0,025 mm.
iIl11e'r'* ro paclerjaHr,rero rroMefy MaKcrrMyMr{Te
:rtl 't'p,-r i'peil Hi! c()oABeTHIITe 6paHoBI,I AOI)KIIHII.
q( );iroaop: zr,^, cohaerens (rar.): xoj ce gpxlr
- zr,^, = 1,44 cm)
3ae[HO, IIOBP3aH; CIIOeH
t4 l . 4. Xaj lenc- Qp eue no e up uu4uu

ua cSepeu 6pau ro paMHL{Hara na u:nopor S.

1.4. XAJ|EHC-OPEHEJIOB Tauy 6paHonuor $ponr Bo MoMeHror I e c+epa
fIPI4HIII,ln BB1, a 6ugejku ceroja HeroBa roLIKa rlpercraByBa
r{3Bop Ha eJreMeHrapeu c$epen 6pau, HI{BHara
Xajrencon [pI,IHIIrr[ 3aelHr.rrrKa aHBenora noBTopHo (e 6llge c$epa -
6pauos Qpour Bo N.{oMeHror (l+40.
Hu:a nojau{ rIoBp3aHI{ co urlpe}bero Ha
6panonrare, Hr.lBHara peQnercuja, ilpeKplxyBalbe
Cexyngapnr{Te r.r3tsop[ ce KoxepeHTHI{
r.r cJr, Mo)Ke eAHocraBHo qa ce o6jacHar aKo ce
rro3HaBa 6pauonuor Spour Ha 6pauor.
Bo 1690 roAI{Ha xonaHlcKl{or Slrsu'rap Xajrenc e ro.lreM no6opuux :a 6panoeara
rprrpoAa Ha cBeTrII{Hara, Ho HefoBara ugeja ue
Xajnpux Xajrenc [peAJrox<Irn eAeH eAHocraBeH
Har{rlH KaKo Aa ce onpeAeJrrl 6panonuor Sponr eo
6vta olrrrro
npuQareua cd Ao nojaeara Ha
MoMeHTor (r+Al) aro Hrr e rlo3Hara nolox6ara na SpaHqycxlror $u:lruap @penen, roj Xajreu-
coBr{or npr{Hrlr{n ro HaAolroJrHyea n goo6jacHyBa.
$pouror Bo MoMeHTor L tr4ueuo, @peuer rBpgr{, IrITo co HI43a eKcrleplr-
Xajreuc flpernocraBrln [eKa cercoja roarKa oA
6panonraor BO MoMeHTor I
npercraByBa
MeHTrr e v rrorBpAeHo, AeKa ceKyH,qapHI{Te
$poHr eneMeHTapHu 6pauonn KoIr Jre)Kar na 6paHorr.ror
ceKyH[apeH Ir3Bop Ha eneMeHTapen cQepeu
6pau. EpaHoBI{or Sponr Bo MoMeHror (r+Al) (e Spour ce KoxepeHTHu. 3aroa 6panou.ror $pour
eo xoja 6lrno ro-rra Bo MoMeHTor rlo r{creKor Ha
6uge :aegnurrKara aHBe.lrofla Ha oBLIe ceKyHAapHI'I
BpeMero Al ce go6lrna KaKo pe3ynrar Ha I4HTep-
6pauoeu.
Ke ja unycrprrpaMe Xajrenconara r'rqeia Sepeuquja Ha ceKyHAapHllre 6paHoBI4.
Cnopeg roa, Xajrenc-@pene:roel{or npr{Hql{rr
npeKy [rrrperbe Ha 6panor Bo xoMorena cpeAI{Ha.
fJIACI{:
Cercoja wctqrca ao ilprtctuopotu do rctt.io
doipeno 5pnu1,eau'euro (cercoja tuoqrca ua 6pouo-
euo-u Qporutu) e ulsop uo eLtcaeutuopeu c'ercyuc)a-
peH c$epeu 5pau, a uutuepQepewqujnrua H(t ce-
rcyudapuutue 6pouoeu 2o oupede"tyea 6pnny-
eau,ewo eo rcoja u do 6uno tuourca eo rcoja 6pa-
uoul cu.tocyeo ao t'neDuuotu uoueutu.

Cn. 1 llpoerqr.rja na pauen rl cSepen 6pan eo

paMHr.rHa (pauur.ruara Ha lr3Bopor na cSepHIaor 6pau)

Ha crurara 1 reeo e AaAeH 6pauon Sponr na

paMeH 6paH AA1. Bo rlouesror l. roj nper-
craByBa paMHI{Ha. Ceroja roqKa oA Taa paMHI{Ha
e r{3Bop Ha eneMeHrapeu cSepen 6pan, a Cr. 2 Anaparypa 3:l 6pauontl Ha Bo[a
3aeAHtr{rrKara aHBeJro[a Ha oBI{e 6pauonu
IOBTOpHO e paMHI{IIa. Xajreuc - Opeuenonnor IIpI{HIII{Ir Mo>Ke Aa ce
Toa sna.ua Spauonraor $pour Bo MoMeHTor rrorBpuu co eKcnepl{NIeHT u3BeAeH Ha 6panoett na
(t+4, ce go6r.rna na pacrojanue A-R : eoga. Bo nJruroK caA co BoAa, Ha eAHI,Ior rpaj cc
N{ouTlrpa [paBoJ]I,IHI{cKa nparlKa xoja co IToMoIII
AR = vAl (l) Ha N'IoToptIe ocllrlnl{pa rope-lony. gonupaj(n ja
rroBprxr4Hara Ha Bolara (c:r. 2). Tar<a Ha
Ha ucraia c.trLrKa necHo e rlpt4KaxaHo rrrtlpeFbe rroBprrrr4Hara Ha BOAilTa ce go6nea paueu SpaH
 I . 4. Xaj zeuc- @p eueLto a up uu4uu t5

Hlur4 6pa HOBI,T Spouroelr oBAe ce napaneJrHr{ [ocTaBeTe rrna'fHo 3a Aa ce oA6erHe, 6apeu
rrpaBr4. AeJryMHo, pesnexo{ara Ha 6pauonure oA
Ha rraro'r Ha roj srr4oBr4Te Ha caAor. Bo cpeqlruara Ha cagor
w,, 2.ffi,1 paN{eH 6pan, napa.neluo nocraBere [Be npenpeKr4 (c1.6). Ha eAHara
ww,,%.3 co 6panou.ror Qponr e
7z:,.'& qzt.7.zz.',
frocTaBeHa npellpeKa co
#w&{, Ce rroKa-
w'
/&z ..&.:.
w.../t/2
9
MaJr orBop.
)KyBa AeKa roj uan gel
(roj uo>re Aa ro cMeraMe
6
,.
a
&

W&\WW
&&W":&W
Wz aW /7lt W :a ro.xa) craHyBa r{3Bop Cr.6. Cn.j
Cr.3. Ha eJreMeHTapen cQepen crpaHa co Kyco crarqe gonlrpajre ja nogara
(onge rppreu) 6pau. 3ag purMurrHo. IIIro :a6e.ne)KyBare :aq upenperara?
lpenpeKaTa ce Inr4prl KppKeH 6pan. Ha Haqprajre KaKo r{3rneAa 6pauor 3aA orBopor Ha
Sororpa@njara oA cn. 3 ce rJreAa raKa Ao6ueHu- npeIIpeKrrTe.
or c$epen 6pau. 2. Bo vcruor caA HanpaBere eKcnepr.rMeHT cJrr{rreH
Broplror AeJr oA XajreHc-OpeHeJroBrror npr4H- Ha roj
[aAeH Ha cn.5 (c:r.7). Axo pnrnrlruno ja
qran (e ro rroKa>KeMe noBTopHo co rroMoru Ha (e go6uere parraeH 6pau.
ABrDKrrre paKara
6panour Ha BoAa. 3. IIIro MrlcJrr{Te, Aanrr aKo KaKo rr3Bop rxro
pnrMr4qHo ja Aonrrpa BoAara, ynorpe6r,rre
[IpeAMer co HeKaKBa 3aKpr4BeHa $oprlra,
#l 6pauonuor $ponr 3aA npe[peKara Bo onr4ToT oA
*&' cnr{KaTa 6 (e ce npoueHn?

&*
&u
flo6apajre ru
ne6 crpannqrare
Ha r{HTepHer
j-El
C:r.4
C.n.5
Huygens' principle
:

L=_l
Bo ucuror caA co BoAa ce [ocraByBa Aa 1 . The Phvsics of Liqht: Huvqens' Principle
Apxaq co noee(e cranqr4rba (cn. 4),
ocr{r4Jrr4pa
lil.:r;lrV.tltir zL2*q*t".*r7l {'jli*l {'; *tqr:itt**.'*/.rr - rt
TaKa rrrro rr{e ga ja gonr.rpaar rrcroBpeMeHo ?" J y-

2. Huyqens' principle
BoAara. Ceroe crarqe npercraByBa r43Bop Ha I ar *ttlr*.5:lt.t";t *y.|*s.r:4ts / - r1z1.z.{: lt +;,r.:r :irzrJl
cQepeH 6pan, a 1ugejtku rr4e rr3Bopr{ ce :j{iZ} ! lt: t:2,":r s:'t I r::, }* 1 3{t.ltl *tl
KOXepeHTHT{, HlrBHr{Te 6pauynae,a uurepse- Ir [pocrygr4pajre ro $opr,rupamero ua 6pauornor
pr{paar. Ka<o pe:ylrar Ha raurepQepenqlrjara, I Sponr co rroMoru na Xajreuc-@peHerroBrror rrpr.rHr{rrl
Ha r43BecHo pacrojaulre ce Ao6r4Ba palreu (orge I

rrpaBonlrHr4cxu) 6pan (cn.5) .

O6jacnere rrr cJreAHr{Be rror{Mr{:

X.Xajrenc (Hristian Huygens, 1629-
- ceKyHgapHr4 6pauonu 1695) e Br4neH xoJraaAcrz Sraazvap r.r
- Xaj rerc-@peHeJroB npr.rHrlr{n MaTeMaT[qap, co3AaBaar Ha npBaTa
6pauona reopnja 3a cBerJrrrHara Bo
1690 rog. Toj npr ja gar Sopvyrara
3a rrepr{oA Ha Hr4rrraJroTo r{ KoHc-
llpaurama, 3aAarrr4 r4 aKTrrBHocrr4 TpyI,IpaJI qacoBHr{K co Hr4IIaJlo.
Heronlrre MareMarrrrrKr4 pa6orv ce oAHecyBaar Ha
1. Haupanere BeKoB eKcnepuMeHT Bo AoMa[rHrr
Kouycur.tre rrpecerdr.r, rll4KJrorrAara r.r reopujara na
ycnoBll. Bo noutupoK rIJrr.lToK caA cl,Inere noga. 3a nepojarnocra. Co ycoepuryBane Ha re:recronor, roj
ro orKpr.rJr careJrurr4Tor na Carypu, Tzran u rroKa>KaJr
Taa HaMeHa Mox<e [a rocny>Kll r.r o6a.rHo ger<a CarypuoBrlot npcren ue ja Aonrrpa HeroBara
Ilorxr{poKo raBqe. Ha pa6oeure oA ca[or noBpIIII{Ha.
 l6 1.5. Od1uearce u upercptuyaatue Ha 6pauoau

Ona cnojctno ua 6panoBlrre, Koe Baxi{ 3a

1.5. OIELIBAIbE I4 cr{Te BHAOBI{ 6paHonn (uexanrauxra, 3ByrIHI4,
cBerJrr{HcKH, paguo6paHoBHTe u cn.), Moxe
NPEKPIIYBAIbE HA EPAHOBII. eIHOcTaBHO Aa Ce AeMoHCTpIrpa co noMolu Ha
TOTAJIHA PEONEKCI,IJA 6panonx Ha BoAa.
Axo so Kanara sa 6Panoru Ha BoAa ce
ynorpe6r Jrr{HItcKH I.l3BOp, a Ha Iraror Ha 6pauor
O46nnarre r ilPeKPruYBaIbe nog neroj aroJr Bo oAHoc na 6panonuor: $pour ce
rrocTaBlr IIpaBOJIHHI{CKa npe[peKa, pe$nexru-
Ha 6PaHoBu
paHuor 6pauon Qponr eaQa(a IIcr aroJr Bo o[Hoc
Ha HOpMaJIara Ha rpaHurrHaTa paMHI'IHa KaKO Ir
Axo nexoj 6pan nagne Bp3 rpaufialna noBp-
ynaAHuor 6panon Qpoxr (cr. l)
IuI{Ha Ha nexoj npeguer, toj oA Hero AeJIyMHo ce
og6una (ce peQnexrnpa). Toa og6unar*e, 3aBllcHo
oA TOa flanil e noBprul'IHara rnaTKa I{JIIA MHory
3aKpI{BeHa, Moxe [a 6uge Hacor{eHo vlln
4uQyaHo.
Ke npernocraBnMe EeKa IrMaMe ABe
xoMoreHu cpeAlrHr.r olBoeHI'I cO paMHa lpaHl{r{Ha
1r.r/rir(! r \,,rrIoBpIrII{Ha.- tu g,tt, ;iE.lFl
,r
Hexa np: TaKBara rpaHuqua nonpurlrHa nafa
paMeH 6pan xoj Ha Hea AeJIyMHo fe ce og6ue.
Aronor rlrro ro npaBrr 3paKor Ha ynaguuor 6paH
I,I HopMaJlara Ha rpaHl{qHara nonpruuua AA'
(cn.1 u 2) cevnxa ynagex aron. flo peQnexcujara
Cn. 2. Ipanurlua [oBpIu[Ha MN *tefy [Be xoMoreHl{
BO I4crara cpeAr{Ha, 3paKor na peQnexrnpaHuor
cpeA[HLr I n 2, nejsnnara HopMarra AA' u ynageu u
6pan co HopMaJlara:aQaria arol p xoj e eguaxon peQnerrupau spar (qpneno oanauenu) I{ 3paKor Ha
Ha yIIaAHr{oT aIoJI:
flpeKpluyBarbe (oanaveu nnolerono)
a-p (1)
Mefyroa, Ha rpaH[I{ara Ha ABe cpeAlrHu Bo
Aronor B cenma aroJl Ha peQnexcxja. rou 6pauonnTe ce ABH)Ka:r co pa3ruvHa 6pzuua,
Cneluycon 3aKoH :a peQlexcuja rJlacs: noxpaj peQlercujara, HacraHYBa tt
IIpu peQnerccuja od dadeua Tpanuvua rpeKprrryBalle na 6panot (cn.2).
Aoepwuna, yuaduuoru a1on e ednarcoe xa aZo'aoru Arol na [pexpuyBalbe T e aroJror uorrlefy
ua peQ,cerccujauta. Yuabuuofu spaK Ha dadeu HOpMaJIara I{ [peKpIIreHI'toT 3PaK, a HeroBara
6pau, ueZoeauta uopuana u peQ"terc[tupaxuoru roJIeM[Ha 3aBHCI,I OA TOa KaKOB e OAHOCOT
sparc,tetrcaut eo ucilta panuuua. nouefy 6psunure Ha ruupenero Bo ylaAHara
cPeArIHa v1 u 6psnuara Bo cpeAuHara Bo xoja ce
[peKp[IyBa 3poKoT v2 :

sina !-!- = flzt

siny -
(2)
v2

OAnocor nouefy 6prnnnre na cpegnnnte I n

2, ttzr Ce BI{Ka peJIaTf,EeH f,IIAeXC
Ha
npeKpnyBalie Ha BTopaTa cpeAI'IHa BO OAHoc Ha
rrpBaTa.
Cn. l. @ororpaQuja ua peQnercnja na
,,.,,- J4 uojar?Ta.fla rrpeKplilylalbe Ha cBerJII{Hara
*r-lirlg.,'.rq'lg I
'6paxonn Ha BoRa. Co qpneno ce o3HaveHlt
y[agHlrcn n peQlexmpaxlroT 3PaK Moxe Aa ce rroKaxe npeKy 6panonrate Ha BoAa.
 1.5. Od6uearce u upercpwynabe Ha 6pauoeu t7

oduoc uoue/y 6pauuatua Ha wupet+eilto Ha

6paruora 60 zaKyyw (c) u 6pauruafrta ua
utupeu'eruo 60 dadeua cpeduua (v). 3HauI,I,
ancoJryrHr{or r{HAeKc Ha rrpeKprrryBalse Ha AaAeHa
cpeAr{Ha e:

n-- c (3)
v
Toa e 6poj 6e: AI4MeH3I4I4 Ir ceKoralrl e
rroroJreM oA eAr.rHrrrla, 6ugej'ku 6p:lrHara na
C:r.3 llpexprrryBarre na 6palronz Ha BoAa. Yuagxuor u ur{pe}bero Ha eJIeKTpoMafHerHr{Te 6pauonra eo
npeKpueHuor 3paK ce o3HaqeHU co rlpneHa 6oja BaKyyM e MaKcr4MaJrHo MoxHa 6p:raHa. Bo ceroja
[pyra cpeArrHa Hr{BHara 6p:uua e froMaJra.
Ep:unara Ha oBr{e 6pauoru 3aBnctt oA 9ecro rroA rrHAeKc Ha lpeKprlyBarr'e Ha AaAeHa
g;ra6ovunara Ha Bo[ara. Konxy e gna6ovrauara cpeAr{Ha ce nogpa:6upa alcoJryrHrror r{HAeKc Ha
Ha BoAara rloroJreMa, rroroJreMa e ra 6p:lruara ua rrpeKprxyBarbe. Bo orrrr{Kara oBaa BeruquHa
6pauor. fla rara, aKo Ha flaror Ha rxl4lpen'ero Ha rrpercraByBa HajBa)KHo ofrrr4r{Ko cnojcrno Ha
paruef n-oq-eH- 6paH I eel nocTaBh craKreHa rlJrorra, rrrareplrjaror. Toa'-e"BeilIrql{Ha roja 3aBI,ICI{ oflrr '.,N2V IPHA I

Ho raKa rrrro Bp3 uea cd yrxre Aa I4Ma Bo[a, 6pauoeara Aon)Kr4Ha na 6panor ruro ynafa. Bo
6p:lruara Ha uruperbero Ha 6pauor no roj gen (e ra6e.nara I ce AaAeHr{ BpeAHocrr{Te Ha
6uge nomana. Axo pa6or Ha craKJleHara [ror{a arrcorryrHr4or r{HAeKc Ha [peKpuyBarbe Ha noselie
saQa(a ueroj aroJr Bo oAHoc na 6pauonlror lposr{pHr{ r.aareplrj aru.
Qponr, onue 6pauonn no roj 4er (e ce rpeKplrrar
(cr. 3) Ta6ena I
3a upexpuryBarr,ero na 6panonure Ba)KI{ Marepujan n
CHerraycoalror 3aKoH 3a npeKprlryBarbe: upu Bo3Ayx t,0029
upercpwyeau,e ua 6paruoautue, yuaduuotu aparc, BO[a I,333
ruopaanatua u aparcout na upercpweuuout 6pau TJII,IqEPI,IH t,47
netratu eo uctua palr4HuHa. oduocout ua cuuycout Mpa3 1,3 1

ua yuadnuou.t a7o",t u cuuycou,r ua upercpu.teuuotu craKrro (rpou) 1,57

aTon e eduarcoe ua oduocotu na 6psurtuute ua craKJro (Srurr) 1,80

py6un I,76
utupeu,eu.to ua 6pauotu eo cpedttuatua eo rcoja
gujarraanr 2,42
aparcotu yuaia u 6psuuatua ua 6pauotu 60
cpeduuatua eo rcoja wruo 6pauotu ce upercpuyea. Kaxo ruro Mo)Ke Aa ce sa6erexc4, rrHAeKcor Ha
Oaoj oduoc ce eurca penatuueeu uudercc Ha npeKpmyBar+,ero Ha Bo3gyxor npu6;ruxuo e
upercpwyearue ua cpeduuarua 2 eo oduoc ua eAHaKOB na l. 3aroa rroA ancoJryreH r{HAeKc Ha
cpeduruatua I. rrpeKprrryBaH,e rrecro ce uogpa:6upa rrHAeKc Ha
npeKprrryBarr,e Ha Aa[eHa cpe[r4Ha Bo oAHoc Ha
Anconyren uHAeKc Ha rrpeKprrryBarbe BO3[yxoT.
Cpegunure Bo Kor4 6p:uuara Ha rxr4perr,ero Ha
Cnenrayconure 3aKoHr{ Baxar 3a cvre cBerJrr{Hara e rrofoJreMa (:uavu n nolraro), ce
BrrAoBr{ 6pauonu. flocrojar 6paHonu Korr Mo)Ke [a BrrKaar orrrurrKrr [opeTKI{, a cpeAr4Hrrre co
ce nr{par H 6eg nocroen,e Ha cyncrauqllja nu: rroroJreM ancoJryTeH r4HAeKc Ha npeKprlryBarbe fI4
roja 6u ce npocrr{paJre, Bo BaKyyM. Taxsu ce RIIKAME OfITI{I{KII IOryCTI,I.
cBerJlr4HcKr4re 6panoau, paguo6paHoBl4Te I,I cI4Te Cnenrzyconraor 3aKoH 3a npeKpuryBanero
Apyrn Br{[oBr{ eJreKTpoMarHerHIr 6panonu, ua norrrefy ABe cpeAr{Hr{ 1 rz 2 nroxe [a ce npr4KDKerI4
Kor{ noruupoxo (e ce ocBpHeMe nogoqHa. Kaj npeKy anconyTHr,rTe r{H[eKcr{ Ha npeKprllyB?'tr>Q n1
onrae 6panoBr4 ce BoBeAyBa [ol4Mor alcoJryreH V /12'.

r,rHAeKc Ha npeKprrryBarbe. Toj upeutctuaeyea

t8 1.5. Od6uaau,e u tlpercpwyeahe ua 6pauoeu

sln a nt sln a n)
vJrrI :_=il21 (4)
sin B c sin p n1

n2

flpu npeMI{H Ha
CBCTJII{HATA O[ OIITIII{KI4
lopeTKa Bo
oIrTI4rJKI4
lofycTa cpeAI{Ha, 3paKor
ce npeKplxyBa KoH
HOpManaTa, AoAeKa aKo
3paKor rIoMLrHyBa oA on-
TUIIKU IIOIYCTA BO
Cn.4. flperpluyBane oA
ofITIIrrKI4 IIOpeTKa, [peKp- rrorycTa Bo rlopeTKa
[ryBarbero e oA HopMa- cpeAr4Ha.
rara (cr. 4).
C:r. 6. 3paqureI u2 nafaar rIoA arJIIr rloMaJrr{ oA rpa-
HrrrrHr{or Trre ce flpeKplxyBaar. 3paror 3 nafa nog
14

rpaH[rreH aron (u*.), a 3paKor 4 to'ranro ce peS,rex-

Tr{pa

Aro ceerruHara Ha Jracepor L ce uacoura ga

rafa ep: BogeHara floBplxr{Ha oA crpallara Ha Bo-
Cl.5a C.n.56 Aara v rrocTerreHo yrIalHI4oT afon ce HafoJreMyBa,
rpra ueroj afoJr cBer.lrl{uara fe florrHe Aa ce Jrl43ra
Cnernranara roja nafa HopManHo Ha rpaHuar- no noBprrII{HaTa, 3HaLII4 afoJrOT Ha [peKpIXyBarLe
Hara noBprul{Ha, He ja ueHyna cnojara HacoKa. (e crane 900. Toj yna[eH aroJr ce BrIKa rpaHI{rIeH
Ha rpauuvna noBpIuI4Ha norrefy ABe cpeAr{HI{ aroJr Ha roraJrHa pe$nercuja, 1or. ) 3aroa IrITo
cBeT.rrr{HaTa AenyMHo ce pe$lerrvpa, a AenyMHo aKo cBerJrr{uara nafa nog aror roroJreM oA
ce rrpeKprxyBa. fIpI4Toa, npu ynafame rIoA aron rpaHr4r{Hr4orroj ne(e He ce npeKpruyBa, TyKy
Ha rJrarKa rpauuqHa rloBpluvHa, pe$nexclrjara, roralrHo ce peQrerutpa (:paror 4).
oAHocHo lpeKprryBarbero e Hacoqeuo (cl.5a), Ho
aKo rpaHr4rrHara IloBplurtHa e panaBa, peQler-
cujara r4 npeKprryBarr,ero ce gu$yeuu (ctt. 56).
Ceroj uej:uH Man Aen Mo)<e [a ce cMera 3a MaJra
paMHI{Ha CO pa3nl4rrHa HaCOrreHocT, fla TaKa He e
MOX<Ha HaCOqeHOCT Ha Clrre pe$lerrupanu
3parlr.

Tora-nna pe$rexcuja
Bo nogna6oKa KaAa ce craBa Bo[a co MaJIKy
Teqna rty[pa ruru MJIeKo. Karo I{3Bop Ha
cBernrlHa ynorpe6ere nacepcKl4 [oKa)KyBaq L
(clzra 6). Curnrare qecrl4llu na nygpara ja
Cn. 7. To'ranua (ruarperuHa) pe$:rexclrja Bo npl{3Ma.
peSnerrupaar cBerJrl4Hara I{ TaKa ce rne[a Bo npu:rraa'ra a) cneuuuara to MeHyBa rlpaBeUor I4
cBernr{HcKI{oT CHOrI OA JraCepKLrOT n0Ka><yBarr. ttu.o*atu:a 900. a Bo nplr3Mara 6) ra 180
0

Hag <agara e Bo3Ayx v 3a ce rneAa cHolor I{

D\a
rarray (e rpe6a Bo Bo3gyxor ga ce najgar cIrrHI,I
rrecrr{rlu oA npaB unu rraA oA lllrrapa. Bps ragara Cnopeg Cuelzyconuor 3aKoH 3a rlpeKpluyBarr'e
e craBeHo cTaKno 3a [a ce 3aApx<u qaAor. (pareHra 7), xora Ha rpaHuqHara rIoBpIxI{Har.afa
 1.5. Od1uearce u upercpwyaarbe Ha 6paruoeu 19

3paK rroA rpaHrrqeH arorr c[s, (Toraru aroJlor Ha IPI,IMEP 1. [a ce rroKaxe [eKa cBerJrr{Hara
y: 900 ), rla 3a rpaHl{rrHr{oT aroJl
rrpeKprnyBarr,e e lpu npeMrrH Hr{3 rrJraHrrapaJreJrHa nlovra ne ja
Ha rorarHa pe$nercr.rja ce go6lrra cJreAHaBa
peraquja:

sln d st
-hz -hzr t sinag, =ft2r (5)
sin 900 nr
(14
'l
Taxa sa craKJloro, -
c',s, , 3aBI4cHo oA
430
Tr{rror Ha craKJroro, a :a gujaruaHTor, urr- 24,50,
(ocr -ocz)
rroMaJr ogroja uga6ulo Apyra cyncranquja. Toa
3Har{I{ AeKa Bo craKJroro cBerJrl4Hara urro (e
nagHe noA aroJr rroroJreM oA 430 nnarperuno
ToraJrHo fe ce pe$.neKTr4pa.
V AoAeKa, Ha nprrMep, orJregaJrara co Cn.9
cpe6pena r4Jrrr aJryMr{Hr{yMcKa no3aArrHa pe$rer-
Penrenr,re. Ol cl9 ce rJreqa AeKa Tt = &2.
rr4paaT caMo oKo,ly 90Yo oa ynaAHaTa cpeAr4Ha,
lpr{3MrrTe HanpaBeHr4 oA cTaKJro, AaAeHrr Ha Cnopeg CHenuyconuor 3aKoH 3a npeKprxyBarbe:
cJrrrKara 7, rora.nuo ja pe$neru4paar ynaAHara sln ar n) sln a.z n.| _-^
_
CBCTJIIIHA. -:-=-=h2t Ll . ---rlr)'
Barsu npr43Mrr 3a roraJrHa peQnexcuja stnyt nl sln /^
,2 n^2
HarrrJre nprrMeHa so none(e orrrrrrrKr{ ypeAr.r, KaKo
Ogonge aKo 3a ABere paBeHKr.r ro olpeAeJrrrMe
Ha npr4Mep no gyp6unor, rrepr{cKorror r4 cJr.
n.
"2
Tora.nnara peS- I4ICTI'IOT OAHOC gO6r4na:
Utli],l I43eAHaqI4Me, Ce
lercuja najro.nelra n1

npr.rMeHanaofa raj sin a,, sin 'z.z ra co orJIeA Ha eAHaKBocTa Ha

$u6ep-nnarnata. - ,
Toa ce reHKrr npo-
siny, sina,
sr.rpHr.r BJraKHa oA arJrrrTe f 1 v dz, ce Ao6ilsa: Qt = Tz, co ruTo
CTAKJIO lfJIId CJIIdI{CH
AOKa)<aBMe AeKa HaCOKaTa r{ npaBerloT Ha 3paKoT
IlposupeH MaTepr{- He ce lpoMeHerr{. flpn rrpeMr4H Ht43
jun lr^pr3 Kor{ rrJraHnapaJreJrHa IIJIoqKa 3paKoT caMo ce
CBCTJII4HATA CE
noMecTyBa.
BOArI nO naT Ha
Cr.8.
BHaTperuHa IIPLIMEP 2. Hau craKJreHa rrJroarKa co r.rHAeKc
roraJrHa pe$nercuja (cr. 8). Ha npeKpruyBarbe n; 1,55 ce Haofa BoAa co
@u6ep - BJraKHara AeHec ce cocraBeH AeJr Ha r.rHAeKc Ha IlpeKprllyF,arbe n2: 1,33. cserr[Hcrr4
Hr{34 MeArrrlr{HcKr,r ypeAr{ co Kor{ ce BprrraT [per- rpax rafa oA craKJreHa cpegr.rHa Bp3 rpaHuaruara
JIeArr Ha BrraTperuHI,ITe opfaHl4 Ha [auIIeHTI,ITe. noBprxr,rua craKJro-BoAa. IIog xoj aror roj rpe6a
Tarsu ce eHAocKorrlrre, 6pouxocKorll{Te r4 Ap. Aa naAHe Ha oBaa rpaHr{qHa noBprrrr,rHa 3a
Mefyroa, Su6ep - orrrr{Kara uajroreua roraJrHo ga ce peSnexrnpa?
npr.rMeHa r{Ma Bo TexHI{KaTa Ha IIpeHocoT Ha Peurenlre. fpanuvuuor aroJr Ha roraJrHara
rau$opuaqurare. flpery olrlrrrKu npeHoc e MoxeH pe$nercraja e AaAeH co pelaqujara (5). Toa
npeHoc Ha MHory roroJreM 6poj un$opMar\vftr, 3Haqrl oBAe:
3aTOa TI{e Ce COCTaBHI4 AeJTOBI,I Ha OIITI{IIKI'ITe
ra6tu (cr. 8) Kou ce Kopr4crar He caMo Bo
n) 1,33
+ as, z 590
KoMnJyTepr4Te ryKy u KaJ HaABOperuHr.rTe
"
-gr
nt l.))
rIpeHocHI{ cI{cTeMI{.
3naun,ynaAHllor aron rpeSir !a e noroJrerr.r og 590
20 1.5. Od6uean e u upercpu'tysabe rua 6pauoeu

PeSnercuj a u rpeKplrryBarte
u Xaj renc-@penelonuor [prrHI{I'Ir
Ognecyeanero Ha crlTe BI{AoBI4 6pauonu na
rpaHr{qHara [oBpIxI{Ha nolrefy ABe cpeAI4HI{ Bo
Korr 6panoarare ce fipocrl{paar co pa3nI4qHII
6pzvuu r.r CneruycoBlrre 3aKoHIr, Moxe elHo-
craBHo ga ce o6jacHar npeKy Xajreuc-@peue-
JroBrror npI4HLIIrn. 3a raa qel (e HI{ rrocnyx(I'I
rlprexor ua c.nuxara 10.
flpernocranyBaMe AeKa cHon ua paueu 6pan
naf a Bp3 paMHa rpaHl{r{Ha rIoBpIrIIrHa MN.
Epanor AenyMHo ce og6lrea, a AeJIyMHo ce Cn. 10
lpeKprxyBa. 3oulro goafa go onue uojanu, I{ IIoA Tprraf onHI{qIrTe, cnenyBa :
Kor4 arJrrr HacraHyBa peSlexcujara, oAHocHo A:p
nperpuynanero? (1).
co Irrro e [oKa)KaHa penaqlrjara I n.r
EpaHonuor Qpour Ha yraAHl{or 6pan, (r](:{}ri viid
3a ga ce AoKaxe pelaqujara (2) rpe6a ga ru
o3HarreH co AA1, Kol'a HefoBrrre 3paqlr ynafaaar
aHanlr3rrpaMe rpl{aronHl{qure AABlB ll AABB2 .
noA aron cI,, He rIpI4CTIrrHyBa I{CTOBpeMeHo Ha
fpaHr{rrHaTa rroBplrrlrHa, TyKy BO MOMeHTOT KOra
Toa ce npaBoafonHlr rpliaronHuqn. Karerara
3paKor I e no ro.{xara A, :paror 2 e so ror{Kara
ABr ol AABTB [percraByBa I43MI'rHar nar Ha
A'1. Bo reKor Ha BpeMeHcKI{or I{HTepnal, :a xoj
3paKor I eo cpeAllHara 1 eo reKor Ha
3paKor 2 i<.e npl{crl{rHe oA TorrKara Ar [o BpeMeHcKnor I{HrepBan Lt 3a roj :paror 2
lourara B, Bo crlTe rorrKrr oA fpaHllqHara [oMrrHan oA TorrKaTa ,A'1 Bo ToqKaTa B. 3a ucrtl
[oBprxrlHa Ha .orceqKara AB rocrerleHo Toj BpeMeHcKI{ I{HTepRaJr 3paKor Ha

rrpr{crl{rHyBa 6pauor v rtre crrope[ Xajrenc- npeKp[ryBarr,e 1 Bo BTOpaTa cpenl{Ha lo Ir3MIrHaJr

@peuelonr.ror npI4HIILrn craHyBaar Il3BopI{ Ha rraror AB2. fla rara

eneMeHTapHra cQepulr 6pauonu. Onue 6pauorn ce AB, : v,A/ a AB, = vz1t (6)
rrr{par co pa3nnqHa 6p:uua Bo cpeAllHlrre 7 u 2, Bugejfta IABB2 :y, KaKo ar.rrl{ co HopMaJrHI4
IIa 3aToa II HI{BHI4Te paAlrycl4 Bo oBI{e CpeAI{HI{ Ce Kparlr4, a o[ cnI,IKaTa ce fneAa AeKa :
pa3r[rrH[. Co qpreuo ce o3HarreHll 6panonure no
AB-'-sina
cpeArrHara I, a co Bl{oJreroBo 6paHowrre no (7)
cpegvuara2. AB
Bo uorreHror Kora 3paKor 2 cruruar so "t
AB.
ToqKara B Ha rpaHl4qHara rIoBpIrIIlHa, KaKo v =sinlz (8)
AB
pe3yJrrar ua unrepQepenqnjara Ha ceKyH[apHllre
6pauoera ce co3[aBaar 6pauonz $poHronu, no
co 3aMeHa Ha penaquure (6) no (7) u (8) ce
go6r.rnaar
cpeAlrHara l, BBr, a Bo cpeAl{sara 2 6pauoe
v,Al v.A,t
.Qpour BBz. Ou cJrl{Kara ce rneAa AeKa ABara ' - slna V :SlnZ.
TprraroJIHIrKa AAAlB ra AABlB ce cKnaAHn AB AB
(npanoaroruu ce, I4Maar 3ae[Hua{Ka xr{noreuy3a a Aro resara paBeHKa ja uoqe,'rurure co gecuara, (e
'crpauara ABt:BAl, 6ugeji<u roa ce Irarl{Irrrara v,Al
r{3MIlHarI{ og 6paHor Bo ylaAHara cpe[I4Ha 3a a u,: sln a
qo6raelre: AB sin trJrvt (e)
BpeMero Al ga xoe rrrro 3paKor 2 ro ra:N{ltra"u u,Lt sin v2 stn y
7,
rraror o[ Ar Ao B.) OU cJrl{Kara ce rneAa [eKa :

AB
I BBA:$ w IA1AB:cr KaKo arnlI co
HopManHr{ KpaIILI. Eragejfur oBI{e ar.lrl4, oA [pyra co rIITo Ce noJacHyBa penaql{aTa (2) 3a
cTpaHa, ce elHaKBI{ [OpaAI{ CK,IIaIIHOCTa Ha npeKprxyBarbe ua 6pauonure.
 1.5. Od6ueau,e u fipercpwyaahe Ha 6pauoeu 2t

O6jacnere rrr cJreAHuBe rror{Mrr: OKOTO C TAKA IIOCTABC-

-yrraAeH aroJr Ho rrrro ja ueqa cne-
-arorr Ha pe$lercuja (og6unar+e) fara no4 aron xoj e
-aroJr Ha IrpeKprxyBarse
noroJreM oA fpaHl4rr-
-peJraTr{BeH r.rHneKc Ha rrpeKprrryBal6e
HI,IOT A|OJI 3A TOTAJIHA
-ancoJryTeH r4HneKc Ha rrpeKprrryBarr,e
-olrTr4qKr4 rropeTKa r.t orrTr4rrKr4 fiorycTa cpeALIHa
peQnexcuja (cn.13)?
-rpaHuqeH aroJr Ha roraJrHa pe$nercr{a 7. [ujauanror vv'a
- Su6ep-a.naruo foJIeM a[coJryTeH Cn.l3
r.rHAeKc Ha rpeKpuyBar+,e (nugere ja ra6enara).
Onpe4erere ja 6psranara Ha cBerJnluara Bo
4ujauanror.
8. Clurara 14 ro o6jacryBa cBerertero Ha gnja-
llparuama, 3aAarrn rr aKTI4BHocrr4 MaHTor Bo Bo3Ayx. IIIro lrucnnre lte ceeru nu roj
eAHaKBO Cr,rJrHO aKO Ce nuece no eoga?
9. Kolxan e peJrarr{BHr4or r,rH[eKc Ha [peKpuyBa-
1. Pe$nercujara 14 npeKprxyBarbero ce me ua qnjauaur-noga?
Ha cvre BlrAoBIr 6panonn.
KapaKTepr4crrrKr.r
10. Hanpanere AoMa
floco.rere npr4Mepr4 KaAe rr4e Aofaar go u:pas xaj
3ByqHuTe, raj 6paHonr4Te Ha BoAa rrnr4
BaKOB eKCneptrMeHT.
raj ceer- 3avaqere Ha cre(a egHo
6panonu.
Jrr4HcKVTe
JIA)KI4LIC I4 BHCCCTO fO BO
2. Karo ce peQ.nerrlrpa CBETJII4HATA OA trA]ICHA
cTpaHrrr{a Ha KHr4ra
BoAa. Jlaxuqero Bo
BOAaTa HeMa Aa H3fJreAa
IrrTo ja qr4TaMe,
3aqageHo. Toa no noga (e
Au+ysuo r4rrrr Haco- cBerrr co uotrH cjaj.
ueuo? O6jacHere ro
oAroBopoT. ;rii{s
O6jacuere ro orrrror. Cn. 14
3. Onrzurere ja "tt I4rr.rajre rpeABr,rA AeKa Ao
qecTr,rqHTe qaA r.rMa MHofy Meypu Ha Bo3Ayx.
nojanara AaAeHa Ha
cJurKara 1L Ha xoe MecTo AeTeTo la rJIeAa
pu6ara? Ilo6apajre rtr Ha r{Hreprrer
4. Bo 6ageu HypKare rr ro rJre4are Conqero. (e ne6 crparulglre :
Br4 rl3rJreAa nra CoHqero noBr4coKo r{Jrr4 rIoHI{cKo
l.Huvqens's principle
na He6oro ?
www. physics. h k.com/ALPhysics/
wave/reflection/huygen.htm - 2k * :

wave propaqation reflection/refraction

www. phy. ntn u.edu.tw/java/propagation/propagation.
html - 6k -
n Apy tr4 crrnqHr.r Irr4HKoBr.r
u cuuytrupajre ru lpoqecr{Te
Ctr.l2 2. Co xopucrerle Ha ynarcrBoro Ha nporpaMara
PEARLS tl ylarcrBoro vapa6oreno o[ qJreHoB]rre Ha
5. flojanara Sarauopraua ce o6jacryBa npeKy
Teunyc rpoeKror- Cronje, 2001 ol l/lncrwryror za
rorarrHa peQrexcuja (u. 12). O6r.r4ere ce ga ja
Suzura Bo oAAenor Onrlrxa, fipoyqere ro
o6jacuure, rtegaji<u ja crrnKara, u uuajku "llpexpuryna *e sa cnewuua"
npeABr{A AeKa Bo nycrlrlt4Te Bo3Ayxor so 6rn- 3. flo6apajre rn cooABerHr4re coApxr{Hr,r n Bo
svnara na 3eujuxara noBprrrr4Ha e no3arpeaH. rporpaMara "OPTICS PHENOMENA".
3oturo Ha6rsyqyravor ro rJrega ApBoro
eanpreno?
6. 3al caA co BoAa ce naofa sanane*a csei<a.
Cagor uua $opua Ha KBaAap. Karos e Jrr{Kor Ha
csef<ara uro fe ro rJreAa Ha6JbyAyBa.ror, aKo
fl}rre (tar.fip;) rnalcto, D4aKuer{e
=
22 1.6. Cruojuu 6pauoau

Croen 6pan na xilIIIa

1.6 CTOJHI,I EPAHOBI4 Kaparr:epucrr{Kr{Te Ha go6uenara uurepQe-
peuquja npu pe$rexcuja og rlorycra cpeAlrHa
Mo)Kar y6ano ga 6ugar yoqeHl4 aKo ce HanpaBrr
Epanon rrMrryJrc npr pe$JleKcrja cJreAHr{oT eKcrIepI{MeHT.

[a :euelre ryMeHo IIpeBo r{ co paKa [a

npor{3Be[eMe caMo egeH 6pauoB I{MnyJrc (cn. 1).
Kpajor Ha rlpeBoro nexa 6uge rpullBpcreHo 3a
ueroj su[ (cpegulra co rloroJleMa rycruna)
(cr.la). Kora 6pauoBlror IdMnyJrc (e craca go
sr4gor, roj og Hero ce pe$nexrupa. flpu onaa
pe$nercuja sr4Aor gejcrnyna Bp3 ryMeHoro
qpeBo, TaKa rlrro og6Iaenr.ror uwyrc *e ja
rrpoMeHr4 HacoKara ua geQopuaqr{ara (c1.16). Cn.2.
Benraue: Ha egnraor rpaj na 3arerHar KoHeII locra-
IIpu peQnerccuja Ha 6pau od uo|ycrua ByBaMe 3ByqHa BI4,'byIxKa xoja npl4cl{neHo
cpeduua dotuno do upoueua ua Qaaatua ua ocrlrrJrr{pa nog nrrujauue Ha eJIeKTpoMarHer (c;t.2).
6paruota aa (p: 7T.. [pyruor xpaj na KoHeI{or ce npe$pna npeKy
HeloABlDKHa MaKapa u ce 3aTefHyBa co Tef rrJrrr
ArrHaMoMerap. @perneuqujara Ha BaKa go6ueua-
Ta eJreKTpoMarHerHa Br{J},yIxKa I{3HecyBa 100 Hz.
Engejfu KoHeqor oA ABere crpaHl{ e IIBpcro
rroBp3aH, TyKa HacraHyna pecpnercuja na 6pauor,
r4 KaKo pe3yJrrar Ha ranrepQepeuquja Ha
pe$rerrupauuor u npao6rarnraor 6pau, ce
co3AaBa croen 6pan. CrojHuor 6paH ulta jacuo
r{3pa3eHr{ MeBOBII - MeCTa Kale ruTO KOHeqOT
ja:ru -
",,:d..A \----i.-'j"
ocrlr4Jrr4pa co MaKcr{MaJrHr{ aMrrJrr{Ty1u, 14
MecTa KaAe uITo HeMa HI{KaKBO OCIII4nI4parbe.
t*1*/ Mecutouottotrc6atua ua ueeoeuute u jaa.ouute ue ce
y npcreH
4 "MeHy6a co u.tercout ua apeueuto, trlue ue ce
dautratu uo do"ttttuuatua ua rcoue4out, sau.toa
aarcauwe 6pauoau 7u aurcaue cutojuu 6pauoau.
C.n.l. PeQ;rercuja Ha 6panon I{MIryrIc ; a) zvnylcor
rpr4crr.rrHyBa Ao 3aqBpcreua cpe[I4ua; 6) peQ.nex- @ororpaQuja Ha BaKa go6ueuure crojuu
TrrpaHrror r.rM[yJrc oA 3auBpcren rpaj ce ABIIxII 6paHonu e AaAeHa na cnuxara 3.
HaHa3aA, Ho flprr peSnercujara [ourJlo go ry6ene oo
$ara ra n; n)pe$,rexcuja Ha 14Mnyrcor eo c,ryuaj Ha
cno6oqen rpaj na qpeBoro- He ce MeHyBa $a:ara na
p e$lerrlrpauuor 6p au.

Karo [ocJreqrrr{a Ha oBaa npoMeHa Ha

$arara" aKo AaAeH 6pau ce peSnex'rupa og
rrorycra cpe[uHa, ceroja ror{Ka oA qpeBoro e Cn. 3. Mesosr.r n jas,rr.r xaj ocuunupan'e Ha )KI{I{a
nplrHyAella Aa ocql{Jrl{pa nog rlrajaHl{e Ha ABara
6paua: Ha ylaAHrror u ua peQreNTlrparll{or.. Ercnepurreuror noKa>KyBa AeKa 6pojor na
Osue ABa 6pana ce KoxepeHTHI{ Ir rI,Ie ja:rure rr MeBoBI{Te 3aBrrcrr oq Qpernenryujara f
uHrep@epupaar. Tue ce c[porl4BHo Hacoqelrlr rI Ha ocLII{JII{paH'eTo, Ho I{ oA lvlacaTa Ha KoHeIIoT Ha
$a:uo uoMecreHll eAr{Hnqa Aonxr4Ha p , KaKo 14 oa MoAyJror Ha
 t:
1.6. Ctuoiuu 6pauoau 23

cv[aTa Ha 3aTeIHyBaILeTO F. Taa MeB jaeor uen ja:on

Ja3OJr
e AaAeHa CO
3aBT4CHOCT cneAHaBa
paBeHKa :

f:l F
(l)
'2r p
Orqe / npercraByBa pacrojauue louefy
gna jasra, rrJrr{ ABa ue"a. Ke rroKaxeMe
AeKa roa pacrojanue oAroBapa Ha eAHa.
rroJroBr{Ha og 6panonara Aon)Kr,rHa, na
oBaa paBeHKa Mo)Ke Aa ce Haflr{rxe r4 Bo t:Tl4
rrouHaKBa Sopua:

,p- f)"= ( 1a)

KaAe ruro v e 6p:lruara Ha rur.rpertero

Ha 6panor. Onaa paeenKa Brr e [o3Hara
(Br4[ere nornasje I .2 )

Cnojcrna Ha crojHr,rre 6pauonu

Be(e Br4AoBMe AeKa Mecro-

uonox6nre na jasnure u MeBoBr{Te He
ce MeHyBaar Bo reKor na npelrero. Toa
e raKa 6ugej'ku pa3nrrKara no Sa:rare
Ha ocrlr4nar{rll{Te Ha MecTaTa Ha
MeBoBHre u jazture (Ho u Bo xoja n ga
6uno Apyfa rotrKa) ue ce MeHyBa Bo
TeKor Ha BpeMero. Taa sasucu caMo oA
Mecrolro.lro)K6ara na roqKara Ha KoHe-
r_loT.

3a ga ro pa:6epeMe oBa, (e ce
nocnyxr{Me co cJrr{Kara 4 Ha roja ce
noKaxaHr4 eroHraur4r4Te Ha ynaAHnoT Cr. 4. Ocqzruparle Ha pa3rurruu Mecra Ha >KIrIIara Bo pa3JrrrtrHo
6pau (ncqpraH co rIpBeHa nuuuja) u BpeMe. Ce rlega AeKa Ha Mecrara ua jar.nr.rre yla[Hr4or r.r
pe$:rerrupauror 6pau ce ceKora[r co cnporrrBHa Sa:a. Tauy
peS.nerrupauuor (racqpran co ctrna ocqr.ull4parle neMa. Meeosr4Te ce Mecra co MaKcrrMaJrHu aMrrJrrrry[r{
nraulrja) Bo pa3Jrr{r{Hr{ MoMeHTr4 Ha
ocqrrrrr4parbe. Tue ABa 6paua BpeAHocrr4 Bo eAHa r{Jrrr Apyra HacoKa. I4cro rara
uurep$eplrpaar !r co3gaBaar croeH 6pau (seleuo cuute u.tovrcu rte6o u decuo od jaaonota
orua veH ). oc4uttupaatu co cupotauauu Qaau. Bennlre rr{e ce
Og cru.rcara ce rJreAa gexa pacrojaHrrero Qa:Ho rroMecreHr{ 3a 7r.
norr.reiy qna ja:.na, r4n\4aBa MeBa r43Hecysa?,12. Tpe6a [a ce HarroMHe AeKa crojHltre 6pauonu
Og onaa cJrtrrKa, Ilcro raKa, ce fne[a AeKa BO AaAeHa )Kr4qa He MO>KaT Aa Ce CO3nalaT rrpr4
cutue tuoHrcu uoue|y dea jadna oa,pLtupaatu eo roja 6luo Spernenqlrja.,ryKy caMo rrpr{ HeKor{
Qaaa, rve r{croBpeMeHo qo6nraar MaKcr4Ma.rrHr4 orrpeAe JreHr4 $p exnenquu.
t'

24 1.6. Cruojuu 6pauoeu

Aro ro I{MaMe cnyuajor Ha ocqrrnrrparLe Ha cr{Te BI{AoBI{ 6pauonu: raj 6pauorure na noga, raj
xuqa roja e oA ABere .crpaHl{ npr{qBpcreHa, 3ByrrH[Te 6panonu, I{3BopI{Te Ua paguo6paHoBllTe
Toraru Ha ABara rpaja :agt-rJrxl.rreJrHo ke ce - aHTeHr4Te lr cl. Kaj cBerJrr{HcKI{Te 6paHoBI.I,
co3Aa[ar jasnu, a nouefy HI{B eAeH I4nI4 HeKonKy KaKo pe3yJrrar Ha crojnure 6paHoua, ce go6ranaar
uena (cr. 5). Pacrojanraero nolrefY Ana ja:la e T.H. ge6enocrojulr xoJlorpaMI{ (rpoqlaueH:Iz-
)"12,3ua'tu, Ha Aon)KrrHara Ha >r<rlllara Z uoxar ga oHaJIHIT cJrIrKI{ Ha npelMerl4 KoI{ Mox(e Aa 6ugar
ce co3Aagar caMo IIeJI 6poj rIoJroBtrHKI4 oA Br{AeHrr Ir co I{3BopI4 ua o6ra'rHa 6ena cnernraua).
6paHorara AoJr)Kr{Ha: Ocqralaqnrare Ha x<nllure xaj xI4rraHI4Te
: r4HcrpyMeHTv vMaar $oplaa ua crojura 6pauonlr.
L:m7"12 KaAe ruro m 7,2,3...
flpraroa, norpaj ocHoBHara Spernenqr{a, vr{a
L: L - roJreMr{Ha e olpe[eneHa co peJlallrajara (1), lplt
2 ocqr{nr{pa}bero xI4IIara npol{3BeAyBa u Spex-
..'l BeHr{r4r4 KoI{ ce qen 6poj narl4 IroBIrcoKI4 Ir KoI4 ce
BrrKaar xapMoHrll{I{ - o6eprononn. Taxa nu6pa-
rlr{rlTe Ha AaAeH I4HCTpyMeHT He Ce cIrHycoI4AanHI'I
Kpr4BI4, ryxy o6uuuo MHory cJroxeHlr ocL\uJ-Ia-

_':'!,ll
r'1
TopHr4 Kpr4BI4.Mefyroa, ce [oKax<yBa AeKa rl4e
Kpr{Br4 MoxaT Aa ce npercTaBar KaKo pe3ynrar Ha
cno)KyBarbe Ha ocqunal{Hl{ Kol4 I',IMaaT
crrHycorlanua $oprr,ra .

Cr.5
[a ja uepa:uue 6pauoBara Aon)KI{Ha rlpeKy
6p:uuara v u Qperne u4ujara f. ) ::, (e ce
I
go6ue:
Cn. 6 Crbjuu 6panonu Ha [PBeHara
f:*'
"2L (m: 1,2,3...) (2) ryruja Ha rltrapara.
Tpe6a [a ce HarIoMHe AeKa raj go6vlnarrero
HA 3BYI{HI4TE 6PAUONU HA I4HCTPYMEHTIITC BilKHA
Tara ja go6ranaue pelaqnjara 3a r.H. corrcrBeHrl ynora uMa lr pe3oHaHTHara xyrnja eo roja ce
Qpernenquu, ocHoBHara (za m:1) u rIoBI{coKr{Te co3gaBaar Bo3[yrIrHrI crojnu 6panonu, Ho rr
Spexeeuquu - xapMoHuqu. ApBeHara xyruja no roja, I4cro raKa, ce co3gaBa
Kaj cutojuuute 6paruoeu, aa pa3nw{a od croen 6pau (cl. 6)
dewcevrcutue, ue doai,a do upeuoc ua eruepZuiatua.
flrara 6pana rrrro ce ABLIx(ar Bo clporlaBHrr
HacoKI{ Hocar eAHaKBI{ r{3Hocl{ ua enepruja, TaKa
rrrro 3aeAHo co HrrBHoro ABIDKeme goafa go Panema Ha croeH 6pau.
npeHoc Ha enepruja Bo crIporIaBHI4 HacoKr{. Ycnon Aa ce Ao6I,Ie MeB wrviasolt
Eneprnjara Ha ocql{JlrrpaH,ero Ha cI'ITe roqKl4
nouefy gna ja:na ocrar{yBa HelpoMeHera. Kaj Aro so HacoKara Ha ulrapelbero na 6panor ja
r4[eaJreH croen 6pau 4oafa cauo go upernop6a ua rrocTaB[Me allcllrlcHara ocKa, x ? co y tv
Kr{HeruqKara euepruja Bo norenqujanna u o3HalIHMe eJloHraqulrre Ha 6panor, Torau
o6parno. yraAHr.ror (y1) Ia peSneKrrrpaHlror 6pau (y2) uoxe
Crojnure 6panonn Mox<e Aa ce coagagar raj Aa ce [puKa)KaT co cJreAHuBe paBeHKI,I:
 1.6. C.uojutt 6panoeu 25

)'r : Asin(at - lct) (3)

sinh: *l .cireAyea kx : (2n + l)4. ro"u."o,
rr yz : Asin(att + kx + rp) . ()
Oea ce ocqrrnaqrrrlTe ua pacrojaHr4e r oA x *n, : Q* *t)! m:"4,1,2,,., (8)
lr3Bopol' Ha ocqr{nrdpar+ero vuja Kpy)KHa
$pereenqnj a e or2nf, a k-2nl)" e 6pauonuor Og peraqlrure (7) lr (8) ce rne[a AeKa
6poj. PaneHrara (4) ce oAHecyBa na peQrex- pacrojaHraero nouefy gna jaua unrr ABa MeBa
TnpaH[or 6paH, .rue fipocrr.rpaFbe e Bo cnporr4BHa r{3HecyBa ro.ruo }"/2.
HacoKa, rra 3aroa rrpeA ,r Bo paBeHKara (3) rpe6a IIPUIMEP 1. [a ce onpeAenr4 ycnoBor 3a
Aa cror.{ 3HaKor "-". tr4cro rara, 6llgej(r{ craHyBa MaKcr{MyM raj renox Sr.rnrvr co ge1emtua d, w
:l6op :a peSnexcr.rja ryra qoafa Ao co3gaBarbe Ha rrHAeKc Ha rrpeKpruyBarr,e n Kora ua uero nafa
AoAarHa Sa:Ha pa3JrrrKa q. Aro npernocraBr{Me cBer.nrrHa co 6paHona gor>nana )".
gera 6pauor ce pe$rerrupa oA norycra cpegr{Ha, Peruenue. Ke ce nocnyx<uMe co cr'uraraJ.
KaKO IITO rIOKa)KaBMe Q :[ , na 3a paBeHKaTa Ha Bo peQ.nercwia vu-
pe3yJrrarHr{or 6pau ce go6l.rna: repQepnpaar 3pa-
qnrelul',aeo
! = lr * !-z = Asin(att - k*)* Asin(att + lcx + n). noMI4HyBarrKa cBeT-
Aro ce nprrMeHr4 ocHoBHara rpr{roHoMerpr{cKa .rrwa2 u 2'. 3paror
pe.naqnja :a :6np Ha crrHycr{ oA ABa arrra :
I qlrpemno ce
peQner<rupan o[
sin a + sin / 2sina ^f ,oro ^0
22 fopHaTa fpaHr{qHa
3a paBeHKa ua crojuuor 6pau ce qo6una: noBprxr{Ha, AoAeKa
3paKor 1'nouraua;r
/ -\ / -\ Bo ApyfaTa cpeArrHa
! =2A.orl k*+1i lsinl a.,r *Ll=
'-tJ'"'l.*'-t
\ )- (5) duno
co ge6erlrua
pe$nexcujara oA Csr.7
= 2Asin kx cos at
AOnHara noBprrrr4Ha r43JreroJr Bo Bo3[yxor. Oeue
Koe Mo>Ke ga 6lrge 3arrr4rrraHo KaKo: ABa 3paKa ce KoxepeHTHrr r4 Mo)KaT Aa
nnrepSepepvpaar. Ycroeor HA
! = B cosot unrepQepenqr{ara rle 3aauctr oA orrrr{qKara
KaAe rIITo rrarHa pa3Jrr{Ka 2dn xoja ce pa3nr{KyBa o[
B= 2Asinla (6) feoMerpr4cKara rrarHa pa3JrrrKa 2d 3ourro?
3aroa ruro cBerJrlrHcKure 3parlu r{Maar 6pauoaa
e aMrnr{TyAara Ha crojnror 6pau. Karo ruro ce Aon)KrrHa I Bo Bo3gyx, a Bo cpe[HHara Ha
fneAa, Taa 3aBr{c[ oA KoopArrHaTa r. Slrrlror, [opaAr{ rrpoMeHara na 6p:ranara ua
Mecrara ua jarnnre ru uaofaue xora B:0. pacflpocrrrpan,ero na cBerJrqHara, tfe ce [poMeHr,r
On paBeHKara (6) Toa ce Mecrara 3a Kor{: lr 6panoaa'ra Aon)KrrHa Ha cBer.rrr4Hara u ,ke 6vge
lct = mtr, KaAe rrro 0,1,2,.... tr4wajku )"r. 3uatn'.
rrpegBr{A gera k=2nl}" , 3a Koop[uHarr4Te na ja:- (')f) _ _! y ! 6p:uuara Ha cBer.lrr{Hara Bo
rure ce go6nna: v ).,.f ).
o
)^)- Sum.ror, a/e Qpexeeuqujara sa Cneur.rsara xoja
X.Jnz,t
,=ll'l-=Zn1 m =0,1,2...
2 -4 111 npr{ lpeKprxyBarr,eTo He ce MeHyBa.
Eugej(n c/v : n, Toraru tI
Mecrara Ha MeBoBr{Te ce go6unaar raMy Ka[e ))_
ruro B : -l2A; Herarr4Brrrror 3HaK Kai = )..=1 ,a6ugejirane6poj
aMrrnr4TyAal'a o3HaqyBa AeKa [pr.r flpeMr{H Hr{3 )'n'
-=n
ja:o,r, $a:ara na crojnuor 6pan ce MeHyBa Bo rrofoJreNr oA eAr4Hr4rla, cnegyBa gera 6panoeara
nporur$a:a. lla 6ugejku, cnopex (6) lon){<trHa Bo Ir,,lovrara 2r, ce HaMaJryBa (c1.7
26 1.6. Cruojnu 6pauoett

geclro). 3aroa pa3nr4Kara Ha o[oT Ha 3parlr{Te 1 rr

I' He ' e 2d, ryry 2 nd. Ho, 3paKor I ce flo6apajre ua unrepner re6
peQnerrupa oA [orycra cpe1nr'a r{ [pr{Toa ce crpaHrrq{ : Standing Waves
ry6u no r;'ar )t/2. Toa sHa.lr [eKa ycJroBor 3a l.Formation of Standinq Waves
MaKCrrMyM e: iaiaw. gtenhr**k .k1 k.1t nal lSl;y;,*r,il
2nd - )'I 2 : t* = (2m + t) )'I 2 lihy.il:l:1.'i:t tviivrjl,ri.r I i;l.li, i,lr.,i .,
^l::;r,r.t.no {:t*t} 1\
iwww .t:{:rt|.*{}1}l *tt{}1l p?.1J *t;:*l {} 1 :11 1,/',t ttt }{ 11

a ycnoBoT 3a Mr4Hl4MyM e lryzl - 1*V - i7 f.j;"tr 2*{i:}

2nd (z* - t) s,lz
- ),12 =
= 2nd = 2m ).12 = k2 ,
Co aHanlrsa Ha oAor Ha 3par{rrre 2 v 2' so
n ua6rygynajre ja curr.rynaqlrjara ua crojHrare
6pauonu
loMr4HyBaqKa cBerJrr4Ha, ce go6uea AeKa Bo Hea
ycnoBr4Te ce cnporr{BHu. O6lrgere ce caMrr Aa fr{
r43Be[eTe. E. Xnagntr (Ernst Chladni, 1756-
1827) eo 1787 rograra npB BocraHo-
Br{Jr rrocroese ua crojulr 6panoen ep:
O6jacnere rur cJregrruBe rrorrMrr: rrJroru4 co najpa:.nnuua $opua (Xlal-
- c'roen 6pan - xapMoHrrrll{ HHeBH Sr.rrypu). Bn6parlrure Ha
- jason (o6epronoer.r)
rrJroqrrTe rrr npeAu3Br4KyBaJr co
BIIOIIIIiHCKO rylaJIO.
- MEB - Bo3[yrxHrr crojnu 6pauoeu
- corrcrBerra $pernenqr,rja - ocHoBHa $perneuqlrja
3anrcso on roa KaAe raKBara flroqa (e 6uge
npI{IIBpCTeHa, Ha Hea npr{ ocqr.rJrrrparbeTo ce
- paBeHKa ua croeu 6paH corganaar ja:oJrur{ Kpr{Br{. 3a ga uoxe oBr4e Kpr{Br.t Aa
6rgat ergeurr, Bp3 flJroqara ce nocraByBa crrreH
KBaprIeH necor. F{a Mecrara Ka[e rrrro rrJror{ara
ocqr,rJrapa co MaKcrrJraJrHrr aM[Jrr{TyAr{ rrecoqHr{Te
qecraqu (e rn nevra. flecoror ce co6rpa Ha Mecrara
flpanama, gaaa.tv r4 aKTr{BHocrr4 rale IuTo ce Ja3Jrr{Te Ha ocrlr4JUrpaBeTo Ha [JloqaTa
Oeoj MeroA 3a rrcrpa-
xyBalr,e Ha crojnr.r're
1. KoJrrasa rpe6a Aa 6uge cr4rara rra 6paHoalr Ha rpeAMerrr co
3aTerHyBarbeTo Ha )Krrr{a o[ ABeTe cTpaHr,r pa3JrrrqHa $oplra ce
rrpr{qBpcreHa, aKo raa e no:6ygena co KoprlcTr,r r4 AeHec, caMo
eneKTpoMarHerHa Br{Jr,yrrrKa (100 Hz) 3a Aa ce rrrro no6ygyearrero ua
go6ue caMo eAeH uen? X(uqara e HanpaBeHa oA ocrlrrJrarlrrr{Te ce fipaBr.r co
MOAepHrr ocqr,rJraTopx.
uarepujal co rycrr4Ha 7 glcm3, co Hanpe.reH
rpeceK o4 1mm2 u [on)KrrHa og I m. (Oqr: 280 N) f. Jlunuan (Gabriel
Lippmann, 1845-1921),
2. Kol<ana e 6pauonara AoJDKT{Ha t4
Spauqycrn $r,r:uuap,
6p:ranara Ha rrrr4perLero na 6panor Bo )Krrrlara oA rrJreH Ha @pauqycrara
nperxo[Hara sagaua? ( Ogr: ],: 2m; v :200 mis) aragerlrraj a Ha HayKrrre,
ja rrMa go6raeno
3. Pacrojanlrero nonrefy ja:lure Ha croeH Ho6erosara HarpaAa
Spau co:gageH oA 3Byr{Ha BrrJr,yrxKa Bo Bo3gyx 3a cBoeTo oTKprrTue
I43HecyBa 40 cm. Konrana e $pexeeuqujara Ha na xonop-$ororpa$ujara HarpaBeHo eo 1891 roArrHa,
Br{,rbyrxKara aKo ce 3Hae AeKa 6p:lruara Ha a roe 6aaupa Ha rrprrurlr{rror Ha co3AaBarl,e crojnn
3ByKor e r 340 nls ? ( Ogronop :425 Hz) 6panonr Ha cBerJrrrHara.
4. fia.ru cre sa6erexr{Jre KaKo Br{oJrrrHrrcrr4Te Ona Heroeo orKpr4Trle oAnrpaJro BDKHa ynora Bo
rr{ rmrrrMyBaar cBor4Te BrroJrrrHr{ ? O6jacnere! AeHerrrnara ge6enoc.noj ua pe$;rercr.rona xolorpaSnj a
5. Axo rrrrapabce [oHece Bo cpeAHHa co Apyra roja, r,rcro rara, ja Koprrcrrr nojanara na cr.ojur.rre
TeMneparypa, raa rpe6a Aa ce rxrrrMyea, sourro? 6pauoeu. fle6enoc.nojnure xonorpaMr.r ce
na6rsygynaar Bo 6era cBerr'rr.rHa, a HrrB rr4 npoHarfioJ'r
coBercKuor HavrrH K [e H r.rcivx.
14
 1.7. ilu&parct4uia ua 6paruoau 27

duue uauu, cuo p e d,tuau i<t 6p auo a au,ta do

"n]tcultn
1.7 AI,IOPAKTII4JA HA EPAHOBI{. Ha 6panou.4 uttu":xcij pa6oeutue, ce da,$"e
duQparc4uja ua 6panoi,tT. Beruue npn qr+pal<-
AI,IOPAKIII4OHA PF IIIETKA quja sparor He ce nupu nparoJrr4HrrcKr{, TyKy
goafa go HeroBo glganane. flojanara quQpaKlgda
flra$parquj a Ha 6paHoBI,r Ha 6panonrare ce 'o,6jacryaa co Xajreuc--
Opeueroeuor rrpxHuun. CexyH4apnure 6panomz
[a ro uanpaBr{Me cJregHrroB
eKcrrepI4MeHT: co Ha recHr4or ' orBop oA cJrlrKara la
rroMorlr Ha npaBoJII4HucKa IIJIOTIKa I{ eJreKTpo- ranrepSepnpaar,^Jrr4BHrref '6poj e MaJr, raKa rrrro
MOTop Aa rrpeArr3Br.rKaMe co3AaBarbe paMHn pe3ynraror na ranrepSepenqzjara e co3AaBarbe
6pauonlr Ha BoAa (raro ua cr. 1 og norranjero 6pau c.nuveH na cSepeH (oegc'xpyxeH).
1.4) v ua Hr{BHrror nar [a nocraBrrMe npeflpeKa co fluQparquja na 6panonzre.3a[ npenpeKr4re ce
OTBOP IIUU AUMCH3MU KE fII MCHYBAME. AXO E janyna u raj enyror. -Cexoj 3Hae [eKa uoxe ga ja
orBopor co Ar{MeH3r{rr noMaJIIr og 6panonara cJryrulre My3r4KaTa oA paAr4oTo oA coceAHara
Aon)Kr{Ha rra yrraAHr.{or 6pau, 3aA npelpeKara (e co6a,uaxo He ro rJreAapaguoro..
ce go6ue KpyxeH 6pau. Ho, aro orBopor Ha fllr$parqujara Ha 6pauoRlrre, r{cro KaKo r.r
lpenpeKara ro 3roJIeMr{Me, (e :a6e;rexr{Me AeKa unrepSepen4ujara, e cnojcruena 3a crrre Br{AoBr4
Ao r{cKprryBarle Ha 6panonnor Spour r(e gojge 6pauonu. FIo, ocuoneu ycJroB 3a ga ce ua6"rrygyna
caMo Ha KpaeBr{rg.. lHa orBopor, AoAeKa Bo onoj QeuolreH e AeKa orBopor, rrJrr{ npenpeKara
najronenr.ror [eJr 6pauowror Qpour i<.e 6uge ua xoj Har{Aypa 6pauor, rpe6a ga 6lrgar co
npaBa tuuuja (cr: 1). roJreMr{Ha clopeAJrrrBa, r{Jrr4 rroM?Jra o4 6panonara
AoJr)Kr4Ha Ha 6paHor ruro ynaia.
14 xaj upenpeKrrre.ce
na6.rrygyna nojana ua
cBr{Barl,e Ha 6pauo- fiuSparquj a Ha cBerrrr4Ha
nuor Spour. Axo ua
rraror ua 6pauonrare Be(e rroKa)KaBMe AeKa cBerJrr{Hara vvra
Ha BOAa Ce [OCTaBr{ 6pauona rpupoAa. flojanara guQparquja Ha
MaJra npenpeKa, quu cBerJTr{Hara lorerrrKo Mo)Ke Aa ce 3a6erexlr so
Ar{MeH3r{r{ ce cnopeA- lprrpo[ara. Ha cure uu e qo6po no3Haro AeKa
rrttBrr co 6panorara cBerJrr{HcKr{re 6panoeu ce ur{par rrpaBoJrrrHl{cKrr
AoDKr4Ha na 6panor, rr [eKa KaKo nocJregr{qa Ha roa sag roj u ga 6utto
6panonraor $ponr I(e rrpegMer Bo HenocpeAsa 6n"uzusa Ha cBerJrI{HcKH
ce geSoprrlupa, Ho He r{3Bop ce na6.rrygyBa cegKa. Oea ce o6jacryra co
3HarrrrTerlHo, TyKy MHory MaJrara 6panona AoJI)KrrHa Ha cBerJIrIHara.
BeAHarrr 3aA [pe- Bo rrag.nr.rnr{or [en Ha cneKTapor 6panonara
npeKaTa, KaKo pe3yJr- AOJIXLIHa Ha CBeTJIl4HAta \IMa TOJIeMI,IHa nOUefo
TaT Ha r.rr{Tep- 400 n760 tm.
Sepenqujara na 6pa- Cenar, nojaaara guQparquja Ha cBerirr{Hara
HoBr{Te og pa6onure MOXe Aa Ce nOCMaTpa rr BO Cryqav Kora
Ha [pefipeKara ke ce Ar4MeH3rrr{Te Ha [pe[peKaTa,5 o[HocHo oTBopoT cg
BocflocraBr{ npno6nr- 3HaqrrreJlHo rroroJreMr{ og 6pauoeara [oJIx<I,IHa Ha
Cn. I Hara Qopt,ta Ha 3a ga Moxe oBa Aa ce ocrBaprr,
cBerJIIrHara.
6pauonuor QpoHr. rpe6a pe3yJrraror' Ha gu$parqrajara ila ce
Axo npenpeKara e co roJreMlr EvIv'eH3vIvIr nocMarpa Ha MHory roJreMo pauojauue. flpu
6pauyname 3aA npeflpeKara HeMa Aa r,IMa, a caMo TaKBI,I ycJroBr{, aKo Ha aailena npeupera nafa
Ha pa6onure l(e Aojge Ao rlcKpr.IByBarbe Ha MoHoxpoMarcKa cBerJrr{Ha Ha pa6onure Ha .

6pauonuor $pour nejsunara cenKa, ce nojaeyraar cBerJrr{ vr reMHvr.

Ilojaeatua Ha ucKpu6y6aH,e Ha 6pauoeuotu npyr[ Korr ce pe3yJrrar ga :gra$ppxqlljara ua
Qpouu.t upu upeuuH HuJ otueopu co "Manu cBerJrr,rHa'ra (ct.2), ., ' '
28 1.7. ,4u&pttm4uja ua 6panoeu

r ll;l
4 eL I -:
&: & -+ upeuperca ce Ha KoHeLtHo pactuoiaHue od Hea. Bo
1$l:'. 1.:Q.,:1,;:::ff oBoj cnyqaj cBerJrI{HcKI{re 3pallu ce
::,.b;
't&,
:A::alv..:.::...7t:':::t:j:
:Ki;'*.; .t. Ar4BepreHTHr4, a 6paHoB[Te spoHronr't ce
':$,:lt:.1L1,':,:,,1:,':
3a Kpu BeH14 n()Bptrl t4 H t4.
".fu;::;:,:|if
'..&,,2,,,.6{t g,
,:@,:.,,1f1:l;11,,,:.15,1,,
1111..,
At<t, pttt'tttttjoutteruo Ho ttJG()PoLu tt
;,:*;..,.1:. a ) pacLuojaHuetuo ua eKpaHoLu do ipeltpercatua Lutuo
ja upedtLsetrrcyaa duitpoKl\ttiQtuo ce SecKoHe'rHo
\o,eeuu, aerrulve cmoHyso r6op 3a du$parcquia od
@payuxoQepoe utuu. Baroe ycnoB ce nocrlr-
6) HyBaco IocTaByBaIse Ha ToqKecT CBeT.III{HCKI4

ffi M
r.{3Bop Bo Sorycor ne(a, rpfi lrlro
Ha co6l{pHa ce
[o6r4Ba paMeH cBerntrHcl{ 6pau .ullu 3parll{ ce
rapa,rreJrHr4, 3Harrl4 u3BOpOT e 6ecKpajHo AaJreKy.
,;, Izlcro raxa, r.{ Ha6JbylyBarbero ce [paBH Bo
SorarHara paMHI{Ha Ha Apyra ne(a [ocraBeHa
n
3a[ npenpeKara, co lrlTo ce nocrlrfHyBa eKpaHor
C.n. 2. flurpparquja Ha ocrap pa6 (a) v la 6vge 6ecrpajuo oAlaner{eH. Mopa ga ce
gu$parqr{a Ha [paBoJrI{HLIcKI4 npoqe[ Bo rroABneqe AeKa cyuTI{HcKa pa3nl4Ka BO
MoHoxpoMarcra (6) u so 6era cse'r.nuHa (e) o6jacHynanero Ha nojaBl4re oA oBI{e ABa rltna
guSparqraja neva. Fasrl4xa Irocrol{ caMo Bo
I4ranltjaucrl4or HayqHL{x QpaHuecro fpu- Tex<r{HaTa Ha cTpofoTo TeoprlcKo MaTeMaTUTIKO
Manlrr npe ja ga6erexal nojanara ua guSpax- perxeHr,Ie Ha OeHoMeHor. Ilojaeltre Ha quSpax-
qr{a na cBer.rrl.IHara, AoAeKa crporo reopl{cKo qr{ja oA @payuxoQepol rlrll MareMarI{r{KI4
o6jacrynarre 3a oBaa nojana AaJI Bo 1816 roguua noeAHocTaBHO Ce pelxaBaaT, 3aroa TI{e 14 Halilne
Orucr @peuer. O[ roa BpeMe Aarl4pa lro3Harl{or rrofoJreMa npr4MeHa. I4cto taxa, aKo eKpaHor Bo
ua nojana Ha cBer,rlo rlerHo
eKcnepl{MeHr Bo
ycJroBI{ Ha OpeHerona gll$parquja nocreneHo I-o
ceHKaTa Ha [penpeKa co oAAanerryBaMe, npBl{or rI4rI qlIQparquja
Kpy)<Ha Qopua (c,'t.3). noMI{HyBa BO BTOpr{OT.
flojanara ce o6jacuyna
npeKy XajreHc - (DpeHe,ronraor fin$paxquoHa perrerKa
npnHrlr4n. Cure rotrKl4 ol
c,ro6ogulror [en Ha orBopor
unu ilpe[peKaTa rlpercTaByBaaT
ceKyHAapHI4 CBeTJTI4HCKI4 I{3BOpI4
Kor{ ce KoxepeHTHIr. Cnurara
rrrro ce go6una Ha eKpaHor, C.n.3 Qpeuer-
rrocTaBeH Ha I43BeCHO paCTO- llyacoH-Aparoon
jaHue og rpenpeKara (ornopor), onlrr. Bo ceHKara
Ha rorrqe ce go6lrea
ja nuralre gu$parrorpaM. Oeaa cBerno neTHo
cJrr{Ka e pe3yrTaT Ha
uurep$epenqujara Ha ceKyHAapHI{re I{3BopI4 o[
Aenor Ha 6pauoeuor $pour roj e clo6oAeH 3a C:r.4
CBETJII{HATA.
Boo6r.r.{aeHo e gla$paxquoHlrre nojann ga ce [u$parquona (onruvra) PerrerKa e
rnaclr$uqupaar Bo ABe rpynr{: nojaen Ha orrrr{qKr.r eJreMeHT Koj ce cocrol4 oA roJIeM 6poj N,
Qpene.noea u nojanu Ha @payuxorfepoea MHoly recHl4 rlposl{pHu [yKuarl4llra uoueiy KoI{ ce
qnspaxqraja. ,[uQparc4uja od (Dpeue"coe utuu ce Haofaar Herposi4pHt{ AeJIoBIT (cl. 4). fio6pure
oHu( ( r'ryqoLt utt urtjaaotuo rcoztt (8(ttltlllH(Rttottt gu$parquoru{ peuerKvr ce go6neaar co
Lt3sop u ercpauotu HCt Koi ce ua6mydvea cuerlujaruu pe3aqKu MatuI{HI{ co KoI4 Ha craKno
peayntuautotu Ho duQparcupjcrrutt rtd dadeua ce HaHecyBaar 3aceql{. Tauy xage IrITo craKroro
 1.7. luQparc4uja ua 6pauoatr 29

e 3acerleHo, cBerJrLIHara He [oMl4uyea. [enec pe3ynrar Ha HI4BHara uurepSeperrrlt.tia (e ce

MHory 4o6plr guSparquouu pelxerKl{ ce nojaru oApeleH I4HTeH3lrrer.
go6r.rnaar xo,rorpa$cxl{ KaKo ranrep$eporpaM Ha [a ro npouaj[eue yclonor IIpfi xoj 6pauoen-
ABa paMHrr 6paua. Epojor Ha rlpolienl4Te Moxe [a Te BO TOr{Kara M Iie gagar N{aKc[N{aneH r4HTe[I-
6uge u Ao HeKonKy uniagu rrpoqenu Ha e[eH 3r.rrer. Pasrr4xara Ha ogor Ha 3paIIlITe ttorrlei'y
Mlrnr4N.{erap pacrojaune. llocrojar u pe$ner- rpajHure 3parlr{ Ha cexoi oA o'rBoplrrc, Ha
cr.roHr.r guSparqraoHn peIxerKI{ (o6ltvuo ueralun) npr4Mep, 3parlr4Te Kor{ fiafaar BO TorIKr{Te A r,r B,
raj rou rrpBonr4HI4cKI{ npyrlr ja pecpreru4paar e AaAeHa co orcerrKara AC. Aro ona pacrojautre
cBerJrrrHara, a "Herlponycnustr" ja pacejyeaar. e uen 6poj rrarr{ troroJlerv{o oll 6panonara
Texrrurara r4 Ha BaKa Ao6ueHnre perrrerKlr, co [on)KrrHa Ha yIIaAHaTa CBer,rr[Ha. Tol-ilIII tic car{o
pa:nojor Ha nacepcKara rexHonou.tja. e MHory oBr4e ryKy v cvTe Apyfr.r ?paqll oll ol'B0pl{'re llo
yHanpeAeHa. ToqKara M (e rrpeAr{3B14Kaa'r ocrir4.Ilrtpirr{,e r}o
Aro uruplruara Ha [poslrpHl{Te (ranu pecp- Sa:a, la ryKa cBer,'ruHcKtrr'rc 6pauynae'a (e cc
,'reKTr{palrKr4re) rpyrn e a, a tnvpr4Hara Ha Herlpo- 3acrrJryBaar. C)g'rpraro,'rHI,IKor AIlC ntoNr,: ;ia cc
sr.rpHr{Te AenoBr4 b, nog KoHcraHTa Ha pe[IerKara uajle [era:
d ce nogpa:6npa:

d = a+b. (l) IACI = lnalsin rp = cl sinrp . (tr

Marcl.rntyruu tie ce Ha(rrs-vgyBaar IIoA aro.rtor
3a ga ja rrr AaAeMe ocHoBlrre Ha eneMeHTap-
g, OnpeAeneH co:
Hara reopuja ua qnQparqujara Ha oIITI4tlKara
- 0,t,2,3 ..)
pe[rerKa, fe npernocraBl{Me AeKa Ha nea nafa
paMeH cBerJrr{HcKr.r 6pan co crporo onpeleneHa
dsinQ=kl (k (3)

6pauoea gonxuHa 1". Be(e o6jacul{BMe AeKa 3a Oaue uarc.at.My,MLt ce eurcaata Z,caarut MaKcu.tvtyrru.
Aa ce qo6ue paMeH 6paH, rpe6a roqKecr Tpe6a Aa ce rlopBJreqe AeKa Kora ycnoBor
cBerJrr{HcKr4 rl3Bop S ga ce [ocraBlr ro Qorycor F
Ha AaleHa reHKa co6npua .ne(a L1 ( ctt. 5) AaAeH co penaqujara (3) e lrcuonHer 3a roqKl{re
A u B Kor.r ce Haofaar Ha uajnucrure AenoBI{ oA
Ceryugapuure I43BopI4 o[ roqKlrTe Ha
orBoprlTe, roj roraru e ucrloJrHer I4 3a clrre [pyrl{
orBopr.rre co3AaBaar cBerJurHcKI{ 6pauonu roll (e
TOIIKI{ OA OTBOPOT. HA CETOJA TOqKA O[ TIPBIIOT
ce [pocrr{paar rroA uajpa:luvnu ar.]rlr Bo oAHoc
orBop oAfoBapa cooABerHa ror{Ka oA BTopIroT,
Ha ynagHr{re 3par{rr. EpaHouare KoI{ ce
roja ce Haofa na pacrojauue d.
uefyce6uo [apaJreJrHr{ I{ ce orKJroHyBaar 3a I{cr
Ycronor (3) yraxyna AeKa noJlo)K6ara ua
afo.lr q co noMorrr Ha re(aTa L2 , ce
MaKcr,IMyMr4Te 3a cvre t, ocaeH 3a IIeHTpaJIHI{or,
cy[epfloHr{paaT Bo eAHa ToqKa M lr ralry raxo
KOfa k=0, 3aBvcr4 oA
6panoeara AoJrxr.IHa Ha cBer-
runara. Konxy e noroileMa
6panoeara AoJrxr.IHa Ha
cBeTJIIrHaTa rOJrKy e noroJleM
_____>
.-----> aroJIoT Ha oTKJroHyBaISeTO Ha
_+a ona yxa-
TaKBaTa CBerJrr{Ha.
'._-> xyBa Ha Toa AeKa aKo Bp3
___> gll{rpaxquona perueTKa
_>
rraAHe 6ena csernuua, raa ke
---.rtr----
---t co3gage o6oenu JrI,rKoBu Ha
_-.> nyKHarr4Hara. 1naejku pa3-
'---* d nrare 6ora ke ce orKJIoHar
----, pa3rr.rrrHo. Taxa ce [o6tasa
crreKTap.
--;
---:> OcnosHara npnMena Ha
Cr.5 OITIIIIKATA PCIUETKA IO
 30 I. 7. [uQp arc4uj a na 6p auo eu

oa ceroj :par rouefy roqKI4Te A u O fe ur'r.a n

cooABeren spax uefy O n B, floMefy KoI,I [ocrorr
[arna pa3JrI{Ka },12 ultr Herlapen 6poj (2k + l) Xl2,
tra rIIe 3parll4 ce npotranQaznvln ce noHl{IltyBaar.
Cnopeg roa, ycJloBor:

lnCl = asinE = ft) (k = A,1,2,3 ..)

e ycJroB za uocfLoeu'e Ha "MuHU"ny"M.

nPmMEP 2f': fln$parquona p€InerKa rrMa

1,26.104 nyKHarI4HI{ paMHoMepHo pac[peAeJreHl,I
Bp3 nroqKa co ruIrpI,IHa og 25,4 mm. Taa e
Cm.6. [email protected],I go6uenu co orrIIrIKa pe[terKa:
,'rJ'
co ltouoipor.rarcKa cBerJII,Ina (uajrope); 6el rpyxer ocBeTJreHa [pBo co MoHoxpoMaTcKa cBeTJII4Ha CO
o$qftua cpeAI{Ha 14 [ony, rage e gagena caMo efiIrara 6panona AoJIXC.IHa ol 450 nm (cltra), a uot6a co
gr$1na 3a Ia ce Bv4t4r crreKTapor oA Brop peA KoJ e IIpBeHa cBerJII{Ha co 6panona AoJIxI{Ha 625 r:un.
EOMa4Ky rrH'reH3l.rieH Iro [oIIrTpoK. flog rou arnu rte ce nojarar MaKcIrtMyMlITe oA
BTop peg 3a oBI,Ie 6panonu gonxranla?
Kopr4crrr .ToKMy roa nej:nuo crojclao. Taa
npbrcranyna ypeA 3a IrcnI{TyEaIbe Ha c[eKTpI{Te Peurenr,re. Koncraurata Ha peilrerKara d iu
go6unarue KaKo oAHoc:
Ha cBerJII,IFiara IrITo yuafa ap: Hea. npl{Toa, 3a
cbroja 'BpeAnocr Ha 6pojor k, o[roBapa a
L
' ,=-= 25.4.10'
=2.016' l0'om =20l6nm
cooABer€H peA Ha cneKrapor. Ha Sororpa$ujara N 1,26.101
oA cJrr4Kara 6 najrope e AaAeHa gla$paxquona Maxcuruyrraor oA Brop peg e onpeger,elr'co lr2.
cJrr{Ka Ha MOHOXpOMaTCKa, JIaCepCKa cBeTJII{Ha, a
3navu, cnopeg (3),
ua Sororpa$uure no4oJry, go6raenure cleKrpr{
24
na 6ena cBerJII{Ha. sino, = =L!19*- =0,446 ; (h=260 30'
d 20l6nm
IIPI{MEP 1. [a ce oilpeAerrlr ycrroBor 3a
go6unarre ua uranduyurare [pI4 gusparquja og a sinp, =4='^'!.'ln =0,u, ) ez=38020,.
@payHxo$epoB TLIn Ha e[Ha rIyKHarLIHa. d 2016nm
Peruerlle. 3 ag nyrurarl,IuaTa (cn. 7) cnernllHcKrtre
3paqrr ce cBlrBaar I{ pe3yJITaTOT Ha I{HTep- Paagenna Iuo( na oITU.IKIITe
Sepenqujara Bo roqKara M *e 3aBI{cI{ oA roa I{HcrpyMeHTI,I
KaKBa e $a:uara pa3JILIKa IIa
CI{Te 3paIII4 KOI4 Ce flojaeara gu$paxqraja urpa MIIory BilKHa
oTKJTOHeTI{ 3a aroJl q BO oAHOC Ha OrrTI4rIKaTa yJrora Bo Mo)KHocrI4Te :a go6unarre clzra xaj
ocra. Aro IrarHara pa3JII{Ka AC norraefy 3paKor oIITI4aIIltKTe ypeAII: MI{KpOCKOIOT' T9JI9CKOTIOT'
roj nouuyna so A a 3paKor roj nounyra so B e oKoro rr cJr. [uQparqujara e ilpnqI,rHa nopaAl{
eAHaKBa rta ), wtn qel 6poj rlarll IIoroJreM,. Tora[I xoja ne Moxe Aa ce go6r{ar pa3AeJIeHLI JII{KoBII Ha
no [oJDKuHara Ha IryxHaTI{Hara co pacroJaHl're d gne 6nucrra roqKu ua Heroj [peAMer Bo MI{K-
pocKoIIoT, r4JIIr Ha ABe OAAaIeqeHI4 SBe3AI{ CO
IIOMOIII HA TEJIECKONOT .

Ha cr. 8 e gagen gu$parrorpalr go6uen og

KpyxeH orBop co gujanaerap D. Toa e Ir3pa3eH
KpyxeH cBeroJr MaKcI4MyM Epuen gllcr (Airy) co
*{'sf; :=:i cBerJrr4 r{ TeMHrr KpyxHI4 npyrn oKoJry Hero. Ha
c;rvKara 8a e gageu rpa$zx Ha 3aBl{cHocra Ha
I.
Qlr rlH'reH3r{Teror oA pacrojaunero, a na 86 HeroBa
6ororpa$uja.
flopagra nojaaara gnsparquja Ha KpyxHlrre
oTBOpr4 Ha OIIT!IqKI{Te ypeAl4, JTI4KOT Ha TOaIKeCT
 1.7. fluSparc4uja ua 6pauoau 31

npeAMer Bo Qoraruara Aa ce 3roJreMrr pa3[enHara lro( ua ueroj ypeq

I^ paMHilHa ua,re(ara xoja e rpe6a Aa ce HaMarrr4 aroJ'ror na pa:gnojynane.
i, locraBeHa Bo oTBopoT, He Karo rrrro rroKa)KyBa (4), roa Mox(e Aa ce
,' e ror{Ka, KaKo ruTo Toa ro nocrr{rHe r{Jrr4 co HaManyBarr,e ua 6pauonara
rpeABr4[yBa teoMeT- AoJrx<rrHa na ynorpe6eHara cBerJrr{Ha Hnr{ co
pr4cKara onrr4Ka, TyKy Toa 3roJreMyBarse Ha paAuycoT Ha Kpy)KHr{oT oTBop
_-_ _', _,, e Epuee Ar4cK - grQpar- eo xoj ce nocraByBa re(ara.
TOrpaM Ha Kpy)KHI{OT Kaj uurpocKorrr{Te ce Kopr{crrr HaManyBarle
orBop. llono>r6ara Ha Ha 6pauoeara Aon)KuHa" a xaj TerecKon14Te
npBr4or M14H14MyM ua osoj 3roneMyBalbe Ha grajauerapor Ha ypeArrre -
guQparrorpav e :reriure \rJrIr of .lreAaJrara.
onpeAeneHa co aroJroT p. mIAU4gF&i Og rarno MaKcuMarHO pao'r'ojanue
Osaa serl4.rl{Ha 3aBI{cI{ oA rroBeKor Mo>Ke [a tv Br4ar4 o[BoeHo geara Sapa
qr.rjaverapor Ha KppK- na aerolao6rrrr, aKo pacrojauuero lrefy Sapoeure
Hrror orBop D tr og 6pano- e d:1,5 m , a gujauerapor Ha 3eHr{rlara Ha oKoro
BaTa AOn)KrrHa Ha ynorpe- e 5 mm. 3a ceerr[Hara Aa ce 3eMe cpe[Hara
6eHara ceerrr.rHa )": 6panona Aon)Kr{Ha 555 nm. r{ose.rroro oKo ro
6)
u.x*.*1t - . ) cMeraMe 3a olrr4rrKu ypeg, ua xoj eo eQexnrre
Cr. 8
sinrp: 1,22+
': \:4) na glrSparqlrjara goafa [o r{3pa3 orBopor Ha
l.n. D 3eHr{rIaTa.
Bo pelaqrajara ce jaeyna u Qarropor 1,22 t<oj ce Penresue. Cuopeq pe.nauujara (4) , 6ugeji:u
go6una co crpoforo peuaBarbe ua upo6levor 6pauonara AoJr)KrrHa Ha cBerJrr4Hara e MHory rlarl{
[prr rrrro ce Kopl{crar cueqnjanHu MareMarrrrrKll rroMaJra oA BeJIITTII{Hara D, MOXe Aa ce
$ynrqlrlr. 3eMe Sin (P) x (p , ra arorlor Ha pa3[enyBar+,e e
3a ga Mox<e JruKoBnre Ha gne 6nucrlr rorrKl4
(gna o6jexra, ABe sne:gu) ga 6ngar BHAeHT{ KaKo ro
1' =122L. Aronor noq xoj ce rne[aar Qapoerare
"-- D
olAeJreHr{ (cn.9), rpe6a Hr4BHr{Te gu6parrorpallr.r
la I-o ilcnonHaT cnelHiloB ycnoB: 4enu.rpaautrttut a e"rrcro raKa, MaJr u naAeH co a =dx *ug" -to
.i,t.aKcu,My,M od duQparctuoipauou.L ua eduttoru
"turc x e Herro3Haroro pacrojauue. 3a Aa ce rJreAaar
do ce uorcltouu co tlpsuotu ,LIuHu,Lty,M or)
duQtparctuoTpauotu ua atuopuotu. Oeoj ycnoe e gnara $apa, rpe6a a>(p.3Haqr4 d , nu
ro3Har xaro PejmaeB Kpr4Tepr4yM. rD=y22)
cJreAyBa
PasqenNara uo( e onpe[eJreHa co
n: dD _ 1,5.5.10 "
:r

pe,raqlrjara (4). Korry aroJror Ha pa3AenyBae,e (p = 11"1 .103m -l l.lkm

e rroMar, TonKy e, BeJrr{Me, pa3AeJrHara uo( na t,2u t,22.555 10
orrrrrqKlror I{HcrpyMeHT IroroJreMa. Toa 3uauu, 3a -:
O6jacuere rrr cJreAHrrBe nor{Mr{:

- gr$paKrlr4a ua 6pan - KOHCTaHTa Ha perIeTKaTa

- gll$parrorpalr - Eplree gucr
- [u$parrluja o[ - Pej:rnee Kpr{TepnyM
Qpeuelon rlrn
- gu$parqr{a og - aroJr Ha pa3AeJryBarbe
Qpayuxo$epoB rt{n - paagenna lroI1

$g$parquoHa (onrravra) peurerKa

.;..
Cn. 9. Kora pagr{ycor Ha qeHTpanHr.ror MaKcuMyM Ha
npBiloT Jlr4K e rrofoJreM oE pa[[ycor Ha rrpBr.ror
Mr.rHr..rMyN4 Ha B'ropr{or Jrr{K. ABara o6jer<ra HeMa Aa
difractus (.nar. ) - cKp[eu, pa3JroMeH
6uqar euqcHl.r oAeoeHo (cnuxa gecHo)
difractio ( u. .nar.) - xoj ce cnr.rea
32 1.7. fluQparct4uja rua 6panoeu

llp aurars a, 3aaa.trr rr aKTIdBHo crrr

l.O6jacHere 3ourro Bo cneKrapor oA 0-ru peg

ffi
ffiffi
xaj onrr,rvrara peuerKa seva 6ou.
2. Ce nora)Kano AeKa guQparqrda Ha Kpy)KeH
orBop, oAHocHo KppKHa npenpeKa IrMaar I4cra
Qoprraa. Vlwajku ro npeABI{A oeoj Sarr, Cr. l1
ffi
pa3Mr4cJrere Kofa Bo npI4poAHI4 yCnOBr{ cre
,._1

ua6rt ygynane Epuenu glr cxoeu? l. flo6apajre Ha IrHTepHer ne6 ctpanuq E:]
&:lr
:

3. AronaqlreHTor ce no)KaJII4 AeKa I{ npu qllcr Diffraction ; difraction grating

i

Bo3Ayx oKOJIy cBerJII{HcKI{Te I43BopI{ ua6n'ygyna

o6oenu KpyroBlr, Ha JreKapor roa My e 3HaK 3a h ll pl ytltqlrJitS!-ply:rstr. gsu. eduihb

nojana Ha KarapaKTa, :ourro? lr cuuy.nupajTe Irrro craHyBa rora (e ce flpoMeurr

4. Ha guQpaKIIIroHa peuerKa co roncranra 10 KOHCTaHTaTa Ha Mpexl1qKaTa, vIll4 KaKo ce MeHyBa
cJrr{Kara rora (e ce [poMeHIr 6panoeara AoJr)<I4Ha.
pm nafa [apaJreneH cHon Ha 3eJreHa ceerruHa. Co
2. Co gllperrHo Hacor{yBarle Ha JracepcKlr rloKa)KyBaq
rroMoru Ha cneKTpaneH anapaT e rl3MepeHo AeKa
Ha orrrr{rrKa peilrerKa co rlo3Hara KoHcraHTa. go6ujre
MaKcr{MyMor oA rIpB peq (npnara leHra) ce rneAa ja cnnra'ra ua gr$parquja Ha o[pcAeH erpaH. Ha
nol aroJr Qt :30J' BO OAHOC Ha .]reHTara oA Hynrl{ eKpaHor ce go6unaar eKBITAI{craHTHI4 IIerHa.
peg. Konrana e 6pauoBara [on>KIdHa Ha oBaa Co roplrcterse Ha cBerJrocHlror ceH3op I4 ceH3opor
cge'rnlrga? ( Oqronop: 550 nm) Ha rroMecryBarre na€oach lrurepSejcor, I'I3Mepere ro
5. Ceroj KoMTIaKT-AI4cK rlpercraByBa
I{3BecHa pacrojaulrero nouefy MaKcuMyMItre Ha
glr$parqaouara cJII4Ka.
peQ:rercraoHa gu$paxquoHa peruerKa (cl. 10).
Aro nperxoguo cre ro l{3Mepnne pacrojaHue'ro
ConacepcKlr rloKax<yBaq, vnja 6panona nouefy'eKpaHor Ir pe[rerKara co Kopl{crerl'e Ha
[onx(r4Ha cre ja onpegeJrrrne eKcrlepl{MeHrupajfur penaqrrjata (3), uoxe qa ja onpege,rtlre 6pauosara
co Coach unrep$ejcor, BI{AI{ nornanje 1.3), ceroj AOJrXrrHa na JIacepcKaTa cBeTJIlIHa.
oA Bac Mo)Ke Aa fo onpeAenr{ cpeAHoTo 3a6eneurra : aKo Bo yqlrJllrlxrero HeMare o[TlrqKa
pacrojanue uolrefy 3ape3ure Ha [I{cKor. 3a raa perrrerKa, Moxe Aa ja roHc'rpyupare. Haqprajre co
IIeJr HanpaBere eKcnepl{MeHTaJIHa rrreMa KaKo Ha rorvrnjyrep llprex co eKBITAIICTaHTHIT Ilpyll{ I4 rloroa
S upu pe$nercuja Ha nero Sororonupajre ro na Sonuja co noee(exparuo
cJr. 11. Ha eKpaHor
HAMAJIYBAI+'E.

A.@penen (Augustin Fresnel, 1788-

1827) e nrgen $panqycru Qusuvap.
Qpenen ru flocraBllJr reMeJllrre Ha
coBpeMeHara 6panona orITIrKa.
flononnyraj(r ro Xajrencoruor
Cr.10 KorrrnaKT AIrcK. Jleeo e MI{KpocKorIcKa cJrI'tKa nplrHrll{fl co ugejara AeKa ceKyHlap-
Ha 3ape3lrTe KoIr npeTcTaByBaaT pelxeTKa. nu:re 6paHoer uurep$epupaar; roj ja
AaJr [r MareMarilqKara reopuja ta
cBerJrr{Hara oA KoMnaKT-ALrcKor CD, nocraeeH gu$paKlllrja Ha cBerJIIrHara. Ll rpaucsep3aJlHocra
KaKO Ha CJrrrKara, ce Ao6I4Ba HyJITI,IOT I{ TIJIyC U Ha cBerJrr.rncKute 6panonu npro 6una AoKaxaHa oA
Mr{Hyc [pBl.ror MaKc?IMyM na 4Ia$parrorpaMor. uero. Qpeuenooure SoprrlyJrl{ 3a aMnJILlTyga n Sa:a
Co rrrepeme ua pacrojanuero uefy CD u expauor na pe$nercnpana I{ flpeKplrreua cBerJIIlHa He ro
(orony 3 cm) raro u ua pacrojaHr{ero uouefy urry6uja cBoero 3uaqerbe I{ Aeuec.
HyJrrrror I,I npBrror MaKcIrMyM, (e ro oupegeJlllTe
aroJror cr, a co Kopl{crerbe Ha paBeuKata (3), lt
roncraurara d.
 l.8.3eyuuu 6pauoeu -tJ

tr4aro aranyllKara B He cr,re ja no6ygulre,

1.8. 3BYIIHI4EPAHOBI,I Taa, cerraK, noqHyBa IIa ocqunlrpa. 3eyunrare
ocqr{nallr4r{ Ha BlrJbylrrKara A co3AaBaar rlepl'{-
o[uqHa rrpoMeHa Ha IpI{TI4COKOT I{ fycTlrHara Ha
3nyunoro rloJre, oAHocHo co3AaBan,ero, Bo3Ayxor roja cuarHyBa Ao BI{JbylIKala B ra ja
ur{peFberoI{ Harrl{Hor cnopeg roj ce npuMa [pucr4JryBa Aa ocql{nllpa. Benlrue, ueiy gnere
3ByKor, ce I{3ytIyBa Bo noce6ua o6nacr oA Br{Jr,yrrrKr{ Hacrarrl4Jra JsyvHa pesoruauquia.
Sn:nxara - arcyctuurca. Mefyroa, aKo Ha eAHI{or KpaK Ha eAHa oq BI4Jr,ylx-
Kr.rre ce Ao[aAe [apqe MeraJr, co tllTo (e ce
I4HOPA3BYK 3BYK YJITPA3BYK rrpoMeHrr $pexeeuqujara. ycnoBl4Te 3a pe3oHaH-
qllja uelra Aa ce ucflo.lrHerlt. Ocqu;raqunre Ha
BTopara Br{Jr,yIxKa ce c;ra6n, na [paKTuqHo Ir He
1 Hz. I 0 Hz 100 Hz I kHz l0 kHz I 00 kHz
ce cJrylxa ToH.

3nyunure 6pauonn ce MexaHl{qKl'r 6pauonu

co Spexneuquu oA 16 [o 20000 Hz
OrasrloJrourara KoHcrpyxqnja ua rroBer{Koro yBo
e raKBa rrrro roa He e cnoco6Ho Aa fI4 perl4crpnpa
3Byrlr{re co $perneuqnja .f < 16 Hz, r.e.
unfipaaoynofi tr zuylqtrre co .f > 20000 Hz -
y nurpaaeyrcotu. Mefyr oa. nocroj ar )c'lBorHI{ KoI4
fo cJryuraar yJrrpa3ByKor Ia ltn$pa:nyror.
Bo onurr cnyvaj. ceKoe reJlo Koe e crro-
co6uo Aa ocqunl{pa Bo HaBeAeuuor SperneHTeH
r4HTepBaJr, Mo)Ke [a 6uge u:nop Ha 3ByK.
Bo ra6enara 1 ce upura>Kaln:r' $perneuqra-
I{Te KOI{ fI{ Cnyua qoBeKoT I{ HeKOI{ )KI{BOTHI'I.
Ta6ena 1

C:r. 1.
Hz
Onlre ocqnnaropHl{ rIpoMeHI{ Ha npltrl{-
KpoKogrdrr 20-6000
coKor r.r rycrr{Hara Bo Marepujanuara cpeAr{Ha
rN.njar 1000 - 120 000
HacTaHyBaaT cnopeA npaBrlJraTa ruTo Baxar 3a
sereHa )Ka6a 50 10 000
MexaHr4rrKr,rre 6pauonu.
Kyqe l,s 50 000
Bo reqHocrl{Te 14 racoBl4le 3ByKor ce
qoBeK 20 - 20 000
rxr4pr{ caMo KaKo JroHfI{TylI{HaJIeH 6paH. Bo
flocroerrero 3ByrrH[ 6pauonra IIajrecHo TBpAnTe eJlacTurlHu cpeAI{HI4 3ByKOT MOX(e [a Ce
Mo)Ke Aa ce yrBpAIr co Halrero yno. Toa e uajnec- utvpv u KaKo JroHrr{TyAr{HaJreH I4 KaKo rpaHc$ep-
Ho Kora IIocroI{ pe:ouauqr{a Ha 3ByrIHI4Te 6pano- :a.nen 6pau. Bo earcyy"tt ae ilocfroiatu yc,noau aa
nu. 3a raa IIeJI HarlpaBere ro cneAHI4oB orII4T: wupeH'e aa arcycfruvrcuite 6panoau.
3eMere ABe 3ByrrHI4 BxJL,yIxKrr A lt B xoll 3nyqure xou cexojqneBHo rI4 cnyrxaMe ce
ocqr4nr4paar co eAHaKBIT Qperneuqrall (ctt.1). pa3HoBI,I[Hn. Meiy HI{B goBonno jacuo ce pa3nr{-
Fltlsul,rre pe3oHaHTHI4 KyrHI{ IrocraBere fI4 elHa KyBaar uytuurcufre [ilouoeu og tuyttocufie.
cnporr{ Apyra, a pacrojaunero ueiy HI{B HeKa e llo ruro ce pa3Jrl4KyBaar My3LIqKI{Te roHo-
oKoJIy [o.]roBIIHa Merap. Mano rorre rocraBere Bn oA rrryMoBrrre rr rrrro e roa IrITo ja npegn:-
TaKa [rro .]recHo [a ro [orrl4pa eAHI{or rpai rra Br{KyBa pa3nurrHocra rrrro rlocrol4 ltefy pasHure
BrdJbyruKara B. Co ryMeuo qeKaHr{e no6ygere ja My3t4r{K14 roHosl.,l?
(ygpcre ja) nlrn yurnara A. Sayrcoru tufro Io wpoueaedyea uaeop rcoi
3a6e:rexynare: Tolrqero Ha HI,ItrlaJroro uaeedyea xspMoHuc$u oclluJlsryuu ce eurca qucfr
UOLIHYBA B'{AHO AA OTCKOKHYBA.
froa untt cctuo tuoa. Ocuocnr.r Srlslrvrz KapaK-
34 I.B. 3eyvuu 6pauoeu

TepI4crIrKIr Ha 3BytlHrrre 6pauoru ce'. oltcltHq, 3nyror vraj lruren:rarer e 3eMeHo AeKa e
., .r.4.,.. ?
Soja ua taouotu u uutuenufretu. eAI{HIIIIa I =I,,Yt7.fm- , npegn:Bl4KyBa 6olra.
Bucuruaura Ha taouofr e ofipede"eerua co ^u"
Ha nprauep, TaKoB 3ByK cnyuaMe oA Morop Ha
rpperceeuryujafrq. florrrrKHarr{ Ha ocqrlnl4palbe
MJra3eH aBrroH ua pacrojaulle oA 5 m. 3eyror co
Br{JbyrxKrrre co pa3nl4rrHu $pereeuqvv, AaBaar
pa3rlrrrHu rlo BI{cI{Ha roHoBI{. Konry Sper- Aecer narr{ IloforeM r.{HTeH3lrrer (10w/m2) ue
neuqnjara e [oroJreMa, IrofoJleMa e I{ BI{cI4Hara. [o cnyuaMe. ilMaMe ca\4o oceT ra 6o,rra.
Ha cexoj oA ToHoBI{Te oA My3l4qKara cKaJIa
Marcr.ruannuor t{HTeH3urer Ha 3ByKor
oAroBapa rorlHo onpeAeJreHa $perneuquja. Tara,
rrrro ro perl{crpl4pa yBoro co ocer ua 6olra, ce
Ha npr4Mep, roHor A (la) llrrla Spereeuquja og
440 Hz. @pernenqujara Ha roHor Irrro e 3a nvra ipauurys Hq 6o",tttu trtru Topua lpautLt4ct ucr
uyjuoctu.
oKTaBa rIoBI{coK, gnojuo e [oroJleMa oA
Muuutr,taluara Bpe[Hocr Ha I{HTeH3I{Teror
Spexneuqujara Ha rpBlror I{ I{3HecyBa 880 Hz. Ha 3Byr{H[or 6pan roj npeAI{3BI{KyBa ocer 3a cnyx
My:lrvrr.rre I4HcrpyMeHTtt r4ntl rJracHI{Te
Ha AaAeHa @perneuqnja e Iipal na vyinocfr. Osoj
)KI{UU CO3AaBaaT CJrO)KeHIr TOHOBI.I KOI4 MO)Ke Aa
ce npr{Ka)Kar KaKo :6up og xapMoHl4cKl{ ocqrlJla-
npar 3a pa3nl{tlHrr r}perneuquu e pat.nu'reu. Ha
.urlrr ilprrMep, npu Spexnenquja ogf 1000 Hz I{3HecyBa
\w $pereeuqlru ce qe.no6pojHrr Bpe[Hocrl4
{'*;:lo " wm''
rg/aK r. a
og uajulrcxara Sperneuqnja. 3eyror Ha raa
najuucra $pereeuqnja (uajroleua 6pauoea llpn cy6jerrl{BHa rpolleHa Ha I4HTeH3I{-
gonxuua) e Iro3Har KaKo ocHooeu (npocr) utrtr TeTOT CO OpfaHI4Te 3a cnyx, HaMecTo I,IHTeH3I'ITeT,
upa xapuonacrcu froa. a cI4Te [pyrl4 ce uoeucorcu ce BoBeAyBa Hugo Ha inacuocut I{JrI'{ caMo
o HucKu [il o ruo eu ( o 6 eptuono e u) .
x ap rt l"cacHocra. Tara, HI{Boro Ha rlacuocr Z 3a
, Eojafra na froHo[il e cneqllQuuHa KapaK- nporr3BoneH r4HTeH3I{Ter 1 Ce onpeAenyBa co
Tepr{crr{Ka no roja ce pa3nlrKyBaar I{3BopI4Te Ha paBeHKaTa:
ToHoBr{. Bojara Ha roHor 3aBI{cIr oA BI4[or Ir
6pojor Ha IroBI{coKlITe xapMoHI{cKI4 ToHoBI4. I
L=klop" (2)
My:uuxure roHoBI4 oA pa3nurrHlr I{Hcrpy- 1'.r.,in

MeHTI4 He 3ByqaT eAHaKBO IraKO I4MaaT I4CTI4

B\rct4nrr. Ha npllltep, trcrr4 [o BIlcI4Ha roHoBIl o[ KaAerxroftexoncraura; 1 e [Hreu:I{Ter Ha
a
Br{onI4Ha I4 KnaBI4p ce pa3JII{KyBaaT. 3ByKor: lmin :10-12 W/m - E IIHTEH3I4TCT HA
peayntuaut od uuoly cno){e-
Illyuoauute ce
peSepeurullor 3ByK - npar na .ryjuocr sa Qpex-
uu, rueuepuoduquu oct4una4uu u uo auuttutuyda u eenquja jtl000Hz.
uo cpperceen4uja. Illyuowrre He Mo>Ke Aa ce Kora :a KoHcraHTara 'ke ce seNae ft:l.
pa3no)Kar Ha npocTlr xapMoHrlcKll KOMTIOHeHTI{.
Hr{BOTO Ha fJIaCHOCT Ce I{3pa3yBa co eAITHI{IIaTa
CurHlror I4 KparKorpaeH rrryM e Iro3Har 6en (B), a Kora [:10, osa HI{Bo ce I{3pa3yBa co
KaKo rupecorc. Tareu ce, Ha npl{Mep, pa3HI4
[ecer narr{ rroMaJra eAI{HI4IIa - gequ6er (dB).
eKcrIJro3I{, Kpurerbe Ha cTaKno I4 Ap. Bo onue eAI{HIrIlIr uaj:ruxuor 3ByK, rrparor
I'Irutueuautuefi u.rrw javuua ,1 ua :ny'rHlror ua uyjuocra, rrMa rJracHocr:
6pau ce ge$uHupa Ha rrcr HaqI{H KaKo rrHTeH3lI-
-12
Teror Ha ceroj 6pau. Toa e eneprujara E ua l0
L: log-: - : log l:08 .
3ByrrHlor 6pau uITo ce [peHecyBa Bo eAITHI{qa l0 ''
BpeMe t, :ut43 e4vHlrqa nnourl{Ha S na noBpIxI{Ha
rrocTaBeHa HopManHo Ha npaBeIIoT Ha IXr{peI5e Ha
3a raurensl4Teror Ha 3ByKor roj npegll:ur-
6pauor.
KyBa ocer ua 6onra MaKcI4MaJrHoro HIIBo Ha
fJracHocT Ir3HecyBa:
l;e
. ..r':,r,,Sl
(1)
L = log
j I _ : log 1012 :l2B: 120 dB .

I 0-''
I4Hreusrlreror Ha 3ByKor KaKo eHeprercKa
KapaKTepr{cTr{Ka e npoflopql{oHul,IleH co KBaApaToT
Ha aMnJrr{TyAaTa Ha rlprrTltcoKoT lrlTo ce co3[aBa.
 1.8. 3ey,1411 Spanoau 35

rillssi 3oHa Ha 30Ha Ha tr4 str aeyvutute 6pauoeu KoKo MexaHuqKu

30OpyBaFbe opKepcrapcKa My3l4Ka 6pouoett aatratu aaKoHtru-te Ba peQtnerccu;ju,
dB ilp e rcp uty o an' e, d tt cp p arc tqtrj o, u uru e p Q e p e nry j t.
t

W/m2 3a ga ua6r,ygyeare rlurepSepeuquja Ha

120 1oo 3BytIHr{ 6paqonu, 3eMere Bo paKa 3ByrrHa
100 Br.rJ.bytrrKa rrocraBeHa Ha pe3oHaHrua xyrr.rja r,r
no6ygeua Ha ocuxJrr{pame. Co paKara x3BeAy-
80 1o-4 eajre rpy>rHo ABr{)Kerbe. IIIro s a6er ex<yBare'/
Cnequialeu clyvaj na nurepSepeurlreja e
60
Kora nBe 3ByrrHr{ BnJbyruKr,r r{Nraar $pernenqrlu
40 10-8 Kou ManKy ce pa3nrlKyBaar. Toa (e ro uanpaeurc
TaKa ruro (e geN{ere ABe BuJbyIxKIi co e[HaKBlI
Spereeuquu I{ Ha eAHara (e qogagere naprre
20
Jrr4M. flocraBere rr,r pe3oHaHTHt4Te Kyrr{r4 eAHa
0
1o-12 crrpoTr4 Apyfa r{ ABeTe noSyAere fr4 Br4JbyrrrK[Te
Aa ocqunr.rpaaT.
20 100 1000 10000 20000 IIIIo :a6erex<vea're'/. tr4Hreu':u'reror Ha
$peraenqraja (Hz) 3ByKor ce r\{eHyBa rrepr4ollfirrHo (engn eo BToprr
Krrac cynepno:r.rqr.rja Ha ocqunaqur4 co cbpex-
C,r. 2. Be6ep-Qexuepoel.r rpr.rnu BeHrIu[ KoIt ManKy ce pa3nuKytsaar).
3oruro 3ByqHure 5panoere ce cnyuaar
Ha cl.2 ce nprrKa)Kaur.r Be6ep-@exHepo- LIaKo r{Mare go6pa u:o,raquja. a Bparara e caN{o
Br{Te KpI{BI{ KOII rrOKa>KyBaaT AeKa IIpafOT Ha ManKy nogornopena? Korrae[ rpe6a na ce
gyjHocra N{Hofy rroBe*e cc rrcHyBa co l]poNteHa Ha 3ByrrHr.rTe rrpefpaAr4 r4rTlr eKpaHr.r Korrce Kopr{cTaT
(lpereeHqujara, a rpaHrlr-lara Ha 6o,rra nocJra6o. KaKo 3a[rrr4Ta oA 3ByqHr{ 6pauosu? Ha oeue
Iloeprur'trara Mely nparor Ha vyjHocra \t rrparuarba (e oAroBopr{Te aKo 3Haere Kota
lpaHl{rlaTa Ha 6onKa ce tsr{Ka citytttH() t1one. Og HacraHyBa guSparq[ja r4 KonKaBa e 6paHoeara
rpaQr4Kor Ha cr.2 ce rneAa gexa uefy I tr 4 kHz AOn)KUHa Ha 3ByrrHr4Te 6paHoeu.
yBoro e Hajocernr.rBo, AoAeKa rrpu noBr{coKr4Te lr Cre ce 3anparxaJre .lru 3orrrro srrgoBr{Te Bo
rroHr{cKr{Te Spexsenqnu ocer.rrr{Bocra e noMaJra. onepcKara cana ce o6noxeHl4 co rKaeHI4Ha, I{nt{
Ha npuuep, Ha 100 Hz nparor Ha qyjHocr e oKoJry KaKoB e [pocropor uag xoj e ilocraBeHa 6uuara?
10-8 W/rn2. rrrro e lOa naru rroroJreM nH'r'eH- Aro arcopnqujara Ha 3ByKor ue e roleva pe$-
nercujara Ha 3ByKor Bo 3arBopeHr.r ilpocropnr4
3r{rer oA r{HreH3r{reror:a SperneHquja 1000 Hz.
Mo)Ke [a 6uge none(eKparHa. Taa nojaea ce Br{Ka
I4uren:ureror Ha 3ByKor r{ fnacHocra oA peeepdepaquja. 3a'roa npil roucrpyxunja Ha
pa3Hr.r [peAr.r3BnKyBarrrr Ha 6yuanara ce
KoHrleprHr.r canr{, Tearpy w Ep.rpe6a aa 6vqa"r
[pr4Ka)KaHr{ Bo ra6enara 2.
r{crroJrHerr4 ycnoBr{Te 3a Ao6r.18arr'e orrrrMa.trHo
Ta6e,ra 2. Bpe\4e :a penep6epaquja - noc,.re3Byrrile.
Epattuarua ua sr:yrcotu 3aaucu rcorco od
t/13BOPt/1HA 3BYK I (dB) 1(Wm-r)
c6ojcta6au-a na cpec)uruatuo ntrs rcoja fiouuuyaa
npar Ha vyjxoc'r (pacr. ut(.tKo tt oD u-euuepautypou-o.
1 m) 0 0-''
rrrenorer6e (pacrojaune 1 m) 20 10 tr4 za zvy.rwure 6paHoBr.r Ba)Kar Sopuynnre
0-
odu.reu pa3roBop 40 0-8
3a 6p3r{Ha Ha rpaHcBep3arrHr4 r4 noHrr,rryAr.rHanHr.I
npoceqHo Spernentua ynuqa 60 0-6
6pauour (nugere rornaBje 1.2, paneurn 4v5 ).
rrracHo :6opyaame, coo6pa(aj 70 0-5
Ep:uuara Ha 3ByKor nprl txr{perle Bo
Spexneurrra y,rtlqa 90 0-
1 facoBr.rTa cpeAr{Ha, co 3foJreMyBarbe Ha TeMrre-
aeroN,ro6l{rcra cupeH a 100
0') parypara, ce 3foneMyBa. Ep3[HaTa Ha 3ByKoT Bo
Mna3eH aeuou (pacr. 10 m) 120 Bo3Ayx Ha 0 oC e 331,5 m/s, so BoAa Ha 20 "C e
1493,2 m/s, a no rpaHr{r e 6000 m/s.
36 I.8.3eyuuu 6panoeu

TIPIIMEP 1. [a ce onpeAerrl'I 6p:rauara na IF 3nyuna pe3o'aHqrrja

3ByKor Hr{3 aJryMI{HIryMor axo Jyuronuor MoAyJI
3ny.Inrare Ir3BopI4, KaKo MexaHI{r{KI{ ocutr-
Ha eJracrrrqHocr e E=J'101oNm-2, a naTopu, Mo)Ke Aa BpIIIaT nprlCI{JIeHI4 OCIII{JTaIIUI{ I{
Aa ce AoBeAar uo cocroj6a Ha pe3oHanquja.
fycrl{Hara P = 2.7 ' I 03 kg m-3 . Pesouauqltja raj rnyveu I{3Bop ocBeH co
Peruenue: Bp:unara Ha 3yKor Mo)Ke Aa ce npr{Mepor ua cn. I MO)Ke Aa ce [oKa)Ke co orIXTor

onpeAeJl[ o[ paBeHKaTa: v:
tr
.l-
rrpr{Ka)<aH na. cn.3. Bo nourupoK caA co BoAa
rrororreHa e cJaKnega LIeBKa roja e orBopeHa Ha
XP geara rpaja. (Blte Mo)Ke Aa ro HanpaBI4Te roa I4
7.0.1010 co eAHa rroroJreMa MeH3ypa eo roja [o.]reKa
Taa r43HecvBa: v = * 5.1 km/s AoAaBare noqa).
L7.td

OI{3ITKATA II EKOJIOTMJATA ,rn

3eyuurare 6pauogra co foJreM I{HTeH3I{Ter

nrro rrr I4Maar cI4Te. Mo)KHrz @perneullltll o[
o6nacra Ha cJlyluarbero, ce BI{Kaar dyvaaa.
floryuneuo Hr{Bo Ha rJracHocr 3a IroBI{coKIrre
Spernenqrau e 70-80 dB, a ta HITcKI{ $pexeenquu
90-100 dB. 3a oApeAeHI{ Mecra rponlruraHa e I{
rroMaJra rJracHocr Ha 3ByK. Ha npulrep, so 6orHu- a) 6)
rlr{re e go 15 dB, a so 6u6rlloreKl{re Ao 20 dB, so C.n.3 E,rcnepuuen'r co 3ByrrHa pe3oHaHIIIrJa
crraJrHr{re co6n oA 20 dB qo 30 dB.
tr4nreusunHara, a oco6eHo AoJrrorpajuara Kora sa[ orBopor Ha qenrata re ce
6yuana urrerHo gejcrnyna Bp3 r{oBeqKllor AOHeCe 3ByqHaTa BIrJbyIrrKa ruTo ocIII4JrI{pa, Bo3-
opraHr43aM: ocna6yea cJlyxor, ja uar.,ra.uyna
ro AyrxHqor cron6 Bo IIeBKara rie Ir3BeAyBa
pa6orocroco6Hocra, npeAI{3BI{KyBa HepBHI{ aqul{. Meuyeaj fui j a gonx<rau ara
npr4cr{Jr eHI{ ocql{Jr
pacrpojcrna u HarlHarocr Ha MycKylure. Ha Ha Bo3AyrrlHuor cror6 (co u:gLrrane I{ cnylxrarbe
lpr{Mep, lyfero KoI4 u:pa6orynaar Ka3aHI4, Ha rleBKara) ea ogpeqeHa BIlcIrHa, 3ByKor ce
o6uuuo, crpaAaar oA AeJIyMHa rJryBocr 3a cJryrla rocr{JrHo. 3nyxor ce 3acvlryBa, T.e
orceror Ha Qperneuqnure Ha 3ByKor Koj HacraHyBa peaouauqltja. Kora ,[on)KrIHara Ha
oAroBapa Ha 6y.raeara co3AaAeHa oA yAapI4Te Ha Bo3AyrrIHI{or cro.n6 r,rrraa colrcrBeHa SperaeHqraja
I{EKAHOT BO SIIAOBI4TC HA KA3AHOT.
roja ce cosnafa co Spexneuqujara Ha 3ByqHara
3a :aunrra Ha qoBeKoBara oKoJII{Ha o[ Br4JbyruKa, r{Jr{ Kora eAHara $pereeuqnja e Ileir
6yvana, HeorrxoAHu ce Meperba ua 6y.12sn'tu au" 6poj naru rroro.lleMa. Ha oreopor Ha ueBKara ce
ce npaBaT co aKycrI{qKI4 ypeA lrrTo ce BIIKa co3qaBa croeu 6pan (rarna e t{ pe3oHauTHara
Qououefrap, olHocHo cononefrap. xyurja ua roja e rocraBeHa 3ByqHara nu;ryrura).
flplr :aurrltra oA 6yvanara, rpe6a ga ce ConcrreHara Qperneuquja Ha Bo3AyIx-
rrMa rrpeABHA AeKa HajAo6pu 3Byr{H[ Ir3oJIaqtroHl4 uuor cror6 3aBl,{crr oA HefoBara qo,rxuHa Z:
ceoicrna r4Maar noporlH[re valepujallt.
tr4nreu:r.rreror Ha 3ByKor eKcrIoHeH- v (2n +l\
f =-=7v: n-1.2.3..... (l)
qr'rja,rHo onaia co ua rnrarepuja"lor.
Ac6e,'I14Hara )- 4L
Ho uHTeH3r{Teror I{tt 3ByKor Bo 3arBopeHu KaAe rxro iz e roj 6lrno qen 6poj, v e 6p:uHara ua
npocropr.rr.r 3aBI4cIr oll xoeQtuque nr'<tr Ha 3ByKor Bo Bo3gyx" Cnyvajor [pIIKaxaH sa cl.3a e
ancopnquja. Tara, stt npxMep, Ivlanrepor I{r{a
npr,r [on>KI4Ha Ha Bo3Aytxur.ror c'rol6 L-]"14, a 36
roeQnqneHr ua ancoprrqlrja 0,02, a :asecure 0,23.
 L8. 3eyuuu 1paruoeu JI

za L:3X/4). OcseH roa, pesoHanquja lroxe ga flynavruor r.rHcrpyMeHT AaBa ocHoBeH ToH
HacraHe 3a Koj 6nlo He[apeH 6poj Ha Kora rdMa caMo eqeu ja:o.n. Kaj [yBaqKr,rre
rrerBprr4HKr4 6pauonu AoJrxtrHr{ ua crojunor 6pau r4HcrpyMeuTr4, orBopeHrr ira ABara rpaja ja:onor
Soprr,rrapan Bo Bo3AyrxHraor cron6 3arBopeH oA ce co3AaBa Ha cpeArlHara na crol6or (cl. 4). a xaj
eAHr4or Kpaj, T.e aKo AoJr>il4Hara e 3arBopeHr{Te e Ha rcpajor Ka[e rlIro r{eBKara e
1 3arBopeHa (c.tr. 5).
L=(2n+1)-:. Epauoeara AoJr)<rrHa Ha ronor raj ratno-
4
peHI4Te AyBaTIKI,I r4HCTpyMeHTr4 e ABa rraTr4 rroro-
Bo no:gyurHra crol6onra orBopeHrr oq gnala <paja
JreMa orKoJrKy rpr4 orBopeHr4Te, $perneuqrajara
ce go6lrnaar noHrr4TyAnHanulr crojHra 6panonu co
(nucuuara na ronor), [aK, e ABanarlr noltr4cKa.
MeBoBr4 Ha ABararpaja. Bo noe4yururaor crol6
r4Ma qeJr6poj uolonuHxu 6paHoBr{ [oJrxr4Hr4. Ilojaaafra peaouanryuja ce rcopucfiu aa
rtepetue dpauuafra na aeyunufre 6paaoau.
Bosgyutruor crol6 fe pe:oHrapa Ha 3ByK co
Qpexeeuqr,rja Co ursjaeauta peaouttu4u.iu cc o1jucuyat
-n n:2,3,.4... uacutauofr rcoia co iioaout ua utpy6urue cc LptttltLtr,t(
"2L
J=-v; (a)
suduutrtrte ua 6u6",ntcrcuout tpur) .lepuxou.
3nyuHara pesouarqllja ce ropucrn raj
AyBaLrKr.{re r4HcrpyMeHru (cn.4 lr cl.5). Heron
r{HcrpyMeHTlr (rrrrapa, nraonrzua) 3a Aa AaAar
rroroJleM r{HTeH3I4TeT KOpr,rCTaT TeJra co Kor{
Moxe Aa ce npeArr3BrrKa pe3oHaHqlrja. Tarnure
TeJra ce pesouatuopu. Ha nprauep, 3Byr{Hara
BHJ.bytrrKa e rrocraBeHa Ha pe3oHaHTna ryrnja.

i.- L --------+i lxaplroHLrr

J----
e^'=7,r,=;=+
r.

IT XAPMOHIIK

J-YF L:=L.f.=l=2f,
M-L III xapuoulx
C"n. 6 Yauara e cKprrreua o[ qoBeKqKr{ rJrac,
KaKo pe3yJrrar na pesonanquja.

IJIPUMEP 2, Ase rIeBKr{, oA Kor{ eAHara

orBopeHafla ABara xpaja, Apyrara C- sarnopeHa
Cn. 4. OrnopeHu [yBaqKr4 rrHcrpyMeHTrl Ha eAHr,ror rpaj, nuaar eAHaKBr4 AoJrxrlHr{. Kaxsa
e paSJIvKaIa Bo ocHoBHIITe TOHOBI'I KOr,I II4 AABAaT
grere qearn?
Peruenne. @pexnenquj ara Ha ocHoBHrror roH Ha
rleBKara 3arBopeHa Ha eAHr,ror rpaj e onpeAeJreHa
r-.
IIT XADMOHI,IK I^v
=-.aHaorBoDeHaTa ro 1'-
co "412L

ffix,=!1 v
,,=#,=rf,
xapMoHr,rK
4
Axo ce noAeJrar ABere paBeHxu ce go6usa:

f =l
rr =i L; fs =5fr .f' 2
@pexaenqrajara Ha ocHoBxr{or roH Bo
orBopeuara geBKa e Aaanarv rroroJreMa (aa egua
Cn. 5. 3arsopesr,r AyBaqKr,r rrEcrpyMeHTr4 oKTaBa ronor e nonucor).
38 1.B. 3eyuuu 6pauoau

IPI4MEP 3. 3nyuua Br4rbylrrKa co $peK- OI{3ITKATA 14 EPIOJIOTUJATA

BeHr{r4jaf735 Hz e rocraBeHa HaA Bo3[yueH
croJr6 3arBopeH oA eAHI4or Kpaj. HajcuneH 3ByK 3owtuo yeoruo rcaj uoeercoru e ruojocetu-
HajnpBo (e -ryere Kora Bo3AyrrrHr{or cron6 IrMa ueiy 3 000 Hz tt 4 000 Hz.
,xuao 3a Qperceeu4uu
Aon)Kr4Ha I 1.3 cm, a rloroa Ha Ir [on>KI4Ha 33.5 Ogroropor Ha oBa npauae'e (e ro
cm. [a ce onpelenu 6p3uHara Ha 3ByKor Bo qo6uere xora *e ja npeclterare [oJI)KI{Hara Ha
Bo3[yx. yrxHr4or KaHaJr. Bo:gyxor Bo yrxHl4or KaHaJr,
Perueur,re. Vlwaji<uja npegwrq panenxara (3) KaKo Bo3Ayrxes cror6 3arBopeH ua equraor xpaj.
v Qn+l) Mo)Ke Aa ocqrrnl4pa co pe3oHaHTua Spernenqnja
KoJa fnach J =: TaKa rrrro r{HTeH3r4Teror ce 3foJreuyna 2 qo 3
L4L
Ltt rrarrr. flo:uaro e AeKa pe:ouauqlrjara Bo
Ao6HBa v = '"r n 0. l. 2. 3..... rrprrHrlr4n HacTaHyBa Kofa Aon)KI{HaTa Ha IIeBKa
(2n +l) orBopeHa Ha e[Hr4or rpaj (eo oeoj c:ryuaj ylr]Hlror
a) Co 3aMeHa Ha 6pojuure BpelHocrrl Bo xaHar) e HenapeH 6poj oq )"14. Ha npl{Mep, 3a
oBaa paBeHKa rrpv n- 0, :a eosgyureH cron6 ql{ja Qpernenqnja og 3000 Hz, Ha roja yBoro e
AoJrxr{Ha e I-11.3 cm, 6p:unara I43HecyBa: uajoceuuno, o[roBapa 6pauoea AonxlrHa:
: 4L.f , oAHocHo \ =332 nt/s
v
)'=v I f =340ms l/:OOO s-l =0,1 lm,
6) 3a Bo3AyueH cror6 qrja Aor)KuHa e
L:33.5 cm. rpe6a n: L Bpznuara H3HecyBa: oAHocHo Xl4=0,0275m ,
y: 4Lf KaAe rxro v : 340 -r-1 6psuua Ha 3ByKo'r'.
. oAHocHo vz =328 mls "
J flo.nxuuara Xl4:0,0275 m rorrHo oAroBapa Ha
Epsuuara Ha 3ByKor (e ja go6ueMe KaKo Aon)Kr{Hara Ha yrxHnor KaHaJr Kaj rroBeKor.
cpe[Ha BpeAHocT o[, v1 v v2 Cnopeg roa, jacuo e AeKa yruHl{or KaHa.II I{Ma
yJrofa Ha pe3oHaTop Ha 3ByKor.
IIPI4MEP 4. Co xonxasa cr.rna rpe6a ga
CE 3ATETHC IICIUIIHA )KIIIIA CO AOJIXIIHA L_0,25 M
u HarpeqeH upeceK S=3.14.10 2mm2,3a Aa
ocHoBHara $pexneuqr{a npLI nej:lruoro /IONJIEPOB EOEKT
ocrlr4Jrr{pa}be 6uge f.:435 Hz \a ce l:eMe AeKa florreponuor eQexr e nojaea KapaKTe-
rycTllHara Ha r{eJII{Kor e p:7800 kg/m'. p[crr4qHa 3a cr{Te 6pauonu ABr4xerba - 6panonu
Peureur,re. Ep:uuara Ha 3ByKor HI{3 3arefHara Ha BoAara, 3ByrrHr4 r{ yJrrpa3Byvnu 6panonr.r, a
)Kr{rla e 3aAaAeHa co paBeHKaTa: IICTO TaKa r4 npl4 IIpOCTI{paIbe Ha CBeTnI{HCKLlr
tr
y- J-, (1)
pagrao6pauoBrl r{ npyrl{ eneKTpoMarueruu 6pa-
nosr4. Ha npr{Mep, Kora qaMel{ ce ABI4)KII Haclpo-
\/u rz pa:6paHyBaHa Bo[a, cppereenqujara co roja
KaAe lxTo p e Maca Ha eALIHITIIa Aon)KI{Ha, Taa Ce
6pauonr.rre yAl{paar Ha qaMeqor rie 6uge noro-
onpeAenyBa oA: JreMa oTKonKy Kora qaMeIIoT MI{pyBa vrr4 ce
m pV pS/
-- :pS (l) [Brl)Kr{ Bo HacoKa Ha npocrllparbero ua 6panor.
u:-
't.t,t, Tarsa nojaea rocror4 r.r raj 3ByKor. Kora
Og paneurara (1) ce go6una: 3ByrrHr.ror r{3Bop ce [Br4>Kr4 ron ua6nygyBarlor, a
oKo,rrr.rHara Mr{pyBa, ua6rsyqyeauor cnyua nofo-
F:v2v . (4)
JreMa Br4cr{Ha Ha ronor (SperneHquja) og raa
OcroeHara $pereeuqlrja Ha 3arernara )KI{IIa e urro ja naBa r43Bopor. Bo cnpou.reen cnyvaj, rora
(nugere crojnu 6paHoeu): 3ByrrHr{or r{3Bop ce oAla.lrealyea, ua6.nyAyBaqor
v = 2l-f o; (5) cnyua rroMaJra Br{c[Ha Ha roHor. Oeoj eSexr ce
:a6erexyna Kora JroKoMorI4Ba LIJrI{ asroMo6ur
Aro paeeHrure (5) n (2) ce BMerHar no (4), ce
IaBaar 3ByarHr4 cr{fHan14, a rroMI{HyBaar 6p:o
go6nea F =4L2 f:pSoqHocHo, F=11,59N. norpaj ua6rEygyeavor.
 l.B. 3ayuuu 6pauoeu 39

llpouenara ua $perneHqlrjara e 3aAaAeHa 6. ,Il,alu 3a 3BlrrH[Te 6pauoeu BDKIr nplrHlll4lror 3a

co paBeHKaTa: cyflepno3nrlr4ja? 3ofirro 3ByKoT Bo rlpa3Ha caJra ce
c.nyrua rojaro orKoJIKy Kora Bo caJlara una ny6ruxa?
=L .f 7. llou craK,'reuo sBoHo e craBeHo ereKTp[rrHo
^f vo
sBoHrIe. Ar<o og craK,'IeHoro sBoHo co noMolrr Ha
KaAe rrrroI e QpexneHqlrjara Ha I{3Bopor IrITo ce BaKyyM nyMna e I{3BJIeqeH Bo3gyxor, ga"nu (e ro
ABrD<r4 co 6p3uHa v, /' e Spereeuqlljara ruro ja cJryIIrHeTe ssonersero ?
repqenrrpa ua6lygynavor, Lf - .f - J , ,o e 8. 3ouno KocMoHayror Ha Meceqtlnara rora (e
yAplr co qeKaH He cryura :nyr ?
6p:rauara Ha 3ByKor.

06jacHere rI{ cJreAHIrBe rIoI,IMIr:

- TOH - BI4CIIHA HA TOHOT
- 6oja ua rouor - Ilpaf Ha vyjnocra
&t
ffi{)-
- rIHTerI3I4TeT Ha 3ByKOT - 6en
- |JTACHOCT - geqlr6e:r
@
- penep6epaquja, - pesonauquja
- raurepSepeuquja - Be6ep- @exHeporiE
- graSpar<quja - Kpr{Br{
- ancopnquja Ha 3ByK - 6yvaea
- rponorrletap - coHoMeTap

C.n. 7.

l(oll
cc
e ro3Ha'fa rpperneuqujara H:t I43Bopor, Mo)Ke Aa
onpeAeJrr.r 6p:rrua'ra Ha ABrl)Kert't: rra o6jerrr.r (eo
m
\re/lr4rtilHa1'a co vJrrrp:l3ByK ce oflpegeJlyBa 6psuuara ua l. Co novoru Ha 3ByvHI4or ceH3op Ha
xpura). f{oir"'reponnol crpi:xr ce Kopl{crtl l Bo uurepQiejcor Ccach onpegerlere ja
lc rpoHornrja r':r 3n onpelcnyBar6e Ha peJrarr4BHara oclroBHara $perneuquia Ha roHor go6r.reu og
6p,rrrira Ha sBc3[u'l'e BL] olHoc Ha 3evjara. AaAeHa 3Byr{Ha Br4Jr,yrrKa. Cnopeqere rI4 I{HTeH3LI-
Te'rr4Te Ha 6pauysan ero Kora BIrJt,ylIKara
ocrlu.rrrrpa co r.r 6eg pe3oHarop.
flparuarr,a, 3aAaqll Cllnuere HeKoj I{cfleau ToH o[ Baura ApyrapKa IrJrIr
Ap,vi'ap co roplrcrene Ha ceH3opor Ha eAHaKBo
pacroleHr{e oA HrrR orrpeAeJlere ja npu6nr.rxHo
i. 1\1,]r()\toalu.rcKa cr{peHa AaBa 3ByK co uHTeH3IITer ocHoBHara $pereeuquja Ha cl{rHaJror Ilrro ro
i j ,
I \V, m l finu r,,racHocr o[ 90 dB; gecer raxar.r go6nrare. lllro :axnyurarre?
Cnulaere HeKoj rrryM. Ha npulrep, yAap co qeKaHrle
r.rr!illHr llilBaar rHTeH3r4Ter - l0 2 Wim2 IrJrLr rJlacHocr
, ; lU0 dB; Ane cr{peHr4, nar, 93 dB. 3ourro? no MeTaJIua noBplII4Ha, I4Ma JII4 TaMy HeKaKBa
repfiolr4qHocr? lloroa qsajqa og yr{eHuIII4Te HeKa
.2. 3a rolxy geqlr6eru Ile ce npolteul4 rJlacHocra Ha
r{crear r,rcrr4 ToHoBr4. Ke ce pas:rraxyeaar lu rue ?
]Ii-\/K(]'I' IIKO I4HTCH3I{TCTOT CC 3|OJICMI4 ABA IIATI,I.
Ha urro ce AoJr>KIl taa paa;u.rra?
(Ogronop:3 dB)
2. Ynorpe6ere 2 egnarel4 3ByrrHu BI4Jr,ylrKIr I{
.i. J{a ce oilpeueJrer'rr4 cppereeHqiljara Ha 3ByaIeH
amunupajre ru. Co nouoru Ha 3BytIHI4or ceH3op I{
!r it-r{l| aKo 3gvtrHl4Te 6pauoeil ltvaar 6pauona IIon)<r.IHa ceH3opoT Ha rroMecryBalseTo Bp3aHI4 3aeAHO,
il i'li nr iL ce ilrr{par co 6psnna 340 m/s. yoqere AeKa HeKale 3BytIHI4OT CI{IHaJI e
(O71roeop: ./- 500 Hz) fo 3a roja
MaKcrrMareH, a HeKaAe, peqr4cr4, HeMa.
VleralHa qeBKa co AoJrxI4Ha 93 1 m no AoJrxu-
,1.
nojaea crauysa :6op?
nllii c yApeHa co qcKaH. Ha gpyrror Kpaj Bo 3. Ha egHara oA ABere BIrJtyIxKIr rlocraBere MaJIo
Bf)|iircilcKil pa3JrfiKa oA F2,5 s Iie .ryere ABa 3BvKa. ftaprre oA aJryMr{HxyMcKa Qo.uuja Ir 3aJrerere ro co
{)ir:u,;Hc're Ha rrrro ce [on)Kr4 nojanara. f{a cc onpegelu ce,rorejn. Co 3ByrrHl4or cI4rHaJr ce Ao6r4Baar
irIiiiililTir Ha 3ByKor Bo ivrc'f:lJlor, aro 6p:uuara Ha 6ue*a. Onpegenere ro flepl{oAor ua 6ilercero.
rri'h() r rro tso:lgyx c 340 m/s. (C)groeop: 3900 m/s) lloroa riorlrecrere ja Macara Heurro IIoHLIcKo Il
. Iio"irraea eHepruja npeHecyBa 3Byr{eH 6pau :a noBTopere ro eKcrreprrMesror. IIIro 3aKryrrl4BTe?
lilir. irr' oA eAHa r\,rr4Hyra Hlt3 nJIoIrITr.IHa I tn2 , aKo IrMa
iilrrrrn-rlrer 10 W/m2 - (Olroeop: 600 J)
 IrIuQ p as ey "ttup ae ey K u up
40 I . 9. rc, y Lt,Me Ha

llu$pa:nyqrare noce6uo ce rpl4MeuyBaar

1.9. I4HOPA3BYK, YJITPA3BYK M npu BoeHr{ r43Bl4AyBarba 3a OTKpI{Barr'e Ha
fIPI,IMEHA MacKr{paHrr [pe[MeTI{ KoI{ He e Mox(HO BIr3yenHO
ga ce orxpujar.
Ocqranaqurare co $perBeHIIIrI{ ua uuQpa-
I4nSparnyx 3ByKOT, KOr4 ce go6unaar co roce6nra npn6opu, ce
KOpI4CTaT 3a JIeKyBaILe I4 Maca)Ka.
Mexanra.rrr4re 6pauonu co QperaeHqlaja
loMaJra oy 20 Hz cnafaar so o6racra ua uHQpa-
3ByKor. Irl:nop ua nu$pa:nyK Bo rrpI4HIII{rI Moxe Ynrpaenyx
qa 6uge ceKoe reJro Koe ocql{Jllrpa Bo [a[eHrror
flog ynrpa:ByK ce nogpa:6rapaar MexaHI{q-
$pereeureu I{HTepBan. Tarsu Mo)Ke Aa 6ugar,ua Kr4Te 6pauonn co $perneHIII{Ir IloroneMI{ oA
IrpI4Mep, roJreMI{ JIOIXO IIeHTpUpaHV MaIrI4HI4 KOI'I
pa6orar co MaJr 6poj :anpryBalba, TeIITKIT rpaH- ropHara rpaHrrrla Ha vyjnocr. Ynrpa:nyr{Hl{Te
cnopTHr{ KaMIroHI4, rrullt 3a ceqerbe ApBa, ocI{I4Jra-
6pauonu r4Maar $perneuqnlr og 2.104 qo lOe Hz.
qr{r4Te Ha roJreMI4Te rpa[e)KHI{ KOHCTpyKIII4I{. 3ny<or co $exeeuqulr rloroJleMra og 10e Hz ce
Ilplrpoguu r{3Bopl{ Ha Iau$pa:nyr ce eJreK- nura xuilepaeyrc. r{oBerrKoro yBo He Mo)Ke [a ru
TpurrHure rrpa3Herba eo aruocQepara, 6yplme, nepqefiIIpa oBr{e 3ByrrHIa 6pauoeu. flopaqll
:elrjorpecure, ByJrKaHI4Te, BoAo[aAlrre, roJreMara Sperreuqnja, [pol43neryBa AeKa
MopcKr{re 6pauowr. I4u$pa:nyql{ HacraHyBaar, yJrrpa3ByKor rrMa MHory uana 6panoBa AoJr)KI4Ha.
Ha [pr4Mep, v rpv nyKa]r,e Ha TeIIKI{ apTI{Jre- Ha uplruep, 3a ropHara rpaHI{IIa Ha ynrpa3ByKor,
pvcKrl opyguja, ercnno:uja Ha rpaHarl4, MI4Hrr I4 r.e Ha Qperneuquu og 109 Hz, Bo Bo3Ayx
Ap. Bo cnre npuMeptr. norpaj vyjnara 6pauonara Aon)KrrHa r43HecyBa 3,4.10-7 m, IrITo
KoMrroHeHTa, ce co3AaBaar u uuQpa:ByIII{Te.
Osr4e HzcroQperneurun 6panonu, gejcrey- e oA peA Ha roJreMI{Ha KaKo ra 6pauonara
najfua ua pe3oHaHTeH Har{I4H, Mo>Ke [a [peAI43- AOI)KI4Ha Ha CBerJrI4HaTa.
Br4Kaar uajpa:rnvuu orxreryBarba Bp3 opraHl4Te I,Iaeopu ua ynfrpaaeyrc. - 3a go6raname ua
Ha rroBeKor: MarrHIrHa, 3aMop, uano6oirra, yJITpa3ByK Ce KOpr4CTaT rvexaHuHKLt U enerctupo-
pacrpojcrno. Og uun relxKo ce 3aurl{TyBaMe JilexaHultKu reHeparoprl. Mexanra.rrl{Te reHepa-
3aroa rrrro uH$pa:nyqure He ce nplrMaar [peKy ropr{ upercraByBaar eAeH BI{A clequjaluo
oceToT 3a cJryx, TyKy npeKy IIenoTo reJlo. KoHcrpyr{paHrr cBr4pKrI u cvpeHu (lanrononara
Ocqranaqurare ce npeHecyBaar ilpeKy sugoBr{Te, cnr.rpra). Co uun ce Ao6I4Ba yJITpa3ByK co MaJrIr
noAoBr{Te Ir Ap. $perneuquu (20-200 kHz) u MaJra Mo(Hocr.
foreuara 6pauona Aon)<r{Ha (ua $pexneu- Kaj eJreKTpoMexaHIrtIKI4Te reHeparopn ce
l0 uo 20 Hz no nosgyx onroBapa 6pauona
qraja og Koprrcrar unaeparuuofr uuesoenercfrpuveru u
IloJrxprHaog 17 go 34 m) oBo3Mo)KyBa uu$pa- uaitefrocfrpurcruueuuofr efiercru. Bugejfui
3ByKor JrecHo [a ru coBJIaAyBa npenperure. Toj rrlre3oeJreKTpr{r{Hr{or eSexr e peBep3l{6lrneH,
eAHocraBHo ru o6uronysa. Trle ce KapaKTepI{3I{- yrTpa3ByrrHr4Te rrpeTBopaqrr Moxe Aa ce
paar co MaJra alcopnllr{oHa croco6nocr urro Kopr{crar, He caMo KaKo yJITpa3ByqHr{ reHepa-
oBo3Mo)KyBa roJreM Aocer, oco6euo Kora ce Toprr TyKy r{ KaKo npI{eMHI{qI4 Ha yJITpa3ByK.
rrr{paT Bo BoAa. Ilueaoenercfrpuvwuofr eQercfr ce cocrolr Bo
cJreAHoTo: nog gejcrno Ha eJracrl{r{ua ge$op-
floce6no ocerJrnBr.r na r.ru$parnylll4Te ce
ruaquja Kaj HeKor{ AuereKTpuqHu KprIcraJII4
HacraHyBa ereKTpurrHa norapu:aquja. zlreuo, ua
HeKor4 MopcKr4 xnBorHlt. Megysure 6eraat og 6peror,
a HeKor{ pr,r6lr rou )<rBear no gna6o.rr.rul{Te l{3JreryBaar
cTpaHr{Te Ha KpI{cTaJrHara rrJrorrKa (uce.IeHlr Ha
Ha noBpllrt4Hara r,r Ha roj naurau cl4rHaJrlr3l4paar 3a loce6eH navuu) KaAe lrrro gejcrnyna curara
npu6nnx<ynarre Ha )?araHr{, IIyHaMLI 6panonu u gp. Bo eAHaTa cTpaHa ce eJIeKTpII3r{pa co IIO3I{TI4BHO
Janonr{a ce olrJlelyBaar pu6u KoLI HeKoJrKy rraca rrpeg KOJrrrqecTBo eneKTpuqecTBo, a cnporr{BHara co
seujorpecr.rre ro MeuyBaar roo6lr.raeuoto oAHecyBarLe r{eraruBHo. Toa ce aa6enexyna ro oTKJroHor Ha
BO aKBap[yrr4oT. rrurBaHoMeTapoT cIIoeH co nJlorrKaTa (cl.l).
flonapusaquj ara Ha raKoB ALreJreKTpI4K e najro-
 1.9. AuQpaaeyrc, y,,uupa36yK Lt ipLtMeHa 4l

JreMa aKo HanpefarbeTo Ha Kpr.tcTaJIoT e Bo Ha- KpxcraJror (e 6ugar co MaKcuMaJrHa aMnJr[TyIa

coKa Ha Kpr.rcraJrofpa+cKara ocKa. Co [poMeHa rora nomeiy npoMeHJIIIBoro eJreKTpIIrtHo rroJre Lt
Ha HacoKara ua geSoprvraqujara (ua npnuep, KpxcraJIHara [ro.{xa (e ce BocnocraBu pe3oHaH-
HaMecro 36r.rBaH,e ce Bprxu lr:golxyearse) qr,rja, r.e. xora Qpexaenqujara na nonero (e ce
HacraHyBa no:raplt:aquja co crporr{BHa HacoKa. rr3e;IHarru co corrcrBeHara Sperlenqlrja ua
Tarao ceojcrao uuaar reapqofr, ruypuaaunoii, rrJroqKara. nro.{Ka,ta rofarlr ocqlJ'utpa co MaKcr{-
6apuyu ruufranatuour, ceineiiioaauta cor.t, HcKou MaJrIro Mo)KHa aMlJ'tr,rryAa. Co go6ap u36op Ha
uo.auuepu u dp. lc6e,rnuara Ha nroqKara Ha,t Hor Hr xoj raa e
xrpexaHa. Mo/Ke Aa ce qo6njar yJ'lrpasBy'lHr4
fltttsoe'tertuptr.ruuoi!t c(hcKui 2o ttpoyqyBo"le 6panoBu co +peKnenquja o4 50 go 100 MHz.
6paftarua Ktrpu eo 1856 rod. llopaglr perep:lr6u:ruocra ua e$exror,
l.t:a go6n-
LICTaTa rrlror{Ka Mo)Ke Aa ce Kopr.tcTll
Barie rr 3a nererquja Ha yr'rrpa3ByKor. Tara, aro
Ha KBapuHara nrosKil laAHe y,rrpa:ayveu 6pal.
+++++ ce co3AaAaBaaT eJleKTpurrHrr LlMIIyJrcr.t KOII Mo)Ke
Aa ce AeTeKTr.lpaaT co cooABeTeH r4HcTpyMeHT.
Malnefrocfipuxutuaea etSexut rroKaxyBatr
uexon SepouarHerult cyrrcraHqlru (xele3<l,
Jrerypn Ha rKeJre3o rr nlrxel). flog gejcrao Ha
a) 6) TIPOMCHJIIIBO MAfHETHO IIOJIC TCJIA HATIPABCHII OA
rtle. cyncraHq u ocquJ'laropHo ja vcuysaar
cBolaTa AoJrx<I4Ha X TaKa CTaHyBaaT It3BOpr4 Ha
C,'r. L llue3oe,leKrpri.leH e0cKr
yJrTpa3ByK.
I:Ineepaea Eueaoenexutpuueu eQerctu. Axo
Ha nrorrKa oA KBaprI (c.[.2) ce HaHecaT MeTa.JrHr{ rlprruena Ha yi'rrpa3Byxor
o6lorn (reHxu @ll,ruoer oA 3raro nnn cpe6po) lr Ocuognlre $n:ulrlr KapaKTepltcrl,lKlr n
Taa ce noAoJlo)Krr Ha lleplto[urrHo IIpoMeHJrrrBo 3aKoHLt 3a rxlrperbe Ha 3ByqHr{Te 6paHoBu Baxar
creKTpl.tqHo no,re- uejtlnlrre guno,rl ie uacrojy- t{ 3a y:rrpa3ByKo'l'. Mefyroa, yJlTpa3ByKor noce-
BaaT [a ce oprreHT[paaT Bo HacoKa Ha rroJleToj AyBa Hn3a c[eq[Our{Hx cnojcrta xou oBo3Mo)<y-
lxTo AoBeAyBa [o MexaHl{qKo Harrpefa}6e Bo BaaT foJIeMa rrpxMeHa Bo HayKaTa, TexHrrKaTa l.I
KpltcraJror. flpuroa, xaapquara rrJroqKa ce lreguqunara. Tne cnojcrna ce cJIeAHIiBe:
LI3AOJT)KyBaIIp[ e[Ha HacoKa Ha noJIeTo, r.r ce l. yrrpa3By.{H[Te 6pauoru, nopaAr.l MaJrara
co6npa npu c[portrBHa uacora ua no;rero. Ha roj 6panoea gorxuua (roreua @peraeuqnja) ce
HaqrrH nJIoqKaTa u3BeAyBa IIpIrCrrreHI,I uupar, npu6ruxHo npaBoJII{Hr4cKlr, rITo oBo3-
ocrIrrJILIJIaquIt Kor{ ce [peHecyBaaT rr Ha MoxyBa co noce6un axycrnuKn ofJreAaJla na ce
rrecTItuIITe Bo oKoJIHaTa CpeALlHa BO BLiA Ha HacoqyBaaT;
yrrpa3By.rHr.r 6paHoBx. 2. ynrpa:tyvuuor 6pau npenecysa noee(e
eueprzja orKoJrKy 3ByqHrror 6pan, r.e. r.rMa
rIofoJIeM uHTeH3LIrer (1 to2- ltrren:u'tleror 1 e
"c
nponopquoHalreH co Qpexaenqr.rjara), raKa Kofa
(e ce Sorycupa Ha MaJ'ra noBptrruHa Mo)Ke Aa
npeAr.I3BxKa: exaHuLtKL!, mot\,,tltHcKu, Quatttrco-
xetLtc taLt Lt Qtrcuo now rc tt eQt a rcuttt;
3. aMlrltryAara Ha ocqr,rJrupaBe Ha
qecTurluTe r{ aMnJrrrTyIIaTa Ha npr{Tl{coKoT Bo
varepuja,rHara cpeA Ha H r xoja novnuyea
ylTpa3ByKOT Ce fOJTeMLI I,I MO)Ke [a npe[n3Br.rKaaT
C,'r. 2. L4[Bep3cH nle:oe,rexrpuucn e$err roJ'reMx Harrperaba u rpajur.r geQopnaqlrn.
Bocnoclageslrre Mt:xaH[\Ku ocqLIJIaUuu Bo
42 l.9.Urrjtpaaoytc, yntulloJByK u ipu.rrct ur

f[paeonunucroro rxrrpcrbc Ha yrrpa:]Byrl- ce Kopnc lll tso (btt3Dorcpanrljara 3a 3afpeBaIl,e.

ult< 6plHtrnn cc Kori cTtl f|pv y.tttttltttJtt\)ttttttntt Y,rrpirrul,rnrrr. 6prHoBl,r t4\rrrr ocodttur.
decperctuocrtouttj u 3a nc[[TyBaH,e Ija xoNrofcHoc- KaKo r{ np}/fxre 6paHoBr.r. [pu pecplercnja oq
Ta Ha rpuMepoul x 3a orKprrBarLe Ha pil]Hl4 rrollBa)KHa npelrpeKa ga cu ja npoucHar $per-
leQrerru BO HuB (ttyKHarnHr, HexoNlorenoclr ). niHr0rjlrr. flnorrrulr ftr lrjr +l{'KBcHIr{ilrlr tilBr.i-
Oaa ce 6a:upa Hir pe$rcKclrjara Ha yJlrpa3ryKor' cr o/l SP3rHara Ha [Brr)KeHre rra rrpe[peKaril i,r ojl
oll crroMHaTrTe Aed)eKTI,I Bo rlpr.rNlepoKoT. '[oa !aJ'rr{ 'taa cc [l][5n[)KyBll fl.qu ce ollArJre,ryBil
Cltopcg ro,relrunara Ha cuftrilJIor, cc .r'Ior(upa oA [plreNrrrrlKot (Ao[ncpoB erfcxr). co rrorvoLn
Nl(cfoIo li (16.ltiKot Hlt lescKlol Hl aahB irllirpalll NlLr/k( [ir i' llcIlllT\Br ,]nJll-
OoKycupaH,cro Ha l'rara rioBprxriHa oBo3- HaTa Ha HeKOU TeJ.la KOII CC llo BHal'pCnIHOCla Ha
NIO,l\)Uir .v,',\.rrirl,/^tt,tlilttt'i,t tA,t H,t .ttttltlrl,hitt.ttt cucreu roj lrupyoa (rra ripuNrep. 6p:llrHa ra Ha
(,TaAHo 3aBapyBaHrc Ha reirKoroI11t]t,l NIllTcpri- KpBHIlre reJ'rqa Bo KPBHI{re caAoBr).
ja,ru. cfuuir o6pa6orKa). Y,rrpa:nyrol cc l4axo lroxe Aa ce Ka)r;c Il,iKa y,rlpil3ByKor
KOpllcIl4 l;r l,tti1ttt.t,tv'tatt ,,1 tttt 'tt ttHn"J0 He c rrrrcrcH rrpu qo,rrorpajra rprr\'lclril tril
{" lrBlp}BrH,( irr xocxrl. B,r \xP}prxiit r:r cu yJ'ltpit r8yx (o ToJrc\l l.lHle Hrlllr'l tlriocet,rnuu ri'
Hefo Nro)Ke Aa ce fipeccrre Hc cill\'ro \'IcKoTo TyKy rI ueH rpilnfl r1oT r{ lcprrpepuuo r HepBeq cr'rcrei\r.
KocKcHoTo IKl.lBu- 8,, (-l\'\lill'\r'lr,flliilTil cu 6. r.lr rr]lilpcHl,lc Hil v.]Tlll rBIlHrr I il n, rKaUlliil
KOpLTCTX 3a OCTpaHyBAH,C [rA 3a6err KaNtCH. co rorlo[r rra [op1a5.a t1ptl6op "opu('Hn!!p".
Co lpuueua Ha r'rHTcH3r,rlr{ yiu pa3BvtIHLI cJrerrrTe J'urqa NO)KaT Aa I'fi lrorlrlpaiir npcA-
6pa[oBr,t Bo rcrrHure crrcrerrrr. Ha Nrccr'oTo l{iu{c Nrerr,r'Ic nA pacrojaHttc o1 l0 tlt. a Hileluo All fo
rrrTo u[Tell3l,l l'c'f or e najro,relr. NIo)Kc lla ce orrpeAetr'ra f r'nBHr'1o ! KaPaKTe |.
co:1aqe "uyl,runil" rr 71a /IojAe 'Ao Hi:j3ruo Y,rrpa:tnyxol ce Koprcrr Il 3a xtr/IpoJIo-
o lKL{HyBarbe, 're. go xaautuaquja. Co roNroru Ha I(jlrllli:r - r''1,,.1.,1,1/1rriJ/, llil ilr,.lL'r.lllll ..r11nll. i. r.
Katsx'raqujara HeKorl re(rHll [,'ru lripAll cucre\Ir pn6u. rrollrvoprruqu n qp. Bp: ocrroBit riil ir:l\Icpc-
Nro)Ke Aa cc oclo6olar oA facllxle rroJlcKynl. ltoIo Bl( \tc no\ tHltlo uI cnp.l(i t,(ro l,'
KaKO X OA HeqIdCTOTT{UTe urro fr.I COAp)Kil l . Bpa(ar|cTo lra y"rrrpa3BytrHxor cI,rrHaJI. Nro?Ke Jlil
Croco6uocla Ha ynrpa3ByKor Aa rr,i cu rnl4 ce orrpege,ln l,til6()tIr.rHaTa Ha NlopcKoTo AIro.
Te.lrara u ga $opivupa e\'tyJI3[].r o,l'retlHocrll Kon Y,rlpa:ryxot' I'o Kopucrar u HeKor )KI,rBor-
HC Ce NreLUaaT. Ce KOpXCl rl BO (bapNralleBTcKaTa Hn. Ha rpulrep. ,ru,rjaxo'r' cc opucHr[pa Bo
rrHAycrpltia 3a rrpon3BoAcrB() rra JTcKOBIr. Bo lpocTopoT fo r,t(r8ti tt"'teltot upl ,iil tit tllt
KO r\lc Il4KaTt r xu\l.lcKltTlt uuqlctpttilr y,rrpa:lByqna perplexorja. Y.lrparnyxor :it optt-
llo4 gejcreo Ha yrrpa3ByK Aocra xer\rxcKlt errraquja I'o Kopr{crar le,rQruuure, KtrrorJr{r'e l
coeguueruja ce paclaiaar. Co noltou Ha y"rrrpa- HeKOX Apyflr l\lopcKI{ xITBOTHLI.
:eyr ce :a6pryaaar xcl\'ttrcKllTe peaxquu. grQry:u-
jara, pacreopau,e'ro. Boonrrlo. erfexrtne nog
AejcrBo Ha ynrpa3ByK ce npocJ'rcAcllt co:titrpeBaHre
Ha cpenrrHaTa.
y,'ITpa3ByKor ;lejcreyea crxr\ryrriu rlr;Ho Bp3
pa:aojor Ha pa3HII BnlloBri ceNrurLa. [-c- fr'l cln-
r\'ry.JrnpaaT oKcl1AaqlloHIlTc llporlecr BO KJ'IeTKaTa.
Buo:rourrure e$erru ce pc3ynrar oll NrexaHrtq-
roro gejcrao Ha y.rrrpa3tsyKor np: r.rerrara. C'o
HCrO l\roxc /'lll cc \Hr.ru ra r 8 pyfll. iiil(Tctllril. fla
'til I(ra CL KOptlcT14 14'\] t !ttrltl!r'Illrttlllljtt
y,rTpa3ByKor ce Kopr;rcru Bo \rear{rJuntTa 3a
qujarHocrnru x 1(panri;r. Enqei(tt upaaottl ll
3a6oreHoro rKrtso I|\.1aar pa3JrI{rIHu aKycrxrIKIr
cnoicraa. !nrpa,B)or. iro\lllryBJ jKfi H l.r'r H11B- pa t- yrrpiliy,!ral
C.n. J c-rrrrria Ea \rolcKoro ilHo.
r'rr'lHo ce rr[6Hair ,'r r irr\'op6 lr tt ul roj ur,trtt
aaBa luiarHocrurrra nnQropr'raqujlr. Yl'rpa:eyror
 1. 9. Uu $ p aaay r, y,t Lu pa J6y K Lt u p u "MeHLt 43

IPI4MEP 1. Pudapor, npr,rueHynaj(n exoJroKa- ,rn:rjaror e oAAare.{eH (a) 1,0 in u (6) 0,2 m ?
rop. 3a6cre)KaJr gexa peQne x'lrlpaHt{Te yrrpa- O6jacnnre :rourro ,rnnjaro:r fo c\faJlyBa
3Bvtrtrx crrHaJ'rl ce apa(aar lo 0,15 s u 0.20 s. BpeMeTpaer6eTo Ha 3By(IHXOT CICtHar KOta ce
A<o 5p:uHara Ha 3BVKor Bo Bolara rIpI.t6,rn)KyBa Ao [penMeTor?.
n3Hccyriil I450 msr, ga cc' olpege:ru g,ra5o- (OAroBop: a) 5,8 ms; 6) 1,2 ms)
qrrHa'ia Ha xoja HacraHara petf,rexoriara (c,r.4).
2. l.eHeparop pa6orr.r co $pereenqllja og 60
kHz. n
gana yrrpa3ByqeH crrrr{ar Bo rpaebe
t= 1i600 s. Koffy 6pauoer AoJ'r)K[Hrr ce co{p)(ar
ro roj ctrrua"rr? tO]]roBop:100]
-j. [a ce onpeAenr.r Ara6o.[iHaTa Ha rrop-
cKoTo qHo aR Bpe\rcTo ot llcnpilhaHrc J]L)
npfilraHre Ha yr'ITpa3ByuHuoT c[fHar oA exoJlo_
KaTopoT e F0,6 s. Ep3irHaTit Ha ynTpa3ByrrHnTc
y:1450 msI
6pauoen no BoAa e l40tl mls. (Ogronotr.r: ,120 m)
4. fiarrl 3Haere HeKor.t lpi.IMeftri 3a Irpur{eHa
Ha vrrpa:tByKor, a fle ce Haao]teHr{ Bo yrre6Hr,rKo.-')
Cl.'r..1.

PeureHre, flpn npcrnocraaxa gera peS:rercn-

jara e og NropcKoro JIHo u o/l jaro pn6l.r 06jacnere rn c.legnnBe rrorrMn:
noAoJ'rfoTO BpeN{e oAroBapa Ha clrfHaJlo'f IIH0pa3B),'JHfi 6parioBr't
pe$rexrnpan oA tllopcKoro Auo. llo[eKa - y,'rTp a3By,l HrI 6paHoBrd
- r.r3Bopu Ha )rTpa3ByK
ll,rKllaTKOTO eperrc ott ja ro ro ptt0rr.
- rlue3oe.reKTplqea u uarnerocrpurruoen eQext
I - rHBep3en nre3oe.qexrpulea e$exl
flageno: v = 1450 urs
- exo,rtoKaTop
(i) /-0,15 s (2) r-0,20s
" Illoll
2s
3a qa uayuure noae(e,
I no6apajre ru ua nHrepner ne6 crpauuqnre:
2.rprrorr = l'l 2.t11",, = v/
'L Ultrasound: How does it rvork? | l\4ultimedia
=1450 x 0,15 = 1450 x 0,20 Activities
=217,5 m -290 rr Activity: Ultrasound: How does it work? Thjs
simulation explores ultrasound imaging
sp,ron = 109 nr s,,n,, = 145 rn
as a technique used to see iilside an object (such
as the human body). ...
Kids and Teens > School Time > Science > P
hvsics > Sound
Ilpeurana, 3apaqv s aKTr{Bnocrtl :/ ,r ,.i aa/l').tI{::.,,1't|\t.:,:j (:tr| | |lt}.
}i!ilIt:II
1.....1. /1I ;,,1.., .,."., /,..,t)Jil../ll ) t,'',. l,
l. flpr ,rerarlero ,ru,rjaror ce op[eHTr{pa
TaKa lUTo eMuTyBa yJITpa3By.rHI,I C[fHarI{, x 2. Ultrasound physics
noroa ro lcreKrupa :nyxor roj ce pe{uexrllpa wwrv.iudyrad.iupui.edu/public/
oA rrpe/lNleToT rITo Nry c Ha rIaToT. lectures/physics/l0Lrltras/ - 3k - Cacbed - Similar
d>perreuqujara Ha 3ByKor e 50 kttz, a 3By(rHrioT pages
cl.rrH:rn rpae 2,0 nrs. Aro 5p:uHara Ha 3ByKc\r e r.1 llpyf r1 cr'rx'rHU r'r,.rHKobx- ctUy.fltpajr c ucrorr

340 mis. KoJIKy Bpel\te naryBa ct fHa.ror oA [poqecl{ Il npo lI,IpeTe rr.1 BatIIl,lTe 3HaC]b:I.
,'Ifi,'rjaKor Jlo rrpeAN{eror Kora npeAMeror oA
44 L 1 0. Enexu-p<tuoaHemHLl 6paHo!3lt

coadqao uoineutuo uo,'!e. MalHerHltre cltJroBll

r.10. EJIEKTPOMATHETHII roa nole rn on@a(ttal cl,lJ'loRlrre J]r,tHLIII
JrnHr.rr,t Ha
Ha eJreKTplrrJnoro nore (cl. l6). Hacorara ua
EPAHOBtrI rrlHr.r re H, \'rrrHerHara HtryKIl jr. np
pacrerLero Ha cneKTpr,r(rHoro rloJlc ce noBLIHyBa
Ha lpaBrjroTo Ha AeceH r]nHT, Bo oAHoc Ha
Bpcxa nouefy npoMeHJrIrBnre MarHerHIt
BcKTopor d. Osaa ngeja, roja lpou:l,rcryaa o1
lr rrpoMeHJruB[Te eJrel(TpllilHll rIoJrIlH,a yBepeHocTa 3a eAxHcTBoTo Bo npupoAal'4, fi
xlpuourjarr Ha lrpxpolH re rarorr ja npauu
Bo BTopu KJrac, rrprl l3yqyBalsero Ha ocHoBara Ha Ma xcoe,rosatl reopuja.
nojaBrr r e,teKTpovarHer Ha uHlyxuuia. trauel Cotlacno co xrllorc3ara Ha Maxcae,'I. axo
6eue floKa)KaHo neKa ceKarcGq
"BuopHLI crpyu", MaNtC IPO\4eHnUBO CnCKTp14'tHO nO,lC nOMCfy
nP reHCKa ipo"ttr'Ho Ho .tro?H?tttHt't!!tt io"le [,'lotIlITe Ha naAeH KoHAeH3arop, Tofaur roa ereK-
ttoafoy60 du ttudytptpnn'c Htt uPo eHtttuo rpli,tHo no,1e ce olH(cyBa KrKo eneH ara crpyja
luopHo eneK ipu,rHo ione. 3uaqtt, npl roja roj ja HapeKoJr rrprrABrDKra. Taa co:gara
BpeMeHcKa [poMeHa Ha MafuerHara rngyxqnja B I{afHeTHO roJrg r.lCTO KaKO lxTO TOa CT|IHVBa BO
ce jaoyea eJIeKTpr.rqHo no,'le, q[Il cuJroBt'I JrrlHI{I{ cnpoBoAHrrKor co crpyja (cr.2) .

rr on@a(aar r'rrHr.il4r e Ha \{af HcrHara uuqyr.uujr

(eunere ja c:r. la). Ko,rxy e no6p:a upoveuara Ha
\'rarHer Hara uHqyxuuja ro.nxy e nojaxa B opHara
crpyja, xoja e nocreAulla Ha npoNleHrnBoro
eJreKTp[qHo suopHo o"oe. Cotlacro co
Jlenuogoro npaBLIJIo, rIpu pacrenero Ha
NrarHerHara ungyxquja BrropHr.ITe crpyll ce
cIIpoTr.rBcTaByBaaT Ha pacTebeTo, Toa 3Haril{ AeKa
BI,IopHoro ereKTpl{r{Horo none (e ltua nacoxa
cnpoTr,rBHa oA IIpaBrrJroTo Koe Bax(II 3a MafHeTeH
r[cr ([paB[,'ro Ha cB[eHrrre rlpcrn Ha AecHara C:r. 2 . llpouen,rraoro eJreKTpr'rLIHo noJ'le ce ollHecyBa
paKa), n (e ce nonruyaa Ha [paBIIJIoro_ Ha ucro KaKo neiy <ougeu:aropcKurc o6rort{ Aa re're
cBxeHltre Ilpcrrr Ha JreBara paKa Bo onuoc na -B .
crpyja co ncra.ja.runa KaKo u Hrl3 cnpoBoAHIrKor

Marceerosara reopuja 6rlra AoKaxaHa co

eKcrlep[MeHTaJrHo [o6ugane Ha eJreKTpoMaf-
nernure 6panonu. E:rerrpolraurernn 6paHonu ce
co3[aBaar roKMy rlopaar'r roa lxro rrpoMeHJII{BOTO
MafHeTHO nOJre CO3AaBa TpOMeHJILTBO eJIeKTpIITIHO
IIOJIe, KOe nOHaTaMy CO3AaBa IpOMeHJII{BO
r\tlfHerHo nore. Toa JHJql4 JleKa veil npolrcu-
JTIIBOTO eJreKTprlrrHO Il ]IIafHeTHOTO [OJre I OCTOI'I
HepacKr.rHJrr.rBaBpcKa H IeKa TIie He MoxaT Aa
nocrojar egno 6e:l [pyr-o. Toa eAuHcrBel{o rIoJIe
a) 6) fo Br{KaN{e e,aex-upouaiaeruruo uo,ae.
D
C.r. l. a) MarHerHara uulyrqnja r) pacTc
Kaxo ce co3qaBa rl
6) Ja.rrHara Ha ereKtpruno,n nn,"" E poat" rrpocrrrpa eJreKTpoMarHeren 6pan ?

C$a(arrara na Majr.r <Dapagej, so 60- rlrre .[a ce ttotcerlrue

AeKa [AeaJrHo ocur raropno
KOJrO npeTCTaByBa HaTIOJIHeT KOHAeH3aTOp CO
roAnHn Ha XIX BeK rH npour.IpyBa leuc Klapr
Marcser. I4lrero, Maxceel [pernocraBltn AeKa KanarJ[Te'f C Koi ce rpa3Hlt Hlr3 KaJIei\t co
r.rHllyKT[Burer Z (c:r. 3). Bo rarao Ko,'ro, BO Koe ce
It ttt) t!lt!e ci1.tI!ot! KU?tt cr'I?6ttlpLltll!otntt it)"'1t' tt
.t!tHv,tn R0 u!(Koii H,r ttll].ui!uO. nt)d t'KttJ1.v t e6(
tlHc\Ilrp] Ba u\rcKllo r ornop. Jloara Ito
 I. I 0. EneKu-poiaaaHeutHu SpaHoaLt 45

Harl3MeHr.rqHo rrpeTBopalbe Ha eHepfrqara Ha {Te nocTerleHo cH rlr HaMaJIyBaar

ocrlr4raql
eJreKTpr4lrHoro [oJIe,
KoHIIeHTpItpaHo fJraBHo aMoJr-rryalre. 3ary6nre Ha eueprujara nopaar
flovefy KoHAeH3aropcKl.tTe o6,'Ioftt. Bo eHepfuja rrocroerbe Ha oMcKI-toT oTrlop ce HaAonoJIHyBaaT
Ha MarHerHoro noJle Koe ce co3AaBa Bo KaJreMor- co Kopucrerre Ha aBToocqnraropan xo:ra. Bo
oBlle KoJIa ce BKny'lyBaar x3Bopr Ha enepruja
K. rou co noce6ult eJleMeHTr.r Ha r.H. lottlloruHo
l:l
).- dJ.r
spcKa ta Hag:lortHyBaar 3ary6 Te Ha eHepru.iara.
Bo rakBXTe Kora ce o[p)KyBa eHeprnjara ra
I Ill ere(TD'l_
t € ocrlr{Jrnparhe Bo KoJIoTo I{ ocquJIauIII,ITe ce
CJ- exo none
cnHyconAarHI{ xapMoHIIcKI{.
t-| Aro so 6rl4s Ha Ha raKoB aBToocl1ltJraropeu
cr{creM ce AoHece oTBopeH oculraTopeH c[cTeM
"xH"#" (anrena) co rrcra, rrJrr4 npu6:ruxno r{cra corrcrBe-
C'r 3 na Qpersenqnja, KaKo urro 3HaeMe, HacraHyBa
nojanara pe:onauqnja tl Bo aHTeHara cc
Crpyjara tltro reqe Hrr3 BaKBoro KoJro reire lo6yAynaar xapvoHtlcKu cllHycou,qaJrHr{ crpyu.
ce MeHyBa xqp oHucKr! ocllLurafuopHo co $pex- Anrenara npercraByBa rr3Bop Ha
nenquja, gageua co pe:raqnjara: erexrpouarnereu 6pau.
Ke lpoclenuue xaro goaia Ao nrrperle Ha
-1 - I
6pauor ro npocropor. Hexa sa uecroro
'
|
T -----------1:
2irJ LC
tlt
03HarreHo co 0 (fi.5) npernocraBrrMe nocraBeHa
aHTeHa, Bo roja, nopagr.r npoMeHJlI{BItor HanoH ce
Peraqnjara (l) e no:nara KaKo ToMcoHoBa ; Koe Bo taleH
paBeHKa. sa $pexaeuqlrja I oAHocHo nepuo[ Ha co3AaBa ereKTp[qHo noJle L,
MoMeHT pacre. Toa nore co:gaea oxory ce6e
ocqr4J,r parbe T = 2,,r ylT( . Qpexseuqnjara Ha
ocqrl'raropHoTo KoJIo ce 3roJreMyBa co HaMa-
MarHerHo rrolreE xoe, ucro raxa, pacre,
Ho. cnopeg Jlexq. ao npocropor eo roj
JryBar6eTo Ha ITHAyKTI'IBImeTOT rr KanaqrrreToT Bo
rroJreTo pacre ce co3AaBa r.rHAyrlrrpaHo BrropHo
Ko.roro (cr. 4). Ha oBaa cJruKa e noKa)KaHo KaKo
oA ocrlrrraropHo KoJIo AaAeHo Ha cJIItKara JreBo nore E, xoe ce cnporr.rBcraByBa Ha pacreh,ero
Mox<e locreneHo ga ce gojge Ao eAeH npaB HA MATHETHOTO IIOTE, IIA 3ATOA CIIJIOBUTC J][HI{I4
crrpoBoAHnK - aHTena, no xoja ce [pe[n3BrrKyBaar Ha Mecroro 0 r(e lruaar cnporuBeH 3HaK, norero
e.JreKTpnrrHlr ocqIrJIaqII[. Og :arnopexo elex- Ha Mecroro 0 rie ro cneua, no (e ce nojaur
TplrrtHo KoJro ce go6una orBopeHo ocquJrarorHo eJIeKTpIIqHo rIoJIe Koe pacre rra uecroro 1. Cera
KOJIO _ AHTCHA
Be(e nalounanue AeKa Ko:'tara Ha crlrKlrre oBa nore t'l co3JlaBa oKoJ,ry ce6e MarHerHo no,'Ie
3 I-I 4 ce He[puAyueHrr, rrAeaJru3l{paHu. Bo pea rlr B1 Koe pacre. Ona no.ne uHAyrlrrpa eJreKTpnqHo
ocrlrrJraropHu xo.na noaia Ao npItAyIxyBaILe

Cn. 4. Co HaManyBaE e Ha 6pojor IIa HaBuBKnre Bo (areMor, cE tJaMallyBavHAyKTIrBIrreror, a co

oaaaneqyBarSe Ha KoHAeH3aropcKure flJlotllt l{ EaMUIyBaEe Ba HI{BIraTa rloBprxuHa, ce HaMaJIyBa KarIaq[TeToT.
16 1.1 0. E,tarctapouoZHetuHl! SpttHoolt

ABIl)KeII,e e [poMcHnLIBo. cJ'reAeHo co nocToJa[il

BUOPHO TIOJIe E, rOe Ce C[pOTUCTaByBa Ha
IIpOMeHa Ha 6p3l,IHaTa Ha [o,'lHex[Te.
pacTerieTo n Koe ro [oHnlITyBa ocqllJlllpittl)e To
f.maen yc"tott Ja <'o:ldacaH'e ua e'tarrupo-
Bo orro)K6ara I, a ce rojaayea ua uecroro 2.
uqiueueu 6pau e uor:utoerue ua .ta6ptyaan'erao
ua fiorutemu e.
-> -* .>, Karo ulo ce rJreAa oA cr Kara 6, BeKTop[Te
I:I ta I:1 E L=i n I octunupar r Brr vcry\'c6Ho Hop\'tilJ'ttilt
/+ t'>
IJI Bt
-t paNIHr{Hr'r I HopMaJIHO Ha HaCOKaTa Ha rUtlpeIseTo

Hr 6paHor. olHocHo 6prrHarn i . 3rr',,

"n"*-
ifipouaineruuufre dpauoeu ce ifrpaH(selrJartt .
-t I 2 3...... Axo ce ncropnc'll.t [paBuJroro Ha AccHI4or B].IHT. Lt
qprcbe ro ce npan oq t lou B . orolIlt
Cr. 5 Br{H',l'oT ce co HacoKaTa Ha [Il,rpe]5eTo
rroKrolryBa
TaKa noHaraMy Bo HacoKa og 0 rou.r goaia go ln 6paHor - BcKrupor tlt 6prutiittit V .

ur{pe}6e Ha 6pau roj e ceBKynHocr Ha ocIlLIJIaUx- Mnory og nocJ'IeA[rlrre Hil MaKcBe,'IoBtra

uTe Ha eJIeKTpIr.lHoTo I{ MarHerHoTo rIoJIe. 'l'copuia 3a eJreKTpoMaruerH!I 6paHoBrl ce MHory
e.lreKTpolvlafHereH 6perH. Ha llcrr'I Ha'{IrH 6paHor Ba)KHr.r r.r 3a HuB (e 36opyBaNle llotllrlpoKo. Ho, oa
ce npocTl,rpa r.r Bo crlpoTriBHa HacoKil, IIoTotIHo Bo oco6eso :naqcn e 3a oBaa reopt,tia e c.re!HOI]o:
CI{TE MO)KHII HACOKT. MECTOIIOIOX6I;ITC HA -.,1(^i!Pt',vfl2Hett!ttttir-r' 111,,raoatt r L' i:1,,'ttrrrr-
rorrKure 0, l, 2. 3 ... ce MHory, N{Hory 6JrrrcKll, !rdon u ,n' Rnhyy,\! n tttt .utut!(pI!j.tJ1utt rl)t tlt!H!t
TaKa ruTo HII3 npocTopoT oa Lr3BopoT Ital oculrJrll- Eptunatua i) hoi4 n t t t ttpot utul)ttttth '
pat+,eTo, aH'l'eHaTa Ce [peHecyBa eJ'IeKTpo- !! ar, 4nl(vv.lr tttHtt^tttt Htt filtutrrt'trtr,t ,r,r
N{arHereH 6paH, .Ixj "LtolulcH,ra,les x3r,'IcA" e (^ttt!(ttHtt
catu,, I d io (:
/lallcH Ha c,'[4 Kr] a o. Bo ccrojl Io'lKir oJl I
IIpocTopoT eJIcKTpxuHoTo t{ MafHerHol'o IroJre ce (-1)
I{eHyBaaT nepItoaLIaIHo xapMoHllcKIr Bo 3aB[cHocT '= fr.h,
oa BpeMero. KoJIKy e roAaneKY ToriKitTil oll
u3BOpOT IOJIKy rOAOqHa 3anotlHyBa KaAe UITO ljoe er'reKTpIrIHa. a /10 r'lafl)crcl(a
ocutrJllrpabcTo Ha ereKTpllllHoTo I,r l\'f afHel'Ho'fo KOHCTaltTa. ylIITe nO3llarI KaKo Al{ereKII]lltlHii
nore. Toa yKaxyBa AeKa Bo pa3Jri{atuxre rotIKII KOHC taH ta l,1 \lill H( l lla Ir( l\lcl6qJrHoc I

oA rlpocropor ocllunaunure cc co pa:lnvaa {ra:a BaKyyNl.

Cnojcrna na
eJreKTpoMarHerHIITe 6paHoBH.
Xep{onn eKcnepIrMcHTrr

MaKcee,r ja parau,'t ceojara reopuja r 6n,r

A,r116{)I<,\ y6eAeH 8o IIoCIOClbL"lo Ha
erc K lloNr af HerH rlTc 6paHoB:, Ho roj Hc ja
IlorrJlllt{n ceojara reopaia Il tKcllepI,rrlcH I ll-flHo.
[ypu l0 rojlr.lHrr llo HcroBarii crtpt BO 1886
foJlrflla. xajHpnx Xcptl exclepuncll l ajlHo fo
C:r' 6 noTBpAIlJi llocToelLc I0 Hl c,rleK rPorlalHc lHtlTe
SpalroBr.r li ffi Ilpoyttllr'I HttBlitttc ocHoBHU
Ilne tir[c npo-t(rxB]\re llaKii u:juoP IIil cuojc lua.
Tl1r,\tilrHctc rip;rH iretUc ilrrr.HilT,r B.r h,'jir
CJ.l(t 3a /to6nsarr,ero lra c-[er{TpoNIafrc'rflr1c 6pa-
c'lpyiara ce rrcltyBa ncptIoAIl'ItHo. 'feLtell,g llij uoru Xcptt Koplcr-eJl orBopeHtl octllrJlalopHa
clpl'ja :ua,rr'r /lBI,I)Kc rbc I{a tro.tHe)rl]1. 'l ol KOrn )'pir ilHTcHil.
 1. 1 0. E"tercutpouareuaru 6paHo6u 47

AHTeHara ja npecero:r Ha rroJroB[Ha, TaKa cnopeA 3aKoIt[Te 3a

lno nolleiy [Bere noJIoBI,IHI,I I{Ma MaJr Bo3[yureH pe$rercuja Ha cBerJTr.rHara. ll
uefyupocrop (cr. 7). Kora ABara Aerra oA EaexrpouarHerurme 6pa- ll
aHTeHara rie ce [oBp3ar co tl3Bop Ha BItcoK troBr ce rpocrl4paar Hx3 Il -{
HaIIOH, npr{ OnpeAeJIeHa foJIeMuHa Ha HarIoHoT .queJreKrpr{urr. a np}tynafa- ll
noMefy ABeTe rroJroBrrHKr,r rte npecxoxne ucxpa. t5e [o[ afoJl Bo o,qHoc Ha ll {
Torau, ncylruocr, ocqr{JraropHoro KoJro ce rpaHrt{ua noBpl,'r.rHa Ha Boll
3arBopa ,r Bo npocropo l oxo,ry au6paropor ce AuereKrpnr{Ha cpeAhHa ce ll
npocrrrpaar eJreKTpoMarHerHx 6panonu. Bara flpeKprrryBaar cnopeA saKo- ll -{ -{
go6ueulrre e.nexrpouarnerulr 6panoelr 6uJre Hnre Ha reoMerpr.{cKara ll
npr.rAyrxeHr{, r.r Toa o[ [Be npnqrrHr4 i olrr4Ka. U
- IIpBO nOpaAII nOCTOeH,e Ha OMCKT4 OTIIOp BO Erzle IIoKaxaHI{ u
C:r
ocqr.rJlaTopHoTo KoJIo r.1 uojanme r.rurep$epenqnja n
- BTOpO, lopa[rr TOa urTo ocqrrJraTopoT guQpaxqrda Ha eJreKTpoMarHerHr.rre 6paHoBr.r.
3paqn ereKTpoMarnernu 6pauoen, [a co roa llpu peQ;rexcnja Ha e:renrpoMarHereH 6paH oA
HeroBara eneprr,rja ce HaMaJryBa. Orraxo \rerarHa cpeluHa- loara lo nojana ua crojHu
eHepflrjara coceMa (e ce HaMarr{J r.rcKpara ce eJreKTpoMarHerHIt 6paHoBIr, a co MepeHre Ha
IrpeKr.rHyBa, Ho [BaTa cnpoBoAHr{Ka noBTopHo ce pacrojaulero novefy gaa ja:na roj ycnean ga ja
-eneKTpu3upaaT [o BncoKuoT HarroH Ha npo6r,rB Ha urlrepu 6paHosara [oJr)KHHa Ha 6paHor.
r{cKpara, r{ cd ce noBTopyBa oAHoBo. Epanonara AoJDKITHa ua Xepqorure 6panoeu
Enexrpouarueruuor 6paH rrrro ce co3aaBa ce r.BHecyBana HeKoJIKy UeHTr{Merpr,r. Co nogHagan,e
npocTltpa TaKa IIrTo eJIeKTplqHoTo IIOJIe Ha corrcrBeHara Qpexnenq{a Ha ocqr4raropor,
ocullJ1lrpa Bo paMHrmaTa Ha aHTeHaTa,
a Xepq noraxal qexa 6p:llnara na npocrrrparie Ha
MaIHeTIIOTO BO paMHI{Ha HOpMaJrHa Ha Hea. erexTpoMarHerHr.rre 6panonra u:uecysa F 300000
Hajlruteusznuo e 3paqerlero Bo HacoKa HopMaJr- km/s, racro xomy n 6p:uuara Ha rrpocrrrpau,e Ha
Ha Ha aHTeHaTa, AOAeKa BO HaCOKa Ha aHTeHaTa cBerJrrHara. EprNnara ra npocruparoe eo roja
He [oafa [o co3AaBarr,e Ha 6paH. 6uro 4pyra Ar4eJreKTprlrrHa cpeAr.tua 3aBr.1clr oA
[euec, xaxo Ir]To Be(e KaxaBMe, aHTeHI{Te nejaurnme cnojc"raa (pe:rarnrrrara ArreJreKTpuqHa
3paqar eneKTpoMarlrervu 6pauoru raKa rrrro rro roncragr'a , r II peJIaTIIBHaTa MafHeTHa IIepMea-
IIar Ha pe3oHaHur4ja no6uBaar eHeprlrja oa 6utruocr p, ) u e noMaJra oA Taa Bo BaKyyM n
3aTBOpeEI,r aBTOOCqUJTaTOpHU KOJra. rr3HecyBa:
Karo perr{crparop Ha nocroerbe Ha
eJleKTpoMarHerHr,rre 6paHoBr4, Xepu xoncrpy-
vpar [pueMeH en6parop xoj uva]'r ficra
xoncrpyrqr.rja KaKo rr eMucr{oHlror. I,I xora go
oaron rn6parop (e gojge enerrpovarlnen 6pau, v* _L -n=l€,
:| l
(5)
nog uujanze Ha ereKTpnrrHoro rroJre, Bo
cnpoBoAHnKor (e ce jasu crpyja. Ar<o ce Aorepa
corrcrBeHara rpperreuquja Ha rrplreMHara aHTeHa Ka[e IJJTo co n e o3IIaqeH [rqeKcoT Ha
qa 6uge e[HaKBa co Qperaeuuuja.ra Ha rrpeKp[ryBarf,e 3a Ea[eHaTa A[ereKTpr.rqHa
eMr,rclroHara, no6yqeuur.e ocqr.rJrarlu[ (e 6ugar cpeauHa.
co roJreMa aMnJrnryAa. Xepr{ roj Qarr ro ua6ny-
[yBaJI co [o6uBarLe rrcKpa Bo rue4rnpocropor na O6jacnere rn cnegtrtrBe rrotrMtr:
npI,IeMHaTa aHTeHa.
- BI4OpHO eJreKTpnrrHo IIOJIe - aIrTeHa
Ioxpaj roa ulro rI4 [06la.n ereKTpoMar- - npr-raBrDKHa crpyJa - 3aTBOpeHO OCqrrJraTOpHO
HerHure 6paHoBu, Xepq noran<al [eKa rr.re rr4 - ereKTpoMarEereH 6paH KoJro
IrMaar rlcrltre csojcrna raro r1 ApyrrlTe BIt[oBI4 - Tor'.rconoaa paeerra - aBToocq[Jraropr{o KoJIo
6pauoalr. Toj loxaxa:r AeKa e;reKTpoMarHerHr.ne - orBopeuo ocqrrJraropuo - 6p3r.rna Ha eneRTpoMar-
6panoalr ue ce npocrltpaar Hx3 cnpoBoAHIrqKII KoJro EereF 6paH
cpeArrHu, a oA Hr{B ce pe@,rexrlrpaar, r.r roa - IIHAeKC Ha npeKpuyEa6e
48 1. 1 0. ELtercuiponaZHea-Hll SpaHosrt

K:'rr{crponor (roa e cnequjareH aaxyyv-ypeq roj

feHcpr.rpa ocqxraq[[ eo oSracta Ha BlicoKlrre
(rpcxscHrlur t. Bncoxrra rppet ucHttuja Ha
KJI CTpOHOT a\{[r']XTyJlHo Cc \rOAy,[llpl o[ naNl60E
L Kaxo eo npocropor Moxe Aa ce rIoJaB(
uylrran6parop (cd e :a'rnopeno Bo Koprrycor Ha
MATHETHO IIOIC?
er'rrrrepor E). Tarrnor' r-cHeparop erlltrl{pa
2. fialru ereKTpoH r]ITo ce ABItxn [o eJreKrpolirarHerHrr 6panonlt co qrpeKueHIIItja
KpyxHrrrla [percraByBa lr3Bop Ha eJ'reKTpoMarHe- oKory 500 Hz. K:rucrpoucrror reHeparop tl
ren 6pau? vy,rr Bfi6laropol cc flocraBeH lril (rH or Kpaj
3. Axo Hae,rexrpr l|plHa rpa'thil jl leuxuve ul flpirBoaronHxol 6prHoBotr Hrr rri nplr xpaj e
JreBo-EecHo, Aar[ Taa c LI3Bop Ha eJIeKTpO- lrocrlBeHa c r r plrrKrra autettlt xoia rpa'tt
lrarneren 6pan? Hacor{cHo.
l-cHeparcrpol cu HaIojyBil co cncttltja,reu
I l. Ilo6apajre na uurepnet ne6 E cltpaB)Ba,r. co rtoMorrr ua cneunjlt,t.s xouralr.
Bnuuanajre rpu cnojyaan'ero ua oeoj xonrarr!
cTpaHlrla: Tpe6a Aa ce BKJ'Iyrlilr cooABerH[Te o3HaK[ Ha
Propoaation of Electromaonstic Wave KOHTaKTHUOT lUTeKep.
flplreuuara aHTeHa P. ucro raKa, e fiocraBe-
i//,r.!. ar.ry niaiir ( )a\ a a,.,,,' : r r, r . itl\r^,/i)vrr t.i
).'.,1r :'.,a
Ha BO nUpavullareH oKr']ofl. Taa ttpercraelel
-r "l( r Apyl'fi cnuqHl{ Jlr'rHKolrtl. co culltyJlaqru !
aEutvlaul t. AereKTop, r,fHory KBaJII,lTerHa A[OAil, CIIOeHa CO

coo.[BereH 6paHoBolt r rairau ra cnojyeatsc. u,rr

co 3acfiJlyBaq u ulrrpo$on, I{JI[ co o f KJIoHCKI'I
,[euoucrpuparue ua caojcraara ua rurorrKta oA KaroAHuor ocqu,{orpa+.
ereKTpoMarneruure 6pauonu (EME) co nouotu Bo HeKor.r oA eKc[epuNIeHTr'ITe e nonoroAHo
Ha retseparop Ha caHtuuerapcxu 6paHoru Aa ce Kopltcru [pner{Hara lxoAa AaAeHa Ha
cnuxara 8 a.
I4:yuyaau,ero Ha caojcreara Ha eJIeKrpoMar-
ueruure 6panonu AeHec ce lpaBu co noMorrr Ha EME Hu3 clpoBoAlra n A[ereKTpuqua cpeAl{na
KJIIICTpOHCKIT feHepaTop Ha caHTIIMerapcKx
6pauoBn (l=3 cm). Ypegor (cl. 8) ce cocrol{ oA flpnoro caojcrro Ha eJreKTpoMarHerHnre
npeAaBarer co eMlrrr{parlKa aHTeHa E, npIleMHxK 6paHoBu e roa AeKa rlre He noMlrHyBaar Hrr3
co Armo;rHa rIpIreMHa aHTeHa P, KaroAeH crrpoEoAHrr cpeAIIHu.
ocqulorpa@ [:ru nr.rcxooperee HTeH 3acuryBaq tI 3a raa IIeJr, uefy eMttrllpaqKara 11

lrlrrpoQou, a Mo)Ke 3a HeKoIr orII4Tll Aa nocJIy)KII IrplteMHaTa aHTeHa, Korr ce [ocTaBeHLr eAHa
r.r ereKTp qeH HHcTpyMeHT - BOJITMeTap. HacnpoTu APyfa, ce rocraByBa nJloria oA Merajr.
flotpaj ona, EprI[pyxHI.I AerroBn Ha ypeAor Clrrua:ror, perl{crpllpaH tlru co KaroAHlror
ce: cnequjaren ucnpaByBaq BYII-2, eAuo re,ro co ocqurorpaQ r4rlt co 3Byr{HnK npeKy 3acunyBar{,
Soplra ua KBaAap oA AIreJIeKTpIiK, ArrereKTplrqHa (e ro cueua.
npr{3Ma,,queJleKrpuvua le(a, aJryMttHItyMcKIr Axo nperxognuor eKcrIepuMeHT ce IIoBToPu,
eKPaH, perreTKa rxro Moxe Aa ce nocraRl'l Bo Ho raKa uro HaMecro verarHa nloqa ie ce
HacoRa Ha eJlexrp[rrHl-ror BeKTop (HacoKa Ha ynorpe6u AneJleKTpI{K, tie ce floKax<e AeKa
eMlrrrrpaqKror nu6parop) IIJIT{ HopMaJ'lHo Ha ereKTpoMarHeI ITe opaHoBu IIoMIIHyBaar HIt3
1tefo. 3a HeKoI,I eKcrIepIrMeHTI{ Mo)Ke Aa ce Hefo, Ho goafa go HaMaJryBaISe Ha HITBHI{or
ropr{crr r no,ryc[poBolHnqKa AItoAa (cnura 8 a) rmreH3rrrer. Tne ce npulynyaaar. Ona ro
feHeparopor Ha caHTxMerapcKure 6paHoBH perrrcrpnpa KaroAHIIor ocqlr:rorpa$ co
e KoHcrpyxpaH Bpl nphHuxnor ua pa6ora ua

Cr. 8 Cn.8a
 l. 1 0. E"tercrupoua7HeutHu 5paHosu 49

IIaMaJIyBaILeTO Ha aMn,lr{TyAaTa, a aKO KaKO

pafl{cTpaTop fo KopLIcTl.lMe 3ByqHrrKor, Tofaur
ITHTeH3ITTeTOT Ha 3ByKOT Ce HaMaJryBa.
Iloroa c." treMoHcrp paar apyrure csojcrea
Ha eJIeKTpoMaf HerHI4Te 6paHoBr{.

PeS.rercuja na EMB
E,rerrpouarnernlrre 6paHoBu ce peSler-
Tr{paar cnopeA 3aKoHrrre :a pe@:rexcnja na
caeTJrt{HaTa. Cr.10
3a ga uoxe oBa Aa fo AeMoHcrpr{paMe, ru
nocTaByBaMe npeAaBaTeJIHaTa II nplteMHaTa Curna:ror ce Ao6uBa rorarx Kora 3paqr.ne
aHTeHa rroA aroJr (cllrra 9). noMuHyBaar na r Koj 6v olroBapaJr Ha
IlpeKpuyBarbe Ha cBeTJrrrHcKI{Te 3paIIII HII3
IaHnapareJrHaTa nror{a.

l:---t p

l"o",, I TT\ yT \
t

Cn ll
Cr. 9.
JIe(a HarrpaBeHa oA Ar{elreKTpnK ce
Ha raror na :paqure ja nocraByBaMe Merar- nocraByBa npeA eMr.rrnpaqKara aHTeHa (cr. ll).
Hara nJroqa MN. Eragej(n HacolreHocra Ha ABe're Taa rn Qorycupa eJreKTpoMarHerHlre 6paHoB[
aHTeHIr He e eAHaKBa, crrrHaJror ulro fo +a(a Bo eAHa roarKa. Axo so raa roqKa ce AoHece
rrpr{eMHara aHTeHa HeMa Aa ce go$uea. Bo ycnonu Alrogara, AaAeHa Ha cJrr{Kara 8a, (e ce go6ue
Kofa (e [ofoAuMe yrraAHr.ror atoJl o. Ha 3paKor [a 3ACUJ]EH CIIfHAJI.
e eAHaKoB Ha pe+reKTrrpaxuor B, roraru
crrfHaJror noBTopHo (e ce jaBI4 .

tr{nrepSepenquja na EME

Ilperpruyrau,e ua EME Axo na pacrojaHlre oA I Ao 1,5 m ce rtocraBll

Mera.lHa IrJIorta, eJleKTpoMafHerHrrre bpaHoBI,I
fll nocranynaue nprreMHara r,r eMI,ITLI- eMrrTupaHr.l oA eMItTIIpaqKaTa aHTeHa ce
parrKaTa aHTeHa [oA afoJt eAHa Bo oAHoc I{a pe$nerrupaar oA Hea u l.rurepSepr.rpaar, co:ga-
Apyfa, KaKo r{ Bo IIpeTXoAHrloT eKcneprrMeHT. naj(u croen 6pan (c:r.l2).
Curnanor HeMa Aa nocrott. Axo na larol Ha
3paKoT oA eMI{TIlpaqKaTa aHTeHa ce rocTaBlt
fipI,I3Ma Pr oA AIteJreKrpnK,Tora[r, no [peKpury-
BaEero HI{3 npu3Mara rou nej:unuor nollIl{poK
AeJr, curHaJlor noBropuo (e ce jaar.r (cl. l0).
Moxe 4a ce noKa)Ke n flpeKplryBarr,e Hr.r3
rrJraHnapaJreJlHa AueJ'reKTpxqHa u.ltoqa. flraHna-
paJIeJIHaTa AUeIeKTpnqHa rrJrorra ce nocTaByBa
xoco ueiy [pl{eMHaTa x eMr4Tr,rpar]KaTa aHTeHa. Crr. 12
 l. 1 0. E"tercrupoua7HeutHu 5paHosu 49

ITaMaJIyBaILeTO Ha aMnIr{TyAaTa, a aKO KaKO

pafl{cTpaTop fo KopLIcTl.lMe 3ByqHrrKor, Tofaur
ITHTeH3ITTeTOT Ha 3ByKOT Ce HaMaJryBa.
Iloroa c." treMoHcrpr{paar apyrure csojcrea
Ha eJIeKTpoMaf HerHI4Te 6paHoBu.

PeS.nercuja na EME
E,rerrpouaruernlrre 6paHoB[ ce pe$reK-
Tr{paar cnopeA 3aKoHrrre 3a peQreKcnja Ha
caeTJrt{HaTa. Cr.l0
3a ga fo
AeMoHcrpr{paMe, ru
l'ro;r<e oBa Aa
nocTaByBaMe rrpeAaBaTeJIHaTa I{ nplteMHaTa Curna:ror ce Ao6r.rBa rorarx Kora 3paqltre
aHTeHa rroA aroJr (cllrra 9). noMHHyBaar na r Koj 6v olroBapaJr Ha
IlpeKpuyBarbe Ha cBeTJrrrHcKI{Te 3paIIII HI{3
IaHnapareJrHaTa nroqa.

l:.-t

Hit-!
p
\
T
Cn ll
Cr. 9.
JIe(a HanpaBeHa oA ArreJreKTpr4K ce
Ha raror ua :paqure ja nocraByBaMe Merar- rrocraByBa npeA eMurrrpar{Kara aHTeHa (cr. ll).
Hara nJroqa MN. Elrnej(n HacoeeHocra Ha ABere Taa rlr Qorycupa eJreKTpoMarHerHure 6paHoBr.r
aHTeHIr He e eAHaKBa, crrrHaJror ulro ro +a(a Bo eAHa roarKa. Aro so raa roqKa ce AoHece
rrpr{eMHara aHTeHa HeMa Aa ce go$uea. Bo ycnonu Alrogara, AaAeHa Ha cJrr{Kara 8a, (e ce go6ue
Kofa (e flofoAuMe yrraAHr.ror afoJl o. Ha 3paKor [a 3ACUJ]EH CIIfHAJI.
e eAHaKoB Ha peQJreKTrrpaxuor B, roraru
crrHaJror noBTopHo (e ce jaBI4 .

tr{HrepSepenurja Ha EME

Ilperpruyrau,e ua EME Axo na pacrojaHlre oA I Ao 1,5 m ce locraBu

Mera.lHa IrJIor{a, eJIeKTpoMafHerHr{Te bpaHoBI,I
fll nocranynaue flprreMHara rr eMI,ITLI- eMrrTupaHr.l oA eMItTLtpaqKaTa aHTeHa ce
parrKaTa aHTeHa IIoA afoJt eAHa Bo oAHoc I{a pe$lerrupaar oA Hea u lrurepSepr.rpaar, co:ga-
Apyfa, KaKo r{ Bo npeTXoAHrloT eKcnepr.rMeHT. naj(u croen 6pan (c:r.l2).
Curnanor HeMa Aa nocrou. Axo na larol Ha
3paKoT oA eMItTIlpaqKaTa aHTeHa ce rocTaBlt
[pr,r3Ma Pr oA AnejreKrpnK, Tora[r, no [peKpury-
BaEero HIr3 npu3Mara xou nej:unuor nollll{poK
AeJr, cr.rrHaJror noBropuo (e ce jaar.r (cl. l0).
Moxe 4a ce noKa)Ke n flpeKprnyBarr,e Hr.r3
rrJraHnapaJreJlHa AIteJ'reKTpxqHa utoqa. flraHna-
paJIeJIHaTa AlIeIeKTpnqHa nroqa ce nocTaByBa
xoco ueiy IpI{eMHaTa x eMr4Tr,rpartKaTa aHTeIIa. Crr. 12
50 l. 1 0. EnercutpouaaHetuHu 6paHoau

Aro glrogara D ja gelrxlrue Bo rrpocropor Ha eJIeKTpLiTIHOTO IIOJIe, TOIaIII BO HI{B Ce

ueiy nno.rara r{ aHTeHara, Mo)Ke [a ce rIoKa)Ke xHAyqxpaar cnpoBoAH14 crpyr- n eHeprrjara ua
AeKa Ha oApeIleHx necra nocrojar veaoan ereKTpoMarHerHrror 6pan ce flperBopa Bo
(racnlyrau,e na clrrnanor) lrllr ja:lu (cla6een e, BHaTpeuHa eHeprr4a Ha
AypxI ry6elbe Ha cfirHaror). cnpoBoAHrrrllrre. Bo oroj cryqaj, [pr4eMHara
Co oaoj eKcrrepnMeHT ce AeMoHcrpr.rpa aHTeHa HeMa Aa npr.rMa cr{rHaJr.
no6nrau,ero na crojurlre eJreKTpoMatHerHL

ru:tr$T
5panoelr nrro, BcyrxHocr, rrpercraByBa c[equ-
janen elrl unrepQepenquja Ha 6paHoBu Kou ce
ABI{XaT BO CIpOTIIBHI{ HaCOKLI.

Au{parqrja Ha EMB
Cn. 14
I4 nojaeara grr+paKUr.rja Ha eJreKTpoMarHer-
Hr.rTc 6paHoBr.l Mo)Ke Aa ce AeMoHcTpupa co oBaa
CnporuBHo fla roa, Kora napaJreJrHure
anaparypa. 3a raa qe:r Mcfy cMxrr.rpa.lKara lr
petxe'rKr.rHrl cnpoBo]IHl{qu ce nocTaBerltr
npneMHaTa aHTeHa ce nocTaByBa MeTaJrHa rrJroqKa
HOpMaJTHO Ha paMHr{iraTa Ha ocql IItpaISeTo Ha
co rryKHarxHa oA oKony 2-3 cm (crr,rKa l3).
ereKTpr.rr{Hr.roT BeKTop, cTpyIITe [ITo ce

Br
r.rHAyrlupaar ce MHofy cra6[ t,I cufHaror He ce
rojaeyea.

$r U. Ma(cBe,r (James Clerk Maxwell,

l83l-1879) e Hajro,leM reopncKr.r
Cr. l3 dr3n.rap Ha XIX Be(. PoAcri e Bo
EA[H6ypr r{ Muory paso, ylrre Ea
l5 foA[.IHfi, flt 3anoirHar cBolre
Ce nora;ryna IIeKa reBo rl AecHo oA cryaru Ha yHuBep3r.rTeTor Bo
rryKHar[Hara noaia go co3[aBane Ha MaKcuMyMr.r oorgllor mal. Toi ugorv DaHo ru
Ha 3pa(retl)e. rroKaiKaJr cBoLITe MareMarl-trlKt cnoco6rrocrr.r.
Bnulranue! Ocxara na rprreMHara aHTeHa Marcserogara reoprja :a eJIeKTpIt\Hure u
Tpe6a Aa ce llocraBr,r Bo HacoKa Ha paArrycor Ha Maruerrrr{Te nojaor, lrcra:<ana [peKy 4 [o3uaru
Kpy)KHrrrIaTa co qeHTap Bo cpeA[HaTa Ha paBeHKn, npeTcTaByBa ocHoBa 3a TeopucKaTa
nyruarlr uara ! e,'reKTpollrHaMfika. Toi co ceojar a reoprja rl
rlpercKaxyBa ere(Tporuarrrernlrre 6panona .

Ocren ro elexrpogltuaMllKara, MaKcBeJr AaJr Mnory

E.rexrpouarnernure 6panonu ce noJrapu3npaHr! 3}Iaqael{ [p[AoHec r.r Bo MoIe(yJIapHo-KrHeTurrKaTa
reoprja xaqc ja ta,r pe,raqrjara ra pacnpe^en6ara Ha
Karo nno Be(e noKaxaBMe eJ'reKTpoMar- MoJleKyJllne clopeA HrBErrre 6p3[Fri. MaKcBen
HCTHXTC 6paHOBr.r CC TpaHCBep'a,1HH 6paHOEr-r. loqttHaJ'l oA KaHq€p npeA Aa Hano"rHn 50 roAIIr -r
noJIapII3I{paHIt TaKa LUTO eJ'reKTprfrH[OT BeKTOp
ocqLIJII{pa BO paMHUHaTa Ha OCKara Ha X.Xepq (Hertz Heinrch, 1857-1894)
eM TI{paqKaTa a}ITeHa, a BeKTOpOT Ha
e BlrAeH repMarcKu $u:uvap roj
eKcIlep[MeHTaJIEO fO AOKaXaJI
MafHerHara nngyrqnja - ao paMHnHara rrrro e rlocToett)eTo Ha eJleKTpoMarHeTl{'l-
HopMaJIHa Ha xea. OBoj farr ce ,qeuoucrpupa co re 6pauoor. lloxpaj roa, roj
rroMorrr Ha peuerKa R Koja xMa noBe(e rreABocM[cJIeHo noKaxa,r aeKa
napaJrerHrr MeTaJrHx cnpoBoIIHLIqI IIocTaBeHLI onoj rrn 6paronu nr uMaa'r cure
napaJrer'rHo eAH[ Ha lpyru (eugere ja cl. l4). cBoJcTBa KaKO I{ CBeTJII{HCKrrre. EgUUUqara :a
Kora cnpoeolnr.rqr.rre Ha peuerKara ce Qperuenquja eo Sl ro Hocu HeroBoro r,rMe.
nocraBeHH nafanenHo Hl BcKTopor Hl jrtltHara
 I .l 1 . Cierctuap ua etleKfrpouatHeruHurue 6paHo6Lr 5l

TpoMafHeTHure 6panonu, co cooABerHr'ne 6paHo-

BI,T AOJIXI,IHII,
1.11. CIIEKTAP HA Axo 6panor e co oApe[eHa 6pauona lorxr.rua
EJIEKTPOMAfHETHI4 HeMy My oAroBapa coognerna Qpexrenqr{af'
6PAHOB14
')f =: {r)

Bugonra ereKTpoMarnernu KaAe IIJTO v e Op3I{IraTa Ha npOCTI4paIberO Ha

6panonme Bo aageHa cpegltra. 3a BaKyyM oBaa
6paxonu paBeHKa IIOMITHyBa BO:
Eaextponrarueruure 6pauoru ce 6pauoeu
co xolr cerojgneauo ce cpe(aaane. Cserruuara .C
(2)
urro ja uegaue e calro eAeH i\raJr AeJr oA ')
rxrrpoKllor qlljala:oH Ha eJreKTpoNrafHerH[Te
6paHoeu.
KaAe ruro 6p3lrHaira ua xoj lr aa 6[:ro sriA
Kora c,'tyuaM( larl o. rnela\re re,reeu rrja. ereKTpor'larHerHo 3paqelbe e eAHaKBa co
ja rorLrulte xpaHara Bo lrnxpo6panoaara ne.rxa 6p3lrHara Ha cBerJrl{Hara c.
x,'rr.r 36opyBaMe co uo6n:reH reneQon, uue rlr
3a ga ja rrJrycrpr{paNre noAeraJrHo Kopxc-
KopucrflMe cJlcKTpo\{arHerHxre dpaHoeu. Hocra Ha ereKTpo\1arHc1Horo Jpa.terbe. (e ce
Moxe6x LI3ruIeAa qyAHo, Ho Lr Kora eo :rr.rva (e 3rqpxx\re HaKpalKo Ha oqAerH Te noqpa.rja oa
cneKTapoT.
3acraHer{e HenocpeAHo Ao IIeqKaTa 3a na ce
crorrJruNle, IIcTo TaKa, KopI,IcTI|!1e ejreKTpor{af-
AM
Herun 6panosu.
Kojtt e po.t.ttrrattlo 11o.v(?y ctu-r< Ltttt(
Sptuoeu!
Pa:lr.rrara noueiy 6pauoaure oA pa3,'rnqeH
EUII ne)Kr{ Bo Hr'rBHara 6paHoBa AorxuHa.
Epanonara AoJrxuHa Ha eJreKTpoMarHerHoro
3par{e}6c Bapupa NrHofy, oA foJreMrrHr'r
C,'r. 2.,[.ujana rou Ha patrxodpaHoBl.rre.
npxOnll)KHo e,qHaKB co Bl,tcoKxre tlnaHr,rHx. na cd
qo rore\{rHlr e.[HaKBr Ha [uMeH3 Te HJ jatrporo
Ha aroMor KaKBa [I'ro e 6paHoBara AoJIxI{Hr'I Ha
Paqlro6panonure ce eJreKTpoMarHerHr{
6pauonu co najgo,rra 6pauona golxtlna. HugHara
raMa-3paqerbero. Ha c:ruxara I e AaAeH Btl3ye.[eH
6pauona gorxuua e noueiy 3 km u 30 cm (cr.2).
[puKa3 a gujana:ouor Ha 3paqe*ero Ha eJreK-

palno6panoou

t-3 [* r..'ro[n' l-0.0lnm

Cn. L f{njana:on Ha ereKTpoNrarHerHure 6paHOBII, og pagnoSpauowrre co Aorra 6paHoBa

Ao,'rxnHa. MxKpo6paHoBUTe. lrHSpaqpaeuoro 3paareHre, BuAruBara cBerrI.tHa.
yJrrliaBnoneroBoro :paveu,e(UV), peHAreH 3paqeltero (Rd) rIa ce Ao y 3pa']er6ero.
52 1.11. Cuerctuap no erxeKtupouarHe inutue 6pauoett

loreM 6poj ypeAlr Ixro ud onxpyxyeaar rtr uujara uua npeAHocrrr, 6unejfur na nej:uHnre
xopficrar paguo6paHoe re (c,'].J). r.rcrpoKyBalLa He B:rujaar epeuencrure IrpI{JII{KIL

--/--Xn-/
BaDds: L K

Cr.3. Paauoro, TereB[3r4ara u Mo6r.IJrHlire rere$ouu C;r. 5. Murpo6pauoBo noApaqje.

ce)peanrc (aae urro fr4 Kopxcll{Me paluo6pa Ho Bt{] e.
Muxpo6panonure uuaar 6pauona AoJIxI,IHa
O6jexrure Bo BceJlerrara, nJIaHerI4Te rt oA peA Ha roJleMlrHa Ha qeHTItMerpLI (m.5).
KOMCTI,TTE, UIIHOBCKI,ITE MATJIIIHII OA fAC II NPAB,
sBe3AI4Ter{ fa.JraKcrrllTe eMIlTIIpaaT eJreKTpoMaf- Osue 6pauonu, norpaj eo lruxpo6panonme
HerHlr 6paHoBx co pa3ruqHu 6pauoau lo;rxllru. rrerrKrl, ce Koprrcrar u raj pagapor (cr.6).
Hexou oA nus [r4aar 6paHoBa AoJI)KLIHa oE peA Ha
foJleMrrHa Ha KI{JroMerpIr. Co acrpouor'.rcxu
paAltoreJrecKonrr ce IlcrII4TyBaar oRI4e RceJreHcKI,I
o6jexrn. Bulej(Ir 6panonara [oJr)KIrHa Ha oBI4e
6panonn e MHory foJIeMa, paAI,IoreJIecKoIIIrre
npeTcTaByBaar roJreMI{ MeTaJIHIT ofJreAaJra co
gujauerap o[ peA Ha roJIeMIrHa Aecerr4urr Merplr,
xolr rlr peQrerrupaar paguo6paHoBltre Bo Cr. 6..treBo ulrrpo6paronaneura;Aecno-paAapcKa
Soxycor Ha raxwror rerecKon. AHTCHA,

3a la ce go6lre nojaora cruKa qecro pagfio

Pagapor cosnana cJIIrKa npeKy peQnexclrja
acrpoHoM re Kopucrar xot'r6uHaquja oIl HeKoJtKy
ua unxpo6pauor og gageu o6jerr.
peQlerrupavxlr orJIeEaJra. Tue :aegno Qynrqra-
Muxpo6pauoeure ce noroEHI{ 3a IIpeHoc Ha
oHupaar KaKo eAHa noBprrr4Ha ,rrja nrournna e
unSopuaqume oA eAHo Mecro Ha lpyro (Tere-
egnaxaa ua':6upor oA cure (cr.4).
Soncxu pa:ronopr,r, ror'.rnjyrepcrn lroflarolrl{ u
crxHo). 6 Aej(x ue ja rybar ereprt{ara npu
MarJr[.r, cHer, o6raqu lr;ru cuor. flopagn roa, rue
ce KopIIcTaT :a clurane na 3eltjara og carelrr.

Cn.4.lleBo noBe(e aHTeHr ; AecHo e paAlro-

oncepBaropuja Bo HoBo MeKcuKo VLA ( Very Large
Al'ray) Koja ce cocro[ oA 27 aHTeH], flocraBeHtt (axo tla
cluxara co gnuentrja oA 36 km ceKoj KpaK. Bcyurocr
C"r.7.
VLA e {mep$epoMerap.
Ha Qororpa@nure oA cr. 7 ce AaAeHrr: JreBo
Muory acrpouol'rcxtt o6jexru eNIrlT[paar pexara Auaron (Epa3rr) Ao6uena co 6panoan co
$arr acrpoQu:uuapure ro
pa4no6pauoau, uo roj ?,,:20 cnr oA carerrrr n paAapcKa cJrIiKa Ha HeKo[
orKpuJre Aypr'I so 1932 r. orKora r{ 3anoqHara Aa nJraHr.rHr{ Bo 6r[snHa Ha Ca,rr Jleux Cliru (AecHo)
ce pa3BrrBa pagi.roacrpoHou{ara. PaAuoacrpoHo- go6nena og Space Shutle .
 Ll L Ciexruap Ho 41(Kn po.utZ Ht'u-t Huii( 6lrttHt,ttt 53

Ke cnoueneue, ucro raKa, AeKa Bo rlreecerrr- uac e najraxno nogpavje, 6ngej(u carro ua roj
Te ro[
HI4 Ha MxHaraor BeK. 6eLUe orKp[eHo e ocerJrr{Bo Halrero oKo. ,[lrjana:rouo r rra
AeJ'r
MfiKpo6paHoBo 3paqel6e Koe rrocrorr Bo clror Spanoar.r gon;ruuu Ha BnAJrrrBara cBerrrlHa e N{a.l
KocMoc KaKo KocMrrsKu Qou. 3a acrpoQusu- o1 400 so 770 nm (cr.10)
qapIITc roa 6erue oA ofpoMHo 3Harrelbe 3a
ruorBpAyBaE e Ha rro3Harara Eur Eenr reopuja:a
fl panorreToKoT Ha BceJIeHaTa.

l4n$paqpoenoro 3paqen e. .J j n jana3oH Ha

6paHoBr.r Aorx<r,rH[ e AaAgH Ha cJr. 8, ce Kopr,rcrx 3a
un$paqpnena QororpaQuja u 3a MeAr.rrIuHcKa re-
parulja. lo eMrrrupaar crrre reJra. Taxa .rosexor
euuurpa un{paqpBeHo 3paqetl'e co 6paHoBa ,qor-
xrtHa oA oKoJry 10 pm. Ha Hero ce r{yBcrBr.rreJrHr{
C,I. II ErxcKo, cpellHo x)lirne'rHo
y,rrpa ouo,reroon no[p,r, t iu
HeKOI{ XIiBOTHIi, Ha IIp. 3MIrItTe.
Ynrparuonerora cBerrlHa (c.[.] l) ce
Koprrcrr.r 3a creplrlu:aqr.rja Ha uHcrpyMeHTJ{ r.r 3a
\./\./
\ -,/' \ -./
rleuru$uxauuia ur Q,rvop. cucurnrr uarepu ja,rr
{oBeqxolo oxo He
3oolrm 3orrm 3pr rri rJreAa, uo nocrojar
gal. cp.6,r. XI{BOTI|I-I qyBCTBUTeT-
HII Ha OBa 3paqeE'e.
C,'r.8. lareqHo (Ea,'I. ). cpeAHo (cp.) II 6Jrr.rcKo TaKoB e, Ha npur{ep,
(6r.) nH+parlpBeHo 3paqelne 6yM6apor.
3a BpeMe Ha
coHrreBure 6ypu CoH-
IIeTO eMI{THpa IlOtOJre-
MII KOJIIIqECTB TAKBO
3paqeH,e. Hajro:reu Cr. 12.
3paqebe ce
AeJr oA oBa
ancop6upa no arlrocQepara. Ha cr. 12 e [ageHa
QororpaSuja Ha axrlrero CoHue.
X- (pe&ue ) rparrelbe Hau,ro uajro,reua
rrpr{MeHa Bo Megr.rr{trHcKara glrjanrocruxa. Ho,
Cr.9. I{CTO TaKa, Ce KOpIICTIT I{ 3a TepaneBTCKIr IIeJIII,
Ha cr. 9 e AaAeHa nnrppaqpeeua Sororpa- nporuBMaJrr.rrHr{ 3a6oryBarla. 3a nayunu qerlr ce

Qlrja na uavxa. Hajronlure Mecra ce o3HaqeHlr Kopncrar Merogure na peugreu-gu$paxqujara.

rroproKaJroBo, a HajcryAeHnre co 6e:ro-cuna 6oja. Haoiaar nprvena r so lrw4ycrplrjara.

Buqnunoro ereKTpoMarflerHo 3paqe6e 3a

Cn. 13 Alrjala3oH lra peHAreH-3paqer6ero.

Mxory ne6ecxlr reJra 3paqar peHAreH -

:paqu. Taxrra ce rlpnrrre Ay[Kr{, HeyrpoucKnre
sBe3gr.i, 6lrHapulrre sBe3gr.r, cyflepHoBa, Conqero,
Cn. 10. BlAnnBo floApaqje. Aypu r{ HeKorr KoMeru.
54 1.I l. CiieKwep He eneKutpo"uazHeutHutue 6paHosu

0
cnojara eueprlrja v. uM ja npeqanaar na
eJIeKTpOgr,rre.
faua-acrpoQlr:uxara ce 3aHuMaBa co ucrpa-
xyBalba Ha nyJrcaprrTe, HeyrpoHcKI.ITe sBe3AIt.
Mery najcnexraxynapH xre orxprruja ua raua
acrponour.rjara e orKpr4Tr.rero Ha raKaHaperreHTa
raua-excuosuja (npacar) no xoja nayunuqure
AOITTJIe BO AOqI{I-ITe IrIeeCerTI.I A [OqeTHI,ITe
ceAyMAecema ro[r4Hrr oA XX BeK, Taa raMa .

ercnnosraja cdyune e lrrcrepuja u curypHo e AeRa

nej:unoro l,r3fryBalbe (e npu[oHece 3a HoBIr
co:namrja 3a pafarrero Ha yHI,IBep3yMor I4
neroaata guMen:uja.
CL 14.

Ha cJrrrKara 14 e fiageHa pe]rAreH O6jacnere rr c.reAHItBe [oIrMIr:

Qmorparpraja Ha nonapHa cBerJrLIHa (3eujr.rnara - eJreKTpoMarEeTHlr - BI4AJII4BA CBETIII|HA
aypopa), cHr.rMeHa Bo Mapr 1996 . X-apa.renero e 6panonu - ynTpaBr.IoJreToBo
go6neHo co Koqelle Ha HaeneKTpI{3I4paHLrre
- paA[o6paHoBu 3paqeI}e
qecrfiqs npr4 qoafa$e ox KocMocor na 3eujara.
- Mr.rKpo6paHoBq - peEArcE-3paqeH,e
Ilprrroa, rne ce o,hxnonynaar og 3eujuuoro
Ma erHo fiore. Hajr.ruTeH3nBuoro peH[teHcKo - raQpaqpreuo spaverre - raMa-3pagel5e

Spaqene e o3Daqeno co qpaena 6oja.

flpaurana, gaAaqq rl axTuBnocrrt

l. flpeclrerajre rr.r Qpexneuquure na najxyome
raua-:paqn r uajgorrure paguo6paHoB (cr. l5 u
ctr.2).
ii 2. fialu uoxe Aa ce Kaxe gera pagrao6panornre
Cn. 1 5.lllonpa.rje Ha raMa-3paw. ce crer.nuncxu 6pauonu?
3. E qejfu ocHoBeH yc:roB 3a Aa ce eMLITI{pa
Iaua-spaqure nraar uajroreua QpeKBeHqI[- eJIeKTpoMarHereH 6pan e ga nocrou :a6p:auo
ja (BuAere or. l5). EruurupaHr.r ce oA paAI.IaKTLrB- ABlrxerre na ueroja HaeJreKTpI,I3I4paHa qecrl4l{a,
Hr.{Te aroMcKr4jagpa u ro c.nyvaj ra HyKJIeapHIr pa3Mr.IcneTe KaKoLr 3olrrTo MoneKynl{Te Il
laua-:paversero voxe Aa rlt yHuIrrrI,I
eKclrJro3rrrr. aroMlrre gpaqar r.rnQpaqpneua, BI{AJILTBa Ir
)Kr,rBI{Te KnerKIr Ha opraHn3MrrTe, a Toa e ynrpaBEoneToBa cBerJr[Ha (cnopeA npercraBure
ncKopr{cTeHo Bo MeAr,rqr,rHara 3a oTcTpaHyBalse Iuro rI{ ItMare 3a rpaA6ara Ha oBI,Ie .{ecr[IIIl)?
HA MAJII,ITHIA KJIETKI{. 4, .Kou ce [peAHocrr.rre ua pagraoacrpo@u:urara
faua-:paurte goafaar oq roneuu pacroja- Bo oAuoc Ea onrl,rvxara acrpoQra:raxa?
uuja u oq BceJrenara, xo najro:rer',r AeJr oA HIIB e 5. flo6apajre so 6u6ruorera Jlllreparypa 3a roa
ancop6upau oa atr.rocQepara. rax.Bn cd acrpoHoMcK14 oncepBaropxr.r nocrojar u
Oq rcareuara raua-3paqene'ro, Koe e 3paqene npourlpeTe rll Baurrrre 3Haersa 3a rrpl{MeHaTa Ha
co wajroreua euepruja. goaia oa Hej:uullre pa3r{uTe BIlAoBr,r eJreKTpoMafHeTHo 3paqerbe Bo
najxeurxu qenonu. Buqejft.r He Moxar qa 6r.rgar acrpouounjara.
peQlertrapaxra oA orJreAana, TerecKorIHTe 3a
raMa-3paqerlero ro Koplrcrar r.n. Kor'anronos urxpo (;Irpo!, crapo Pp.) - Mar, dfleu
eQexr, npu rxro raMa-3paIIIITe, KoIr MHory zn$pa (infra, fr) rroA, uorurcKo
noeerte ce ogHecyBaar KaKo faMa vecruqu (ralra- ynrpa (ultra, ,1ar) HaL lperepaEo
KBaHrra), flpu cyAnp co enerrpoH ry6ar qel og
 1.12. 3a upupodaur.a Ha cleiitnuHa fa 55

r.12. 3A TIPI4POAATA HA lapu:aqlrjara Ha cBerJrrrHara (:a nea (e:6opy-

Ba\{e noulpoKo nogoqra) co xoja ce roKaxaJlo
CBETJII,IHATA. AeKa cBeTJII,lHaTa npeTCTaByBa TpaHcBep3aJIeH
EP3I,IHA HA CBETJIIIHATA 6pan. <Daxror AeKa rpaHcBep3arHme 6paHoBu
MOX<aT Aa Ce npocTrrpaaT caMo HIt3 TeJra Bo
rlBpcra cocrcj6a, lruory ja ycJroxHyBaJr rrpercra-
IIIro e roa cBerJrr,rna? Bara 3a erepor KaKo cyflcraHu ia Koja e uBpcra. a
Og oua ruro Aocefa fo HayqIiBMe, 3HaeMe fo lrcnoJrHyBa cxoT npocTop.
AeKa cBerJrrrHara vMa 6panona npupoAa. E.rexrpouarnernara reopuja 3a cBerJIItHara,
floxaxasMe neKa raa ce peQlexrupa, npeKprly- pa3Br,IeHa oA MaKcBer, e ltcto tara, 6pauora
na, [email protected] KaKo rr cr{Te Apyrr4 BrrAoBlr reopuja. Cnopea Hea. cBerr'l.rHara so xoja u ga
6pauonu. Maxcser u Xepq noKa,,Kaa AeKa 6uro roqKa npercraByBa ltcroBpeMeHo
cBeTJII{HaTa HMa eJreKTpOMafHeTHa np}IpOAa, Taa ocrlrrJrl,Ipar;e na jaurznara Ha eJleKTpxrtHoro
3Haqu npercraByBa eJreKTpoMarHereu 6pau ll noJre L
; I varHerHara xHllyKqrja B. Kaj.
AeKa MOXe Aa ce lpocTrrpa u Bo BaKyyM. paMHlror MoHoxpoMarcKlt cBerJrr.rHcKlt 6paH TIre
Ho, sareoro freAalle 3a cBerJrrrHara He ABa BeKTOpa OCqIInItpaaT BO ABe 3aeMHO
6uro ceroraur npr{+areHo KaKo HayqHa Br.rcrr{Ha. HOpMaJrHr.r paMHI-tHIt KOI4 Ce IIOpMaJIHLi Ha
Bo rexor Ha pa3Bojor Ha onrr4r{Kara HacoKara Ha npocruparLero. Oaaa reopllja 6n:ra
IIpeTCTaBa 3a rrpllpoAaTa Ha cBeTJruHaTa ce eKcnepyMeHTanHo norBpleHa. TaKa. Ha npxMep.
nojasra:re gee ocuoBHH Teopr4n : nojaaara arcnep:lrja Ha caerJluHara 6ura
- KopnycKynapHa reopuja u o6jacHera flpeKy 3ae \a oAejcrBoro Ha
H

- 6panoea reopuja. eJreKTprrrrHoTo IIoJIe Ha cBeTJIHHaTa CO

Kopnycxy:rapnara reopuja npernocraByBa [eKa no.JrHe)<rrTe Ha fpaArrBHr.rTe qecTl4llrr Ha
cBerJrnHara npercraByBa poj og unory clnnu cyucranqlrjara. I4cro raxa, cBerJrr.tHara npu
r{ecTltql{ KoI-t qecTo ce oAHecyBaaT KaKo naiane Ha oApeAeHa noBptxuHa Bpur{ flpl.trr.rcoK
eracruqHr4 Tonqfn a. Kopncrej(u ja osaa reopuja np: nea. CreuuncKrror npurr.rcoK, npeABr,rgeH co
yrxre Bo 1630 rogma Peue fiexapr, no:nar eJreKTpoMarHerHara reopxja 6ul ercnepuueu-
rlr o6jacuul flojaBrre peQnexclrja
MareMarr.rqap, TaJTHO r43MepeH.
Ir rlpeKpllryBarie Ha cBerJILrHara. loneu flocroeH,ero Ha erepor, KaKo cpegr.rHa, Bo-
ro6opHuK na onaa reoplrja 6u:r u I4cax l6yru, r.r onlrro He ce BKJIoIIyBa ao Maxcnelosara reopuja
nopaAlt HeroBr.roT foJreM aBTopI4TeT, HayqHr4rIHTe- 3a eJreKTpoMafHeTHaTa npupoAa Ha cBeTJrxrraTa.
o6opHlrqlr Ha rourraKBr{ c+a(arsa AoJrro He flogoqua e AoKaxaHo (co no3Harr.ror eKcnepr4-
MOXeJIe Aa rr4 HaMeTHa'r' CBOIITe I,IAeIt. MeHT Ha Majxe:rcon u Moplr.r) AeKa erep He
Epanonara reopuja :a [prrpoAara Ha cBerJrr.rHara IlocToll.
3anorrHyBa co pa6orr,rre na Xajrelrc, a e Kopnycrynapno-6panora reopuja. Bo reror ua
norBpAeHa co orKpxrxero n o6jaclynan ero ua pa3Bojor Ha +u3IaKara ABere reopun 3a flpupo-
r urep$epeHurjara u grQpaxurrjara Ha cBerJlt- Aara Ha cBerJrrrHara (6pauoBara r{ KopnycKy-
Hara rranpaBeHu oA JyHr r.r geranno o6jacreru og JlapHara) nocrojano 6ra.ne uaqrpagynall.r r.r
@pene:r. Bo noqeroKor Ha XIX BeK ronelr 6poj ceKofa l I.IMaIe cBoII 3acTanHr{qu.
HayrrHlrqfi ja :acranyaane [Aejara 3a 6paHoBara Wtuo auaeue uue denec aa upupodau,ta Ha
npr{poAa Ha cBerJrrrHara. flpaurarse 6uno calro ga cselunuHalua ?
ce o6jacur. KaKBa e cpeqxHara Hur xoja ce unpn Kaj xexor.r caojcrna na cternuuara, oco6euo
cBerJrr.rHara. 3a la clr rr4 o6jacHar nojaelre. TI{e ulro ce ollHecyBaar Ha Hej3t4Horo
3acranHl4utrle Ha 6pauoeara reopraja Ha :aeunonejcrno co .cyncrauqnjara (evucuja,
cBeTJIIIHaTa npeTnOCTaBI4JIe AeKa CrrOT rrpOCTOp e ancopnquja, {oroe;lexrpraven e+eKT Ia c.r.)
l4cno,rHer co cyncraHqlrja 6er vaca. roja ja cBerJTI.IHara ro vaunQeqlpa cBojo-r
HapeKre eutep. flpercraaara 3a xrlnorerurrKuor Kop[ycKyrrapeH KapaKrep. Og gpyra crpana,
eTep ocTaHaJra Aa xltBee peql,Icrr rIeJI eAeII BeK. nojaBr.rre lrurep{epenqu.ja, A[+paKqr,rja u
flpo6:relror Bo BpcKa co oBap 3aMucJreHa cyn- no:raprasaquja Ha cBerrr4Hara yKaxyBaar Ha
cTaHIII{a Ce rroJaBItJI paHO, CO OTKpr{TneTO Ha IIO- xej:raaara 6pauona prapo[a.
56 1.12. 3a upupodauta Ha caefrnuHafrid

Cnopeg geueurun cornannja,

ja IPeABI{A KBaHrHara
rar'.rajft.r
npupola Ha cBerruHara (3a
rojanogoqua nouupoxo tie
r6opynaue) cBerJIHHara IrMa
AyaJrHa nprpoAa. TeoPujara
xoja 6a3upa Ha raKBara
IIpeTCTaBa ce BIIKa
xopnycxynapno-6Panora.
Oeaa reopt{a e caMo AeJl
OA nOUIrtPOKaTa KBaHTHOMexa-
xnvxara reoplrja, cnoPeg roja
t#'
ce MeHyBa I{ npeTcraBaTa 3a
qecrr{rlrre (3a rnro no,qoqHa
noee(e (e Hay'rltMe). Bo Jlnuqepoaa '
(BaHTHaTa Teopula u op6lrra
qecTlrurnre IIpII ABI{)Kerr'a co
ro:reuu 6p:uuu npojasYnaar Cr.1
6pauona nplrpola. 3na'I u lrt,re ceHKa u noBTopxo ce nojaayna 3navu goxunyra
r{MaaT AyaJIHa npupoAa. 3aMpaqyBane. Ha6$ynybajfu{ ro 3aMpaqyBathe-
ro. Pevep ro vepeJt hept'Ioaor na porauujara ua
Ep:lrna na cner:rnnara onoj care.nur - bpeMBTpaeH'ero nouefy Ane
nojaeynarsa oA JyllilTepoBara cenra. Mepemara
[o;rro npeue ce cMeraJlo gexa 6p:lrnara ua
cBerJIrIHara e 6ecxoueqgo ro,qeua. Ha roa npBo ru Bpllr€jt tso BpeMe xora 3eujara (Z) e
yK KyBa cexojAuesuoro IIcKycrBo. Axo so co6a uaj6:rucry Ao fltatserara Jynurep floroa r'lepe-
3anarllMe ,taMOa, BeAHauJ cure npegverll xe 6aTa ce -[oBTOpegt,I rIoaoIIHa, xora 3eujara ce
6ugar oceer.renu. naofa:ra sa HajoAAaireqeHoro Mecro oA
Jlyfero ce o6ugynale co locroen'e Ha ror{Hu rrJraHerara Jynrrrep. Tne MepeEa HeoqeKyBaHo
qacoBHirq Aa ja I{3Mepar 6p:lrnara Ha rroKDKaJIe AeKa caTeruior Io, ":agoqnynal" co
cBer:rltHara, xopucrejful cBerJIocHIt cIrfHaJII'r Ha cnoero nojaryrarre.oKoty 1000 s, Bo oAHoc Ha
pacrojaSruja oA pefl Ha roJIeMI{Ha oA HeKoJIKy pe3y,'rraror Kora ._ 3eMjara e Haj6nr'rcxy lo
Cure raxsu o6ugll ne Bpo[lIJIe co
Kr,rJIoMerpIr. IJTaHerara Jynrrep. 3a4oqxyeatsero eo oao.;
n.no[. Ce qfiHero AeKa e vHory aepojarno gexa c,ryvaj goafa hopagu roa trlTo Ha cBernuHara 11

csefroclir4or IrMnyJIc oA lr3Bopor Bo ltcrlIor rpe6aar 1000 s bg naj6;rncrara no.nox6a I 4o

r'ionenr Aoafa Ao npHeMHLrKor - I{arrero oKo. Hajofl[areqeHarb no:Iox6a 2 (cn l) Axo
Mef''roa. ce noKaxa,'lo leKa roa 6tl,lo cauo cpeAHHor adjaMeraP Ha 3eMjr,tHara op6ura oKory
npunug. Yure Bo XVII ser 6l.rra I'l3MepeHa Couqero e npu6ryxno 300 000 000 km u
6pauuara na caer:runara. rpeuero norpe6no cBerJIIlHara Aa ro I43MI{He roa
,qaucKr,Ior acrpoHoM O. Per'rep Bo 16'76 pacrojauue oKony 1000 s, Peuep 3a npB nar Bo
roAr{Ha.npB ja usuepun 6p:nnara Ha cBerJII{Hara r.rcropr.rjara ja uauepul 6psunara Ha cBer:rl'rHara
npoyvyrajfti ro ABuxelLero ua Jynureposure u no6utr rBpeAHosr 6nucxa Ao AeHec
careigru. flornaro e 4exa Jyllrrep e nJlaHera oA orrpeAeJleHaTa 300 000 km/s.
Conqerraor cucreu. Taa ce ABr{xI{ oKoJIy Cranalo jacxo sourro co IoMoIrI Ha

CoI{Iero ua pacrojanrae Koe e oKory 5 narlj IlnpeKTHI.r Mepelba Ha npeve n pacrojauue ao

rloroJreMo oA cpegHoro Pacrojanlre 3euja-Conqe 3er',rjunu ycloru He e MoxHo Aa ce Il:MepI'I
Jynurep uva )4 careJr.IT 6p:unara Ha cBerJluHara. Taa :a cavo egua
' Pe-mep .

ro ua6rsy.iysal uaj&lncxnor care:rur ceKyHAa noMnHyBa 7,5 ra'ftl rororeMo

'osHdqan co Io Ha cn.l. Oaoj carellr, pornpajiu pasrojaH[e oA 3eujturaor exaarop.
oroly Jynnrep. meAaHo o,q 3evjara. novnuyea Bo rexor Ha XIX BeK 6nle pa:pa6orenr'r
IIpe[ naHeTaTa, floToa ce Kpr'le Bo He]3trHaTa roae(e :ra6oparopltcKr4 Mero1lt 3a Mepelbe Ita
 1 . 1 2 . 3a upupodawa Ha cleuinuHa )a 57

6p:uuara Ha cBerJIIrHara, nouefy xou e lrH[eKc Ha npeKprlyBarr,e. Co oBI.Ie koHcraHTlt cre

flo3Harr.ror Mero[ Ha (Du3o o[ 1849 rog. co ce 3arro3HaJre Mnr{arara roquua (@rl:uxa aa II
BprruB 3alqeHuK, IrJu.I MeroAor ua Majxelcon co xrac pe{opuzpaxo rI4MHa3I,IcKo o6pa:oranue)
BPTJIHBO OIJIEAAJIO.
Bo roj nepuog 6ure nsuepeHlr u 6p:unme 06jacxere ru c.neAHrtBe nonMtr:
Ha cBerJrr{Hara Bo rloBe(e cyrlcraHqlrl{. TaKa, Ha
- KopnycK)"rapHa reopria - KopnycKyrapuo-6pauooa
nprrMep, Bo 1856 ro[ItHa 6lua usuepeua 6psr'r- - 6panooa reopuja reopltja
HATA HA CBCTJIIIHATA BO BOAAT I{ CC IIOKA)<AJIO
AyaJrHa flpupoAa - Op3uHa Ha cBerlltHaTa Bo
AeKa raa e 4/3 lrarlt rloMaJra orKoJIKy Bo BaKyyM. BaKyyv
Onpegerynar+ero Ha 6psllrara Ha
cBeTJIIrHara onufpaJlo MHofy BaxHa yJlora Bo I
uayrara. Meiy Apyroro, Toa oAurpaJro BaxHa
yJrora u nPlt yTBpAyBaIseTO Ha npupoAaTa Ha I no"-u*a. 3araqr u aKTtB'ocrrr
CBETJIIIHATA,
Oa noce6no 3Haqerre e faxror gexa 6prlr- 1. AcrpoHoMcKr. e pacrojauraja ce Mepar Bo
HaTa Ha cBerJrr{HaTa Bo BaKyyM, cnopeA AeHeu- cBerJrrrHcKr{ rogunlr. flpecuerajre xo;rxy uerpu
HI{Te fJleAarba, e eAHa oA yHltBep3aJrHrrre II3HeCyBa eAHa CBeTJrr{rrCKa roAI-IHa.
KoHcraHTrr.Toa e najroleuara voxna 6p:una. 2. Aro pacrojaulrero uoruefy 3eujara u CoHqero
Hltry equo reJlo He \4o)Ke na ja aocrlrue raa rr3HecyBa cpegno 149,5 106 km, KorKy BpeMe
6p:una. cBerJrrrHara rraryBa og Couqero go 3eujara?
,[eueuruara BpeAHocr :a 6p:nnara ua 3. ,flenec uerapot ce geQuxupa npexy 6p:unara
cBeTjr[Hara Bo BaxyyM IBHecyBa: Ha cBeTJIIrHaTa, AaJILT CTe pa3MIrC.JrIlJre 3OrrTO e
roa rara?
c = 299 792 45a m s-1 l rovuo).
Ce noxax<a.no AeKa oBaa 6p3uHa He e caMo
IlponaiAere na nsrep[er Be6 crapatrI|ur|: lm
6p3nHa Ha npocrupabe Ha ejreKTpoMarHerHnre
6panonu ro BaKyyM, TyKy, Taa crtopeg a) Nature of light
www.nobel.se/physicslall]cles/ekspongl - 5Bk
l@, 18
MoAepHrrre rJIeAaIr,a e 6p:lrna Ha Apr 2003
:aelluoleicrgoro. Cnopeg MaxcreJl, Taa ce 6) Speed of light
r.rcKaxyBa rr co pe:raqujara: 1. www.what-islhe-speed -oi-light.com/ - 5k - i
I (1) 2.galiieoandeinstern.physics.vlrginia.edu/
'= Ji;
KaAe tIITo €6 e e.Jr€KTpllgH? KoHcraHTa (AI-IereK-
lechiresl$pedlite.hinll i7k
n apyrn o rqB[ Jr[EKoBn .

TpI,rqHa KoHcraHTa Bo BaKyyM) u !r0 e MarHercKa

O. PeMep (OlafRoemer, 1640-1710) e
KoHcraHTa (MarHercKa uepuea6u.nnocr Bo BaKy-
IIO3HaT AaHCKIi MaTeMaTIrqap U
yM). KoHcraHTHocra na 6prunara na cBerJrrrHara acrponoM. npB yclear ga ja r-r:r'repIl
e eAeH oA xajaaxurre Ajrrurajlonlt rocry,larx 6p3uHara Ha cBerr[Hara .

Ha HeroBara cneq{arura reopuja na peJlarlrBltocr.

6pjr..rHara Ha caer,,rrHara so ueroja cpearwa
A. Majxercon (Albert Abraham
Michelson, 1852-1931) aMeprIKaHcKu
u e gageua co pe:raqlrjara:
Slr3r-r.rap, no3uar no cnojor
ccc npu rrrTo eKclreprrMeHT 3a MepeBe Ha 6p3[Fara
v
,
p, =--i-
"l€, n na 3eujara Bo oguoc Ha erepor, Ixro
ro Ha[paBLtJt eo ,ra6oparoplrjara ua
'le-
(2) XeJrMxorq, 3aeAr{o co Edward Morly.
HeraruBEltor pe3yJrrar Ha Mepelbara
yKaxalr AeKa erep ne nocrou. llpr ja
€r e AI4eJreKTpnqHa KOIICTaHTa Ha CpeAI{HaTa, pr It3MepnJr AoJDKIHaTa Ha MeTapOT
uej:raHara varHercKa nepvea6rruocr. xoja ra
cfiTe cyrrcraHqun (ocBeH oepoMarHerlaqure) e npexy 6paHoBa aoJrxxHa Ha KaAMrlyvoBa cBerrrHa.
3aruro Bo 1907 roAr|Ha Ao6[n Ho6enora uarp_aAa.
6pojra lrnory 6rlrc<a go l, a lr e ancoryrHl,{or
s8 L 1 3. ITo,tapuaa4uja Ha csemnllHama

1.r3. rroJrAPr43AIII,IJA HA raro u 6pauor euurupau xaj aHTeHrrre Ha paAxo-

6panorrre. Ho no u:nopor,6pojor na eos6yge-
CBETJIIIHATA HrrTe aToMrr e ofpoMeH, TLre ocqLIJILlpaaT coceMa
He taBrlcHo r.r Bo coceva c,ryvajuu paMHxHl.
Tpancnepra;rnocr na 3na.ru, axo ce na6rynyna cBerJr[HcKI{ 3paK Bo
paMHr.rHa rI, HopMaJIHa Ha HefoBoTo txrlpell)e,
cBerJrnHcKr{Te 6paHonu
BeKTopor ua javruara Ha ereKTprlyuoro rroJre Bo
paMH[HaTa ocrlu.]Inpa Bo clt're Mo)KHr.r npaBqu
,{olro rpeue najroneulrre no6opunqn Ha (cr. l). Toa yKa)KyBa Ha roa [eKa ocUr{Jrxpanero
6panosara nprrpoAa Ha cnernr.trara, JyHr u ua oaoj eexrop e Bo cI,ITe MoxHlr par'rutrHrl.
@pene,r, cuerane AeKa cBer.rruHara e 6pan,
cJlltr{eH Ha 3ByqHUOT, 3Haqrr JrOHrrrTyAUHaJreH.
Barsoro Mfic,'rerbe 6nro norrpeneno r co i+,
npelnocraBKara.[eKa cBe rr r.iHcKlrre 6laHoB ce 'E
urLrpar HIt clncrauqujara erep xoja ro clor,r-
HyBa crroT npocTop rl npoHr.rKHyBa Hr{3 cr.rTe TeJra.
CenaK, MHofy eKcnepl{Menrlt [oKa)KaJre
AeKa cBeTJII{HaTa IIpeTCTaByBa TpaHCBep3areH .....//TI
6pau, raxa uro (rpcne:r KoHer{Ho ro lpuSarun 7r,,

Saxror:a rpaHcBep3aJrHocra Ha 6pauoanre u ce

\.j
cvera 4era roj rrpB Toa n ro [orBpAr.rJr. C"r. I
Co Marceeroeara reopuja 3a eJIcKTpoMar- Ce pa:6npa r.1 BeKTopor Ha MarHeruara uHAyK-
HeTHaTa nPXpOAa Ha CBeTJILIHaTa Ce yKaxyBa qlrja, ucro raxa, ocqlr:rlrpa so nore(e paMHrrHr.rH[,
AeKa cBerJrr.rHcKr.rre 6pauoau ce rpaHcBep3aJIHI,l. HO paIrHIlHIl KOI{ Ce HOpMaJIHTI ira Tr.re BO KOrr
Cser,rIHara npercraByBa 6paH Koj ce cocrou oA ocqr,lJrupa eJIeKTpI{rIHoro ro,re. Benuue gexa
npeHoc Ha eJreKTpoMafHcTcH IIMnyJlc Bo TaKBaTa CBeTJ .IHa e Herr0rapu3[paHa, rrpupoAHa.
npocropor- KaKo urro o6jacHuevc eo nor,rasje'ro Axo na xoj 6[:to Ha.l{H ce rrocrr.rfne cBer-
1.10. Toa 3Har{[, BeKTopor rra cJreKTprrtHoro JII{HCKIIOT 3paK TaKOB IXTO ereKTP[qHr.rOT BeKTOp
noJre ocr]r.tJrr.lpa caMo Bo e[Ha paMHI{Ha, Taa Bo Aa ocUIIJII{pa caMo Bo eAHa paMHr.rHa, TaKBaTa
roja;rexu aHTeHara, a BeKTopor Bo MafHerHoro cBerJrrrHa ja auraue JrnH[cK[ rroJraprr3rpaHa
rroJre ocrlxJrrrpa, IIcTo TaKa, Bo eAHa paMHlrHa, caer.rnna (c.n. 2).
roja e HopMaJrHa Ha paMHr.rHara Ha
ocrIIrJIItpaISeTo Ha eJIeKTpIritHIlOT BeKTOp, KaKO
rriro e npuKaxaHo Ha c,trKa ra 5 ol noruaejero
1.10. Hacoxara Ha urflperhero na 6panor e
HopMaJIHa Ha javlluara Ha eJreKTprrrrHoro rr
MAfHCTHOTO IIOJIE
Ho, ce rroKa)KyBa AeKa cBerJrl{Hara .,.
eM[TupaHa og xoj u [a 6ll:ro u3Bop He e T[/
noJrapx3rrpaHa.
Karco da io o6jacnu,ve tuoa? Cr.2
Hexolr rpucraln[ Tera, KaKo Ha npr{Mep,
Ilpnpogua (neno.rapn:r.rpana) cBerrrHa, TypMaJrr.rHor. uMaar raKBa oco6uua ga rn npo-
Jlusucxn rroJrapn3rlpaHa cBerJrItHa rryrxraar ocrlr{Jll{pamara na ja.rnnara Ha eJreK-
;
Tpr|rrHoro flone t
CgerlLtlcxure n3Bopu ce Mecra KaAe [rro caMo Bo eAHa paMHIHa.
goaia go aos6ygyBarie Ha orpoMHrror 6poj aroltr Ocqunupan ara na cBerJIItHara Bo Apyfu paMHrrHx
Ha x3Bopor. Ceroj arornr, roj euurlrpa 6pau, ce ancop6lrpaar LIJIII roraJlHo I tr,r AeJryMHo.
ceKaKo [peTcTaByBa HerrrTo raro "aureua" :a 3aroa pa::rnxysaMe rora.lHo JrrinucKn noJra-
cJ'rchrpo\larHereH 6pau xoj rr uva clrre caojcraa p[3[paHa cBeTJrr{Ha I IU Ae,ryMHo rrorapr{3rrpaHa.
 1. 1 3. flonapusa4uia rua caeu.rnuuarut 59

Typuarnuor e r.H. eAHooceH xplrcral. Toj Ha OO', HIt3 IIJIoqKara HeMa Boomxro Aa ce
r{Ma eAHa ocra ua cnuerpuja. Aro ce 3eMe IIpa- Ha6r,yAyBa cBerruHa (cjr. 4).
BoafoJTHa rrJrorrKa oA roj xpucran npu Ixro Benlrue gnere rypMaJI[HcKIt nJIor{KI{ ce Bo
Hej3llHure crpaHr.r ce rr3pe)KaHr.r raKa rtrro ce BKpcreua noJlox6a. Barture rypuaruHcKrr rrJrorr-
noKronyBaar co ocKara Ha KpucraJror OO', u axo K r.r fr.1 Bt,lKa\{e noraplrJaTopIt. a aKo ce yno]pe6y-
cBerrlHara oa ueroja ,ra\46a ce ryulT tra naia Baar Bo flap, o6nvno aropara ja BIIKaMe aHaJI[3a-
HOpMaJTHO Ha TaKBaTa nJrOqKa, CBeTJIIIHaTa 3aA Top. HacoKara Ha ocqfiJrr{pabe Ha ereKTpr.rr{Huor
rrJroqKara (e
6uge noJrapr.r3r.rpaHa. Hej:uullor aerrop (xoj rroHeKorarrr ce BuKa cBerroceH)
eneKTpr{,reH BeKTop I= Kc ocul.tJ'll4pa Bo o6[.rHo e o3Ha.reHa Ha rroJlaplt3aropl{Te.
paMHr.rHara eo xoja :rexll ocKara Ha KpltcraJror Moxe ga ce noKax(e AeKa rrHTeH3r.rreror Ha
(cr.3). cBerJII{Hara Koja floMlfiara Hu3 ABa noJraprr3a-
Topa 3aB cfi o[ Tol KaKoB e aro,ror noveil Hlre-
o' HI,ITe orITIlqKIt ocKt{. AKo ce orrrrrrrKrire ocKli
rlapaJreJrHlt, aroror e 00 , crerllruara HeMa HaMa-
JreH IIHTeH3I{Ter, AoAeKa aKo roj arol e 900 ,
uHTeH3IITero'r e eAHaKoB na uyra (cr.4). Onruro,
cBerlrrHara Koja [oMuHara Hr.r3 ABara noJIapLI3a-
TOpa Il I,I3JIerJIa OA aHaJr[3aTOpOT, [Ma LIHTeH-
gurer 1 :

1 = 1o cos2 a (l)
E npu tttro 16 € I{HTCH3nrcror urro ynafa Ha nora-
Ca.3 Berropor oclru;rl{pa Bo eAHa
paMHnHa, a nopMaJIHo Ha Hea ocqllJlupa B puraropor- a o e aror,lor noMeiy no.rapujaro-
por I aHanr{3aropor. OBaa peraunja e ooiHara
noa maKo ?
Karco ite atrcttytune deKq e KaKo 3aKoH Ha Manu (Malus).
Aro go ro.lxara N ce Haofa Hauero oKo, cBerlrrr- OceeH TypMa,'l4Hor. noclojar 11 trpyrx
HaTa IIITO nOMITHaJIa Hu3 TypMaJ]r.rHcKara rrJrOrrKa cyncTaHIIIlII OA KOIi Ce npaBaT nOJraprEaTOpI{Te.
(e nu u:r:re4a Itcra KaKo n lpuponuara. Ma;rry Taxsn ceojcrea uua tl rroJraporiAor. Orxplleu e og
(e 6tlAe o6oeHa 3eJreHo n ne;rylruo ancop6lrpana, JIeHA (E.H.Land) ao 1938 roguna. Toa npercra-
Ho aKo nroqKara oA Typ\{ar H ja epruve. ByBa reHoK cloj (0,1 mm) oA optaHcKa cyncraH-
noclojaHo Hr.{3 Hea Ke Ha6,,r,}AyBave ucr quja vuu MoJreKyJrr.r ce [o[pe[eHr{ Bo AoJtr
(e :axny.rlrue, noJraprr3r.ipaHara
uuTeu3rrrer. 14 cuulrnp. Ta<on cJroj ce HaHecyBa Bp3 craKJreHa
cBeTrurHa He ce pa3.rrnKyBa oA nprrpoAHaTa. uJru rleJryJrorrAHa nJIoqKa. BaKBI{Te norapl.I3aroprr
Meiyroa, roj 3aK.JryrroK e rrorpeueH. MOX<aT Aa Ce HanpaBaT BO 3HaqI{TenHO nOroreM'r
AXMeH3rrl,l t,t ce Bo ul.IpoKa ynoTpe6a.

Apyrn na.rnnn :a Ao6uBalr'e

noJrapx3I|paHa cBeTInHa
llonapu:upana cBerJruHa Moxe [a ce [o6ne
rI npr{ npeMItH Ha cBeTJIItHaTa oA eAHa o[Tur{Ka
cpeArrHa Bo Apyfa.
3naeue gexa Ha raKBa rpaHr{rla cBerJIIrHara
AeJryMHo ce peQlexrupa, a AeJryMHo ce npe-
C"r. 4
rpuryaa. Axo ce aHaJrrr3r.rpa pe@reKTupaHara
Axo ga naror Ha Be(e norapu3upaHr.ror cBeTjrrlHa r;I cBeT]ruHaTa lIITo ce npeKpIxItJIa,
3paK ce IIocTaBx Apyra TypMa.JrnHcKa rrJroqKa rr MO)Ke [a Ce yor{[ aeKa cBeTJIIIHaTa e
rlor{HeMe Hea Aa ja BpruMe, cBerJrr.rHcK[or rroJraplr3rrpaHa.
IIHTeH3UTeT Ce HaMaJIyBa. KOra Onrnqrara ocxa
Ha BTopa'ra IL'lo(rKa O1O1' (e crane HopMaJrHa
Bo onur cryqaj raa e Ae.rryMHo noJra-
pu3 paHa, TaKa trrro raj pe$nerrlrpanara
60 L 13. ITonapuaa4uja Ha ceefu"tuHauta

cBeTJrr{Ha rrpeoBnaayBa cBeTJII{Ha e KOla cBeTJIHHa CeKOfa[ e

caMo AeJ]yMHo nonaplt-
rrojlapMlrpaHa HopManHo Ha ynaAHaTa paMHrrHa, 3upaHa, Ho npu Epycrepoe aror crerleHor Ha
aoaeKa cBeTnI{HaTa [ITo Ce npeKputrJla AeJIyMHO nejsuxara no:rapu:aquja e uajrorelr, I'I Toa Bo
e noJlapu3xpaHa, Ho Bo ynalHara paMHrrHa, paunuuara na ynafar+,ero.
onpeAeJleHa co ynaaHr{oT cBeTroceH 3paK I't flo:rapu:lrpaua cBerJrI4Ha ce go6uaa u nplr
HOpMaIaTa Ha rpaHIIqHaTa noBplIrrrHa. pacejyaa*e og clrrHl{ qecrr{qn.
Ho, uajlo6pu rloJrapl{3aroplI ce go6uaaar co
rroMorx Ha nojaaara na gaojno npeKplxyBalr'e Ha
cBernnHara. Taa HacraHyBa xaj uoce6eu wrn
Kpr{craJrHu rera (Ha rtpuMep, [craH,qcKH Ka.]rqur)
xaj rou nplr npeKpuryBalLero HaMecro eAeH, ce
go6lreaar ABa 3paKa KoI{ ce rlorapll3ltpanu. Co
noce6na o6pa6orKa Ha raKBlrre KpqcrarH[ Tera
Moxe Aa ce go6rajar Lr3BoHpeAHo KBaJII{TerHlt
noJrapn3aropH.
llo:rapnraqrjara Ha cBerJrLIHara HalIJIa
roreMa npt{MeHa Bo IleHeuHara rexHorornja Ha

[lIcIIJrer{Te Ha Ka.JrKyJlaroprlre lr:ru LCD -

eKpaHr{Te xaj;rarrou xolrnjyrepnre. 3a ona (e
Cn.5. no,'raptl3aquja rplt pe$.]reKorja u rpeKpulyBa- HayqI;ITe [oneTarHo Bo HaTaMouHoro tIIlTaILe Ha
r6e npu EpycrepoB aro.:r. Petfrerrrpanara cserluna e y.re6ulr<on.
TOT.ITHO nonaplr3ltpaHa, a npe(puleHaTa Ie"'IyMHo
IPI,IMEP 1. Ko:rxas e oAHocor Ha ITHTeH3I{Te-
Tor Ha cBerJII,IHara xoja rIoMnHyBa HI-I3 ABa
Epycrep noxaxar [eKa e MoxHo Ao6I.IBaH'e Il Ha IloJraprr3aTopa, qriu ocKI{ ce IocTaBeHI-I IIOA arOJI
TOTaJIHO JrllHI{CKL norapl43lrpaHa cBeTJruHa. cr.. Ir I-IHTeH3rferor Ha ynaEHara cBerruHa e 10,
Tarsa e pef:rexr[paHara cBer,'rfiHa ra xoja e axo a) cr:450 6) cr=60 o

r{cnoJrHer ycJloBor - aroJlor nouefy pe{le<rupa-

Perresue. Cnopeq raxoxor Ha Maru, pan. (l):
HHOT fpaK x 3paKor txTo ce npeKpul.lJl [a
x3BecyBa 90u (cr.5). ynalHuor aro,r rorau ce I = Iocos'a
euxa Epycrepoa aro,r n roj taetlcn o.q
perarr.{BHr{or lIHAeKc Ha npeKpuyBabe. I4MeHo, rorau no cryvajor a)
axo arolor uefy pe+.reKT[pauuor 3paK I'I 3paKor r 6t: In ..r
,1'= /.. cos: 450 = 1,.1 f 1

Ha npeKplxyBalLero e eEHaKoB ua 900, roraur og

I
' "t\'/, I 1t1
Cneruycoaure 3aKoHn cJIeayBa:
-a:nrv a no cryuajor 6) crlrqHo KaKo no[ a) caMo t]Iro
f+y=9oo I a+y=g0o y=g0o cera cos 600:l/2,r.a3a I/Ia ce o6uBa ll4.
sln a sina sin a
tIPtr{MEP 2. flog xoj aroJl Bo oAHoc Ha
sin Y sin (90' a.) cos a
xoprr3oHTor rpe6a Aa naiaar Convertlre:paqa
T.e. :a ga peSrexrupaHara cBerJII.IHa oA e3epcKara
eoga 6ltge toranno no;laplt:upaua?
tga = nr, (2)
Peurenue. Cnopeg Epycrepoalror saron (par.2),
Oaa e pe,'raunjara cflopeg xoja ce onpe- aKo cBerJtuHara nafa nol aro"q aBr. :a xoj eaxtl
genyaa EpycrepoBlror aron. Ha npnuep, :a pe:raqujara: tgdB, = n21 xoja onne e tga B, = n,
CTaKJIOTO, KOe BO OIHOC Ha BO3AyXOT ItMa r{HAeKC KaAe rxTo n e alcoJryTeH KHAeKc Ha
Ha npeKplrryBalr,e 1,54, BpycrepoBl'ror arorr [peKpuyBarbe Ha Bogara, 6ugej(u coeuunara
0.
n3HecyBa 5? Toa 3{a.qi:1,, aKo caerirtLlH\mtt nsid naia oA eos)tyx, rie 6u[e:
uod Epycurepoe ato,x, utozau pe@aercwtLpauatua
caefunuHs e JTttHucKu uo'lapuJupoHo, lt utoo at)
tgaB, -n = 1.33 = dB, =530, a 6aPanuor
pa HuHq Hop anHa ua yuadnatua. flperpurexara afoJr Tofau e rp=90' Au,=370.
 I. I 3. nonapuaalluja Ha caeilutuHafra 6t

runerara) He e Bo BKpcrexa nonox6a Bo oAHoc

Bprere na Pawnna Ha ar{aJrrraropor. Ha eKpeuor (e ce nojauu
cBerjruHa. Axo caxaue [a ro fi3MepltMe atoJto{ Ha
na ronapnsar$Ja
cBpryBarle Ha paMrrnr{ara na noaapNralgljara, *e
flocrojar ,(on rroKDKyBaaT rpe6a paMHasara Ha oclEnripar6e Ha allanl3a-
rroDp3aHo co ropor [a ja aanpruue :a xexoj aron raxa [rro
fiHTepecHo
noBTopHo Aa ro cueMa nl4Kor Ha rryKnarunata Px.
noJrapu3uur.rJ ara Ha Kor? Bp3 HnB t(e
Kaj omlqKI.I aKTI4BH{Te pacrBoP[ arono-r Ha
naAHe CBETJNHA, HII3
cyrrcranqunre goaia Bpaerse Ha paMHr4Hara Ha
Bprelbe Ha paMH[Hara na nonapu:aqnjara u
3aBr4cr{ oA ronqenrpaqr,rjara Ha pacrBopor c, It
rrorapn3aquJaTa Ha
oA[oJrxr.rHara Ha cnojor na pacrropor /. 3arosor
Cy ctuaH4uume ja spruqu.t pq-uHuHalaq
ce r.r3pa3yBa Ha cneAHI,toB HaqIlH:
-
ouutulKu arcutuawu cltlctuaHquu Taxrlt ce, xa
q -faolct, (3)
npnMep, lrot{Ka oA lKBapq finu pacTBop Ha
rue(ep.
ExcnepuneHrarna .ueuoncrpaunja Ha noja- KaAe rrrro [op] e cnequ{uven aron Ho Epre&e f,l
BaTa ce rEBeAyBa Ha cIeAHuoB HarInH: paMHuxara xa norapuraqujara. Toj saoxcn og
nplrpoAara Ha pacrBopeHara onT[tlxu aI(TllBHa
cyncrarquja u og 6pauorara AoJIxxHa
'il ynorpe6enara cBerJIIrHa. Oroj aron e qetpnrrpax
co |one.quHa lq ua aiototu Ha spfrebe Ha
Ha

*!"t pa,uHuHafua Ha uornplBa4uja Ha pacfuaop co

1 ! l\Oyo KoHqeHfiipa4uja, arco Hezosafra dotxuua

uauecyea I dm.
ToKMy roa u HauIJIo roreMa npnlreHa xaj r.
H. rronaptrMerpu. Hajnosuar raKoB IIHcrpyMeHT
ce BrIKa caxaprrMerap, KaAe IrITo cnopeA anoJIoT
9n6 Ha Bprelbero Ha paMH14Hara Ha nolapuaaqlja ce
Ce nocraByBa lueMa Ka(o ua cr. 6. Ceet- onpeAenyBa xouqenrpaqt{ara Ha ureKepor Bo
nr,IHara oA AaAgHa. raM6a (rauna vrtl AaAeH pacTBop.
ra6oparopuc*a n41u$a) uxren:unHo ocBerJlyBa Bprerbero Ha paMHrrHaTa H
eAHa rryKHarIeB Pr. 3ag nyKHarI.IHara e nonapusaqujara 3aBuclr oA 6pauonara [onxl{Ha
rrocraBeHa re*8 L, roruruncru Qlurep T.F. (co Ha cBertuHara. 3aroa ga IBBeAyBaIse Ha
roj ce saururyna noJppu3aropor), rlonapu3arop eKcflepfiMel{ror Hajgo6po e Aa ce Koplrcrrl
MOHOXpOMaTCKa CBeTJIIIHa.
P n analu:arop A. Co letfara L ce qorep)tsa qa
ce go6te ocrap ntrrt, Ha oBaa ny(HarlrHa Ha
eKpaHor E. nocraBen- *a N:secxo pacrojauue ral IIPI{MEP 3. Onpegenere ro fo,el oa urerep aro
aEajrrsatopoT. flpuroa, nonapll3aropor tl e uaudpeuo era l0%o pacrBop Ha urefep co
afiajrr{3qfopoT ce 'nocraBeHlr raKa Irro AoJrxtrHa oA 5 cm ja BprI4 paMlrrrlrara Ha
parmrnr,rre 3a Mot<Hosra 3a ocquJII4paILe Ha norapusaqr{ara Ea MoHoxpoMarcKara cBerJrtrHa
ereKrptrrHl{or Bq<Tqp I,IM ce laparerHlr. floroa 3a arojr
rlocTarlyBaMe BaKa: fI,I rocraB]tsaMe
[onaprBatopor r.r a*a:rusaropor Bo BKpcrena
no:rox6a. Jllmot na eKpalror ce ry6u. Axo cera, Peureure. Cnopeg penaqujara (3)
uefy no.rapuaaropor Ir aua;lmaropor ce IIocraBIr
KtBera co pasraqp Ha rue(ep K, paMHI'IHara Ha
rtonaptt3arltjara Ha cBerJltr]rara urro goafa og
o
o =lo^ht t lo^f = c =loo'3'3 =660 .

nonaptrraropor (e ce :aaprn :a uexoj arol. r 10.0,5

flopa4n roa, cBerJltrHara oA fionapll:aropor (H 100
62 l.l 3. nolroptvq4u jn nn catru"tuuttuttt

cBerJrrrHa. Aro ananuga-

06jacuere rlr oreAHuBe rror.rMr.r: TOpOT fO BpTlrMe, Ce
go6r.rna lurHa rr3Bopor
- [p[poAHa (Helora- - aHaJru3aTop
xoj nocrojano e o6oen,
pll3r|paHa) cBerrr-rHa - orpcrena nonox6a
co najpa:luvun 6ou.
- IIltHtrcKIr rloJrapll3ll- - 3aKoH Ha Marn flojaaara ce nura "po-
paFa cBeTJrI4I{a - EpycrepoB aroJr TarluoHaAucrtep3uja".
{
- TOTaJTHO [OJrapI,t3I,l- - grojno nperplrynaee Moxere rv Aa ja
paI{a cBeTJIITHa IIA CBCTJII,IHATA oSjacnure lojaeara'?
- AeryMHo nonaprr3rr- . ONTI'IIKI' AKTIIBTIII 5. Pa:lluclere KaKo
'l
paHa cBeTJrtHa cylrcTaHrIIlIl MOXe Aa fO OrrpeAeJr[Te
- rIoJIapIr3aTop - cnequ+rreH aror Ha urraeKcor Ha npeKpuy-
BpTerse Ha paMHrrHaTa Ha aame ua guelerrpur xoj
rIoraprr3aqnja He e nposrrpeH.
- [onap[MeTap - caxapuMeTap 6. KoJrKaB e Epycrep- *
OBI,IOT AIOJI HA CTAKJIO CO C,r. 7
rrHAeKc Ha rrpeKprryBabe n:I,7?
(oAr. 590 30').
7. KorKaB e Epycreponnor arol :a nujauanror
lpaurarra, 3aAaqu n ar(TrrBrrocru co rrHAeKc Ha rrpeKpuryzawe n=2, 42 ?
(OAr. 67040')

l. Herou ptl6apu Kopucrar rrolrapr43aqlroHr.r

oqfira 3a coHIIe. 3otxTo?

L KaKBa Tpeoa tra oxle HacoKa [a Ha Ilo6apajre na nrrepner re6

E
@
ocuttJrHpatbero Ha orjn,'rara Ha pu6apor ra ga ne cTpaHxrl[ :
My nonpeqyBa peoJreKTrrpaHara cBerrl4Ha?
3. Kaxo aHaJrr.r3arop 3a noJrapu3l{paHara Polarization of light
cBerJIIrHa qecro ce Koplrcrrr fpuM3e.[oBa nrlpa- http ://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/polarization/
uuga (c;r.7). Toa e qerr.rpucrpaHa rrupaMu[a, rpovurajre noee(e:a onaa nojana lr
rpatreHa oll craKJlo co revua 6oja 3a Aa \roxe na6rygyeajre ja cuuyraqnjara na SeHoMeHor.
none(e ga ja peQrexrplrpa ynaAHara cBerJrrrHa.
Axo cge'Illunalta nafa napanenuo co ocKara Ha
npt43Mara. Taa Bp3 crpaHrre ra nplrrvara naia
noq Epycrepon aro.n. Pasr4lrcrere, raxo (e ce
pe@:rexrlrpa ynagHara cBerJruHa aKo e:
a) Heflo,rapxlxpa H a - Borcropujara ce rBpA[ AeKa BuKrfir3rrre
6l no,qapl3t paHa raKa uro pavuunarh na [pBrl ro 3a6erexare geojuoro nperpruya-
ocIII{JIItpaBe Ha CBeTTOCHTTOT BeKTOp e napa- att,e Ha [cJraHAcKlror KarrI[T (oKory 700-Tara r.)
JIeJIHa CO CTpaHr.ITe Ha nHpaMr4[ara KOIi Ha - 1669 roAr.rna AaHcKaor uareuaruvap E. Eapronruyc
ocHoBaTa ce Bep'r'r{KaJrHr{. (Erasmus Bartholinous) Hanrua,r ruura ra ceojcreara
I{a nc.rIaHIcK[ KatIIttT,
5. Mox<ere JrtI Bo AoMarrHn ycronu ga 4o6uere - 1808 E. I. Marl'r (Etiene Louis Malus) [oKaxyBa
rroJraprr3r{paHa cserruHa? Karo (e ycranorure AeKa Be(e [orapl{3llpaEara cBerrr{Ha Hrr3 EoB
AeKa e raa lorapu:upaua? Ha pacnoraralLe BI.I noJraprBaTop ro HaMaJryBa nHTeu3[TeToT lr npn
r,rovrr vnj lH[eKc
ce ABc paMHr.r craKreHr.r Ha nrpcrena no,'rox6a uoxe rorarHo Aa ce yrac[.
npeKprryBaISe fo no3HaBare- - 1815 ,(,.Spycrep (Sir David Brewster ) ro AaBa cBojor
3a(or 3a roraJrna nolapu:aquja ua pcSaeKTrrpaHara
4. flolrefy aHaJrr.r3arop u noJrapr43arop ce CBCTJIIIHA.
nocraByBa ortT r]Ku aKr fiBHa cyncranulja-
flroqKa oA xrapq. Bp: crrcreMor rlafa 6e,1a
 L 14. lrrcueptujo uo coetlJluHoma 63

6ena (coH.leBa) cBer.JrrrHa HLI3 ct'aKJ'reHa npr.r3Ma.

r.14 AI{CIIEP3UJA HA I6yrH noxa>xa,r AeKa coHr{cBa.ra cBerr.u.rHa nMa
CBETJIIIHATA. cno)KcH KapaKTep. floloqua ce loKa)Karo AeKa
BOJA HA TEJIO. CIIEKTPI{ Serara cBer,'ruHa Ao6[eHa oA pil3J'rurtnt{Te BnAoBU
,'IaM6u,IIc ro raKa, e cJro>KcHa.
Ke onlrureve cKcIIepr.rMeHT cr'rr{qeH Ha
flracneprnja Ha cBerJrr.rHara lbyrHoruor. lIpe,l cAHa ,rau6a ce [ocraByBa
Hl rplrrr.ruir noivcil lae cpcqltHx lloara !o BeprrlKalreH lpoqerr Pr u le(a L. Ha gageu
noiaea'r'a na rperprxyBalr'e Ha cBerrutara. Kareo erpan E cc 5ap;r ocrap lur ua npoqcnor (cn.l).
e [pcKpruyBaH]eTo Ha fpaH[rlaTa 3aBxcr.r oA Orxaro roa (e ce nocrurne- Ha na'ror Ha
OIIHOCOT Ha anCOJryTHr{Te I{HAeKCU Ha
3paU[Te ce nocraBytsa np[3Mara. Ha npu:;lrara
rrpcKpuytsanrero. Aa ce rlorcerm{e (nor,raeje cBeTrr.rHaTa /IBa IraTl.l ce npeKprxyBa, [opaALl txTo
1.5), ancoryrnuor l,rHAcKc Ha trpeKpuyBaric /? 3a raa (e rn o'r'KJtoHx 3parlr.rre Ilroa KoH
gageHa cyrcraHquja e norrrnpoKr.ror Aer Ha npr.t3Mara. Ho, Har,recro
go6r.renr.ror .rtrga 6uge noBTopHo 6e,r. Hue Ha
expauor E1 Ao6uBaMe,'ruK roj e o6oen.
n= sina
. _c (l) Ce;o6naa cnexrap xoj, BcytxHocr, rrpcll
stny t ClilByBll i P,rAlt//u(tl! HO ?ttnri,t 6f ri ,ttrr;,,utr u,r
Yurre lbyrH yct'aHoBtl.rr AeKa uH7lcKcol. Ha
ipotgiout, o co pallu!'1Hu SpuLoau t)o,,tx'Ltutt.
Bronerogara caerJr[Ha c co najryca Spanoea
oq ato.ror noL toj
npcKnutJBaHrcTU HL tilBl.tcl4
ynaia cncrnuHaL'a Bp3 rpaHlrrlHara rloBprxuHa, Aonxr{Ha, raa uajunory ce rrpeKp[yBa Ha3
Fpx3MaTA, TOa 3Haqr{ ACKa OBaa CBeTtrrlrHa
ryry o1 6ojara Ha cBerJ'ruHara. 3uettcttoc:wu utt najllHoly ja ueuyea ceojara 6p:uua. Hajva,rxy cc
tlHde^-coli Hq ipaKpLu))BoH,e uu t6e[iauH(rrui r)(
IIpeKpuryrJa upBeHaTa cBcTJ.IriHa.
n, i.ttru,trtt,r 6ojo rtrottro,tu,' ,r't rttjttrua,rttt
6pauoott c)oaxttuo) ce GuKu ducfiepula na flul aro,r ua ucarjau4ia S rri npurrrltl cr
ceetu.nunute. lbyru oea ro nolBpA].rJ'r co [oApa36upa aro,ror nolreiy 3parlnrc Ha y[aA-
IIO3HilfrlOT eKCrrepr'rNreHT Ha IIpeKprxyBar6e Ha Hara I{ LI3Jre3rjara cBerJrr{Ha. .[cstjaqr,rjara :a

PrL
I

5:(n-1)0

Cn. l
64 1.14. ,[ucuepauja ua caem,xuHafria

pa3Hrrre 6paHoBr{ Aon)<r{HIl e pa3nl4qHa. Kaj Eoja ua re.nara

[pI{3Ma co MaJr aroJl Ha BpBor fl axo e raa no Pogara e qpBeHa, KoKlrrlero 6eno, a upracor
Bo3glx, aroJlor na gerujaquja d e onpegenen co
cus. Cure npe4Merr4 uro sd onKpy)IqBaar
penaqnjara
BeruMe AeKa uMaar pa3JIIrqHa 6oja. Ho, rpe6a ga
ce 3aflparxaMe qanu 6ojara Ha reroro e HeIr]To
6 --(n-r)o e) caojcraeuo 3a Aa[eHoro reno. Eonre rITo HIre rI{
rJreqaMe 3aBr.rcar og Qpexsenu[jara Ha cBerrl,r-
/? e IiHAeKC Ha llpeKplr]yBarr,e Ha craKJroro. nara co roja ce oclerreHr.r (cn.3).
Eugejrfur npu npeMIrH Bo3[yx craKJIo
xajroleua [poMeHa Bo 6p3rrara Hacrauyea xaj
BI,IOJIeTOBaTa CBeTJII4Ha, Taa IrMa HalfOJIeM UHAeKC
Ha rlpeKplrryBa}be, rla 3aroa Ir aroJIoT Ha
geaujaqujara ir e najroreu.
Earara cgetruna og ra6oparopucxara
nau6a r:ru og Coqero AaBa Kolrrl,txynpaH
ctrexrap (cr. 2). Kaj Hero He nocrol{ ocrPa
rpamrqa uefy 6oure.
Co apteme Ha npu3Mara ce AorePYBa
ycJroBor Ha MIHIIMyM genujaquja. Toa e
MoMeHTor Kora crleKTapor noqHyBa Aa ce npa(a;
no roj uor'lern cnexrapor e najocrap.
Axo ua nator sa 3pallrlre ce locraBlr ylrrre
eAHa rrpeBpTeHa rIpLBMa, HaIIOJIHO eAHaKBa Ha
npBara, Bo norox6a AaEeHa Ha cnuKara 1 co
qpH[ ucnpeKnlaru rt4ltrt. cneKTapor (e
ucqe3ne, a 6e:uor rux Ha rlpoqenor ce go6Rna
Bolrcrara HacoKa no roia u ]nafa cBerJIl,IHcKIror
cHon Bp3 npBara flprl:ua, ua expanor E.

Cr. 3. IIpBeua u 3eleHa rII{IIepKa ocBetleult co 6ela

cBertrlrHa. AKo ce ocBerlen[ co 3eJIeHa cBerrlrqa,
rlpBenara nnnepKa e IIpHa, a 3efienara 3elena. Kora (e
ce ocBeTJraa co IIpBeIta cBeTI[Ha, 3eileHaTa flItflepKa e
qPIIa

loKaxaBMe AeKa pa3nlrqHltre Spernenqm

Ha cBerraHa npercraByBaar pa3rltqHn 60t,r Ha
C-Jr.2 oerara cBernlHa,
Kora ro omluaBMe om{Tor o[ c;ruxara I
Oage rpe6a [a ce HanoMHe AeKa noKaxaBMe Aexa cBernlrHara pa3JloxeHa co
KolmtrrytrpaHr{Te crleKTp}r oA pa3Jrl{qHure BnAoBl'I rrpBara rrptr3Ma, co BTopara ce cnoxysa so 6era,
nav6s ue ce ncru. Ha flptrMep, axo ce HanpaBll flpupogno e Aa c€ oqel(yBa AeKa axo clrre
c[eKTap oA o6rvga cae(a, oeoj e noxorr, nnl 6ou og cnerrapcrr rI{ rloMeltIaMe (e go6ueue
Aypn [orIpBeH oA crlexrapor xa na6oparopxcKara 6era cEernEta. Ocreu nprnrapnnre tr3Boplr Kaxo
nau6a. Cnexrapm, rIaK, xa naquara naM6a e mro ce naM6nre, nacepure trntr IIeBK[Te Bo KoIt
6orar co [oKycu.Te 6palronn Aonxnr {. c€ flpe[tr3BtrKysa raoro lpa3Helse, nose(ero reta
[efiermrtrTe cBermIKIt ce lpaBar r:Ix3tr, Irrro oKoJrKy Hac ja peQrerupaat cBernlrlara oA
nmuroT cneKTap MHory MalrKy ce pa3JltrKyBa oA xexoj qpyr rlrop (uajuecr u:rop e Corqero).
ctreKlapoT Ha coHqeBaTa cBeTJItrHa. ,flpmoa; "rue peQnerrxpaar caMo,AeJI oq 6enara
cBerJrrfia, Aenm (oj ja onpegealoa ur.rnnata 6oja.
 1.14. fiucuepsuja no caeutuHau4a 65

Taxa, po:ara He eMuTr.rpa cBerJrrrHa, TyKy Ira eMLrcIrJaTa Ha cBeTJILrHaTa ce noKDKaJIo KaKo
peQrexrlrpa. Axo ja nocranuMe po3ara Ha vlory rHasajHa o6,racr so @rllxara. npery roja
Mecroro Ha cnerrapor go6ueu co npu:ua, raa (e ce r.r3yrryBa rpag6ara Ha aroMlne, oAHocHo
r{3flreAa ceKaAe xaQeana lrru rlpHa, ocBerr Bo MoJreKyJrrrre. Bo nayrara nocrou qera o6racr
rlpBeHrror AeJr oA cneKTapor. Axo, nax, no xoja ja nurar',re crexrpocxouuja.
rlpBeHrroT AeJr oA cneKTapoT ro rrorJreAaMe 3a qo6uname Ha cneKTpr{Te Bo anaparuTe
3eJreHr.ror Jrrrcr oA po3ara, uero rauy (e ro KOIi Ce BI{KaaT CtreKTpoMerpu MO)<e Aa Ce
flre[aMe qpH. Ha re:rara oKoJry Hac nafaar cnre Kopxcr npx3Ma. xaro Hajraxeu qel roj
Spexreuqlru oA cneKTapor na 6e:rara cBerJ 4Ha. oBo3Mox)rBa qr,rcnep:nja Ha cBerJruHara, rrJru
,[e.n og rue @pexeeuqur ceKoe reJro ro onruvxa gr.rfparqrroHa perrrerKa. IrI no gnara
ancop6upa, a ge:r ro peQrexrupa. c,ryvaja xaxo cneKTap ce [o6rrBa cdBKynHocr Ha
JrrrKoBr.r Ha lr:ropor (uajuecro roa e reHoK
npoqen) og cure 6panoBr.r AoJrxr,rHr{ Kor.r Aa[eHr.ror
rr3Bop ru eMurupa. Baxnure cnexrplr rr.r BnKaMe
eMrlclloHrr. Kaj Couqero, KaKo x3Bop, riJrr,r
la6oparopucxa lau6a, cnerrapor urro ce go6una
e cocTaBeH oA MHory roler'r 6poj nlrronr.r go6uen
oA cBerJrrrHa co pa:lu.rnu 6paHoBrI AoJIx<IrHI4 oA
_

Br.rArnBl,ror gen ua cnexrapor. Kaj eaxnuor

cneKTap He rrocrou ocrpa rpanlrqa nolrefy 6oure
r{ Toa e, KaKo rrrTo peKOBMe, KoHTnHytrpaH
crrexTap.

I-HATPIIYM
Cr.4. Tpure ocuoBnlr 6on. Co rrrlsuo l00oz Merlrarre
ce AoorzBa 6eJrara 6oja.

Eojafr.a ua ute,xama 3aaucu od utoa rcou

Qpercaeu4uu od cueKmapow Ha 6enauta
czefu"nuHa tuue ja peQnerctuupaatu. Bugeji<u
TeJrara Moxe [a peQnexrupaar nose(e
Spexserulrr. Trre rMaar 6oja Koja e pejyJ'rrar Ha fnr{
Meura*e Ha rrae f,pexnenqura. Orrauy e jacuo
3orrlTo reJrara uMaar raKa unory pa:lr.rvnn 5or.r.
Cn.5. Arovcru cnerrap Hai BoAopoA, Harpr.iyM,
Axo neroe relro ru peQnexrr.rpa cure 6ou xerxyM. HeoH ri xrlBa Bo Br[JrrBoro noapavje
enHaKBo, BeJrIrMe roa e 6ero- UpHoro Tero fu
ancop6upa cnre 6ou. Ce noraxano gexa 6orme flouuaron iuexrap ce qo6uea aKo KaKo
Ha reJlara ce [o6uBaaar co cooABereH yAeJI Ha r.r3Bop ce ynorpe6n oApe[eH rac rrrro cBerr{.
Tpr.rre ocHoBH[ 6ou (cr. 4) I,I:rre[or rla cneKTapor rorattt e cepr.rja o1
'Aro relara ja nponyurraar cBerJlrrHara, JIHHI.I|{ (cJr. 5) noveiy xou locrojar relrHlr
rorau 6ojara Ha reJroro 3aBr4crr caMo oA o6:racrn. Toa rravlr, ceroj rac evrrupa cser,rfixa
caMo co o[peAeHr4 6pauoau golxraur.r. Bo
Qpexaeuqr.rjara Ha ceerJrrHara urro rne ja
nponylxTar. BItAJrr{Br4OT Ae.Jr OA CneKTapOT, KaKO IITO
Ce rJIeAa,
Tqa .ce caMo HeKoJrKy JrI{HIrI-t 3a
BoAopoAoT,
Cnexrpn. Bnlosfi. flpnueua 'xeJIItyMoT, HeoHoT rI )<r.lBaTa I{Jrr.r caMo ABe MHofy
Euurrapatlero Ha cBerrllHa e recuo noBp3a- 6lucxu xollu :tIrHI4I{ 3a Harpr.ryMor.
HO CO npOqeCHTe KOn HaQTaHyBaar BO aroMr4Te u Ceroj eleuexr ur'.ra crporo onpe[eJreH nllrrll-
MoJreKyJrnre na cyncranqujara. tr{cnuryaanero cxr (aroucrur) cuexrap.
66 L 11. luciepauja ua cqeut"xrlHomtl

Munerylure eNr[Tr.rpaar cneKTpx Bo BlrA Ha MHOfy TO(reH NTeTOA e OTKpr.l(

.reHru- 3aroa rue cneKTpIr ce BI{Kaar reHTecrH. Conqero. KaKo rr Ha Apyfr;rre rroAaJrerrHu sBe3Ar.
llocrojar tr aflcopnquoul cnerrpu. Kaj nue Ce noraxa,to ,1cKa Bo BccreHara nocroilr cl,trr'
e LrcKop14creHo ceoicraoro ur cyncrruuunrc !l i;r eJreMeHTr Korr rn rlMa r{ Ha 3eujara.
lncop6upalr oHaa cBerrr.iHl Koia 6 .ir e\a rt,t- PerarugHo eAHocraBHLIor Ntero,J Ha crleKT-
pane nptr eo:6ygyean e. Co rleuara 71alena Ha naoia n gpyra rrrupoKa nplrNrcHa.
paJrHa aHaJru3a
cnlKara I Nro>Ke Aa ce 71o6lre l,r alcopnr(noHeH Ce roplrcru eo ueranyprnjara. N{arrruHcrBoro.
cneKTap Ha /IaAeHa cyrcrauqnja. aroNrcKara uHgycrpuja, pyAapcrBoro r.r r\'rHory
Excnepnuearor ce u3BelyBa raKa rrrro Hc- Apyrx o6"racrrr.
locpeAHo lrpeA npouenor Pr ce [ocllnyoer ca1
co 0lp rc Hil ficn r)BlHlrl (yncrirHur4iir tH(Kir cc
TOa )KUBrrHn napn). Ha cKpilHoT Bo KoHTxHy-
fi| B'norxrro
xpirHr1ol cnCK tilp Hrl OAp( l( H Nl(Clil \'\ llojil.
flojaea Ha Konrlr-
ByBllr UlHx ,'rrHun. Ax,r cc cnr'l(t oBoj HyxpaH npr.{poAcH
clleKTap e BI|IIO)KI|TO-
cIlcK ilp co cNlrrcrroHl.tor rir 11c l r l cl ncrlrnurjl
r r
(e ce tsr.tAlr AeKa qpuxre rurlru lra ro. Toa ce nojaByBa
iurcopfi]llroHxol cllcKlilp o/IfoBiiiI Ha ctseTJ.llTe
BO yc]toBt,l KOra Ha
eAHa crpaHa oA He6o-
Jl11H l,1 8() (\rrlClIOH Ur Clr(Krill\ ir (\ll( tirHI jilIil
(cLr.6). lo nolreiy pa3ABoeHr'l
oS,raqu cceru Clouqe,
a Ha cnpoTI{BHaTa
crpaua raia goxg.
Tara eogeuure gox-
AOBHII CUTHT,I KAIIKI{ CC C.n.7
EltrcuoHcFr r ocBeTJreHIl oA coHrte-
C,q. 6. arrcopntItioHcH cllcKTap
BUTe 3parIU.
Opayuxo$ep y[rre Ha rroqeroKor Ha XIX BeK.
npy.rynaj(u fo crreKTapor ua ('ouqero co rroMorrr
ua gncfparquona peuerKa, :a6erexan ge<a eo
KoHfl4Hy paH or cncKftrp Hr (-oH[clo Hl noBeKC 7 /
\'recra riMa reMHn JruHr{r.r. Hapcvcnu cc
Opal nxoSepoo[ .rrnru. [crrcc e jlcrrtl ]lexrr .rare 400
J'ruHr.ru ce Aor'r)Kar Ha arcopnqnja Ha cyrrcranrlnr.r l4 20
Kor ce Haoiaar noueiy u:eopor Ha KoHTuHyr.rpaH ';l
crerrap (cjajna rroBpttrrlHa na Conqero) u './
crreKTpaJ'rHr,ror auapar. Tara ce rc[r.rraHu napr.rre
Bo aruoc@epara Ha CoHqero. Ta<a Cr.8
ancop[uuon[Te crreKTpn Ha Conqero r.r Apyfnre llperpacrr.rre 6ou Ha er.rHoxriroro (cr. 7) ce
sBe3AIl oBo3Mo)KyBaar [a 6r.rAar ucnr.rryBaHn go6neun co gucrep:lrja na unjagHuqu cSepHu
cocTaB[Te Ha rlapr.ITe KotI ce HaoilaaT eo 6r[:uHa crrTHr.r BoAeHr{ KarrKr.r Korr ce o[HecyBaaT KaKo
Ha sBe3ALITe. rpr.r:uu. Ha cluxara 8 e [aJIeH rraror Ha 3paqr,rre
llplrueuara Ha crreKTpr{Te e orpouna. Co Hu3 eAHa KarrKa I Toa cavo ua xpajnlrre 6olI Ha
MeTOAT.TTC Ha CI|eKTpallHa aEaJr]r3a c MoxHo Aa ce cneKTapor- CoH.reBa cBerrl,tHa naia Bp3 KanKara.
nporajae \e\4llcKHol cocraa Ha aaaeH vrrepuja,r. Ha npeluara crpaHa oA KarlKara 6elrara coHqeBa
TaKa, co MeroA[Te Ha clreKTpaJrHara aHaJrn3a e cBerJrr.rHa [eJryMHo ce pe$reKTnpa (He e npfKa-
\'ruxHo Bo cocrraor ua uexoj croxeu varepnjan )KaHo Ha cJr[Kara) a [eryMHo ce npeKp[ryBa. nptll
Aa ce oTKp[e rrp[cycTBo Ha AaAeH eJreMeHT Aypu lr lu'o. nopa[u pa3,r qH Te 6p:unn. loara go
Kora Macara ua roj eneueHr e oA pelor Ha pa:Tleojyean e Ha 6olrre - BlroJreroBara cBerJ'rrrHa
roJreMr.rHa l0l0 g- Co Koprrcrclbc Ha MeroAI{Te Ha nose(e ce npeKprxyBa oA upBeHara. Ha:aguara
cIIcKTpaJIHa aHaJII{3a 6LIJIe orKplteHIt ro,reu 6poj cTpaHa Ha KanKaTa cBeTJII,IHCKIITe 3paUX TOTaIHO
cJrcMeHTr.r: py6n1[yM, uc3rlyM lr cJr. Co onoj ce peSlcxurpaar. PeOreKTHpaHr,rre 3paqlr ce
 1. 1 4. ltruLepsujo uo cleuT,lLrHaLuo 6'7

BpaKaaT KoH npeAHaTa cTpaHa, KaAe IUTO {ecro npll nojaea na BuHoxrlTo ce nojaayaa r.r
rroBropHo Aoaia Ao neJryMHa pe$JreKclja (He e DTop JraK raj <oj pegoc:regor na 6oure e
rrpnKa)<alra) ri IIpeKprxyBaH,e. flpr.r oaa noeropno crlporrrBeH. Kaj nero uajencoro e JraKor Ha BIIo-
IpeKpu) Batte toaia Ao HJ la\lourHo oqeojynan e JIeroBara cBerJrr.rHa. Ona cexyngapuo Bl.tHo)Kuro
ua riorlte.3paxor ua BroJ'teloBara cBern!{Ha np cc ao6[Ba n.]paAu noBTopHa perp:rexcuja, urro
ur,rc:or rrrpa(l aron oA 4{r0 Bo oAHoc Ha ee(e ja cnultHaeMeJ Ha rrpeAHara crpaHa Ha Kafl-
ynagnuor 6e,r :paK, a rlpBeHara arol og 420. Kara. TaKBr.rre 3parlx rpnar ABe pe$lercun n 4ne
14rro ccroja xanra jir pargacrjlea coer- npeKDrllyBariaj 3aToa uHTeH3I{TeTOT Ha
Jr[Hara. co3AaBaj(x [orH cneKTap, Hr.te KaKo ceKyHIapHoTo BIHOXI{TO e 3HaqrrTeJIHO rrol\,raJl.
Ha6r,yAyBa.rri, oA eAHa KanKa ua6ryqyeauc calro
egua 5oja, AoAeKa on nexoja gpyra coceAHa KarrKa
rre,laMe Apyra 6oja (c.]l. 9). O6jacuere ru c,reAHrrue rrorrMu:
- Incnep3ula Ha cBeTJIIIHa - nuHucKII (alroMcK[)
- cneKTap cIIeKTpu
- aroJr ria AeBlrjaql,Ija - BICUOXIITO
- ceKyHAapEo Br.IHoXllTO - eMltcltoHIl axeK.Ipx
- 6oja ra rclo - ancopflquoHu cnel{'lpu
- cneKTpor\{eTap - (rpayuxoQrepoeu :ruauu
- neHTecTu cneKTpu - cIIeKTpa"'lHa tFal.Il't3a

CJr. 9. [o
oKoro cl.acyBa upBeHxor 3paK oI Kafl(aTa I
B OIt II]B OT OA KJnKiTa 2 ,
3a ga ja nlgn qpBeHara 6oja, na6nygynavor l.Crexrap Nlo)Ke [a ce lo6ue ],r

Tpe6a Aa nofJreAa rroBllcoKo Ha He6oro, orKo.rKy BO AOMa[IHrI yCJIOBrl, CO T. H.

3a BuoJreroBara. Oxoro rie ja r,re71a rlpBenara "noqeua nplr:lla". Bo cag co

cBerJ,r Ha oI1 cxre hatK Kol4 ja pacejale ualejre toga
IIapaJreJrHu crpauu
cBerJr[Hara noq aro:r og 420 tso o[Hoc noroa HaBeAHere ja ( cr. ll).
Ha
yrlaAHrrre coHqeBu 3paqu. Bttoleroea cBerJrrlHa 2. O6ugere ce (:arlri Aa ro
ke swgn raMy KaAe utlto arolol HarIpTaTe oAoT Ha 3paruTe Bo
nollefv
pacejaHan cBerr'u{Ha u coHrlea re rpauu e 406 cryvajor Ha ceKyHAapHoro
BTIHOXIiTO,
Tue yclonu ce ricKopr.rcreHll 3a cr.tre KanKrr KoII
Jrex<ar Ha raKoBI{Te uro ru:aQa*aar rrre af:rll
3. Koja e 6panoaara go:rxllra ua
(c,r. l0). Ilovery oele xpajuu ,raxoeu ce
arrconIlltoHaTa reuua luuuja no
raKoBr.rTe Ha Apyrrrre 6011I oA cneKTapoT crreKTapoT Ha HaTpr.ryMoT? C.n. I I
Ha
conqegala 6era cBer.JrrlHa. floc;ryxere ce co crr,rKara 5 3a Aa
Ja rrpoqeHriTe.

G dispersio (rar) = paerlpaBe

H flo6rpu1r" na uHrepuer ne6

"n
cTpaHrruI|Te:
l.Lioht Dlspersion t
r.i:
:)l-rrl,.rilr.trt)|,, jrrr'r,,r) t/::.1,,..rt - i.). s
t.t!./...t): l,r\)r, Ltlt. <:.:tl-' ,:,,{ tl:,t,::r.r,, I ,!: }'at,.,:..:a).
a i 1..t . :r, r.r Apyru cJruyHu KaKo !l
2. The ohvslca of a rainbow
C,r. l0 .a.tt.a;:t ltlr\.1 ,:,:': ,tr:,,.,at:22 a-:..,t;.,.. t.-,,:.:t ,.,:., :
68 l.I 5. PaMHo otr'IedaJlo

npeAMeror P. JIIrxor He Mo)Ke na ce $arlr na

1.1s. PAMHO OHTEAAJIO ehpaH. lo6ueu co npoao,rxeHuja Ha pearHl.tre
r.r e
pe$,rerrlrpa uu rpaqu.Tarr ro6ltesnor ,rut e
uMaZrn0peH.
JIux na pauno orJreAaJro Ha qprexor
Hanounyeaue AeKa HIie
Og ro;reuuor 6poj onrlrvxu e.rreMeHTI{ Kou HaupTaBMe caMo Ae.Jr oA 3pauI,ITe KoLr rpfHyBaaT
Haur,le MHory u poKa npxMeHa Bo 06x,tHxor oa rogKccrnor rraop P. Ce pa:6upa. oA Hero Ht
x<r.rBor I{ Bo HayKara) najegxocraeuo e paMHoro orJreAaroro nafa 6ecronbvseH 6poj :paqu.3a
orJreAaro. go6nsa*e Ha JIr.iKor Ha ' ToqKecrl,Ior rlpeAMer,
Paunoro orJreAaro flpercraByBa I{AeaJrHo AoBoJrHo e [a ce Haqpra ldror ua caMo ABa 3paKa.
palrna (norupaua) noBpuuna Ha HeKoH MeTaJILI Or c:rurara jacro cd r:rega AeKa oAAaJre-
.ICHOCTA H TIPEANIETOT AO OfIEAAIOTO P C CAHAK-
cpe6po, anyuuruyM, xpoM llnu unxe:r) xoja
nofoJleMuor tre,r o,q yna.qHara ceerlltua jr tsa Ha oAAaJrerrHocra Ha rl{Kor Ao orirega,roro /.
pe$:rexupa (ao 96%). Ce npanu n co Ona ro norrpgyBa I{ cJte[HaBa aHarI{3a:
HaHecyBabe renor cloj Ha rlofope cloMHarure Tpuafo.jrHuKor POA e cr.nageu co rpI{aroJIHLrKor
Merarlr Bp3 paMHa craKjreHa IIJIorrKa, lxTo e II C)LA. AKo e raKa rorau e:
rajvecr cryvaj ra $a6prxaurja Ha paMHlzre
orJIe[aJIa. PO
=pt "r" lPo =loLl
loA lo'a

rxTo yKa)<yBa AeKa

---------------:t (t)
...:i'
... - .:.'
Axo :naeue raro ce 4o6lrea JIuK Ha enHa
-lr TOqKa, JrecHo Mo)Ke Aa ce KoHcTpyrrpa
nocJroxeH npelMer. Kaj reoue'rpucru npaBxJIHIl
u rrrK Ha

Tera AOBOJIHO e Aa Ce OnpeAeJrar JIllKoBIrre Ha

KapaKTepucr[rrHure rotrKu ua npeqveror. flpIl-
Toa ce Koplrcrl{ Qaxror lera oAAarer{eHocra Ha

A . Cr'1
.JrrrKor Ha xoja n ga 6nno rovxa oA ofJlelaJloro e
eAHaKBa co nej:nnara oA[aJ]eqHocr oA orJreAaJro-
ro. Egex npr,rMep Ha raKa Eo6LIeH JTI.IK e AaAeH Ha
ctt . 2.

,qa flpernocraBuMe gexa nospuuuara MN A

npercraByBa paMHo orJrelaro (cr. l). Hexa lpeg
ofJreAaJroro ce Haofa nexoj rourecr Ir3Bop Ha
cBerJrrrHa (npegr'ler) o3HarieH co P og xoj nafaar
nore(e :paqu Bp3 orJreAaJroro. Ogqelyaaue
paglrjaneu cHorl cBerJrr.rHaqxrl fpaHutlHx 3paqu
rr,r o3HaqliBMe co I u 2. Ceroj og 3paulrre Ha
cnonor npt nafamero Ha orlreAarHara rloBprxuna
ce peQlexrupa clrope[ 3aKoHor sa pe$:rexcr.rja.
Jlecno uo>xe Aa ce yoqn gexa u peS:rerrupauuor Cr.2
cuon xoj rpauuvu co 3paqlrre I' r 2', ttcrlo rar<a, e
paarja,reu. n Ioa raKa KaKo [a t,']cryBa otl flpexy oaoj, r{ MHory Apyrl{ npnMeprr, Moxe
To.{Kara L roja ce Haofa :ag orleganoto. Onaa [a cc 3aKn]qfi Lexa io.ne,tittuourn un nrtow xoj
ToqKa Bo xoja ce cevar npoao,rxennjrra Ha pa.MHoruo o-"neda'to e eduarcau ua Zo,le LIHaaa Hq
pe$,rerrnpaur.ne :paqu llpercraByBa JrnK Ha ip ed Meruoul.
 L I5. P.L,ttuo o2,1ed0,1r., 69

PaMHure omc[ara, ncro raKa, ce Kopfc1.ilr

raj ypenrlre raj xou rpe6a Aa ce rr3Mepar MaJ'rr,r
af,In. TaKBI ce, Ha nplrr{ep, faJrBaHotrrerpr,rrc co
orjleAaJra I{Itr Top3LIOHr.rTe Tepe3fln 3a npeqr,I3rro
Meperrre Ha cu,rrr. flpu Mepeeero N{aJtrr afr.ru ce
Kopucrri cBerroceH 3paK (AcHec 3a l.oa e [oroleH
racepor) xoj ce nyura ga naia ap: orJtelaroro.
3paror no peS,rerctrjar;r ce Ha6,r,ygyal rra
ro,rel'ro pacrojaur{e. flpx l,ra.ro 3aBpt.yBaH,c rtr
oT.JIeAaJIOTO HaCO{teHLIOI CltOII Hil eKllilH()I cc
pe$,rexrllpa :ra :navajur.r rrolrecr.yllrrua.'lyxlr
loaia no u:pa:l n Qarror, rora orlcqa.lor.o (c
ce 3aBpTx 3a onpeAeH afon Q. afoJ-r,i)T Ha
pc{r,rex rttprxuor cHofl c 2(t. 3|t,|t.,t?,'.1,,ut 4d
C;r. 3 3oopiu)JeaH,e ut pctltte xtut rpau uo ur ,t1tut; doLt
utttlilt t ttoao'1t.r t)t) tl?o.tt'!!t t!d ,trt,tl'tfu.trnt t.r' ttrr
CnI,rxata eo paMHoro orJleAalro ce pa3JILi- oZ,Tedtnoao.
KyBa oA rlpeAMeror caMo no
eAHa oco6eHoc.f:
JrcBaTa cTpaHa Ha IIpeAMeTOT CTaHyBa AeCHa
crplHr Hr,'ll.tKor. Toa )OlBo cc t,rcAa xora uexoj
crorr [pe4 orreAaJo n (e ja xpeue parara. Ona f':.,.'. " flpu-ut*a,3agaq,n ll aKTrBnocrn
cBolcTBo Ha Jrr.rKoT Ha ofJIeAaJroTo ce BI{Ka
orre4alHa cnuerpuja. l. Ceprere crHa crpilHxult ua uclojl KHtjrit Kotl
3aulrlllltno e. gexa pa(a paI{HoTo OfJIeAaJIo, AaJII{ I\,rOXeTe /la fO rrr.rTa,re
eo rpag6ara Ha HeKor.r
Pt n: r: TeKC'rOT?
6nolotlru tltoJ'reKyJrLl
ff ',: 2. O6jacnere 3orrrro aroJror Ha cBpryBaH,e Ha
BO XItBrlTe OpfaH[3]'ru ; $ti+ pe$,rexrnpauuor 3paK e ABa rrarrl [oroJ'reM oA
lloxe Aa ce najge afoJtoT Ha cBpTyBalbe Ha orJIeAaIoTo.
orlegarua cmrerpuja. . .,, rl I J. Bre caxare Aa cl,t HanpaBrre Sororpa{rr,rja
Toj Qaxr xayrara AoAeKa crorr.re npeA par{Horo ornega:ro. Ha xoe
cd yrxre He ro .2t. pacrojauNe rpe6a ga ja gorepajre ocrpr.rHara Ha
o6jacnn:ra. C:t. 4 Bartrnor Ooroanapar sa 4a qo6lrre qo6pa c:lrxa,/
4. flocranere gne paMHu oflregaJla rroA npaB aroJr,
plrlrena na pauHoTo orneAaJlo
a uefy xun rocraBere cne(a, Ko:rxy lllxonlr
go6urare? Kolxy ;ruroan ua cBe(ara (e Ao6nere
aKo ABere orJreAaJra Bu ce napaJrenHr{, a cne(ara e
Mefy HUB?
5. Aro gere ce Ao6ruxyBa Ao orneAaroro co
6p3[Ha 0,5 m,/s, xonrana e 6p:uuara Ha HeroBr4or
ruK; a) Bo oAHoc Ha oflreAaJroro ; 6) ro ognoc na
ACTETO?
6, flo6apajre no ueroja xHlrra lt.tlu na HHTepHer rr
xoncrpylrpajre KaJrerrAocKorr. O6ngere ce caulr
Cn. 5 llepucron ga o6jacnure KaKo co uero ce go6rmaar raxa
rrpeKpacHr,r Ixapn.
floxpaj aoo6uvaer{ara
AoMauJHa npr.rMeHa,
paMHoro orneAaJro Haofa roneMa nprrMeHa Bo
Hrr3a orn[rrKn ypeAn, olHocHo ceKaAe Ka[e [rTo O6jacuere ru oregxltBe notrMu:
co noMotrr Ha peQne*c[ja rpe6a qa ce 3aBprr.r paMgo orne[ano - orlega,rua qluerpuja
AaAeH cBernrrHc(u cHolr 3a onpeAereu arol. Egen ga paMHo oflIeAaJIo - flept{cKolr
IIiK
oA TaKBr.rre ypear e x neprcKolor (cn.5)
'70 1.16. CQepuu o-,tedaaa

orrellaJro. flpogorxeuujara Ha clrre 3paqll oA

1.16. COEPHT4 OTJIEAAJIA ArrBeprenTrrrror cHon ce ceqar ro Qoxycor xoj ce
naofa sa[ xounexororo or:regalo (cr.2).

CQepnure or:regara ce ne:ronu oq cSepnu

noBprflur{rr Korr fipaBIrJIHo ru pe$reKTl'Ipaar
cBerJrr4HcKr{Te :paqu. Cnopeq o6rmor ua cQep-
Hara noBpIIrIrHa oA Koja ce peQlexrupaar
3paqrrre, ome[aJlara Mo)<e Aa 6ugar ngla6uaru
(xonxae nu) u ncnaruaru (xoae e*cuu).
Ha cexoe c$epuo ornegalo (c1.1) ce
ofrfru"Ku qenfiap na oinedanofro C
pa3Jrr.rKyBa:
- Toa e qerrrapor ua cQepara og xoja e go6ueno
orreflaroro: ofiaop na oinedanofro- loa e
Terr.rBara AB; fre,Me na oi"nedanotuo O - roa e
uajag:ra6narara, oguocno uajlrcnaxHarara roqKa
ua c@epnara noBprlrlrHa (roa e r,l cpe4ltrara na
orrelaroro); inaeua ofrfruqrca ocga - 'toa e Cn. 2 Koueercuo orregaro
IIPABATA ITO MIIHYBA HII3 ONTIIqKIIOT qEHTAP II
TeMeTO Ha OflIe[aJIOTO.

Cr. 3. C"'rura ua napaJrereu cHoII 3paqtr rrrro ce ceqar

Bo +oKycor.
Cr. l. KonranHo orreaaro
XaprroBara nlova (se(e oIrI4IxaHa Bo
Aro ga rcourcaeuo ofJle[al]o naia cnon y,le6Hl,rKoTla Vlll otrqereHfie) voxe,qa ja ucro-
3paqu fiapaJleJlHr.r co o[TI4qKaTa ocKa, TI{e ce pr,rcrrrre 3a Aa Ao6ttere ALIBepreHTeH IIJII{
peQlerrupaar raKa lxro clrre IIoMI4HyBaar HIr3 KOHBepfeHTeH CHOI] CBeTJIITHCKLI 3paqll CO
To.rKara F. Oraa :roqra lexu Ha oflTl{r{Kara ocKa nouou na coepnu orJIeAaJra.
u ro geQr.tnupa QoW:9ru F na ouegalolo. 3a cSepno orJreAaJro, rora :paqure naiaar
6,ru3y tro reMero O. Soxycr.roro pacrojaHtre e:
Pacrojanuero f=FO e boKycuofro
D
p actaoj anue ua orJIeAaJIoro.
Kai KoHseKcHuwe orJreAaJla Qoxyc e rou- Jf -" .r, (ll
rara no xoja ce ceqar reoMerplncKlrre rlpoAoJr-
xenuja na pe+reKTfipaHure :paqu. Zueno, cron oguocuo Qorycor
"
nu i"o""u notefy reuero u
3paqu napaJIeJrHI4 co orlrl,rqKaTa ocKa rIeHTapoT Ha KpIrBIrHaTa Ha orJreEajroTo.
ArrBeprupaar no pefnexcujara oA KoHBeKcHo
 L 16. CQeputL oineda,ta 7l

@opuuparae .nraxoBn Kaj c$epHo

orJreAaJro. Panenxa Ra o reAaJro , -L=lLl
P . (2)
)P
llpu roucrpyxqlrjara Ha rr4KoBrr co rroMotrr
na c@epuo orJreAaJro, najuecro ce AoBoJrHr,r [Ba KaAe [ITo 1 lr 1, cooABerHo ce oAAaJrer{eHocra Ha
3paKa co rro3HaT IIaT KoI4 noMr{rryBaaT HIt3 [cTa JIITKOT lr npeAMe'roT oA TeMeTo Ha ofJIeAaloTo.
ro.rra. ,rluro.r ga ,raa ro.rra ce go6ltna Bo llpeceq- Bpcxara nouefy Qory*roro pacrojanue.f
Hara roqKa Ha rue ABa :para. Aro JrrrKor ce pacrojauuero Ha rlpegMeror r{ JrrrKor o[ ofreAa-
go6nea no rpeceKor na pe$lexrnpanure 3paqrr, J'lor o. e 3ala[eHa co paeeuxafua na oI"nedaJto o.
roraut roj e peaneH. a Kort ce Ao6l.tBa Bo 3a ga ce go6ue aHaJrIrrLtqKIl r,r3pa3 Ha
feoMerpltcKoro rrpoAoJlxeHne ua ol6ueultte cno\4HaTaTa paBeHKa. aa ce noc,'ly,KfiMe co cn. 5.
3paIIIt, JtITKOT e rrMarllHapeH.

Cexorau e rro3Har rlaror Ha cJre[Hr.rBe

KapaKTepr.rcrr4rrHr4 3paqu (BuIII cJl.4).

1. 3paxor urro nafa KoH ofJreAa.rroro P

nrpaJ'lerHo co onr14,rKara ocKa. oo 0[6 BaH,ero
rolmnyna uus Soxycor.
2. 3paKor t ro nafa rroA aroJl q. Ha reMero
O ua or:rega,roro ce og6lrna nog ucr raKoB afoJl.
3. 3paror rrlTo rroMr.rHyBa urz: $oxycor, no
og6naan ero e lapaJreJIeH co onrualKara ocKa.
4.3paKor IrITo noNrr4HyBa HI{3 onrl.rlrKrror p>2f;
r{eHTap C,6ugej(r e HopMaJreH Ha rroBprrjuHara
ua c$epara. ro o!6tBtrbclo ce Bpaia no rcrxor
naT. Cr. 5. Ao6xBar6e peareH Jrr.rK co KoHKaBHo
ofJreAaJro

Og crlr.rnocra Ha rprrafolrHllqllTe AOAB

AOA,B, , c:regysa:

(l)
P p
a oA c.luqHocTa Ha rprraroJrHr.rqrrre A CAB u
AArBt C , crenyBa:
L
p>2f; P p -2
(4)

Cr. 4. Co n:eguavyean'e ua AecHrlTe cTpaHr.r Ha

paBeHKrrre (3) u (4) r.r no cpeAyBarseTo, cc
qo6lrea:
,Auneapnouro aioaenyaan e M Ha
oinedanouto ce AodxBa KaKo KoJILlqr{xK
nrHcapHrre A{MeH3r.rrr Ha JIl,1Kor Z u.JrrrHeapHltre
oA llr (5)
Ar{rreH3r.rn Ha lpeANreror P. Og c,ruvuocra na
oSoeHi.rrc TptraforHxr{ri Ha cn.4. c,'reAyBa AeKa; u,'ru [MaJ(u Ja npcqnI,l4 paeenxara ( I ), ce go6uea;
12 L I6. CcPeprur oT,nedaaa

rrpeBpreH, eAHaKoB rlo ro.revlrHa (rlrHeapnoro

l12 (6)
3roreMyBaBe e M =l) (cJr.7) .
plR
Co Qopuy:rure (5) u (6) c rprrKa)KaHa
paaenrcauta na cQepuo oltedano.
Klj c$epunre orJrcllana ro [oroEop Ke
3eMeMe:
- p e oaufiusHo (+), rpeAMeror e rPeA
or,'reAaroro (peareH npeAN{er);
I e fioauruueao (+), ruKor e rlpeA or,'IeqaJloro
(pearHa c,'rnKa) ;
- I e uezafrueao (-), rlrKor e 3aA orJre[a.Jroro
(ulramuapHa crura);
.f R cefioauruueau (+), qeHraPor Ha
KpLIBT{Hara e npeA ofJreAa.JrHaTa noBprxllHa
(xouraauo ouegalo);
Cr. 7.
- f u R ce nelafruaau /) licHTapor Ha
Kpr{B[HaTa e 3aA (]l I{r)liulraTa noBpIIIrrHa
(KoHBeKcHo olJrel ' r, ,
3. Aro p < 2/ on paeenr;rra (5), c.reAyBa
)
neKa I-2J. a coroa M c.ti'taj ,rttxor
L tsoroj
e 3foJIeMeH, peaJIeH I{ rlpeBpreH.
AHarx3r'lPrir:rr ru pacrojauujara p u l, ce 4. llpegueror e no tporycor (p : .fl. Ol
qo6ueaar c,rc,,utree 3iiKr'ryqoqtt: paBeHKIIre (5) r (2) cc Ao6uea 1 : 'r: n M
: ,t. Ol
L e ua plcrojaHle nofo,'lc\'lo
fl1'1.1111r-'1,,t oBr;re floaa'roqr{ ce 3aKryqyBa AeKa Kora [peA-
o! 11, ortHocHo 21. Og paeeurara (5) cnegyaa: Nreror e Bo rporycor Ha ofJreAaJrofo, Jrl.lKor e
rrlroM /, > 21. Nlopa w I < 2.f. Bo roj c,ryvaj, 6ecrpajHo ga,rexy, rxro 3HaqIt He ce A()6uBa rt'IK.
[reNilTcKIr nprrKa)KaH Ha cr.5, rr'IKor e pea]'reH, 5. llpegl'reror e rouefy Sorycor ll TeNrero
fllrL Bl)re Hir\rrreH Hil tloMaro pacrojauue tra Ha or,'reAaJroro, p<J (rarca c]]otuaro.noloT (e ro
of -leAaJroTo Bo o)JHoc Ha [pelMeToT . IIOCTaBT,T OrJIeAaJrrIerO co Koe fu npefJlelyBa
2. flpegueror e Bo qeHTapor Ha orJreAa- :a6ure). Og paBeHKara (5) creAyBa [exa 1e co
,roro Qr = 2l ). Og paeeurara (5) cregyra AeKa t{ HerarnBeH rIpeA3HaK, rTo 3Har{u AeKa JII{KOT e Ha
l = 2/. Ilnxor Bo oAHoc Ha rlpeANreror e peaJreH cnporxBHaTa crpaHa Ha olJIeAaJroro Bo oAHoc Ha

z"
2a
ilit
_r I

f--l

CJr. 6. /rloSlrBal6e 3roaeueu lllx na npeqiter co Bit.ll6Halo (KoHKaBHo) ofreAano

 L I6. CQepuu <t7tedu,ta 73

jl)-==---
C
F

C,r. 8.,qo6uBaH,e HaMarreH Jir'rI< Ha rrpeAMe.r co cnaKHaro (KoHBercuo) or:reqano

lpellMeror. Og c,ruxara 6 u urenarcruor rpura: lll

ce tJIcAa AeKa Bo raron c,ry.raj rrrKor I3roJreMeH, o,[ paBeHKara 3a coepno ouega,ro + _ = _
I'IcnpaBeH l'l I,llr{arxuapeH.
plf ,

6. Ha c,rurara 8 e rpuraxaHa KoucrpyK-

qnjara ua [MarrrHapeH JrriK Ha rlpeAMeror, ce A06rrBa:
rll
go6lren co KoHBeKcHo ofJleAaJro. Kaj onue 25,0 / 10,0
ofJreAa.Jra, Kofa [peAMeToT e npeA ofreAa,'roTo,
I =16,7 cm
He3aBr.rcHo oll 'toa KaAe e ltocTaBeH, JrrrKoT
ceKofauj e I{MafI{HapeH, ItcrrpBeH, HaMaJ.reH r,r ce Jllrneapnoro 3roJreMyBa16e ctrope[ (2) usHecyBa:
Haofa ucfy @orycor n reMero Ha KoHBeKcHoro

M, I
OfJICAAJIO. 16.7
Crpepunre orreAalra ce ropucrar xaj -0.668.
HanpaBH 3a ocBernlBarbc. xaxo ua npltucp. xaj
p 25,0
N'rr.rKpocKonor, Bo MeAI{IIIfiara :a na6rygyeau,e
rpno. Hoc. yBo r.r oKo: ra xorcrpyxuuja Ha onr rr-
Jllrxor e HaMareH ll npeBpreH Bo o[Hoc Ha
npeAMeToT.
Kn riHcrpyMeHTrr; xaj peS,rerropnre u Qaponzre
3a Aa ce go6ue naparereH cHorr cBerJrrrHa. 6) CnopeA yc.'roBor .Flo crn n p:25 cm og
Eugej(n ua MaJ'rara noBprxrrHa oA rrcnaKHaroro paBeHKara 3a cSepuo orregalo (5), ce go6llsa:
ofreAaro MorKe eAHoBpeMeHo Aa ce BI{IaT HaMa-
JreH[ JrrrKoBr.r Ha roJreM 6poj npe4lteru, rue ce lll
rrocraByBaar Ha Kpr{BnHr.ire ua coo6pa(ajnr.rqlrre, 10,0 1 10,0
Ha aeron{o6[,'rlrre r{ Apyrn rpaHcnoprHrr cpeAcrBa
3a rrocrr.rrHyBalr,e no[o6pa 6e:6egHocr eo
cooSpa(ajor.
lr1
fIPI{MEP I. KoHrasHo orrellaro uva $rrycuo "' 5,0.* i I o,o cm
pac'rojanne oA 10 cm. KaAe (e 6nAe Jrr{Kor Ha
lpeguer roj oI TeNrcro Ha orregaro'ro e 1- l0,7cm.
nocl aBeH Ha : (a) 25 cm, (6) l0 cm, (B) 5 cm.
,[,a ce olpegenu JrrrHeapHoro 3t-oJtcMyBa]be 3naror unuvc rot<lr)K),Ba AeKa J.II4KOT C
Ha ofreaaroTo. I{MalLIHapeH il c ojl I4C1il C'rpalla co I1peAMeToT.
Jluneapnoro 3roJIc\'tyBriibc r3necyBa:
Pctrrcslrc. a) CIropeA yc,roror.f l0 cnr n 7r:25 crr
74 1. 1 6. CcPepuu oZned a,na

pacrojaune paAxycor ua xpuel ara ua

r.,r =tp -l-to.o1
5.0
, orneganolo R. j ,

J lOaroeop: / 20 cm. R-20 cmt

3. CHo[ oA coHqeBa cBerrI.IHa nafa na xon-
M noKaxyBa AeKa JrrrKor e [Ba narlr [oroJIeM oA
KaBHo orJre[aJro u og6uaajku ce, ce co6upa to
npeAMeToT.
ro.rxa xoja e ua pacrojauue 35 cm oA
IIPIIMEP 2. flpegner co BI{cIrHa o[ 3 cm e orJregaJroro. Ko:rxas e paAnycor Ha KpLrBI4Hara
Ha ofreAaroTo?
nocraBeH na pacrojauue oE 8 cm oA TeMero Ha (OAroBop: 70 cm)
KoHBeKcHo orreAaJro. Aa ce onpeqerlr: a) xaqe (e
6uge rrMarr.rHapHr.ror Jrr4K; 6) JILrHeapHoro
3toJIeMyBaILe I{ fOJIeMIrHara Ha JTLIKOT.
OoKycHoro pacrojanue ua or.neganoro e 20 cm.
06jacnere rrl creall{Be rlo]rMlr: .

Peureuue. Eragejfui or.negaroro e KoHBeKcHo, - onrl4'rK0 IIeHTap

Qoxycroro pacrojanue e HerarlrBHo /: - 20 cm. - TeMe Ha ofJ'teaanoro
3a ga ce o[pe[eJ]r.r xage (e 6uqeluxor, rie ja - SoKyc
111 - IJla BHa OrtTtlqKa ocKa
olruvra
3eMeMe paBeHKaTa
-+ = . - ja.rrma na ofJreAaJroro
ptl - JrrrHeapEo 3roJleMyaalbe Ha orJraAaJroTo

a) I = -5,'7lcm
1 8,00 20,0

3uaxor uuuyc noKaxyBa AeKa JII.rKor

r4Marl.rHapeH I{ e oA I{cTa crpaHa co [peAMeToT.

6) Jluueapnoro :roreMyBar+,e M I{3HecyBa:

r tl l- s.;tl
lv=1= 1

P p'-': 20,0
:--'-0,286.
Jluxor lrro ce go6r.rna co KoHBeKcHoro
orreAalro e I4cnpaBeH Ir HaMaJIeH. foleuuga'ta na
JILIKOT CnOpeA yCJIOBOT Ha 3aAaqaTa e:

L =3. M = 3.0,286= 0,858 cm

Cr.9. apare[eH cHorr 3paq( oA IIpBeHil. 3eJIeHa rl

BuoJleroBa cBerJr[Ha eo Qorycot na ot-.neqaloro
pa[raE a. 3aAaqn l| aKTUBHOCT]I
AaBaar 6era ro,{Ka.

1. Karo npegrr,rer 3eMere eAeH KBa[par Ir

nocraBere ro nouefy @orycor u onrlrqKlror
qenrap. [a.nu noBTopHo (e go6uere KBaApar.
H I. Co Kopr4crerbe Ha ynarcrBoro Ha
[porpaMara PEARLS n ynarcrBoro [3pa6oreHo oA
(Toa ez noxaxyaa 3orxro JII-tKoBIrre Ha cJlr{Krrre 'qnbHoeure
sa TeMlyc [poeKTor - CKo[je, 2001 oA
4, 5, 6 ce AeoopMrpaHu). ' I,Iuc'rr.rryror 3ai
6ra3lrKa Bo oggenor Onrura, rpoy-
2. Csefr,a ce naoia na 60 cm oa reMero Ha 'verg ul i"CQepuu ornena:ra".
egra6ua'ro c+epHo orreflaro. Kora cse(ara (e . 2. flooapajre rr4 cooABerHhre coApxltHl.l l.l
co rroMecrr,r ga 20 cm KoH orreAaJloro, pac- eo'nporpauara "OPTICS PHFNOM ENA"
rojanuero rra JrI,IKor Ao omeAaloro (e ce
gronet"ru sa l0 cm. ,[a ce onpeqeJllr Sorycnoro
 L I7. OuwLruKL! nettlt 75

Ha ,lei(afrq O (or.2). Toa e rovxa roja rre)or Ha

1.17. OrITI4qKVrnBkut fIaBHaTa orITIIqKa OCKa, I{ HIt3 Hea nOMIIHyBaaT
cBer.JrrlHcKlrre 3paqu 6e: npexpuytau,e.
Ceroja:re(a Moxe Aa ce pa3rJreAyBa KaKo
Aa e cocraBeHa oA roJreM 6poj upn:ur.r. Ha cn.2 e
nPxKaxaH oAoT Ha cBeTJrrrHcKuTe 3paqn.
Csernlrucxuor spax roj n:leryna oA To.{Kara P,
rxTo JIexI{ Ha onTrrr[KaTa ocKa, IIo npeKpuy-
BaHjero oA ABere noBpIrIIrHtr na le(ala co:gaea
ruK P ' Ha rorrKara P. Bo roqxr.rre T u T1 ce
noB.JreqeHa raHreHTrr raKa [rro re(ara e
3aMeHera co pr{3Ma .r j BpBeH aroJr e 0. Mefy
aro,lor 6,:a xoj spaxor PT orcranyBa oA
npBoourHara HacoKa, r{ BpBHI{or aro"q Ha reHKara
nprr3Ma 0, Ba)Kr.r paBeHKara:
E:(n-l)0, (l)
// e lrHteKc Ha npeKpuyBart'c Ha,teliara.
Panenxa na renxa ne(a

Orru.rxure re(u ce xoln{ofeHr,r nposupHlI

re.rra co onpeAeJreH rHAeKc Ha npeKpuyBalLe,
orpaHuqeHrr co ABe, Haj.recro c(tepuu nonpnuuu
r.rJrue[Hara oA ABere IloBprxxHrr e c$epna uln
rlurrruApr.rqHa, a BTopara cQepua ll:ur palrna.
Cnopen on rlrvxute cBojcrBa. ,reiltle ce terar Ha
codupnu u pacfrypHu. Cnopeg uagnopeurnara
Qopua, lefurre uo>re ga 6n4ar: l) gaojuo ncnar-
Harn, 2) xcnaKHaro-BAra6Harn, 3) paMHo
rrcnaKHarx, 4) ABojHo ngra6uarlr, 5) paMHo
BAra6Haru x 6) n1:ra6uaro-ucnaKHar[ (c.r.1).
Ctr.2.
Hexa co p u / coonneruo e o3HaqeHo
pacrojauuero oA [peAMeror Ao onrr.rqxnor qeH-
rap ua le(ara r.r oA Jl4Kor Ao orITI4qKI4or ueHTap;

0)hXK) Rl r.r R2 ce pa[yrycrr Ha Kpr.rB[Hara Ha npe[Hara 14

sagnara c@epna noBprrruua ua leriara; C1 n C2 ce
rleHTpr.r Ha Kpr4BrrHaTa Ha rpaHuqHuTe coepHr.r
ooBplxr.rHl.r Ha re(ara. [a ro parmelalre rpna-
roJrHuKor APP'M. On npaBr{Jroro 3a HaABoperrHrr
anrn ua onoj rpuaronnur ce go6lrea:
C,'r. l. BaAoBr.r co6uptrrl u pacrypuu,refu.t.

Aro ge6ellluara na ne(ala e MHory rroMa-

6=P+B'. e)
ra ro crope46a co pagxycr{Te Ha KprrBltHara Ha Axo 0 e eAHaKoB co
HaABoperlHr,ror aroJr Ha
fioBprxrrHrrre xou ja orpauuvynaar, raa rrpercra- A CrC2Ml (arru co HopMarHr.r Kpaq[), Baxu:
ByBa MoAeJr 3a tfleHKa
"tetq. 3auuctelr'.ara flpaBa O:a+cr'. (3)
xoja rlr noapsyra rleHTpr.tre Ha KprrBr{Hara Ha
ne(ara ce B Ka ,narHs o tauvaa ocrca (C1OC). 3a napaxclrja:rnr.r (npnoclrra) 3parltr, Kou co
3a cexoja reHKa reKa nocrou oiifriuuxu 1enifrap onrltqKara ocxa :a$a(aar MaJIII arrr.I, TaHfeH-
cHTe Ha arJIIiTe lro)Ke [a ce 3aMeHaT co caMLITe
16 L I7. Oimu,u& leiu

alJlr (tg o - tg P! p). 3;r icnxa .{c(a ro'lKHre

C[; II
' ..1n
M tt M1 ce 5rn3y raKa L't i J OM-()Mr=r. [a ce rh)
ttl
Ao6fiBaar paBeHKr.rre:
t.h 6ttJcixtt tt,j.tt'tt. . . I ttjr pilBcHK Te (5)
p=tgB-1 9'=reu'-- (61 \'( ctHilKRlt lr.ttitt','tt7 .tq i enxa.rcrta
Il i,tacu.
(4)
lll
. lt 0:slnq lt
0=sln0--.
(1)
--R: pl
R,
Kaj ,rc(trrc xax,r rjrcpuure or.leAaJIa
OA paBeHKrre (l), (2), (3) n (a), ce so6nna:
no AoroBop (c :euevc
I I il/\ ll 2e IIO3tl I'UB O I l , llllc[N{eTOT e [peA
(ii
--
p I
I)l
\R'-- Rr/1 . ts) re(ara,
/ e no:ltuntro t ' ir c pcaJIeH r,r e 3aA
Og oaaa paBeHKa Mo)Ke Aa ce 3aKryq[ .re(ara (Ha pa:r,ru.rrrl i I npeuMeror);
AeKa @oxycHoro pac rrriaune 3aBuc[ oA / e nerar[Bno { ri ' . ]rir llcrara crpaHa
fenaTflaHl4OT tiHleKC lta npt,.flu]BaH,e Hl 'IC(a- co rlpeANre IoT.
Ta, KaKO tI OA paArlycl{Te Hir I{pLIB[HaTa Ha OA c,rllqHoc't a rt.r ) ut]l(u're ABO r.r

Hej:uurlre c$epHlt noepurnntl. Paacurera (5) ce A'B'O (c.n.5), cregyru:

onHecyBa :a c,ryuaj rora le(ala co rrir IeKc Ha
IIpeKp[lyBa]ite /? e onKpy)<eHa CO BaK)'!\, rl.[n ti
ao:[; x. A ro ,rexlra c on Kp] /KL Ha co cpe^x Hu 't M- (8)
UHAeKC Ha [PeKpUyBaIie e noro,'IeM oA LIHAeKCOT'
I' t'
Ha flpeKpuyBarr,e ua re(ara, SorycHoro pacro- lioltrqtIuro'r {)Ji .fir 1r,,.llfe AuMeH3Llx Ha
jaune uoxe ga go6lte tl HerarusHr apeAHocrlr.
ruKof L n JtIrHIlcKIdl c .tr\r! Lirr rr tta rpeglleror P
ca BrrKa ,utHeapHo Jro.I..\! -\'!tit f t.r uar ,'reftatua M.

Fi.

C,'r. 3.

Axo ce :eue tl3Bopor [a e 6ecxoue-Ilto (ir .j

AaJreKy, 3paur{Te naiaat naparerno co oIITI4TI- ( i(tpo.letaH co
CHoi iol){t,t(nr!u .t!)ttr'tt
KaTa ocKa Hl ,leKaTa u ta.l .rc(ara cf cc'|l3T Bo ^t)i
t)finuqKoula rxra dtrecltirrlt "() lt(|tlttlvBohe Hllt
cJlHa ro'rKa l1t o. l' / ). Bo oBoj c,'ty'taj pat t,t
i)q(nypHon( .,trto (c!,.1). ll,' ttprtto.nxennero tta
iannero OFj cc nura (torycao pacrlojuue t:u . '1e11 gg qo6uaa
ncftatua (crt.3). 'l'oqnrre KoIr ,lexar oA llB. ri-l 'l\jlllllTc or -llrlrclr'cl: ' l l
rtpecertHa to.txa F xojlt.tc/i I rir oltrl.tqKara ocKa.
crpilH[ Ha ,rekaTa. qa pacroialrue cIIHaKBo lllt OBaa ,rO,rKir fo J\a.ljr,, r:l),i ttMarr.rHapHrllot.
,:porvcloro. ce Bur(aa't tltoxycu na neftarua. Aro
rHcPea,lcllr +,)K)r :l '( llpllilTll ,'te(:t.
xrB,rp,rt ! no rhor.\q,r1 rir.l ,11(rrlil !pilllltl. cc Pa c-uy p uu ru e "t e itu u,v tt t t ii t c i ct fi u ttu o tl orcy cu o
r
rapalclrHr'r..lrr(()'r cc Haoia Bo rlec(pajttocr (/): pactuoiarurc.
OF-l n I - .., I 3enraj(u r-o roa npclBxll, o,[
paBeHKara (5) cc IO6xBa:
 ( J ; !it! ! t,t l! .IL'Lt! 'l'7
^

TIPI'IMEP I. I', , tl]l.,r- i')l-/(/1(ill co irrrIr' 'tr cborycHtr pacrojarrrrjl.

llil II"ititHIiolltirr,,
I
: p . tr.ti'1,'ir''.r, (.( 1f11o, 11t
.t .teti,trr,
Haoiil Bo 8(; lj(\ ',

PeurcHne. l',irl {{rtt{'.Tlt\" !riil,''tii,'t11KoRlt

c'rp Ha c Plr;ll I ,pax roj rro\l11HyrJl ut13
cTpaHir c i!l.irr(,. .r.,f/\-.. :li r tC 3a ItpcKpIllVllill,C. C0
'feHKa -rl('( l
rprrlil)lll\,,1r rlll ltrt, iC fpilltXrtHU IIOBp It!Hl.l
'.r ! : ]-Kt r( l\'lthit. It1'u r.ottctprlttlja
i, I
'I
/i
ii rttij\!)rit ! Jl()lr\ .i1oIl() r'IIpoctyratt,e. llltcrtit.
rrilcKprr\,BilH)e]o Ha )IBC tC IpaH (llIlr rroRl]tIlr{fit1 c
tutLrl- 2|1. t\). I r,r,\r,.i'! / /? IIcrla 'lll\lCrlCl{) C(:} nl)CKlllll\lratbc Hii erltlil pa\jltUlIl
ttocroiar otlrr,,, rt \. i-'.il\r'litl ii JJ roja rtonnnyna I{lr } oflt rrqKlo.f l(arfl.ap iril
0fJ'rcjlar'lli r il. ,rrciiltil. a e IIoDNaJTHii l{a lJaBHilt.a ()I]t.t.1rlKli
6a; l)tt 6 Orrrrr lxrr,rr rL,r ic BIrK i.tAong pu.vuuuA Ua
t;!)ucruttilt! t t dpeKlttu!u4be r( I i l{il c.rl.5) oIIa.uc'tcrrrtr:ra Ha
' ttit i).) i" i 1111 rpeil\'reror I,r ., r!K()T. KllKo r {)oKycH[l.c
ti I i!:i ()tI .II LlI1ittI
r. ..,,' pac rnjarlr'rja, ce \lcl)iit' o11 oaaa paNrHr]ta.
i\ie ..i... rrii c() ,1|a Pirj-
.i I
'l d lt alrL. '
;. ,:11Ii ra cclrcl,'ua
Ilolri)iLfirIi1 ,' i\ r. ir Jlpvfii'tir co
j.
A1
ll(4lil. l(ll i, , \).i. ,

cc pl l.i1l,I i1r i r(\'cuo pacl'oiaruli:

ir' )
Lill ,rtg*it tit
{i\,
[\P 2

irln :\
(ulfoltirllrr ir', i' r..,i;r .lc(ara cc rparrrrrrrr ll F
co uo']jl\ \{. r l I I [() Hil[IC fO OKO.
ilor.1 l,lc roiaHuc. Kapar(Te-
i
r I

l)llclllrrIi, r'
triii fl,t;ii l
.
rja:rc(lr e u Hej:luara
tlrjlcl co paBcHK Tit:
I
-.f-
I

I
(e)
----9.-
I
t4- It I
E;(r'lr rrrur r r rKa jarrr.rHaga,tc(ara e
Cn.5. OopMxparbe Jrur co co6r.rpua le(a.
luouruep D. Ou rrrHa oa eAeH [uo[n cp
i\{a JtcKir ([tc i Iac'roiaHlle l{3Hccyaa Co rlel qa ce onpe/(eJrr{ noro)K6ara tl
eAcH Nrc ri1l: nt '. JIL'K:I Kola l\13 nprpogara Ha JrHKor, najequocrarno e ga ce
IIOil'l't'llBHn ()fl t r, r,r (-/ > 0) e co6l{pHa. a Kop[crar cr'reAHr.rBe :palllr (c:r.5):
paclypua la .re (rr ' , rtBHr ia.rrIHa (-,r < 0). l. 3paKor xoj e napale,neu co rJraBHara
Kaj c.n,rir., 'i ]l r' tKli rrrcTl]ytle]t trr. ollTuqKa ocKa, nocne npeKprxyBalLeTo H 3
KaI<() lil'f() 11' :r ril)ocKoroT. (llo1()- JreKara noMfiHyBa uut nroptor Qoxyc sa,re(ala:
fpilrbcKrroT rrrii'' 1rt. r tlll .-e t3ijefHlT 2. 3paKor roj nouunyea Hn3 orrrr{qKr.ror
ltc/locTil tol\ri i. r .c li,Ll6llHlrpaar qeHrap O, He ce npeKpulyBa;
/lDc rl,I!I Ilol]! (( ! 3. :paror roj nounxyoa Hrlr rrpBnoT
K,ij rr. r. ri {)jl noBe(e
, Qoxyc, no lpeKplryBaH,ero H 3 Jre(ara [{3JreryBa
corittllttu n plrc r- I rlrKarii javnna ce napaleJrHo Ha fJIaBHaTa OIITI'qKa OCKa.
u ll)l t!lrN rlir, l ,r ja,rrwara Ha Axatusupajku ru pacrojawujara p u I xaro n
()lllle.lHI{l C jl!1,.i coonBerHoro ffoJleMyBaH,e. :a co6tpxa re(a ce
aolf, I{BaaT cJIeAHIIBe 3aKnyqOqII:
'r' ( l0) L Axo npeglleror
ce xaofa na pacrojanue
noroneMo oA 2f roralr Jrr{Kor ce Haofa uefy 2fuf
O"o,,,r,,ua,,n',' ,jrtlcl l]I CaMO KOta o[ Apyrara crpaHa Ha reriara. ,qr.rKor e peaJreH,
pacTojalrnc rr, i, rli e IOIeMO BO [peBpTeH u HaMaJreH.
78 L 1 7. OtliittqrctL neftu

2. flpegueror e na pacrojanne weiy 2;f u .f, fIPI4MEP 3. Pacrypua ne(a una rporycno pac-
Jrr.rKor ce Qopuupa na pacrojaulre [oroJreMo o[ rojaurle -20 crn. flpeguer co roJreMr.rHa 2,00 cm e
2l Jl,rror e peaJreH, npeBpreH tl 3ror.leMeH. rlocraBen u;t 30 cnr npeg .re(ara. Onpeqerere
3. flpennreror e ua pacrojaHlre 2l ruror e Ha xage ce naoia ,ruror. I(o,rraso e JrrrHeapHoro
pacrojanue 2/. IIuror e peareHj npeBpreH tl 3toJ'IeMyBalre u foJreN{rlHaTa ga nuror'l
eAHaKOB rro fOJrer'tl{Ha co npeAMeToT. Perueuue. fla ja :evene paBeHKara (7) 11 Bo Hea
4. Aro npeglleror
e eo Sorycor, Jrr{Kor e Bo Aa 3aMeHlrlre /r = 30 cm; /:-20cm
6ecxoHe.{Hocr, He ce Ao6r.rBa JrlrK,3paqr{Te ce llt
napaJIeJrHIL 1 = -12,0 cm ;
5. llpegueror ce Haofa rroMeiy SoKycor r 20cm 30,0cm I
:lei<ara Qt < f;, Jrr.rKor ce Qopl'rrpa on r{cra crpaHa Mnuycor rroKDKyBa AeKa J'ruKor e o)I ncra crpaHa
ua re(ara co npefilreror. Toj e nuaruHepeu, l,rc- co npeANreror. Toj e lrcnpaeeu, t,r [MafltHapeH
rrpaBeH r,r 3foJreNreH (BuAeTe J'ry[a). (BuAere cr. 6). M roxaxyna AeKa ,'rrrKor e
I,InarrnapHuor rIlK He Moxe Aa ce Ao6xe Ha HAMA rICH

eKpaH. Ho Mo)Ke Aa ce fJreAa co oKo. r lrl

t' --rI| rrl
.r1 ---r- ''t r-J,4:
r l-0.80crn.
P lp lloI
O6jacuere ru creAHr'rBe rrouMrl
- co6upua "re(a - pacrypHa ne(a
Fz - ONTXLIKU IIEHTAP - rJIaBEa OnTltrlKa ocKa
- Qoxyc - cPoxycuo pacrojanue ua
- n0KoBfi Ha,te(a ac(ara
- paBeHK3 Ha neia -,'I14KORI4
- Al'lOnTep onrH.r<a ja.lltua
-JII,IHC:lDHO Jf OIICNTVB:IIiC HA IICKATA

Cr. 6. rDopuupa*e rnr raj pacrypra letta.

Hc:asucHo oA rroJrox6ara Ha npeAMeror, flpauran-a, 3aAarru u a(Tr4Bnocrrr

crlre rnKoBrr mro ce $opunpaar co pacrypHara
,'reria ce uilraruHapHx, r{c[paBeHu r{ ce on r;rcra l.Ilpell co6fipHa rre(a co cfor<ycno pacrojanue
crpaHa Ha roja ce naoia lr lpeANreror, r{ Toa l0 cm e lrecTaBen npcllr{cr Ha pacrojauue: a) 30.0 cm,
nolleiy Qorycor n re(ara (cr.6). 6) 10,0 cln, B) 5,0 cln oI ",re(ara. .qa ce onpeAenrr 3a
cr'r...rj npulr.p na loc prcrojcuric ol .rcirr,r c rriKor l
IPIIMEP flpeglreror e rocraBeH l0 cm npeg
2. Cno'IBCTHOTo IHH('apHu ll Lr'l\'\l) tsalb\'
co6npna lefa co Qorycro pacrojaHr.re 15 cm. lolr.: a) 1: 15,0 crr; ,1./: 0.51 6) rr{KoT c Bo 6ecKoHe.r-
Onpenelere xale ce naoia nr.IKor Il KoJIKaBo c Hocr: B) 1: - 10,0 cn; M = 2.0l
Jrr.iHeapHoro 3f o:reMyBahe Ha re(a'ra? 2. flnaHKo[BeKcHa ne(a rjMa xHIe(c Ha llpc-
Peurerure. ,[a ja :elleue paBeHKara (7) tr Bo Hea KplxyBaHic 1.6. PaIr'rycor Ha KorrBeKcrrarr fioBprxura e
7r:10 crr u l: l5 cm. rpnrott ce go6rlrzr: 30 cnl. AKo .rrul<or e rra pacrojluue I m, Ko.'r(aBo e
cfoxycnoro pacroiaHUe rr,'rrrHeaprloro rrolrer\ryRaH,e Hil
tltllll + (Ogronop: l:0.2 rr;
- - - -- /= 30cm:
,'reiara? ,il,/-,4)

.f p I I 15 10,0 30
HerarnsHuor :iHaK IIoKa)KyBa AeKa.rxKOT e oA L Co xoprcreu,e Ha ynalclBolo Ha
rrcTa cTpaHa co rrpearleToT rr e uNraf[HapeH. nporpaMara PB.,\RLS VrilTcl't!()'ro r.r3pa6() feHo ojl
Jlllneapnoro 3roJreNryBarr'e r.r3HecyBa: rrrerroBure rra TeNrnyc rpoeKM Cxonjc. 2001 o[
14i{crxTylor :a rpr:rlra Bo o!^enor Onl Kl.
:l-ro : 3,(-) npoylrcrc rlr " l'cHKx "'reix".
p I ro 2. [Io6apljrc ru co()ul]c lHU lc co[p)r(xHr l
Bo nporplNrara "OPTIC S PIILNON,l[NA'.
M noKa)KyBa AeKa ,'rrKor e 3 rraru iforeNreH.
 L I8. Ouutuqnt uucurpyueHLuu. ,IIy a u MLtKpocKou 79

r.18. OIITIIqKI4 MHCTPYMEHTI4. ATo"rtuouto aioteuyean e ,r? Ha lryllara ce

JIYTIA I4 MI4KPOCKOI ac$nHupa KaKo Kor14,tHl4K ot aronor c lo! Koj
npeAMeToT ce fleAa co J'lyna r{ BLtAHr4oT afoJ't oo
roq roj npegueror ttocraaeH ur pacrojanue ua
JIyna jacno r:regan e D, ce frena co foJro oKo
KaKo J'ryna Moxe Aa ce ucropucrn ceroja (r
co6upua :re(a r;r.Jrr.I ctrcreN{ o[ lose(e ,'Ie([ co n1-_ (t)
cto
uaro $oxycuo pacrojaHne.
flpu'r'oa arnnre cr,, r.r ct, Sugej(n ce MaJrrr lr
orp:rH ,reHfi Ha naparcrja,ruo noapavjc. voxe qa
ce 3eMe AeKa tg cr. - (l I,I tg c{..,: c(. 04 npae oaro,r-
Hr.Ior rpr,laroJlHxK AO'B Ha cJr.1a, ce go6una:

AB
P
tgcx.o:c(o --. (2)
,G.
Og rplrarolnnxot AOB, 3a arolor rrog xoj ce
F
fJreAa rlpenNreTo't co.Jryrra (JtLrKor), ce go6rea:

lgu:c :i
f --l tr)
(l)
tr4uaj(r.r npegsug AeKa JrrrKor n npeAMeror
ce oA rrcra crpaHat rra le(ara (eHnl,raeajre la
la) AoroBopor 3a 3HaUr.rre), Ba)Ku:
C,q. L 111
* __= -. (1)
Kora lpcglleror ce rrela co fo.Jro oKo plf
foJrelfl{Hara Ha cJrr.rKara Ilro ce cpoplrupa ap:
\rlexH uala Hil oKoTo SaBrc on arolor nol roj ./ e QorycHoro pacrojaune ua ,rynara. Kora
ce r:reAa rrpeAr'reror. Kora npeANleror ce npu6- 1: D = 25 cm, Mo)Ke Aa ce Harru[re:
pacroiaHl,Iero
,l.l/KyBa KoH oKoro. aror.ror noa roj ce r,reta I I I I _ D,t
IIpeAMeTO't pacTe Il Bp3 MpexHr.rrlaTa ce co3[aBa _ tir
nofoJrel{a c,'ruKa. Aro,!or Jlocr[fHyBa NraKcnMaJir- pDfpDl =_
Ha BpeAHOCT (lo KOfa [pelr,reToT oA oKoTo e Ha OA paBeHKrre ( l), (2), (3) u (5) ce so6nra:
pacfrojaaue ua jacno Inedarce. Toa u:uecyea
D 25 cot. Axo npgq[lc'1sp e ra nolraao pacroja-
Hlre oA oBa oKoro He r,lo)Ke Aa ce Qorycupa.
Mciyroa. Kora npcn oxoro (e ce loctaon ,zyia.
lpcllueror \roxe [a cc trpud,rtxt rrose(c rr lrro-
tu=--
D D+ f -t+2 (t)
:tor nog xoj ce tJreAa (e craHe ltoroJrell oA oo.
Axo npeluelor e lrefy @orycor x ryrrara.
p f
Ho uo6n[cKy Ao (boKvcor F cc goduna 3rore[,reH. Kr,rra urtatnuaf'qrur r.l4 K \.ul pacrojaHuc ult
tlcltp;rBEH tl lt\tilfl.rHitp( H nxK K,ri e,,,( l,lct ara jttcHo r.re4au,e. .:2one,vy6e bc Luo e jto KcuMo r,u n.
cTpaHa co trpeAl\rcrol (c,r.l). llpu noN{ecryBarbe 3gpaecrio oKo tlto)Ke 71a ro Soxycupa
Ha llpelNrerol og cporvcor F . ron ,tvnara. .rr.ixof Koftt T.Ji c< Hitofu ,rq plcrojauuc Hlr jacto
Il1\rtfrHapHuor .tlK. l.iclo raKa, ce nprt6,1x)KyBa frreAaHrc rra ce Ao 6ecKoHc.l.tocr. Kora
xos -lc(ala. Aro,ror c e MaKcurral'reH Kora npcgrrcror c 5,t[3y IIo $oxyco,r.(7r : /),,rnror c
I|\Ii'IIIrI II\|iIIr,I i h e Hil plrcrollttte ul jli..ttu Bo (iecKclHc a trocr. rra oK.)To Hc ce Harrpefa:
lJ'rc!aH'c. flpe,qlrc lol l.r HcfoBlror r{\tiifrHapcH
.'rrrx ilosc(c Hc Nro)l(c Ail cc rrprr6",rl>rvtllrl:ar.olr t/. :
ABAB:"D
u - - !1t -- _ t,t)
ltr'r'(i ori() r'o ilc Moxe Aa cc {tox1'cnpa. ^-.
D/q., I
80 L I 8. Outtrr4Ktt rrrtclipynau[n. JIy[ia u ,rruKpocKei

Euncj(l .nrxor Moxe Aa ce augl nolreiy flpunqunor Ha @oplrupame 3roJreMeH JrrrK

pacTojrH (' ua iacHo r,rcllarsc 14 6(cKoHCtrHocT. xaj urrpcrono'r, npr.rKa)Kau Ha c.!.2, e creAHlloB:
3to,lel\t yBa E eTo Ha nyIIaTa ce ABxxl{ Bo fpaHx- uadrygyeauuor [peAMer AB e [ocraBeH Ha
qr{te onpeAeJIeHI{ co paBeHKrre (7) u (8). pacrojaHne IranKy rroroneMo og Qoxycnoro
pacrojaHne na o6jexrneor t,t nprrroa ce Sopulrpa
IIPI{MEP l. Ko:rxaeo e lraKcrrMa,'rHoro 3ro,'re- 3ror'reMeH, peaJreH rr npeBpreH rr.rK A'B' Ha
MyBaH,e Ha,ryna co ooKycHo pacrojaHr,re Fl0 cm, npeAMeror. OBoj rr.{K cJryxu KaKo npc[r'rer 3a
a KoJ'IKaBO e 3toneMyBalbeTo Ha [cTaTa .{y[a oKyrapor roj ce roplrcru KaKo Jryna.,rl'rKor A'B'
KOta oKoTo e HeHanpefHaTo'? rpe6a ga ce $opulrpa ueiy orylapor u HeroBr.ror
Peurenue. 3ro:relryaaruero Ha Jrynara, Kora
$oryc, lr roa rro6r[cKy go r]rorycor .Fqk.
$oxycuoro pacrojanue c f10 crr. r{3HecyBa: llpuroa, ce Qopr'lupa rrMafrruapeH, 3f o.JreMeH rr
,i ,5 rrpeBpreH JrnK A"B" Bo oAHoc Ha npeAMeror.
,?=l+::=1+::=3,5
f10 Moxe ga ce rroKa)Ke AeKa 3roJleMyBari,ero
Axo oxoro e HeHarlpefHaro, cJlr.rKara e Bo Ha MrrKpocKorroT e Iporr3BoA oA 3foreMyBat5eTo
SecKoHe.rHocr I{ Baxn paBeHKara (8): ua o6jerruaor x oKyJrapor. ,rllror A'B'urro ce
25 25 go6naa oA oSjerrnror uNra Jrr.rHeapHo
nt / \. 3toJter'lyBatI)e:
.l t0
3rolenyean.ero Ha oBaa nyna cc JlBr.{)KLt Bo
B'
,, A', l,,h
rpaHuufirc N{efy 3,5 fi 2,5 narx. tvt'''L_ AB P,,r,
2.Mlrxpocxon
Cropeg c,rnxara 2 Lro;re ga ce :eue
3a Aa ce Ao6ne noro,reno:]roJ'reNryBabe
I,'1. = d - f"r ' 3a rnueapnoro :ro-
p"t, = .f ,'t,u
oTKOrKy CO JrylaTa, ce KOpr{cTn ollTr,rqKr,loT
rrxKpocKon. Onrr.rru AeJroBu Ha N{r,rKpocKotror Jrcr\,ryBa15e Ha o6je<ruaor ce go6nna:
ce: oKyrap. o6jerrur t,r cucreNr 3a ocBerJ.ryBarie
Ha npeAr{eToT.
cl-f,
M .,. -
Oirjexrneor (le(a 6ru:y /lo [pe,]Meror) e co Ma- L,h
,ro $oxycuo pacrojauue .d,7,, a oxy:rapor (:re(a- Pacrojaunero d Mefy o6jeKTr'rBor !r oKyJra-
ra 6,ru:y go ororo) e co rororer{o Qrorycuo por N'ro)Ke ga ce r:6epe raKa urro rxKor A"B" ce
pacrojaure ./uf . P'eIe ne(r uuaar 3aeAHr,rqKa naoia Ha pacrojanue na jacuo rlegan e uln eo
orITItqKa ocKa Ir ce ttocraBeH],t Ha pacrojaHlte rl 6ecroae.rsocr (KaKo n IlpII rynara). Kora A"B" e
Bo becKoHe!Hocr. oKyrapor pa6orr raxo ,ryna
co arrHo 3roJrenyBaH,e ge$uuupano co (8) r.e.
D
ntok - KaAe uro D e pacrojauue Ha jaclo
fJreAane. lla :a rrynuoro 3roreMyBalr,e Ha
unxpocxoror ce go6una:

M=Mn6ntn1,=o--f* ? (10)
.1,,n J "t
Kora Soxyorure pacrojaHllja Ha MuKpo-
cKonor ce MHory noMaJrlr so cnopeq6a co
pacrojanuero d uefy o6jexruror r.i oKynapor,
MOXe Aa Ce 3eMe;

u* d D
(11)
"fa f.t
 L 18. Outurctrcu LLncu-pyneuuttt. utlyiLr u ,\uKpocKou 8l

Bxynnoro 3foJIeMyBa*t'e Ha rlruKpocKorror (tgr:sinr -- Dx2dsinL!; tgA:q=S, /4')

M Kora oKoro e HeHarperHaro, e npor{3BoA o,q
Jl.rHcapHoro iror,rcr\!yBart'c ua o6 jer rureo r u
(a,tle llrro co r e o3sa,reH aro.ror rrrro ro 3a+a(a
ilroJIHoTo 3f oJrcMyBarse Ha oKyJrapor. I'Itt4'tKal:t.'Cti Hi Vr'lKlocxonrit cn KpitiHxl( l11nu
O; paecHxaTa (II) Nroxc Ia ce 3aKJryrrx IIeKa Ha KOIJVCIIITOT CIIOII CBeTJItt{a UJTO IIaB.IIeryBa BO
o6jer<riroor, oJlHocno roa e no,'roBrrHa oa aro,'ror sa
xo.rrry cporycuoTo pacrojaHnc na o6jcKTI'Inor r orBupor r:1 oojcKrrrBor. ,/ u prfloiarrrc novci!
oKynapoT e rroN{aro. r Aor-rxr'rHaTa r/ roroneua, o6jexrunor u o6iexror.
3ltoJtcMyBaH,eTo Hir r\'ruKpocKorloT e rrofo.rreMo. flpor.r3BoAor /? sil1 u: ,.1 ce anxa 6pojna aiep-
Bpcgaocra Ha 3foJre\ryBaHrero Ha oKyna- .uypa Ha o6jetfru6orz Ha MuKpocKorol.
por u odjen usor e Ha3aarrcna Ha nun. 3roleuy-
Barr,e'ro ce ABlI)Kt{ Bo rp:lHr4un oA,l Ao 100 IIarfl 3a
odjexrusoT lI og 41() 25 lrarn 3a oKyJrapor.
Meiyroa. foreMoTo 3foJ'reNlyBat6e e 6ccKopucHo
aKo pit3AerHaril lroi< rra rlrrKpocKorlol e cyB o6ieKrrB
HecooJlBeTHa. o6jeKruB co rlMep3hja
Korr crpyxrl Pttttrt' er'rc\rcHT14 s3 of'jer ror
urro cc Hlo,l-) [yFr x arrcprypa]a Hr o6jcKrlrBor
(paAfiyc Ha oTsopo'r' Ha :lc(ara) cc cnopellrlrBu co
6pituoualit Ao,lxtlHa Ha cBetJrltHara lIITo cc
KLrpllcllt- IL't itul luafit J(t rpilr 6plttouat:l
npupoAa Ha cBe'rr.urHara. Aro noe creun ro.rru
ce NrHofy 6,rncry egua /ro Apyfa, cooABerH[Te npeAMeToT
llrQpaxquouu cJruKr ce npenoKpnBaar, na
cr'r rcr rl c Heilcril ter,lc rc ! (pprKu j" I
14

Ctroco6uocra Ha cexoj oflruqKrl r4Hcrpy- Cr.l

rlcHT Aa rn noxaxyea jacHo IlcraJrurc Ha npcJlNlc-
ror ja orurruyna puadenHafra fioi{. OA paBeH{ara (.12) npo[3JreryBa lleKa
'il ga cc r uJ,rc\rr pa raerHa ta rtu( Ha pa3AenHara No( Ha MriKpoc(onor' ce 3roieNryBii (t. e
rroMriro) co HaMa,ryaarbe Ha 6paHoBara AoJ'rxuua 2! Ha
NfuKpocKorroT, Heorrxo,lrro e ,Ja ce KopucTri
cr\.r 4HJrJ C(, srLrnCIr)Bqlbq Hil 6pujU:lta
cBcrJtlrHa co llortaJla 6paHoBa Aor)KllHa, IJrII na '1.JI
ancprypa ua odjcrueor,!.
ce Kopr,lc'l'il'f nr{ep3ltoHlt Il eJIeK'fpoHcKIl r'{I{Kpo-
cK()fl lt.
IIPI,|MEP 2. .[.r ce onpeae,rr najua,roro prcro
jaurc vciy goc ro.rr<u Kou Moxe ra ce Brlaar oaBoeHu
co o6jcrrro roj nua Spojna aneprypa ,r:0,6 u ce
ParAerna r"ro(
Kopxcru SpaHoBa loJrxriHa ]":546 nm.
IIa rr pa3ueAaMe ro,r(rirc A Pcrrrcnlre. Og paacuKara (12). ce Ao6raBal
r'r B Ha npcnaparor Kolr cc Ha nreiyccSuo pacrojaruc
.t., x ce pa3ABoelrr'r (ff. 3). Pa3AeJrnror aron q e
S.=1.22 " -0.o1"
) ' 2lsin rr A
r:rtrirtr(H crJ pirB\'Ht..Jr,l g- 1.22: Kiul( ur,!, D (
t) e
0,61.546.10 rr
,lnjauelilp rra orBopor ua o6jerrrroor. Kora rreiy ll,. = =560nm.
oiiiexror u oSierrroor Hal NorKpocKonor xua cpcauHa 0,6
co l,lI,rleKc Ha npeKptllvBillLe /r Teop cKltTe npec
6poinara ancprypa Nroxe aa ce 3roreMrr r,rJnr co
McryBaFba 3a pa3to,'rHoro pacrojanuc S,. (pacrqjanuc
3fo"'tel\tyBarbc Ha afo,'toT l/ I'l"'t'I co 3]-oJIeMyBaILe Ha
rra Koe IBe ro.rKu cd yrlre ce rrelaar KaKo [Be) ro irhJrrKcr'r' Hr qPclilllryBaH^ rr. 6u4r'jr.rr BpcllH^crh Hd
!aBaaT u3pa3oT: sinr, v,'x,.;Ir ,-rr,r.re nu.irrs',r) l.u.6pojuare ancprrlr.,
c -r )) )' i. c( r,i,r(Itr,r nx,' \rcl) O6jet<ttto.,r
rrzrj.r.crru .
(12) nlrnalirlnl Hir\rrc'lr' Botr)\ rrrl H.KojJ r,,rH,'.'
' lr sil ri
T:rrsrr rr' "f'j, r. rrgu cr u.trcplutr,tu .tijeKfru6n.
'
 82 L 18. Oiu-Lt,trct! uHcutpy.MeHnr!. Jlyio u ,\tuKpocKou

EJIEKTPOHCKH MI4KPOCKOII IIPI{MEP 3. fla ce onpeTle.rn pa3Ae-!Ha,r.a Nro( na

erncKrpoHcK nr \IllKpL,cKon xr' Kni cnc\1p,,Hr,a
BxAoBNre AeKa 3a JIa ce:..ror'reNru pil3/le,rHa.ra rroNlriHa.[e wr3 rrorenquja.rua pa3,'trrKa oI 100 kV.
N{o( Ha N(r.rKpocKo]lo'r'. HeorxoAHo c [a ce .Ko]lrcl.rr Epojnara aneplypa Ha errreKTpoHcKlor Nrr.rKpocKon e
I.t0 '.
cBeT.nuHa co nolra,ra 6pauona ]Ionxl1Ha. 3a xaJr.
peHAreHcKoro u y 3paqer6cro ue Iroxe ga ce $o<y- ,4 -
clrprirr co ont 'rKri .tei . Mcf\ ror. rrrr;r p(tur'H iit. Peurenuc. Axo L/!100 kV. oI paBerrKal.a
Egno og Tue c cJteKTporjcKJ,rol.N{r,rKpocKolr Cnopeg Jle .
A
1,227 lll "-
Epo.rl'l. ceroja qecrurlil co t\{aca ,? Koja ce [BiJiKu co _. nl .

5p3rHa v noceAyBa rr 6panonn cBojctRa. BparroBara 'lu

AOIXUHa C 3aIaAerra CO pilBeHKaTa 3a opaHoBara [o,rx Ha ce A(J6llRa ]" = 0.00311nrl .

Pa:1e,ruoro pasoiaH c (c ce orrpcle,{ clopc[

(ll) paBeEKl ! a:
)-
c r t1
/7 e flraHKoBa KoHclaHra (r=6,625 l0! .ls). Ipr ' 24
IlOlII4HyBarbe Ha e"rleKTpoH co l\taca r7., u no,lllex e Hu3
norenurja rua I'iri.l Ki /. norcHUtti.r tHiTjt ( HL.ft i.l cu 0-o I 0-00111. l0 ') nr
J, - n-2J nnl
la eU. llplroa Daxul
NreHyBa I.t0
'l_oa e oKo,1y 2000 rrar. nor{aJro o.t.(o,t(v co
n1, \'' 1)rTr'trlK or \t,lKpocKon (Rxlcre Ipr,tucp 2).
2
--EIJ
Orry<a :a 6p:uuara Ha ereRl poHor ce Ao6rrBa

E"n
(14)
1. Ko,rraso uajlo,relro i!-o-rrctrynaH,e Nro)Kc Atl
oAHocHo. (ora paBeHKa.ra (ll) (c ce Brrece Bo (1.1). 3a ce AoSxe co,'ryrla tllro I,I]va ja.rr,rHa 20 l)?
SpaHoBara AonxxHa ce Io6uBa:
2. . Konraao noruu,r,"tJ"#'ill?;l'l?#]
",rrnn"
\lllKpOCi(oU rOj irva rto,rt rrl etFhU Hit LrKj,tdlr,rT 5.
( ls)
2eUnn a ua o6jc rrrreor 20.' (OUruBop: 100 nrru)
3. (3a 5-). Ko,rxae c uajlra,rr.ro r. 4crer,r, ua e71cH
Co :alrega Ha KoHcraHT Te Bo nocr'tegflaril paBcHli4. lpenapar xoj uoxe Aa cc Bl.rAt! co tlruKpocKon ].r
6paHoBara AonxliHa Ha cjreKTpoHo l_ c: nva 5pojna arrcprypa A=0.4, a ce Kopnclr
6,o25 .t0
3r co 6paHoBa Aor)Kr{Ha ).= 600 nm.
cBerJrr.rHa

16 l1,{o "LrJl " "? rc

I

--Tl0
1,22 . ')
(Ogrooop: 915 nn)

Crropcg roa. 3a eJicKTpoH Koi rroNruuaJr Hr3

O6iacuere rt
c.neAHuBe noIIMn:
noreHuujarHa pa3nriKa oI 50 kV cc Ao6xBa SpaH Koj - pacrojavre ua jacuo aJreAalsc
lrNta 6pauoBa AonxuHa i:0,0056 nm. uJTo e 3a oKor'ly -,'ryna
100 000 narr noMaJ.rar oA 6prHoBa.ra Aotr'rxltlra Ha 3foncMyBarj)e Ha nylla
B Ilt{Bnrir cBet,.tttttt. Tilkir cHonnr rncRtlr'H ce n,rijr- - MXI<pOCKOn
ByBa KaKo 3aMoHa 3a Br/ln Bara cner,r'juit. Bugejil - tfojle\r) Biltbc H3 \ ,txpocRUn
6paHoBara Aonxr4Ha Ha e-rreK!poHor e Mnory rroN,ra.qa - pa:4e"rra lro( ua ur.rKpocKorror
o/l 6paHoBara [oJl)KrrHa Ha Brr)ljit Bara cBer,r[rH:1. t\,loxc
la cc nocrrrrfle naHory [oAo6pa vo(
NfirKpocKonoT.
pa.tgc"'rrra na
E
t:t
fJrreeKe ttHqi,rprr.,ur.l.i rit orth'tt. re
3a dror<ycrrpaile Ha cJ'leKTpoHcKuoa cHon He ce
Koprlcrar or'f l,jrtKL JIeIiu. .fyKy c,'lcKTpfi.tHl.t u NtafHer u irHcTpyMeH r!t no5apaiTe Ha cr'reAHraa
aApcca: 'ldTcpHer
rro,'rxr!a. flllBr'r1c cc etr'reKTpocrarrrl,rKlr. 21 Bl.op Tc
NrarHcrHu ,'re(r. OoKycor Ha ,leixrc cc perynlpit co
http://miklo.magnet.lsu.cdu'loptics/indcx.html
nPoMeHa Ha eJle(TpllrrH()'l o I,tJltt NtilfHeTHoTo nor'te.
 I. 19. I4uQpa4paeHo r! y,lpmoarloneu-oao 3po.rcH,e 83

3paqer6e rrrro ro 3palru 3elljara ja Harvrura

l. 19.I4H@PAUPBEHO I{ aruocrpepara. Ha roj ua.uu rila xrpa yJrora Ha
YJITPABI{OJIETOBO 3PATIEIbE lorrJrorHa n:o:raquja roja !e 1o:eo.ryna Hr-r(e
3elrjara 6p:o 1a cc :ragu.
tr4H4)paqpBcriure 3parl[ ce noKol.]yBaar Ha
raKoHtrrc tltTo tsalhil r tj ta cBerl.jHcKl.trc rpitu!4 l(i
IIU{rpaqpeeuo 3paqerr e npeKprrlyBaar, pedl,reKTr,rpaar), nnrepQcpl.rpaa,r.,
rpnar TlrSpaxquja o! cooABerHn nperpcxu). Ton
Bo erreKTpor\'rafucrHc t'Hlro f crreKTap :uavu, ttH$paqpBerrlTe 3parlu i\{oxic Ia ce
rrrr,fprrupeeuor.r iplrcrbc c \r( r\ ltptsclilra rpa- cpoxycapaar co ofreAaJra n;rr.r ,re(lr r.lpa6oLcrrr'r
lllllLil Hll BllA.l14BilTll CBCTJ'IttHil ((,r 6ptHOBir oq cL)ollBCTHll rrlreptja,ru. laroa rncit'Iltft. rtil
JtoJt)KI{Ha oro,'t1t 760 nm r,ru 0.7 ptn) u lturpo6pa- eJr'reKTp[qHuTc fpeaJrKu ce locTaBeHrr no cporv
HoBnl'e (oKo,'ry 350 ptrn). trIucppartpBcHure 3partu cor Ha [apa6oJ'rI{(rH11 ofJreAaJra oI [oJ'I,Ip?ih nfi[{.
Ce ueBl,lAr_ll,lBll 3a OKOTO Hil r!OBCKO] laToa [lTO K,t;tol.re rr cKcncpt,t\rcHT. Koi nr tro r upn) Bil
Heuaii'r AoBoJrHo eneprnja Ia crufn;lt 11o Nrpe)K- oetrc cnojcL oit lra nu(rpaqpnenurc 3itiLrtrr. KaKo r
HUrlaTa Ha oKOTO rr Aa npe/IU3BDKaaT CBe'lr'[{UCKll TOa. AeKa CpeAr{H[Te KOr,r CC H.- trl]o8r'rji rr il 3a
alterta roK. Br'1/l.qfitsu'r'e 3parl]t rro){c Ila cc trpoatrlll[l la
l4rrcfpa qpre uoro 3pa(rcH,c ltr{il ct.tJrHo lrurfpar lpsc nnle 3paqu. e e(crcprr\lcHlol lil
u3pa ]elro TofitrroTHo 71e jcrno- TrHgal. npnraxa]l Ha c.r. L
flocrojar pa3Hr{ r.r3Bopr Ha uH(bparlpBeHo
3Darre!r'e. OKOny 50% oA cJ'leK'[polrafHerHr.ror
cneKTap Ha CoHrqero c Bo oBilil o5,racr. Egeu og
l,l3Boprre ron uajrecro cc Kopllcra r e B)KapeHara
lo,r(rpauoea xnvra. 14ltppaqpBeHx 3paqx ce
Ao6rBaar r.r oA eireKTpI{rteH raK.
llpartutnno. et[at( nctu, ilca poatrtrt ut
H!tRHttt!tn rrprrlt,t,\11 tttt iiitti. pOl!t\'l)0 I!utJlk !thtt
t't) trit u.t\)t[iHaiito r!.\'.ta. Ierlo(Ho ,spotaut ao
unrfpaqpaeuarua o6nact[t. Pa36rpnuBo, Ha
Cr. l. EKcnep[NreHTol Ha TxHIa,'l.
TeI{llepal'ypa 3pa(rerseTo r{r\{a [oro.ftcMa
IIOHLICKai
6paHc.Ba Ao,l)KnHa orKoJrKv Ha noBltcoK Te
TerrIIepaTyprl. Crax:rena ro,r6a e sanonnera co pacrBop
Herou cylcrauqnu cr{JrHo fo alcop6upaar na jo1 eo jar:repogeu qucy,r$ug. Oeoj paclnop e
[H4)paqpBeHoro 3pa(retr'e. a Apyru ce HarroJrno Harror,IHo IIpH !i HerrpoBr.rAeH 3a Br.rAJrlBaTa cBe.r-
rIpoIJnAH{ 3a oBa 3paqetr'e. Ha tpuuep. noqara ,rlrHa, ueiyroa, ro nporyura nnQpaqpneuoro
Koja e npoBr.rAHa 3a Br.rAJruBxor )IeJr oA cneKTapor, 3paqclbe Bo tttl,tpoK uHTepBaJr. Kora ro:r6ara e
KaKo II!34 y"rITpaBuoJleTOBIITC 3paqll. pe(IuCl.I Ha- rrocTaBcHa Ha raToT Ha rrapaJreJreH cHoII cBeTJ'ILrHa
lorHo ro arcop6upa r,rH(FpaqpBeHo'to 3partebe. lo6ueHa oA .qarrHa .rraM[a no3aAu Ko,'I6ara Ha
Krapqor rn ancopSnpa oBUe 3paq[ co 6paHoBa lrecroro -F rage ce QoryctpaH [ltd)paqpBeHr.rre
Io.lr)Kr{Ha Hail 1000 nm, al cor l'a rt{ Ilpollylxra Ao 3parl[ flap.re rlpna xaprr'rja Aocra J'recHo ce
15000 nn. Hano.ruo [poBrt11Hlr 3a oBa 3paqcrse ce 3a[aJryBa. Bo oaoj excncpltt'leH l craKJ.reHara KoJr-
f epi\'laHriynroT u cr{]r rrr lr.r y r\'r oT. 6a qejcrnyea raxo coSupua "le(a to vuj $oryc ro
3a xusoror la
3elrjara oA ltoce6uo 3Ha- ,irKoH Te Hr fcr,\rcTll4cKilTil 0rrrtla rperia aa cc
(reH,e e ctroco6Hocra ua narf parlpeenl,ITe 3paUu najge rtpHara xapluja:a llil ce 3afia.rr.
Aa
rrorlrlHyaaar Hr.r3 arrrocSepara. Ilolrnuyuaj(u un: tr4u+parlpBcHolo 3parrerbe ce Koprcrrr 3a
rr trtocrfcpa tl. nolrlll IP,\ cco I rIr prrcrjl orrruc rr [crr{TyBar6e cTpyK rypa] il qa aTorlrrTe Il }toJreKy-
aircoprqnja. c,raSee nnrfparqpBcuoro 3parreHre. ,rnre. tr4HSparlpncr{r'rc arrcoplr1roHr.r cneKrpir cc
Toa ro lo.rel.ra Nrepil 3lBlror !r oI He,luctojtrure Kopi,rc la r 3a uIcH'l utbr'tKar]uja ua cyncraHrlrrn.
uo rr rrrucrbepl lir. [l,rlll],ur .nci,prrUIrjl lir ott uoge- rcn[TyBaBc Ha llotcKvrr,r KaKO l,l 3a npovrrvBaH,c
Hara rapea. calro rlraJr nc:t o4 urrrppaqpaeuoro Ha pa3Hll ItHtepilKrlnu ua lrorexy,rilre. Bo npt
84 I . 19. I,IuQpa4peeHo u )1'1pu-aauoteLlioBo 3pa'telbe

peA Toa ce MoJreKyJrx oA opfaHcKa nplrpoga. flpu cnequlaJlHa rexHr.rKa Moxe Aa ce [paBaT Bo
uu$paqpeenara clerrpocxonuia eoAara He Mo)Ke rle,'IocHa reMHlrHa (uoftro r:regame).
lla ceKopr4crl4 KaKo pacrBoplBa't 6ugcjxt ro 3a pa:noior ua gerexqrjara Ha 3paqe$ero
ancop6upa oBa 3paqerbe. nprlAoHecyBaar rI BoeHlTe opraH]43auI4Ll KoI{
r,rnSpaqpeeuoro 3parrel6c r-o Kopucrar 3a ,'Ioun-
patuc Ha of'jcrr r rl BocHIr uerr ( rcHKoBt4.
,'lera,'ra). 3a HacoqyBat6e paKert'I t{ npoeKl l{JrI{.
I4H$paqpecuure racepfi cc Kop[crar 3a KoNIy-
HrlKauficKIt BpcKu ua 3enjara I{ Bo Kocr{ocor'.
14uSpaqpeenure 3paul{ ce [pxNIeHyBaar Bo
TexHuKara 3a cyrrrerLe Ha 6oLI. Keparlx'tKtI fi
lplrt4 llpcr't\rcrr: Bo lp(xpaHoeHata uu.rlctpti:
:a cyuerse :cuioge.!cKt.t npoIr3BoAIr.
Bo rurcguquuara nHSpaqpeeHure 3parlu ce
Kopr{crar eo Tlujarnocrurata tr repalnjara. 3a
TepaflrrcKu r]eJILI ce Kopucr't.l 3pa,{e}Le oA 770 Ao
Cil.2. I4H(bparlpBeHa Qrororpacluja nanparera o71
care;ruror IRAS Ha IreHTpaJ'lHxor AeJI Ha Halral r
<000 rrrn. [],rr o,tcvnr c opruout't qo,'txtlHu ja

ralaxcuia. trpr{TnpaaT r,r otUTeTyBaaT Ko)Ka ra.

Karo AereKTopI{ Ha uu$paqpaeuoro
tr4nSpaqpreHure :paqn uaoiaar urnpora 3paqene He ce Kopllcrar $Irnltout (Tfic ce ocer-
JrxBu 3a I < 900 nn). ryKy repivll,tcropu, roJ'ly-
npr{NreHa Bo nn$paqpeenara $ororpacpcra rxe-
nura. Co HrrB Nroxe ga ce goSlrjar NIHofy rIoKoH- cnpoBonHuqll! vl,tj orlop cr{J'Iuo ce HaMaJIyBa co
rpac'rnn cpororpa$uu na o6jerru rolr ce Ha 3roJ'reNryB:lbc Ha rer{nepa'rypara. $oroguoglt,
ro,relrn pacrojauuja. 3aroa rne ce Kopllcrar npLI rcpNroeJ'rervleHrr,r n gp. 3a cpo't'o1l,Iolnre o6uvuo
l.l3yrlyBalLe Ha IL'IaHeTHTe. SBe3AxTe' MafJII'HI'ITe. ce KopI,IcTIi lnsb u,'IIt HgCdTe.

Cr. 4. TepMorpanr Ha paqe're. a) npeA,6) no nyutc*e.

flo nyuerbero cc rneAa AeKa parlerc cc Iro,'trlllHrt.

Te,rqlo ua rloBeKor 3patrx uo ltHcppa-

rlpBeHarii oSlract. Kora oKoJIrIuarA IJNIa eIlHaKBa
TCNfnepaTypa co Tc,'loTo, Toa 3lla(r14 ToJlKy KonKy
C-n. 3. I,iriq)pirtpBcHa cpororpa$uja na a'tNroc+epara ltlro n alcop6npa, rla Hc ce:a6enexyta pa:,nnxa
ra 3eujara. lloL cwttu re otilarlr cc rio3arlleaurr oil Bo reMtreparyp;ira. Meiyroa. Korit rcltrlepa-
Typa'fa Ha reiloi cl c rlrl!'oJTe\Ia oA rerlllepaTYpaTa
Hl OKoI14llala. f('J'IOTO iPa'lI qOB(l\( OTKo]lKy
Onue ceojcrea ce Kopllcrar Li Bo NreAI4t(IJ- r[To aficop6upa. rI Toa 3pa(IeH]e tro)Kc lla ce
Harl. Kpx\lt4Hrnficrr.rKlr:r. acrloHortrtjr,rr,. t.x' pct-xcrprrpa ([orx poKo 3a 3aKoHl,rre 3a 3patle]5e
Hr{Kara.3a BoeH[ IIe,rIn x'rH. q)ororpa4][!,lre co (e Hay.rr.rre eo ror.raajelo 2.2).
 1. 19. AH&pal,pseHo Lt lr'rpluaslloJxemo60 Jpo\eH'e 85

Perlrcrpr.rpalLero Ha reMneparypara oA O6n.{Horo cranro ja ancop6lrpa yJrrpaBr.r-

qaaeH o6jerr Bp3 6a3a Ha npeur43Ha gerexuuja ua oJreroBara cBerJrlrHa co 6panona roJlxnHa rron
llHQpaupaeuoro 3paLretue ce suxa frepuoipa- 315 nm- AoaeKa KBapuHoro crar:ro ja aponyurr
tluja. Ilpwoa ce go6nra cJIIrKa HapeqeHa go 180 nm. flog gejcrro Ha yJrrpaBl{oreroBo
ruep,ttozpa . Toa uoxe ga 6uge Qororparp{a 3paqeH,e, S;ryopecquuor u ypaHlryuoBoro
rrlrr{ cJruKa o6pa6orena co rorunjyrep. Ha repr'ao- crax.no Qryopecqupaar co KapaKTep[cru(IHa
rpauor o6:racrlrre co pa3rurrHa reMneparypa ce serena 6oja. Pacrnop og xunuu cyrrpar u
o6ojyaaar raKa trrro rroreMrrara 6oja o:navyna nerpo:rej @ryopecqupaar co cuna 6oja. 3aroa
rroBr.rcoKa reMneparypa. flplrroa ce perrrcrpr{- Tr{e ce Kopr{crar Bo S;ryopecqenrnara
paalreMneparypHr.r pa3rnK oA 0,1 K. ulmpocxonuja. Y.nrparuoleronoro 3parrelbe ce
Kopr,rcrr{ Bo xpuvuuolornjara (:a yrapgyeane
laxrur 6asxgorn) Bo apxeororlrjara (cna6o
Ynrpaeno;reroBo 3paqerbe BIIIJIIIBI4 TeKCTOBI.I [peMaqKaHU cO J'IyMI4HlrC-
qeurnu r'.rarepuja:ru xora (e ce ocBeTJrar co oBa
Bo erexrpouaruerHr{or cneKTap Ha crpa- 3paqerhe Moxe Aa ce.{uraar). Y,nrpaauoreroro
Hara KoH noMarr.ne 6panoru go;rxuHr.r oA 400 nm, 3paqeEe ce ropucur xaj ;ryunnucqenrnlr rau6u
na cd go 10 nm e ynrpaBrroJreroBoro 3paqe*e. co Kor4 ce 4o6una "gnenua" cserruHa. Co
JryMHHr.rcqeHTHa aHaJrrr3a ce orrpeAeJryBa coAp;(u-
Hara Ha HeKoIr cyncTaHqlr[.
flpu cnexrpocxoncKrrre npoyqyBan a co
yJrrpaBr4oJreroBoro 3par{er6e, 6ugej(u roa ce
ancop6upa oa Bo3Ayxor r.r craKJroro, ce Kopr{crar
BaKyyM cneKTporpaQr co riprst'lu o4 Qlyopm
lrru gu$parquonn Mpexn(rKlr.

C,r. 5. YrrparuoneroBa c{u(a Ha rloBptullHara sa

3eMjara.

Oxoro ro ancop6upa oBa 3par{elLe Koe,

uaxo ulra eneprxja noroJleMa oA IanQpaqpneuoro
3paqe}6e, He Moxe Aa cTr.IrHe Ao MpexHsIIaTa I,I
Be(e 6nHc-
Aa npeArr3Br,rKa cBernr4Hcl0r BneqaroK. Cr. 6. C,rnxr sa serolrKy raJraKcr.rn Bo: a) yrrpaBflore-
Kfior ynrpaBuo,ler e HeBITAJIIB:a noroleu 6poj ToBa; 6) BrAJruBa cBer.nllfia.
ryfe. Oraa o6racr uoxe Aa ce perltcrplrpa co
noMorrr Ha Qryopecqenren eKpau (o[ qLrHK 3axouure na ancopnquja Bax<ar r.l 3a yJrrpa-
cyrQug). Expauor rr rro BuoJIeroBHor [eJI cBerlr BrroJreroBnre :paqt. flpery
yJrrpaBrroJreroBrrre
co se.neno-cllrxana 6oja. cneKTpLI Ha aroMr-{Te ll MoJIeKyJII.ITC ce go6naaar
I4:sopu xa ynrpaBr.roreroBo 3paqetse ce co3HaHnja 3a rpal6ara Ha HaABope[rHr{Te eneK-
ravuure rau6u, BucoKo 3afpeaHu MeraJIu fipu TpoHcKr{ cnoeBu Ha aroMltre. xaro r co:naulrja:a
6e.ro caereme, a rocror{ Lr Jracepcxo 3patrelLe Bo xeMI{cKI-ITe BpCXn Ha MOJIeKynnTe II HLIBHaTa
ogaa o6.nacr. LIcro raxa, noroJleMnor AeJI oA crpyKTypa, Yrrpaauoneroaara ancopnrlr4oua
cneKTapoT Ha x[BaTa e Bo oBaa o6racT. na 3aToa cnexrpocronuja qecro ce Koprrcr[ Bo MeAr{rInKa-
xnBnHrrre naM6u ce Kopl{crar Bo MeAI.IqIIHara 3a ra n 6no,ron.ljara 3aroa [rro e 6pra u npeqNrua.
gesunSexqr{a ua npoeroplr.i. Ha onoj naunn e orKpqeH flnrMeHTor rluroxpoM.
86 L 19. AuQpa4paeHo L! y,xp tazuoJleLlloso Jpo\eH,e

Yrrpaanoreronoro 3paqerbe lrua @oroxe-

lrzcxoro gejcrno, Mox(e [a [peArr3Br{Ka roJreMr4
rrpoMeHr{ na Qororpa@cxara euy:r:uja. 3aroa
yJrTpaBr{oJreToBrrTe 3paqr{ ce Kopr{cTaT 3a cTeprr-
rtuta\uja. IIpr
MoJreKyJror na
potrHr.rre
ancopnquja Ha oea :palerse xaj
IHK nacranyBa KuHerbe Ha BoAo-
BpcKr.r uerelbe ua aeojuara cnr4panf,.
fu;m1. 3oruro lolrefy qnennara lr no(uara reune-
parypa ua MecevlrHara nocron rorer'ra parrura?
3aroa nog qejcrno na rrH'reH3rrBHo yJrrpaBr{- 2. Koja e pa3JruKara noueiy y.nrpaeuore-
oJreroBo 3paqelbe uoxe ga gojle [o pa3opyBau,e roaoro lr nnQpaqpBeHoro 3pa'{erbe?
Ha rKrrBara. Mefyroa, MaJrr.rre Ao3rr og 6,rucruor 3.,[a:rn uuSpaqpBeHrrre rr yrrpaB[oJ'reroBr.rre
yJrTpaBrroJeT npeAr{3BuKyBaaT caMo rlnrMeH- 3pauu ce noKopyBaaT Ha 3aKoHrlTe Ha feoN{er-
raquja na Koxara r{ ce xopucnn. Tara p[cKaTa onTI{Ka IrITo Ba)KaT LI 3a CBer.J]r{HCKr{Te
,'reKyBatbero Ha pax rr,{Hr.rrc aa6oryBar6a co oBa :paqil? Haeegere ueKorr trprrMepr{.
3paqerbe pe3ylrrr{pa co co3AaBarr'e na D-srlraMur{. 4. 3oruro He Moxe Aa norrpu[Te aKo ce
Tpe6a ga ce 3uae AeKa uajroroguo BpeMe 3a cyHqaTe 3aA rrpo3opcKo cTaK,'lo?
coHqarr'e e rora aruocQepara He e npe3afpeaHa 5. 3ouro oKoro Ha qoBeKor He MoiKe Aa fo
u [pe3acxTeHa co BoAeHrr napu. nuglt ltHQpaqpaeHoro r.r yJrrpaBuoJreroBoro
3paqeH,e?
6. Onpege:rere rr $perseuqunre ua nu(rpa-
OII3IIKATA II EKOJIOTI4JATA upBeHoTo It yJlTpaBlroJreroBoro 3paqell'e cnope[
rlonaToIIIITe IIITO Ce AaAeHrr BO TeKCTOT.
7. Moxe JtIr co craKJreHa rrpu3Ma Aa ce
3a xl.rauor cBeT rJraBeH rr3Bop Ha yJrTpa- pa3Jlo)Kll Bo cneKTap LtrQpaqpneuoro u:ru
Br{o.JreToBo 3par{e6e e ConUero. Oq Conqero ua vlrpaBuoJleToBoro :pa'ren'e? A co guQpaxqlloHa
noBpul.rHara Ha 3elrjara r4.qc yJrrprBuoreroBo peruerxal
3paqe}6e co 6paHoBa Ao.,rxltHa )">290 nm, a S KaAe e HaJroJreM IIHTeH3I'lreror Ha
noKycure 6pauonu qo:rxunu ce ancop6npaH[ oA yJ'ITpaBr'IoJ]eroBI'lre 3paqu oA coHrreBoro
aruoc@epara. 3aroa osa 3paqel5e e [otoJ]eMo Ha 3paqeEe: Ha MopcKara rxllp' Ha rIJraHI{HcKIlrc
BlicoKr{Te rlJranrrnrr. BpBoBlI' Bo rocuocor?
llpu ilaeuuonejcrBo Ha yJrrpaBr{o.JreroBoro
3parrebe co K[cJropoAoT oA fopHr.rTe cJroeB[ Ha
arvoc$epara (crparocQepara) ce co3IaBa o3oH
(O). O:ouor ro
ancop6upa lrrerHoro
crrJrHo 4 I4r$paqpoenoro 3paqer6e e orKpueHo
yJrTpaBr{oJreToBo 3paqetle u fo npeTBopa Bo
1800 roA. oA ar-rrJl'rcKrior +n3ll.rap u acTpoHoM
Br,rrjau Xeprue,r xoj. epLlej(a cnriryBarsa co
TonJrrrHcKo.Ilocregnuae roAr{Hrr, KaKo pe3yJrrar ocerJrr.IB TepMoMerap, sa6enexa"r AeKa t,t no
Ha rrperoJreMo KoprrcrerLe na $peou (rac xoj ce 4pBeHaTa cBeTJlrHa aocrolr 3patrerle.
Kopr.rcTr{ Bopa3JraAHr{ ypeArr r{ 3a HeKo
cnpejoaut. Hc caMo [tro cc hi]\'taJl le6e,,rxHara + Y,'lTpaBloreroBoro 3parrerie e
Ha o3oHcKr,ror cloj ryxy ce co3,qaloa ri "o3oHcK[
orKplreuo Bo l80l fo1xHa oA repMaHcKrlor
gynru" (oco6eno naq Anrapxruxor). Eay-rHI,t( Joxan Bo"'IacloH L oA auf.nxcKtrot
nay.rnux Joxan Pnrep. TBe 3a6erexJrne lleKa
+orofpa+cKa nlroqa noreMnyBa x 3aa
Bro-rteToBa l a cBel JiIHa oa coHrlcRl{oT cneKTap,

O6jacHere rn cneaHnBe rror{M[: +- Bo 1959 r()llrHa. cl) r'epNiorpaNr 3a npR

taT e Ja6ciicxaHi jro.qci{cHa rer{neparypa oA
- y.nTpaBroneToBo 3parrelre Tyr'rop Ha AoiKala. flporrcunrr: Bo tc\trrcparvpala
- un$paqpoeno :paleu,e ljil Koxara peQneKTrrpra'r pill",llrFr'r Bo KpEot()Kor
- replrorpacfuja I KltB.r'l:1 no! Ru:dilI:1. tuf!r ll,rai:tI lltjlTu,rcrr"r,rr
- "o3oHcKn Ayrr(r" ruudopuaunu.
 l.20. P,ti'tuot pnuttttatja 87

Qlevlrnr ja u:yrulln Bar{yyMcKara Axoga,

1.20. PAAIIOTPAHCMMCI{JA [e <Dopecr ja lr:yulu rpr{oAara.
noAorlHa, JIlr
Passojor Ha oBaa rexHlrqKa Al,Icqururr,lHa no AeH-
aeHecKa e I{HTeH3IIBcH rI e uIaBHo ycnoBeH on
HarrpegoKor Bo Susurara Ha rroJrycflpo-
n MUKpOeJIeKTpOHr.lKa.ra.
i * BOAHTTUT{Te
PaII orexHuKara ce 3acltoBa Ha npo-
u3BeAyBaISe, eMrITIIparie I,1 flplreM Ha paAr.lo-
\ 6panoeure. HeonxoAno e npoyrryBanc u Ha
I rl HaqnHoT Ha npocTltpabe Ha
ycJroBr{Tc paAr.lo_
5pauoeure.
ua npouaoiavlrre noBp3aHr,t co
I,Ii\rI,lILara
pagrorelerpa$njara: Mapronu, Tecra l,r flonoe,
ce rroBp3aHx co IIpBaTa ycnellHa npl{Mena Ha
ereKTpoN{afHercKure 6paHoB}t 3a npeHoc Ha
nuQopr'laquu. Ilpugonecor Ha HayqHrrKor
Hlrxo.ta Tec,ra na oBa nolre c rlHory roJIeM.
3a ogpxyeane Ha pa,JuotspcKu le HeonxoAHo
e locToetne Ha llpeAaBaTer r{ [pIieMHuK.
llpelasalelor ce cocrotr oA ypeg rxro
npor{3BeAyBa cltHycHr.l eJreKTpoMafHeTHLl
ocqulraqutl (ocqr. rarop), N{oAy,'rarop, 3acrrJ'ryBaq 14
Od fre"teautucttofro cfryduo sectiutue rrpcAaBareJIcKa aurena. Agtenara npercraByBa
od{tut ao ttueo u
ednoepetterrc .Mnrcaii dq ,u Nlerareu crrpoBoguur <oj e npr{KryrreH Ha
inedaafi tnedaqutue od ye.tarua Senjunq fiofirca. 3acr'rJrytsilrror Bo Koj ce no6yAyBaar cJreKTpxrrHri
fieueunuqatua He oJrce aefte da ce lauucnu 6e:l ocrlllraqux co roJreMa MoiHocr. llpxroa
tue,tcxonyauxa4uufie ua deaeruuoruo paaeojno HacTrH)aai:lr encKlpoMafHctcK oct[.1,'llu I Koi
u u a o : pa d u otu o, fr e"t ee u t uj a fria, catu en uta cxuofr ce rllupaT Bo nPocTopoT Bo BxA Ha
upeuoc us un(top.taquu. unruepuaurofr, e.JreKTpor{arHerHr{ (paglro) 6pauoru.
nodu"oaurue frene(touu fia u IIIC (i"toSautuotu flpllvenu<ot na onte 6pauour,rj r{cro raKa,
oaurywtupauru utc ieu). Tpe6a Aa rllra aHTeHa, 3acuryBar{, IleMoAyrarop,
Pa.rcojoiu ,ta iit"texouynurca4uuiit' nrc<o$peraeHrcn 3actiJlyBarr u nperBopaq
o6ea6elyea a6,auJn:y6aH'e Ha voeeK co voaeta, (3By.rHuK).
tioneuyaan e ua uutfopuupanocuta .ta c"ty,ty- Elrrlrupaulme eJreKTpoMafHer.Hli ocqrrlraIIIIu
aatr'a q eo c+eriofu, dociiiq aocut ua unrfop- Bo lpreMunr{Kara aHTeHa (c.r. 3) ungyqupaar
uaquufre od qe"tuout ceei , docrua uocut ua eucoxoQpexaenrut eJreKTpu(rHu ocquraquu co
<'cei cxatua "tufrepatuypa u co.lnanujataa upexy MHofy Malra Mo(Hocr. Taxa, cla6ure ocqrrJraquli
unfrepuewoi eo eqwuiie do"uoau Tene- rroroa co rroMotrl Ha aucoxo$perneuren :acn-
xouynuxaquui e R' oHu? ui|o iiocuteueno io J'ryBaq ce 3acr,l.JryBaaT, AeilroAyjrnpaa'r (cnfHa,'roT ce
Itpetueopaafr caeruotu eo edao "inoda,,rno ceno". ogaojyua oA Hoce(rKr.tor 6paH), nosropno ce
3acr:rnyBaar co ullcxoSpexneureH 3acllJtyr]a.r r.I Ha
Teaexouytutrcuqulrile, eoonutlo, npercra-
KpaJoT BO 3ByarHrrKOT Ce rrpcTBopaaT Bo 3ByK.
BVBaar rrpeHccyltaH,e Ha r,lHOoplraqltu (cluxa u:ll
:tByK) Ha llane.trlra [o )KIrteH r.I.[n tlo 6e3x[nieH
Bo xollorcua cpeAr{Ha ereKTpoI\,IafuerHure
6pauonn ce tlpoc.mpaar npanoluutrcru. OgTlale-
IIaT (co [oMorll tra e]reKTpor{afHercKu 6paHoBLI).
rreHocra Ao <oja uoxat Aa crr{rHaf [opaAII
3aKpI{BeHocra na 3elljara e penal.lrBno t\,ra:ra
E,reueuru Ha paAlrorexHr.rKara
(AecerriHa rn,roiverpu).
l,Icxoplrcr'1'aau,cr.o Ha pa/IHoOpaHoBr.rre 3a Mcfyroa, ytrITe co rrpBllre eKcncpur{eHTr{ Ha
rpenoc Hil llrQtopvaqnrl no 6e3)K[.reH lar Mapronu. el\'rr{Tr.Ip:it{ure pa;no6palotu oI
3aIroqHaJIO [a rotlcroKot. Hit XX or ner. Orraxo Eepona, 6u,re np t\.leux u ao Ceoepaii ANlepnKa.
E8 L)0. P l otapaH1tu(u ju

O6jacuyaanero crIIfHil:ro HeIxro roaoUHa oA Oloj rrpo6.lcv e lle[reH co roil Ilro BllcoKo-
Xcnncajg, cnopeg roj [pueNror e i\ro)Ken rlpcKy rpperrerllntttc oclll{Jraqux (peA fo,TcvtrHa oA I
I'cdncKc ja tir Ha g.,'tcKTpoi\4ll Herutt tc ,5plrHonr 000 000 Hz) ce Kopr{c fa r KaKo HocerrKl,l 5ptH. a Ha
xoH 3elrjara oA ropHl4l'c joutt:upaun cJroeBll Ha HUB Ce BTlrCn]'rJaill OCIIUlraqrJI,rTe CO 3BytIHaTa
arnoc$epara (c,r. I ). cppexreuquja (cnrHa,'ror'). Oeoj npouec e [o:]Har
xaxo nody,ta4uj4 x cc oIIBxBa Bo AeJror oa
paduoltpedteauteLroia roj cc HapeKyBa \Io4y
,rarop. llpnroa ce goSrraar NroAyJILlpaHIr BLIcoKo-
(lpcr.ucrrrl,l rrculnru14'rujlr I\'lllr'lllTylliI
BpeNreflcKIt cllHXpoHo ce \lcHyEil co ftpoNfeHI{Te Ha
3By,rHr{or crrrHan (c,'r. 2). flo :actt,lyean'ero,
NroAyJ'rl{paHr{or eucoxoQrpcxueH.rcH clrrHaJI ce
sogtt tn upeiocaute.tcxaiuq ouiiun xoia tp:t'ttt
\luly"lllpirHl,l \"lcK lPo\lirl ll\' I cKx 6pilHOB14.

./\a a. i.,'.,. a 1,,: | -!, ,':'.

I t't
ll
jJ:.t;
H('cc,rK
C;r. 1. ()/16 Barr,e Ha pa,llro6paHoB Te o1iortoccpepa ra
( lr.Hair

[loqouu;r In,rr ou rrorilxl,'t [ell nocr ojit t

noee(e tsaKB[ joursupann cJIoeBu oA -Monynupan

aruoc$epa ra Kon ia tl6pa3yBaar joHocQrepara xa
nncuna o,q 60 go 300 KLUIoNIerpx. Jonr:aqujara ua
OBI'IE BO3AYIXHIi CJTOEB!'I HACTAHYBA OA
KOCMr;IqKl{Te 3parle}5a I{ OA coHtlcBll'le 3pa]u{.
E,raroqapeHnc Hl peS,rcxctljara Ha
paguo6panonflre oII oBr'Ie croeBl{ (cerere ce
eJreKTpoMarrrerHltre 6pauoru ce pc0nt:KTI,Ipaar
oA crrpoBoAHa cpellxHa, rrofraBjc l.l0) e
oBo3MO)KeHO HIIBHO TIpOCTr]lparbe II npXeNI Ha Cn. 2. AMn,'ruryAHa Mogy:Iaqnja: nocc.tru 6pau,
pacrojauuja oA HeKoJrKy ntriaglt ru:rotuterptr oq curna,'r u MoAynlpaH 6pau. Crruaao r e eAerl rou Ea
rrpeAaBaTeJ'roT. 3By.rcH 6paH.

Paquo Bo upueunutxafra aufreaa oB e palxo-

6paHoBH ce npu$a(aar co noMollr Ha pe3oHaHTeH
<DpexeenrHoro noqpavie Ha 3ByKor ce Kpyr Ir Bo cryvaj na pe3oHaHc ce rrHAyqupa
rrpocrrrpa oA oKorry 20 Ao oKoJry 20 000 Hz.3a MaKOrMaJrHa eJreKrpoMoropHa cnna (EMC).
flpeHecyBatue Ha -]B) 'rHa urSopuattuja Ha roJ'rcM r.1
flprrroa, nporeKyea crpyja rxro IrN{a uc.r o6nnr
AaJreqriHrr e norpe6no rperBopalre Ha 3ByKor, (aMr.rfiry[a lr Qpereeuqnja) KaKo rr Moly-
roj npe'rcraayaa MexaHlrrtKI,I ocqLrJIaIIII'I, Bo .rrrpaHrror 6pau (cn.3). Elrlejftr crpyjara e
eJreKTp[.rHrr ocuuJraqlru, a floToa Bo e]reKTpo- ancoxo@pexneurua, raa He Mox<e Aa no6yAu
MarHerun 6panoeu. Bo r'rurpoQonor 3ByvHrITe ocrlrrJlltpalLe na ueu6paxa Ha 3ByrIHuK urlt
ocrluJrarltrfi ce nperBopaaT Bo cnHxpoHl4 c,,r) [taJlKt{. na iaroa e norpe6uo 3B) 'rHara
eJreKrpr.rlrnr'r ocu naqu[ na crpyjara. 3nyvHuor KoMnoHeHTa (clrrnaror) ulro 6erue BTncHara
(MoAy .rpaHa) Bo Hocevxuor 6paH ga ce oAAeJrrr, It
crrfHar ce llperBopa Bo eJleKTplIqeH. llpuroa ce
go6lraaar ereKTp[rrHu octll{Jlal{rru rou 6tl caMo raa Ila ce fl)trtrx ttttt rsyvHtrxor ra [a ia
\4oxene aa cc npeHecar na pacrojaune Bo Bx[ Ha npxABux<x MeM6paHara.
eJreKTpoMafHcrnrr 6panoell. Ho, elerupollar- flpoqecor na pargrojyneme Ha 3ByqHI{or
nerulne 6paHoeu co raKB[ nucru Qperaenqlltl. ,_
crfHaJI oA Hoce{Kllo'r e rro3Harar KaKo
He ce noroAH[ 3a o[pxyBal6e Ha paAuoBpcKlr. denody,ea4uja xoja Mo)<e Aa ce rocrrrrHe co eAHa
 l. 2 0. Ptt d uo aupa Hc.Muc uj a 89

fIPETABATEJII

npegaaatelcra'-
AHTEI{A
@
@

Ca. 3. flpeuecynarle Ha 3ByK Ha aareqrrua. flpuuqrn ua paauo.

IIcIpaByBalKa r]orycIrpoBoAHrrqKa r{JIlr BaKyyMcKa KoJro Ha rrprrMcHlrKor (cr.5).

AroAa (c,1. 4).
Ha roj navnu Hu3 c,'ryluarKr.rre goafa cauo
eAHOHaCO9HaTa KOMrrOHeH',Lil.
Bncoro$peraenruara KoMrroHeHTa ce
rrpr.rAyrxyBa co [roMorrr Ha UHAyKTIBr.rTeToT lllTo fo
rlMaar cJryrxarKlrre (Cerere ce r.rHAyKT14BHlrol'
orrrop e npo[op]ploHaJreH co $perrenqujara,
Rt = aL, rla 3aroa npr roJreM uHqyKTrrBr,rrer u
eucora Spexreuquja, uocevruor crlrHar ce
npngyuryaa). Ha roj uauun rroMrrHyBa caMo
nr.rcxo$pereenruara AeMoAyJrrrpaHa KoMrroHeHTa.
MelrdpaHara Ha 3ByqHr,rKor rroqHyBa Aa ocquJrlrpa
co raa Speraeuqlrja lr Aa npon38eAyBa 38yK.
Bareuor nprreM Ha 3ByK
r13fJ]eAa coceM eAHocTaBHo, Cn. 5. Ce,'reKTUpaH,e Ha caKaHara QpeKBeHurcja. A(o
HO MOXe Aa rrOCTOn CaMO KOfa caxare ga ja clyuare rrpBara flporpaMa Ha
Mo(Hocra Ha cutHaJror trrro MaKeAoHcKoro paA'lo, Tpe6a Aa ro HaMecrure

F
fo npr{Ma aHTeHaTa e AoBo,'rHo npucMHxKor Ha 820 kHz.
foreMa r{ Kofa nocrou caMo
eAeH rr3Bop
ereKTpoMaf HeTHrr ocqt,lJ]aqur{. Ocqll:raropuoro KoJIo ce cocrolr oA HaMorKa co
Axo ncroepeneno nocrojar u npoueu,rla KoHAeH3arop co
lrHAyKTnBr{Te'r (Z)
MHory raKBn 6paHoBn Bo Kanauurer (C). TaKa concrBeHara Spernenqnja
lpocTopoT co pa3J'IuYHrl Ha KOJTOTO X3HeCyBal
nocevru SperueHIIIIrr rofarx
Cn. 4. AeMoAy"rarop
raxo (e ce oAtsorl oHaa ]To
co noirycnpoBo[-
caKaMe Aa ja lpul'rulre? (l)
HI,ITIKA [UO[A
Tarcoro oqrojyrame ce 2rJrc
HapeKyBa dofiepyaan'e na
upu-ueuurcoru Ha oApeAeHa 6pauoaa go,rxuua. Co Lreuyean'e Ha BpeAHocra na ranatgl'telto:t C
florepyran ero ce rocrnrnyBa co roa urro (pareura 1) ce lolepyea colcrncuara Spex-
crrfHallor oJJ arrrelrara ce BoAr.r Bo ocuxnaropHoro eentlujl Ha ocql,lJlaTopoT Ia ce I,I3eArlarru co
90 1.20. Paduotupancnucuja

Qpexaeuqlrjara Ha paguo6paHoBrrre, rora r TpaH3T,ICTOpCKITOT 3aCI,lJlyBar{, HO e HeKOJIKy rIaTIt

HacraryBa pcsoHaHc. fla Bo roj cryqaj 3acr-rJreHa.Taxa 3acHJIeHa raa Iloroa ce
r{}rAyurrpaHrror HarroH e naxcr.rualeH. llopagu ne\.Ioqyn pa Hr.r3 [eMoAyraropor (Ar4onaTa x
roa, eucoxoQpeKBeHTHara crpyja (e craue rrHAyKTxBHr.ror eJreMeHT oA c.ryrxaJrKrrre).
HairoreMa. Orryra u treMotry,rxpaHara crpyja uur ,[euxerse ua I'reu6panara Ha cJry[raJrKure
cryuarKITe (rey.rutror] le 6uae Hajro,'rcua. (:syvuuqure) npeArr3BrrKyBa caMo AerloAy-
tr4croepeueno" 3a crrre Apyrrr Qpereeuqun uno JlllpaHara Kor{IIoHeHTa roja ce uenyna so
cTxfHyBaaT qo npl4eMrr[qKaTa aHTeHa pxra\4or Ha rByqHara $per'seu urja.
I{HgyqupaHrror HaIIoH (e 6lrge ual, na rrle HeMa
Aa rrpeArr3Br.rKaaT ocUI{JIaIII{n Ha MeMOpaHaTa fi
HeMa Aa ce c.JryrxaaT.
O6jacuere rn c.neAHrrBe rrouMrl

- TeJle(OMyHrrKaq'lLr - MOAyJrarop
3aclr;rynau
- [pe)]aBaTeJr - 3acfiryBaq
npueMg!1K - AeMoAyraTop

l. Karo (e ja o6jacurme rrojanara urro na uexoj

r'fccla He ce cJryuaaT KpaTKll pagno6pauonn?

2.3oruro He ce cJlylua, uJrx rroMaJrKy ce cJrV Ia

pagro ro ryuel?
C,r. 6. 3aclrryna.l no cK,'rorror Ha paAuonpxervrHr.iKo.l..
3. Karo rpe6a Aa ce flpoMeHr.t Kanaqr.rreror Ha
Jawrnara Ha crpyjara no usBpueHara
KoHAeH3aropor xajlpueuuoro KoJro aKo caKar{e
geuoay,rrurja Haj,recro e \4Hory c,lr6a u He \4oxe Aa cr'ryuHeMe paaliocTaHr.rqa co [oroJleMa
6panona golxuna?
[a ja rIpI,tgBnx]r MeM6paHara Ha 3ByqHrrKorj na
3aroa e norpe6Ho cufHaJlor. Aa ce 3acrrJrr{.
3acurynamero ce BprxeJro nopaHo co 4.Karo cu ro o6jacuynare og6naau,ero na pagno-
6pauoeure og jouocrpepara?
eteKTpoHcKrr :raLr6r.r, a aeHec II co TpaH3rrcTopr.r.
E[en raroe etHocraBcH Jacuryaar ua voiuocr 5- Haiterc Koja e Spexeenqujara ua aaurara naj5,rlrcra
co MOSFFT rpaH rucrt-rp xoj ce naoia eo cx.nono r noKanHa panroclJHr.rua. BRny,rere j:r na eautero
Ha eAeH paAI{olpIIeMHr{K e AaAeH Ha [IeMaTa oA paAr.ro.
ctt.6.
Cererurpannor MoAyJrrrpaH 6paH ce o. Opr arl,rrupaj re noce ta Ha aexoja
AOHeCyBa Ha BJIe3OT Ha eAeH TpaH3LICTOpCKn paArrocraHr{qa Bo 6,rugunara Ha Bartero
'rac nyBa,t noMeiy HeroB14or e\4xrcp x 6ara. y qur'r urrrTe.
I,h,re;or ua oBoj ,acx,lyBa,r ce lcNra noMer)
eMuTepoT, KoJ e 3aeAHlrqKrr r;r 3a BJIc3oT Il 3a 7. Bo ucropnjara Ha paA[orrpeHocor roJrerra
14 ,re tor. llKoJ'rcK t opo r KaKo 3acrreHt crpyia na yr'roia rrMaJr Hlrxola Tecla. lloSapajrc ao
KpaeBIITe Ha eAeH ornopHxK R. Crpyjara _ruro 6u6,rrorera KHr{fa, uJIII Ha [HTepHer cooABerHa
Tcrrc HIi3 oBoj ornopHnK ce NrcHyBa tso puraMor Be6 crpaHa u npovrlrajre [orurlpoKo 3a HeroB[Te
Ha crpyjara rxro ce IIoHecyBa Ha Bre3or Ha eKcnepxrleHTr{ co paAfi o6panoBlrTe.
 l.2l. Te'teeutuia 91

unQopuaqr.rjara 3a cHr.rMeHara cJrrlKa Ir 3ByKor

1.2 l. TEJIEBI{3I,IJA- no4rnxuu c.ruru luro ja creAr.r.
Cnlrrara lrox<e Aa ce npeHece orKaKo nperxollHo
orrrr.rrrKrror nr.rr (e ce [perBopu Bo e.reKTprrqeH
3arruc, a Toa fo oBo3MoxyBaaT eleKTpoonTr.rq-
KrrTe nPeTBapaql UJIIi TeJIeBII3I{CKIITe KaMeprr.
flpnuqlrnor Ha npeHecyBal;e Ha cJrrrKa Ha
e r{AeHTItqeH co npeHecyBarbeTo
AalreqrrHa Ha
sayror. Kaj rerenlr:lljara nocrou lorpe6a oA
eAHOBpeMeHO npeHecyBal6e Ha 3ByKoT rr cJrr.rKaTa.
Toa ce nocruruyBa co roa flrro cJrrrKara ce
BTrrcHyBa Bo HocerrKllor 6paH KaKo aMnJrr.rryAHa
uogynaqr.rja (AM). 3nyxor, naKj ce BrrrcHyBa
KaKo OpeKBeHrHa uogyraqr.rja (FM). Ha c:r. 2 e
npl(a)KaHa npr.rHrlxrrreJrHa cKr{rla Ha AM u FM.

Cn. l. Onpeua no eguo reJleBu3xcKo cryrllo.

Kora r:regare re,reru:luja Brle Ha eKpaHor

BcyurHocr r,'Icntre ,1xKoB14. HacraHri n qejcrauja
llITO Ce OABnBaaT Ha HeKOe Apyfo r{eCTO, BO
ItcTI,IoT Mol{eHT ItJIr{ Bo fleKoe l,rnnaro epeue (na
npr.rMep Bo Oxpug, Mr{Haroro Jlero).
H tutHou- uo t<ojtttuto ce (tup,uttpn ctrrt<rr r<oj
utt'lttltJttjrtiiitt .uotte do ce pat6epe nxo CC
sToteuu e<)utt crurco od ie,nmeH eecuurc. Ha
cJ'ulKau-a fte ce stt1enettcaul tlto.!rcu, od rcotL edutt
ce o,uarllt a dpyTtt uoTonent.
I4croro e u xaj qpno-6e:ruor eKpaH. Ha Ca. 2. AM r,r FM uogyraqnja.
HopMaJrHo pacrojauue Ha Koe ce rreAa
releau:uja, pacrojauujara Mefy ro.rKr.rre He ce
fJreAaaT. na aroBeKoT fJIeAa r{ucTa fiIIKa Ha
JrrrKoBrrre. AKo ce cHuMeHu ABlrx<etl,a, cJIIrKIrre ce
MeHyBaar raKa uro Bo ceKoja ceKyHlla ce Torenn:ucxa xauepa
lpo)KeKTrrpaar [o 25 cruKu. Oxoto oglte cluxn
ru rJre[a KaKo rroABIr)KHa crvKa. ITpedasaH'e Lt EAeg ol ocHoBHlire [eJIoBIt Ha rereBr43rrcKlror
up!lct Ho trod tNntt cJ,luKu Ho pactuojoutte co npeIIaBare,l e reneBn3ucKara rauepa co vrja
l!o.uout Ho er,leK!!Ipo n?H?nHtr 6ptuoatt ce ettxtt noMoUI cjltlKaTa Ce npeTBopa Bo eIeKTp qeH
fieneeuauja. CI{fHAJI.
3a ga ce ocrnapu reJIeBIt3IrcKIror rrpeHoc, flpnurlnnor Lxro e cKoptrcreH Kaj HajeAHoc-
r.rcro KaKo r xaj paluonpeuocor. Tpe6a aa flocror4 TaBHIIOT TIrn KaMepa e npOMeHaTa Ha OTfiOpOT Ha
TeJreBrr3r{cKr npeAaBaTeJI It TeJreBr{3ucKI4 eAeH noJrycnpoBoAlrltK Kofa Ha Hefo rie naAne
npIer'rHr{K_ cBerrI.IHa (Qorope:ncrop). Ha c:ruxara 3 e gagen
npuHqlrnor ua Qopuupan'e ruK Kaj co6[pHara
Ilpno-6e.ua reJreBr3rj a ,'re(a. Cera S;ryopecqenrHlror eKpaH Mr4crroBHo
Aa fo 3aMeH[Me co rroJlycnpoBoAHa nlloqKa cMec-
Bo npeqanare:ror ce o6e36eAyBa Ao6uBarie Ha TeHa Bo cnerlrrjarHo r,r3pa6oreHa KaroAHa qeBKa.
ene KTporra fHere H 6pan tttro ja Hocl
92 L2l . Teneqrcujo

3Haqrr AeKa Ko,'rKy e noJaKa cBcTJIr{HaTa rrrro fo

ocBerryBa norycnpoBoHrrrKrror Sorocnpoeoq-
H'ItIKU EJ'IEN'IEHT TO''IKY C TIO|OJICM I43JIC3HIIOT
HATIOH.
AKO Cefi) ACKI CI{CTC\4OT ,rCilt COrgaea
'cNrcMC
rlrx ua $oroclpoBo4Hr,rKor, u aKo eAHoBpeMeHo
ereKTpoHcKlloT cHol c( ,qBllxl,l flo Hca fi ja
cKeHl4pa pea no petl. lofau 3,'ic rHI4oT HalloH (c
Bapr{pa co ocBer,'reHoc'ra Ha AeJIoT oA rIJIoqaTa
rrrTo Bo AaAeH MoMeHT ce cKeHltpa.

Tpancuuclrja na curua.ror

C"r. 3. Cserruuara roja ro uanyurra npeAMeror co Curnalor tu:to ce go6nea oA KaMepara ce

noMolrr Ha craK.[eHa,'re(a cc +oKyclrpa Ea BrncHyBa (MoAyrrapa) Ha HocerrKr4or 6paH - UHF
OJryopecrre HT9H eKpaH r +opMnpa,'rr'rK. (yrrpaBncoKa {rpexneHuuja) r{ TaKoB ce eMr4ryBa
Bo rrpocropor o[ TeJreBlr3r{cKr{or npeqaearel. Og
Ha crpauara oA Kajuro Aoafa cBerruHara Ha
npeaaBaTejtcKaTa aHTeHa cc lpaqar cneKTpo-
rroJrycnpoBo[H[qKa IIJloqa e HaHeceH TeHoK
MarHercKH 6paHoBu Koj ja uoiar ru$opva(njara
cnpo8oAeH x nposl.rpeH croj Koj e noBp3aH co
3a cJrnKara Bo cI,ITe npaBIrIL Teresll:ltcrnor
cnpoBoAHI.rK co HaABopeIIrHo eJIeKTpIITIHO KOJrO
npeHoc c MoxeH caMo co noNlol-u ua 6pauoan ao
KaKo Ha cruKara 4.
yrrrpaKparKo 6pauoeo nogpauje. Taxnnre 6pa-
Og clurara Mo)<e Aa ce BITAI{ AeKa eJIeKTpIrr{Horo
HoBn ce [pocrlrpaar np;rBo,'Il.IHI,Icrn. 3aroa e
KOJrO Ce BOCTTOCTaByBa noMefy CnpOBOAHLIqnTe,
Hy)KHO Aa Ce [OCTaByBaaT TeJIeBLI3I{CKI{ aHTeHIt
Ii3JIe3HIrOT OTnOp R U IOJTyCIpOBOAHTTKOT KOra (e ru np Maar r.r npeHecyBaar 6panoanre ua
ror.r
eJIeKTpOHCKaTa nyrXKa rrpor43BeAyBa eJleKTpoH-
cKn cHorr xoj rafa ua norycnpoBoAHara [roqKa.
rorevr pacrojaulrja. Bo Haurara :cvja nva
noseie raxglt perejHlr anreulr, oA KaAe Mo)Ke [a
Kora ua xauepara He rIafa cBerJrrrHa (coceM e 6ugar rpuuauu cllfnarIt oA none(e'ro tele-
TeMHo), Tofau orlropor rra no.JrycnpoBoAHlKor e Br.r3r.rcKu npeAaBaTeJrI,I.
MHory roJreM. rra crpyjara ruro (e noreee HI4t
xoloro (e 6llAe ua,ra. Ho, xora ceer,l Ha naia Ha Te,renu:r.rcxn npueuuux
noJlycnpoBoaHl-tKoT, Tofarlr HefoBrror ornop
MHofy ce HavanyBa. Hr3 KoJ,roro rorexl sa nojaxa Pncnaepor (rpueuunror) Ha TB alaparor ro
crpyja. na lr3lre3Hr'ror orrra,r. rojnto e na[ Ha co6lrpa og aHTeHara eJreKTpoMarHerHr{or 6pan.
HanoHor Ha ornopHuKor R, e nocunen. Toa Clllra,'ror uro ja uoor cr Kara ce oaoojlua oa
HOCeqKnOT Opan r{ ce npeT-
Bopa Bo rrpoMeHruea crpyja
CBETJII,IHA OA eJreKTporrcKa (cauo curna,r). Oeaa'crpyja
.c4eHaTa rryruKa noroa ce tlcnpa(a Ao Aeror
oA KarogHara qenra urro ja
KoHTporxpa javuuara ua
crpyjara ua ereKTpoHcKnor
CHON BO TCJICBI,I3UCKATA
KaroAHa qeBKa.
"reia og HanpaBeHo e eJreKTpoHcK14-
KaMepaTa IIJI o I
cHolr Aa [oMnHyBa npeKy
\ I,I3JIE3CI.I CIITHAJT
TereBrr3r{cKno'f eKpaH l,lcTo-
I
BpeMeuo KaKo eJreKTpoH-

Cr.4. flpr.iHuunre.'rHa llrcNra Ha rerctsr:iltcKl Kaitepa. Bo Hea cBer.nr.iHcKltor

cKr,ro'r' cHorr raj xaucpara.
cxfHaJI ce IIpeTBopa Bo eJIeKTpt{tlerr. TaKa c,'l[Kara uro 6u,'ra
 L2l. Tene'rcLtja 93

cHuNleHa u er{rTyBaHa ce pe[poAyl{l{pa BepHo. :e;rena u cuna (or. 6).

14uax1' ruarpcuua fil cTpitHa Ha re,tcBlt3ltcKl4or CeKoia oA cenapnpaHrrre 6orr ceer.rrrrHa ce Hocrr
e Kp.lH ( ,ruJ.toxc il co lu'lL NI oprti 11;11' n"tno Ao rIeBKr,r (crr.r.rHlr Ha oHaa on rlpHo-oerara
pacnopeAenx Bo 625 ,rfiHlfl4 (c.r. 5) Kolr ce KaMepa) Korlja npernopaar Bo eJreKTpl4,ie!{
H.lrrlillrr'llr ou rpocrpop,cttcurHa varepuja crlnrar. Ha roi na.rr.ru ce ;o6uraar lpu
(narepllja txro e cloco6Ha Aa eNrurr,rpa cBerJrHHa eJIeKTpLITIHT;I CIIfHaJIa IIITO IIOTOa Ce aTIICIj y")JiiaT
xora (e Suge loroAeHa oA cJrcKTpoHr{). ZHaKy, ao Hoce'rKrlor 6paH. flpen rparcvucuir,rr-
BpeNlero 3il Koe ce cKeHrpa e,qHa (eJIa cJII{Ka cr.tuKTPl.t'tH Te c tHal.tti ce xunttpl;rr lrr t,r j.r
r3rrccyBil oro,ry 0,04 s. rroKa)Kar 6ojara n ocBerJ.IeHocra Ha ceKoe
rrocJreAoBaTeJrHo 3pHo Bo peaoBrrTe.

Te,rern:ucxa qeara Bo 6oja

nai oT Ha c(eHFpaq-
AHreHara u np[eN{HrrKor (pucnBepor) Hil
rereBrr3opor ro Qa(aar uo11y:lrpauror 6pau <oj
m cogpxu KoAr,rpaHl.rrc lrnScrpuarlNu :a 5oja.
ocBcTreHocr u reyx. Crrnl,ror uLro ja ttoctt
l+r$opvauajara ,a rrpBeHarh 6oja cc Hoor rn
eJIeKTpOHCKI4OT CHOII UrrO e OAfOBOpeH 3a
rrporr3BeAyBarle qpBeHa 6oja Ha erpanor. Cnxvno
ce cryqyBa Ir co cHrHaJrItTe oA c[Hara rl 3eJreHara
C,r. 5. Ha TB eKpaHor ejreK'rpa.rsfior cr\fHaJr ce
[peTBopa Bo c.]rrrKa. 6oja (cr.7).

Te.nennruja Bo 6oja

cBea"'r!fi4 oa
o6jeKTor rxro
eJIeKTpI,I9Hll CrrflaJlh
Cr.7. Ao6r&alse cltrKa Kaj xorop TB.
Cr.6. TB KaMepa.
Bnarpeur*rara crpana Ha TB expauor e
o6;roxena co roJreM 6poj :pxr1a KoIr Moxar Aa
Te:resu: crara KaMepa Bo 6oja, rcyunrocr, xaxo 3acBerar co g[Ha oA cJreAfl[B€ 6ou: qpBeHa,
Aa ce cocTor.r oA Tprr KaMep[ ro egna. caeTJllfirara 3elrena tr v cuna. Ha roj Ha.iuH e Moxno Aa ce
oll npeaMeToT rxTo ce cHIlMa BJIefyBa Bo [pol.r3Be4e u]rpoK cneKTap ra 6olr xfijaHcn.
KaMepaTa KaAe lxro rrMa cI,IcTeM oA oTITIITIKI' Smrcxy go eKpalror e MoHTI{paHa rlsAynqeHa
,re(u. or,re4a,ra r.r Qlr,rrpr,t r ja pa;ge,ryoa MacKa, TaKa [ro cexoj o4 eJreKTpoHcKrrre
cBerlrr{Hara Ha rpnre npr{MapHn 6olr: qpreua cHorroBu Mo)Ke Aa IloMuHe HIr3 elHo Aynqe n Aa
94 L21. Te.,1e6u3uja

nofoArr caMo orrpeAe.JreHrr :puqa (cl.7). Cexoj KJIerKa r{Ma 6a:na crannqa roja ce cocrou o11

eJIeKTpOHCKI{ CHOrI nOfOAyBa CaMO eEeH TIIII aHTeHcKa Kyra {cn. l0 | H \aa.la:rpaga ao roja c
$,ryopecqenrno 3pqe Koe 3acBeryBa co o6oena cMecTeHa eJIeKTpoHcKaTa onpeMa-
cBerrr4Ha. Kpajnara 6oja na egen Mar AeJI oA Bo eAeu rolreM fpaA Mo)Ke Aa I{Ma Ir crorlrHa
eKpaHor ce go6uaa og 3acBeryBalsero Ha rplrre aHTeIicKu KyJr[. Cnre KJIeTKII ce Bo
ogge:rnu :pnqa (cr. 8). xovyuuxaunja co ueHrpanHara xanqelapuil ua
3a ga ce go6ue o6oeua cJrrrKa Ha eKpaHor, nponaj4epor.
norpe6uo e eJleKTpoHcKrrre cHonoBx Aa ce flosuror o[ Baurr{or Mo6ureH re:re@ou
cKeHIIpaaT IIO AOJrX<rrHaTa Ha Jrr{HrrrrTe n peAoBI{Te Kopr{crr{ [oroAHa ur6paua uocevra Spexnenquja
14 aa HanpaBar cuTe ipHua tra 3acBerar. ce fiolexa II Hefo fo lpulla uaj6,rucrara aHTeHa Bo
He ce noKplle ueJrlroT eKpaH. oKor'l4Hara Ha Kr.rerKara eo xoja ce raotate.

Cr.8. Tpure $oc+opecrrenrurl 3pHrra Kaj Korop TB.

Crenupart,ero Ha ueJIItor cKpaH ce noBTopyBa rro

25 nart{ so ceKyHAa, a roa e AoBorHo r{ecro,
qoBeqKoTo oKo aa He N{ox<(] clTItKItTe na lI4
ua5tr,yayna KaKo [oce6Hu cJ'IIIKu, ryKy KaKo
KOHTllHyrrpaHo ABI,D(erbe.

Mo6lrnnlr rereSoHu
Mo6t.Irsuor re,re@on ne c
HrnxTo Apyro, ocBeH MIIHIT- Cn.I0 . ArireHcKa Kyra 3a Nro6[rHa
'rcrcdrouuja
jarypuo co@lrcruqnpauo
Lns KTpoH I,lK:lTil. clri'lHl KrKo xai paTruocr a-
ABoHacoqHo paguo. flpun- H14llr.tTe. f o Jacrir'r)Bl cllf Ha lor fi fo npenpaKa
uunor Ha llo6llluata te;re- HaoKoJry. floroa ja lpe6apyea Sarara, n ro noqr-
$onuja ce cocrorr Bo roa pa re,recpoHor rrrro ro u:6upare. Equonpeueuo,
ltrro eAHa repuropr{a;rna
Haj6:rucxara aHTeHara fo perr.rcrprrpa a[aparor
rlerr,rHa (Ha np. Apxaaa) ce
Ha re:rc$oaor Ha coroBopHlrKor ruro ro u:6n-
AeJru Ha KJrerKIr (cells), na pare. Anrouarcxr.r ce r.r:6r.rpa lorogna u cno6og-
oTTaMy rr [orlyrapHoTo lIMe
na @pexeclqrja. J{ rroBlrKor ce BocrrocraByBa.
Cera uo6r.rnur'ior re,recpou pa6orrr KaKo
lIBoHJcoLlHo lljrro: c rHoBpe\reHo pa60r x KaKu
:a voSulnrre relecPouu
xpueMHIiK I4 KaKo rpeAaBarc,r. 3a pa:nura og
eo CA[ (cell phones).
IroKIt-ToKrfl o r.r-']ri o6rr.rHrrre paArrocraHr;rqr.l, KaAe
3a raa sarresa o6.1acra ce
luTo 3a aBeTc HacoKu ce Kopr]c]'II caNro eAHa rrcTil
Ha K.JrerKll co tpopua
Ae.Jrrr
cfpcrneHqlrja. voSruunre re,recponu eAHoBpe-
Ha npaBrlrHlr ecToaro,'I-
Nteno i(opLrcrar 1ee cppe<eenqnn: equa ra sSopy-
Hr{rlrr co l,'lotill llHa o,q
Bal+,c a /Ipyr-a 3a c"-rvrrraHle. rrrTo 3Harrll AeKa aL]a]a
Cn. 9. Tpx xlrerK[ co oKotr']y 26 Kllil/rpa fHll Kopl,tcHl{Ka Nroxilr Aa 36opyBaar Bo r.rcro Bper.rc-
unt"n..n nynu. KlrJ'Iolrerprl (cr' 9) CcKoia
"g,,"
 1.21. T,:aeeuauja 95

Bo ra6elara noAoJry e HanpaBeHa cnopeg6a na 06jacnere rn creAr lre rrouMu

Mo){<Hocra 3a Kopllcrelbe Ha pa3H[ Qpexneurulr I
-TeJleBr{3rrj a -TeJIeBll3IlCKU nprreMrrrrK
KaHaJrr.r r{ AoMeror Kaj HaBeAeHure paArroypeAr{. -TeneBIl3lICKX -TB no 6oja
rrpeAaBaTen - uo6unun re;re$onu
-TeJIeBI,l3t{CKa KaMepa - TeireKoMyrrrrKaqr{cKrl
-rlpHo-6era re.[eBn3r.rja caTe.IIuTrr

Care.rnrcru npeuoc ua unQopuaqnure

t. Hoceqruor curnar xaj relenu:ujara e co
E[qej(rl 3el'rjara e rorrKa, a ereKTpoMarHerHrrre |Haqr.rrerHo floar.rcoKa {pe xaeuutja. aanr.r
6paHoen ce npocrlrpaar npaBoJrr{HrrcKr;r, Tora[r ce MO)Ke Aa OAfOBOpr.ne :OUttO e ltOa rara?
npatttlBarc KaKo enHa rnSopvaquja oa eaua
xel'rnc$epa rie ce npexece Ao Apyrara tro 2. 3ou ro ra npeHocor Ha tc,teautlrjara ce
6erxr.r.rew nar? norpe6Hr.r rereBu:r.rcxtt pe:rejnu aureul.r?
Peruenuero 3a BaKBnor upo6nell 6u;ro
Haj[eHo co nplrMeHa Ha reJreKoMyH[KaUncK[Te
(reocraquoHapun) carernr[. TaKa. npo6reMor 3. lloco.rere nexott pe:rejnu cranuqn eo
Ha rroKpnBaH,e Ha qe,rara 3euja co AocrarrHocr Ha Maregounja. 3ourro ce rue nocraBeHr.i Ha
eJIeKTpoMafHe rcKrlor npr{eM Ha t,[email protected] ce BUCOKT.T BpBOBU?
peuaBa co HajMarKy 3 care,nurll Kon ce Bo
vciycc6Ha xuuynrlaqrja. Tne crr ja tpcqaBaar
rH$opvrurjara eAeH Ha Apyn4 ja Axcrpx-
6ynpaar ccroj oo cnojor lpocropcH AolvleH Ha TcaexoMynuraquu = r€l.e (rp.l.) + comunicatio
rroBprrr.rHara Ha 3eujara (cn.I l). (,'rar.): coorIIIJTyBatte Ha AajreqrHa
l,lrun'c(r
,t;*...
- $orope:rcrop :$oroo (rp.r.)+resistere (rar ) =
fiaqrdnr(.. cBeTJMHCi<U 3aBUCeH OTnOp

C,l. I L Carc,'rxrcKn re,'reKoNrvHr'rKarUu. llprure ra6e.nexasrr pe3ylTarx Ea flpenoc Ha

co fioMolu Ha ycoBplreExor
c!.rtua.tIt,l 6r'ure Ao6tleulr

[Ipnlrelrala Fra e-rreKTpo\rarHel'HLITc 6pat{oar,r Do

XepIIoB ype,qroj emnupa flcrpeKrHaro HecuqycHo
3paqebe. Cnrnaaure oA oBoi ypeA 6uJtc
AeHcuHara palnocpu:uxa c lrtory ro,rella. Ke rn lereKTupaHu ra malo pacrojaHfie (o(o,ty 250
cIIrr\lHc\t( cir\li, )ultc pagttu,roxa4ljl rl .u,ttti,r ucrpu). flo;oqna, co iloNroru na rpuoqala. 5r.rt
no\lolll f( olll\iU( lyljir ,\recr('rn Hl ucx,rj oujr.xr KOHCTpyUpan npBuor rr3Bo_p Ha HenpnAylxeHlt
Ocrron..H yp, yl rlr plrIr.lcr,'r.rtlurria c ll.tirpor. cxHycHx palxo6parroefi. co rrrro 6n,'r TpacupaH naror
J]crrcrrrHa la Koclonilyrr'rKa He rlo)Kc aa ce KoH pal orc.qcrpa(ujala. r'.e- Ntoxriocra 3a
ralrrrclu ijc; palrjouaruraqujara. aBToNIarcKOto xcfipa(arbe KoAxpaHr{ nopaKr co l()Nrorl Ha
TaKarrape.reHa'ra Mop3coBa a35yKa.
YnpaBVBa$C CO KOcIlurlKllTe r-leTala. a fojreIl Ae"rl
o/l |cxHr.lKil ril KoprcTn pa[uoaBToNla'] l.lKii. Kale Hararrollrnuol parnoj oRoiNtoxxr npc{oc rJa tBvK. a
Ro lpucccTlure roJlr,ril!! Ha XX RcK u npeHoc Ha
lr1'ro cc yrrpilrjyBa co oApe)IeHr.r TcxHIlrrKx ypell,I
c,lnKa.
npcKy lrpclroc lla paAloyIIpaByBarrKrr crIfHil.lu.
 2. MOffEpHA Ovl3hKA
@uau*atua ua XX eerc domueea ueaaua"vffieu fiodefu.
' Bo oeoj eerc e oulrcpuua 2pad6atua ua aftouafr-u atuoucxor'uo
ldpft.r-_
O6jacuetau ce euucuutae ua apaueu'awa ua afr.touow u ua ataofuckloffio
jad'po. florcatrauo e derca aruouurae apataut rcaauutu na eucpzuja,l
I -
II Bo cpeduuau.ta ua eerco ultuo uauuua 6ea ou.trcpueuu paadfu&ruaffia rua
atuoucxutue jadpa u uoxuocfllu e ua do1ueau'euto en@1wJh fipercy
upo4ecuute ua Qucuja u Qyeuja. Karco ce ocuteapyewta osue npoqecu,
xarco da uocuttrzueue nueua rcouu,rpo"4upaHa yuofrpeda, ce uc6to fuarca
fryawau'a co Kou fte ce cpeutueule eo oea uoZnaei)e.
ke ce aauoauaetue co SofroeQercutout u Qotuofne,vtentrtitae, KaKo u co
uydecuutue rracepu u uowuocutuute aa uueuautdyaowpe1a.
Karco da cu 7u o6jacuuue uojaeutue eo {'turtpoceeutow, " rcarco da
Haa"leae"lwe uodna6orco eo ueToeutue tuajuu?
Ha den od curae oaue upatuau'a fte audeute da odToeopuu'te rto
ueyuyeau'etuo Ha o6a uo1naeje.

IIA ATOMOT
E(ev)
0-
-054

npBa BG6yAeHa -3,39 eV

nl
ocHoBHa cocroj6a -13,6 eV
96 2.1. KatuodutL lpo4tt

2. 1. KATOAHT4 3PAUU

Karoguu :paqlr.
Orxpurue Ha eJreKTpouor

Oede ite ce ocapueue ,aa uevou aoJrcHu CJII

ercuepuueutua,anu tfaxruu rcou ltpudonecoa
paaaojofr na Quauxafia na XX aerc da do6ue Ce noraxalo IIeKa Karo/lHrrc 3patlu ftr
neas a-ufien uoden. uuaar cnegnrlae ceojcraa:
- rIpeA[3BuKytsaar {r"rypecqenqr,rla Ha craKJro r.rJrr{
I4cnuryearsara Ha racHo'l'o npa3rretle lpr.r
cHrrDKeH lprrTr'rcoK rou rpajor Ha xlx BeK 6u,'ro
HeKOr.l APyf x cyncTaHrlrrx;
eAHO OA ror'rerlITe [peoKyr]aqx[ Ha Tofa[rHr{Te - He ce BIrA"rruBLt;
cplr:rr.rapu. Toa npa:uene e [o3Haro KaKo rJ.re- - ce IB!I)KaT OA KaTCrAaTa IIpaBOJII'tHI{CKIl. KOe
e(rKo rrpa3HeHre. a ce KapanTepu3rpa co cBeTebe Nro)Ke Aa ce yorru co co3llaBabe Ha ceHKa Bp3
Ha facoT IIocTaBeH Bo IJeBKa co cHIr)KeH npuTucoK r("lcHorL, craKro. Kofa ucxoi r|clrrcr ,
roueiy gne eJ'reKTpoAu Ha Kor,r e AoHeceH NrHory rrocraBeH Ha HxBHuor nar (cr.2a):
Br'rcoK HaroH. Co rocrojauo ycoBprxyBarre Ha - aKo Hit IIaTol' 11l\{ ce lloc'l aBH J'tcclla KOJ,-IIlrtKa. TlIe
BaKyyrr TexHxKaTa u co HaNraJryBaHre Ha Taa Nroxar 1a ja lpra,raa't', co ut fo cc rroKn)KyBa
nptrTxcoKor Ha facor. none(e uay,runqn (lhrre - IIeKa ce rrccrr.rrlr{ Kotl uNraar cHcprrja (cr.26).
Julius Plucker. Xurop$- Wilhchn Hitlorf u
logurajH Eugen Coldsteirr) [oKa)Kaa AeKa [p!l
oApeAeH Hn3oK npurrrcoK (norlaJr
rlpa3Her5eTo Ha facoBtrTe ce MeHytsa, fJ'lee{Kora)
cBclerb< Ha I:lcor Up(criurlul. a (c
qerxa. Cleren elo e
':e.nena 6ojer Ha craK.leHala
oA l0 Pa)

lujaBlBa
{:EK
('n 26
npcnu3BxKJHo od l.H. crylcHit clrr.rcrja rra rprrul C.n.2a
oA KaroAara. nopaAn rxro folgruraju ru
HaPeKO]r KaTOAHU 3paUU. Hajeaxuure ceojcrea gera ce roa HcrarllBHo
llpareuu ce roreM 6poj e<crepuueuru:a ga HaeJreKTpu3ripaHlr qecTrrlrj r{ IeKa ce
ce oTKP[e np[PoAaTa Ha KaToAHnTe 3paql,l. oTKJrOHyBaaT BO eneKTpr.rrJHO I,I MafHCTHO IIO,'Ie fX
3narajnr.r ce MHory Aera.JrHu r,rcrpa)KyBana Ha xMa HanpaBeHo U. U. Tor'lcon Bo 1897 toAxna.
Kpyrc (Williali Crooks) roj, KitKo r HeKox Apyrrr T,.i rlrHan o^
ocHoBHart l.lcjl qcla
HayqHltuu, cMeTar aeKa KaroJlflxre 3pilrJr.r xr{aa'r HaeJ'reKTprr3upaHa qecrllqa co norHe)K I ri
.lecrrrrrHa rrpupoaa. 14uir,ro r4eu aeKa KaroArrnre 6p3I,IHa l] Bo NIarHerHo rloJre co i\'{arHeTHa
3paq[ lrpeTclaByBaa'f cBe'[r.rr4Haco MHory Kyca -; D .
6pauoea gorxnua(BuAeMau). Xau llepen (Jean 14lr]l) l.ur4jl flocraBClro Hop\ranHo Hlr

Perrin, roKaxar r\'Klr rt4.. ncpojrruo. ce oTK.roHYBa rro Kpy)KHrrqa. nopaAu

op3r.rHaTa.
IlpcTcTaByBaaT qcc'l l,qtl co HcfilT]tBcH noJlHcx. Toa urro Ha uero gejcreyea Jlopenrloaa clr:ra co
f()JIeNttlHa:
Bo ctlre oer,te lrcrpa)KyBart'a 6n,ra ropucreHa
LrcTa texHI{Ka: Bo cTaK.JreHa rleBKa noBp3aHa co
p =QvB (l)
BaKyyN{ nyNrna 6rrre rocraBeHr.r ABe rr.rrarrHcKl
eJreKTpoJlr{ Ha Kori e )JoHeceH NrHofy Br,rcoK HarroH.
Osaa cura. 5r,rlcjrin,lcjcreyea Hop\tar,u{o Ha
rroroa npa3Hcrsero 6ruo ucnrryBaHo Bo 5p3llHara (QrcrtfiHtoBo npaBfiJ.ro ]til J,r!'tsa'ril paKa.
taB cHocr oA nl rrcoKor. noreurlujrrHrrl
no c.r1,laj Ha ro3I{Tr'JBHU Iio,'I}tc)Kt), Hir Lrecr'lrqarir
pa3Jr[Ka u lpr]loAara Ha facor ( cJ- l) .
i IaBa caNlo rlcHTpuficl:lJlHo 3a5p;yraruc:
 2.1 . KamodHu 3paLW 97

ry6ar cBojara KLIHeruqKa eHepruja. BernN'le

QvB = n- (2) HIlBHr.ror cpeAeH cro6oAeH nar e Kyc. Ho, xora
r np rl4coKol Kc ce HaMar'rt4. iotru te v
eJlcKTpoH re Marr noto,'lf clo6oleu ttilr. TlKll
KaIe urTo i-e paAlyc Ha KpyxHI,IIIaTa. oA rrJTo yc[eBaaT ga go6njar AoBo.rHo for-IeMa
pcraqxjara (2) necHo ce Ao6LlBa: (rrcprfiia la q, npeqx{B haaT jouurarlrril flp
cyArip co HeyrpaJIHI{Te aroNII{. Teopujara
mv loKaxlBa aexl jouurauujlta. r.raBHo. jl ttplnar
(3)
eJrcKrpoHt,tTe. lla aro egen:a6p:aH e,rerlpoH, no
QB cyqxpor co ll€yrpaneH \4oJltKyn. 16 Bil ylllre
cJlcH. tofilul rlie IIBa ereKTloHc \4OXlf Il 'lllLr$l
Co clen cnoj eKcrlepr'tNIein' ToMcon toctIocraeu,'I :a6p:auu u /Ia co3Aaga'f HoBlr 4, oBre nosu 8...
cneI\rpfi'rHo no,re co ia,trua E, raxa ulto co mn. Tara ucfy xarogara LI aHoAara ce coSAaBaar
ja ypartuotexun joau u e:rerrponu. JoHllrc KaKo rlo3llrltBHtr
eJreKTpocrarr.lrrKa cnna QE
'lCcTIlU14 CC Hilco'l\Bilal XOH rltt.t.Llrta I
ja
Jlopeuqonara:
rpe)IaBaar cnojara eHeprrja H:, c,'ro6o)IHl,tre
BvQ. {-l) eJICKTpOHX Ha \reTa.;I(fI oil KaToIIaTn.
QE =
Cl,'ro6oAHure cneKTpoHU oA l(aroAa ra Kol,l l,lMiia f
OI raae oA orlpeAeJleH[or oAHoc Ha t/B IloBoJrHL) for'rc\ra' eueprli r ,1a jl Hlllturar
no>xer [a ia u:ltepu 6prulata Ha qecruuara. IloBllrur.rHa lil Ha KaToAraTa, Il3Jler.\/BaaT oA He a Bo
B A Ha KaTOAHI{ 3paq[._,
Tara. ropucrcj(u ja pe,rarlujara (3), co tro3Harara
fo,'rcr{uHa rra B, I,I3NIepcHtIor paAltyc Ha
hP)AHXUTTa. onpe Jlcr'lclla lJ 6pr Hil Hll
(recllt(are. TolrcoH ycnea,r aal ro Ao6[e oAHocor
Qhn. O[, HacoKara Ha orKJ]ouyBaHrero craHaJIo
jacuo qera crauyra:6op 3a HefarliBHl,l qecrr'llJl'I.
EfiAej(l,t q :e, uro 5u,ro o[]reAe,leuo co [pyru
lre Lo,qu, Toncott ja n:llepll:r BPeAHocra Ha
cnequQuvxuor eJ'IeKTpItqeH noJrHe)K Ha
e,'reKTp()Hor e/w ,r noKa>Kar nera ro[iodrutrue Cn3
Jlo!1lt t ( It(itttttt!BHo HoL.tt AtttpI!JIIrttHt!'t?aIut!IIt
Kttt! uoOl,2v itr.tc Httlltttt'HIt enexfrpouu.
Iognuara na o6jarynan'eTo Ha pe3yJrrarure Ha Cygupor Ha rIo3rIrLIBHnre joutl co rarogara e
oaoj excnepltueur cc cMera 3a foAr'IHa Ha ycJroB 3a co3AaBalr'e KaroAHLt 3paqu. AeKa e roa
oTKprrT[eTo Ha eJreKTpoHoT. 'faKa ce noKaxyBa Ha cJreAHl'IoB na'{rrH. Aro Ha
Ha6pry 6r:r o5jacrer n r{exaH[3tr{or 3a KaroAara K ce nanpaaar [poqent,t (cn. 3), Torau
Ao6nBalbe Ha KaroAHnre :paqll. Ett;ro o6jacuero Aer oA rro3rrruBilnre jonu KoI{ ce aBI{)Kar KoH
Karo,qara rie [oMrHyBa 3aA Hea Bo BLU Ha 3pauu,
neKa fipn CHJDKeH IIpUTUCOK. faCH[Te MO,'leKyJrIi.
nog s,rnjaHne ua cI,IJIHoro eJ'leKTpurIHo nolre ce norHarr KJKo KaHarHn ipauu. Klrta,tHurc rpaul
jorlr rupaar. Toa e npottec Ha cyqxpHa jouurauuja ce rlo3r'rrrrBHl,t ioHr.r u rne ce orKJrortyBaar Bo
n ,rasrnoodpasno co3AaBalne Ha jortn. I4ueno. ercKTplrrrHo u tllafHerHo no.[e. Oeue 3parl[ ce
nL'3Ha ro c leKa Bo tr6 'rHt,t )c,toBl1 ao celoj rlc KOpUCTaT CaNIO 3a HayqHI'I qe,II,l.

[a ce nai[e no ncxoj jonu:tnpau NroreKyJI

\'ro)Ke
(ro:uruseH joH u eneKTpoH.) Bo cur'lHo 3a xexou Apyrlt eKcrrepIrMeHTrl
eneKTpl,fIHo rroJre oBIIe Hae]reKTpll3upaHIr qecTu-
rlu ce EtcorryBaar Bo clrpor]lBlJll HacoKu KoH
coogeertlltte eJIeKTpoAu.A<o e npurncorot Huc geHec !H3c\re neKir Hocl.lTcr14 tIt ctpli;l
ro.re\r. NtoncK)"rrr( cc nen.lrt4BHo 6n 3) x raj lletannre ce eJIeKTpoHu're. Ho go loa
HacogeHl-,llC HaeJ'IeKTplr3IlPaHI4 LICCTIIUX [p!I co3HaHI,Ie Ce AOIIJ'IO [ypLI BO [pBUTe ABe AeKaAI'I
(\'r'lllP Crr Hiyr|anHX_|. \ltt,lcKV'l14 R. nUaUl il Ir \X 8<K. IlnB or rKcncp \tctrt roi ;xrxyea,r

p
98 2.1. Kafiiodnu apa4u

AeKa nprr TeqeIIe Ha cTPyJa He ce MeHyBa MacaTa

Ha cyIrcTaHqIrI{Te e HanpaBeH o[ fepMaHcKl4or 06jacuere rn c.reAHItBe trouMlr:
Qu:lrvap Puxe (Rike) Bo 1901 roAHHa. Toj - KaTOAHU 3paq[ - eJ'r eKapoHr,r
HarrpaBuJr 3 quruHApu 2 o[ 6aKap x eAeH oA cneqr$uleu - Kalra.ll HI,I 3palllt
ar'ryv14HxlM r{ Mriory trpeux rHo nu ja nrveptr,r eneKTpuqeH - eneMeHTapeH
llacara- floroa fH cocraBrur qI,IJlI{H[pIITe co [oJrHex ga e]reKTpoHoT ejreKTpLI9eH rIOnHeX
go6po orrrlu@ynaHule 6aslrclt ao cncreu 6arap-
a:ryuunuyu-6arap. Hlr: .oeoj cltcreM noroa
npolyrxTaJr Aa Teqe cTpyJa IIe.Jra eAHa fonIIHa.
Hug cucrelror rroMI{HaJI IIoJIHex oA 3,5 105 C.
Ho, npu lotsTopHo MepcILe Ha qrmnHApllre
HeMaJro HrrKaKBn npoMeHlI Ha HIrBHara uaca. C)eoj
ipu
lueqeH'e Htl
L Koe npaalr;ro Baxu 3a orKJIoHyBaIbe Ha
eKcIIepuveHT )Kaxa,T JleKa KaroAHlrre 3palrr{ Bo MarHerHonole. A xoe :a
ctupyja rc lonin do dewren'e Hu du.toJttu. utyK) ce
KAHA,'IHI|TC?
datftcqir uercou ,recfiiu\Lt co 3aHe aprluaa "uqca
KOII BJrefyBaaT BO COCTaBOT Ha aTOMOT.
Tollconoeoro orKpI{T[e Ha eJIeKTpoHor oao3fopa
yKa)KyBano [eKa er'IeKTpoHor rpe6u ga c +
qecrruara loja e Hocure,r Ha crpljarr xaj
NlCTAJIIITC. olHanpel

Ho, lr raa trperllocraBKa rpe6aro ga ce

norBpau eKclepnMeHTa;rHo. 14 Bo 1917 roglHa
roa u 6ulo rrorBpAeHo. Torau alrepnrancrure
Qn:uvapu To:ruau (R. C. Tolman) lr Cryjapr
Ca. 4
(T.D.Stewaft) [oKaxaJre AeKa npn HarJIo Korrerbe 2. Orrrouyaarle Ha KaroAHu 3paql.r Bo MarHerHo
Ha MeraJr, nopaglr nuepqr.rjara Ha ereKTpoHltre, flo,te.0eHec ce treuoHcrplpa co cneqrjartta qesxa
ce jaayaa norerulja,rua pa3n Ka Ha xr.tqara xoja no xoja xoco, fJreAaHo oAo3fopa, ce [ocraByBa
ce KoLl4. [lopatrn raa lorcuurja,rra par.nuxa npenpeKa npeMaqKaHa co Sryopecqenreu
IIoMrrHyBa Hr.r3 nperltl3eH raJIBaHoMerap oEpeAeHo uareplrjar. flpeA KaroAara, IIaK, ce [ocraByBa
KoJII{riecrBo eJreKTpltqecrBo. Toa Ko,'lt.{ecrBo npenpeKa co llpoueru{ (o6uvuo qaa), rara
eIeKTplNecTBo e AI{peKTHO nponoplll4oHalHo co flIeAaHo o[HanpeA "ce freAaar" ABa KaroAHx
cnequQuvnuor noJrHex( Ha ereKTpoHor. TaKa co :para. Ogroaopere xaxo ie ce ceujar:paqure
Toj +aKT, KaKo n 3HaKor Ha relrersero Ha aKo Ao qeBKara ce Ao6rLIx[ ceBepeH MarHeren
crpyjara 6ura norBpAeHa IlpernocraBKara AeKa IIo.]I, oA HanpeA (BnAere c.rliKa 4)
?,1eKfupoHuruc cc Hocufu(",tu nn cutpyjauta xui 3. Ke ce orKJIoHar JII{ KaHaJrH[Te 3paql{ Bo
"ue LAo ltuute. ereKTpr.rqHo no:re? ,[aru nprmoa rpe6a ga ce
ynorpe6u unory clt,tllo uole u :orrtro?
Bo rer ua ocyM roAI{HII, oA 1908 [o 1916
foAtIHa, co AoJrforpajuu excnepulleuru Munuxeg
(R. A. Milliken) ro H3MeprJ'r rrajva,toro xo,rr- U. ToMcon
qecrBo ereKTpl-rqecrBo e u [oKa)KaJI aeKa roa e (Joseph John
eAHaKBO Ha nOJIHeXOT rlrro rO HOCtr eJIeKTpOHOT. Thomson , 1856-
Ct*tj ,)pyz rtJ,qHeh. rt,'.to5poeu uuo.wttiieLt tr,r 1940) [o3Har
e,leuentuapnuot7 enextupuleu uonnetc. 6pr.rraHcKu Hayq-
H'lK. lIpB fioKaxar
C[re oeue t{crpaxyBa}r,a noKa)Kare IIcKa [eKa KaTo[H[Te
ardt'ior, 3a Koj Be(e xell .{aplire noKaxia.Ile AeKa 3paqu ce cHo[ e,reKrpouN, :ra urro go6u:r Ho6e-
e uajltalata vecrnqa ita IaAeH eJIeMeHT ce cocrolr noBa EarpaAa Bo 1906 r. I{Ma AaAeno{ NroAen
oA rloMarrr .recrlrun. EIHa on HrrB ceKaKo e Ha a I ()\t(,1 lil I O fO HOC!, Uet OSOTO rnrle
eneKTpoHoT
 2.2. 3arcouu sa apauerce.Kaaufuu 99

3roJI€MyBaE€ Ha crpyjara [ITo reqe Hn3 Hea).

2. 2. 3 AKOlgiVI 3Atl TOTIJIIIHCKO Taa rrpBo cBeTr{ upBeHo, fia [o6ero, a Ayp[ [pt{
3PAIIEIbE, K AHTI{ MHOry flOBnCOKll TeMnepa'rypI4 cge.r,'tuHara ia
no6usa n3pa3uro 6erara 6oja. 3uavu,
cueKtuapota Ha eHepiujauto H,a AonnuHC^ottrc
B o fiocnednofio [email protected] lero 3pavehe Jaaucu od ute uepoiuypaLua Ha
enektaponofr e cocfraeVa teofiuqa na afionotrL ute,,Lofuo.
Exc epuuenfrufre ufrQ lu oiuuaene ottaopuia I{xSpaqpneuoro, 3a Hac HeBITAJIUBo 3pa{e*e,
iafi xon anafrpeutnolfia ,la afrottoil Ho, e Itcto raKa roru[rficKo 3paqe]be. Toa fo nor-
tatKq ce u Ja e"nutuj a. u aacopirtuJ a Bp[yBa eKcnepgMenTor Ha Tnngar, oruluau ao
HA CgeWnUHdlUA. nouaojeto 1.19, so q creaHuoB orltr. Bo
IIo Xepqoaufre o tifru co xou 6una Qoxycor na cQepnoro orJreAalro I (c,r.l) ce
o apdena M fra freopuja ce vufleJro nocraByoa crrupala xoja Moxe Aa ce 3arpee ao
dera cufre frojaeu co ozaMt(pata u, MHory Br{coKa reMneparypa. Axo no Sorycor ua
ofrufro, apavematVo o6jacxefia. Ho, dea lpyro raKBo orJregaJlo 2 ce nocraalr ualry
ocfiananc neJaatu nauyx, roj uoxe ga ce 3aIIaJIr.
fieopuja ne uoxeaa da
io o6jacuu ,m uteJtoul, ,(ou
3paqaw ruounu c(o Ucfro fra*a,
nejacno 6u,no *axo co ocaefr,lv aarbe da ce
h,')
euta,nHa unoqKa.
frodefranxo fee
fioiiaeJe, e HapeqeHa

xawefro aparta*e aa Qaddafra Ha

t&eJterautpusupaHa
uaaa auopa uolaaa, Ja t(oJa
ao ttednofro
Peueuvefio
doaeno do frponetu aa
$ Cr' I
C,eroe re.no He caMo urro eMHTlpa ronJlnHcKo
uafiepujafra, rmxo u fipoqecufre ta 3pottctbe
3paqebe, TyKy roa u ancopOupa rorl:rrlxa oA o-
u afrcopfi.quJa na w4 aoovuttao.
KoJIHtrTe reJra. H.uary, raxo (e o6jacuxree :ouro
Tonnnncxo naMy(oT oA OlxToT Ha sr. I ce :ananxn. Axo
e[IIo reJto slla reMnepaTypa rIoBI{coKa oa
C-eKoe 3arpeaHo o :pavu. Xureaua xu{a TeMueparypafa Ha oKoJluHara, Toa noae(e
oKorv 1000 K cBeflr co eMEftrpa eHeprtrja orKonKy lxro ancoPorpa. x.
3arpg3ar5em o6parHo. Bcymxocr, euucuja na rermo crauyea
ga x}luara raa (e ce o.raqu.
Ooa cd [yptr tF,ctos pasltnKa Ha reMneparypllre
yKaxyBa Ha Toa 3paqer6eTo Ea XIIIaTA nouefy uero r oxotr{Hara.
crargB{l 3a cMerKa Ha eHepMJa Hn Otistfrufre oKarca,re dexa rco'trcy edxo we'to
TeJI('r{). fioeefte 3nuutupa apa4u co odpedena 6pauoen
Spateu'euto Ha e,xdrcwpo,NazHetrtnu 6paxoau doLucunn uaonKy uolefte filaKsuute 3pa4u t! ?u
Koe Ha(moHysa Ja c efuKa Ho a4cop6upa. Toa Hue se(e ro noxaxaslre 3a
euepluja ua fuenouo ce auKa 'HanpewHatua
frodttun*o. c&T \Halta. Ancopnqlonnor cneKTap Ha laaeH
flpnroa. xe rpe6a ua ce cMera 4exa toj nng e.reuenr (argere nornarje l. 14) lrua relruu
3paqeBe e csojcrren caMo Ha TeraTa (oII c€ JrtrHAIr BO CneKTapOT, Ha UCTO MeCTO Ha KOeIrrrO
3atpeaHu Ha noBtrcoKu reMfieparypt, Torurmrcxo BO eMI{CtrOHrIOT CrIeKTap I{Ma CBeTJIIi JIITHI'LI.

3paqerre ce jaayna u npu co6xn u npu rortlcKlt 3a xo:rrqrnrcro o6jacuyname Ha 3paqel6ero Ha

TeMnepararyprr. Pasrtlrara e caMo Bo UHTeH3LI- TeJIara ce BoBeAyBa Quou.rrara BeJIITqI{Ha
TeTOT Ha 3paqeEeTo r.t Bo HetoBHoT crIeKTpaIeH crrerrpurla eMrrcfioHa uori ua tetoro. Toa e
cocrar. Toa jacxo Mo)Ke Aa ce EuAr{ npr,r [ocranHo eHepZujttfria H4 3paq.eH'e co dadeua Qperceent1uja
3arpeBarbe rra xene3Hara xtqa. Axo taxaara f (odxocno dadena 6pauoea do'nrcuna .L) r<oja
'xrqa flocrerleso;,/ja rpeeMe (ua npnrep co welofuo ja tpatu od edrwuun i'tout[Iuun uu
HeZoeafra oapluuHo eo eduntt4o ape c upu
t00 2.2. 3urutrut au sptraeH,e. KeaHnLI

oipedeneuo Lue uepatuypq Z.

Ke ja o6ere)<LlMc He rrocTor.l, Ho 3aToa MaJr oTBop Ha eAHo
co l/77.. Bxynua eM[c[oHa vo'k, ll'1 ta re,'Ioro e [IyrrJr]rBo TeJro co
parraBrr TeMHU BHaTperuHrr
ccBKynHocI Ha e\{ c}.toHl,tTc l'{o(Hocrl.t Ha cxrc SI,IAOBI'I I,IMA CBOJCTBA 6,]II{CKI,I IlO TAKBOTO TCJIO
6paHoBu AorxIIHu. (cr. 2). I4MeHo, aKo Hexoj :par rraAHe Bo
KapaKTepr,rcrriqHa BeJrrrqlrHa Ha aIIcopIurroHara orBopor, roj eo enarpeulrocra MHoly rrarr;r ce
croco6nocr Ha [aAeHo rer'ro e HeroBara crreK- pcQ,rcxrupa. ryoejrir.r npr.r pe$,rcxcujara ,rc,,r o,,r

TparHa aflcopllur,roHa Moi. A D\ Koit y^'l.,hyutt Iltt ceojara cHcprrja. Taxa. flo roBcKcKparHa
utoa rcoj den Ha apaLlebe co oipedetteua Spauooct pc$,rcxcnja. uunoKyflHara cHcpruja ua 3paKor c
Dotttrttun od euepttrjaun uue ytlo?o cpJ ancop6upaHa. flplruep ua atlco.JryrHo rlpHo reJro
ttlt'nurlto cr attcop6upn od edttutrtg uJloututuHo e CoHucro. (BHlrrwaeajre, enHo reno e alcoJryrHo
oo eduuttLta apeue, t-gptt ureMuepoutyPq. lpHo H(] rropa,[r.r Toa rrrTo He 3paqu, TyKy 3aToa
rrro reroKyrHara cuepruja urro {e napue a1,r
Hero ja alcop6npa). Kaj qp$otuo rue,,.o Ar1, .t
ceKa$o u Ar t: l.
tDaKTor gera reJrara
fo eMrrrupaar oHa 3pa.Ie-
HreKoe l,r ro ancop6upaar fo r{cKa)KaJr KupxoS,
yure Bo cpeA[Hara Ha XIX BeK, co 3aKoHor
[aacH co pcJraufljara:
W"
' W':'u llr
C'r' 2 A,, -con.t -
UpH[Te reJlir r{Hory Ao6po ro aflcoporipaar (r,\Hoaout .ttt ?v t !!t h!!tl,o.IHot!to i.uItt ut tHtt .vttl.
ila'lclJ.el!r. l,'.to Koe ut *tj.t Jtrtt" tui.uitltotuv
,l/t ). tr cieKtup(tJlHtltuo uicopilluoHtttutt ,voi A1 ;
!'o t(.Iotttn ,u, ptttja tu t J1/t;tt!po.uo)HPutHt, rlt(-
tttH r!4tlt) ke tr,t,\ut ap.t urtu ja arlrupilpo ttll HL! t!?Ko( tue.no e K()Hcl1!t1Hrua, cl)HoK6o Hu
t;oja u da lJLt,to 6lttutoott de.t.ltrotu), c( 6uKu attcLtt!lrtt.lHntt!tt (.ltltt ltt'HO .t!lth Htt Ot!, t,.t.\'tt!Ht,
!! n,{ul',
auconyfruo tlp,to tueno. Ce pa:6upa. Tar(Bo rc:ro 'rl T
tlPttt) tttL-1tt Yr .

lY r.. 1
t

('r I
 ).2. )urcouu au apo,!(H,e. KsoHtnL! 101

CreQaH- Bo,rqrrauon :axou 3paqeHreTo Ha a[coryTHoTo qpHo Teno Ja IIMa

Bryiuututr aHapZujt! c.uuiiulttttttt cto ct)ttutttqtt Sopr''rara AaAeHa co c,'rr.rKara 3 o6iacHun Bo 1900
,r/rr'.rr,,r,) r,\trutrrt,r rt.t,,trrttr!tHtt tr tti(tt.t)iiut, roAxHa repMaHcKnor Qu:ruvap Maxc IIlanx. Toj
ttl,H') nr.ttt t ilrt)ut)lrtl!tt)Ht!nHt! tit ttrnttll!ttthtn ratl,rarl ja pcuriJ'r r.icKlxlBaj(r cnHl pcao,'ry-
, nri, H Htt Ht r, ),rtMtt ttit t t. t vn utt ii..u it l',tn) !)t t I
uxoHrpHo Hoaa \r,rrtoreir cnopea xojr tlaqcrt-cro
Ha aToIII{Te LI NIOJ.IeKyJII{Te He e HCIIpCKUHaTO,
W, -- flo . (2) rlKy Bo oapcteH nopul4n. Koll 1oj r HapcKyBa
Ouoj' :aron eKcnepxr'reHTar'rHo ro orKpuJr
KBaHTll. fleanx ltpetuuocruaeyaa dexa
C:toscucuo'r'Joxe$ Cretfau. a HeroBo reopxcKo euepiujafra Ha Jpalebe na awontutue Mofte da
ToJrKyBalSc ro;1a,r Eonqll:rrr. 3aroa e n no:nar u-no cgJvo odpedeHu loneuuutt xou ce dadenu co
penaqujarua:
raxo Cre$au-DoruMaHoB 3aKoH. KoHcraHara o
ce elrra CrecpaH-BonrlMaHoBa roHctaHT;t. Titit sit E=nhJ (4)
aIIcoJIyTHo UpHolo leJIo x3ljccyaa o:5.672 l03 KaAc r ro I e cppernerlqrlja Ha ocqr.rJrr{parbero Ha
W/(mrKr). Og oaoj 3aKoH ce rlreAa AeKa arorror. /r e KoHcraHTa, a /7 c rlcJr Spoj 0,1,2,3.....
3paqeHreTo Ha arrcoJryTHoTo r(pHo Tejro MHofy Toa :na.rr eHepujara Ha 3paqelbelo E uoxe ga
3aBr,rcu o! HefoBa'Ta ancoJryTHa TeMrrepaTypa. ur\4a caNlc BpeAHocrr h/,2|t.3 h/: nru. Enepiuja-
3aroa e jacuo 3oruro rro3afpeaHrlr€ Tera 3parrar fia ce.tpatu ducxoutuunyupano, ec,luut frqa e
3Haqr,rreJ.rHo nore(e ererrpovarH€ruo :pavcn'c r.eauiiuaupaaa.
oA rrocryAeHure (c,r. 3). Oeue. KpxBrd, /lo5flcHr.r Belrqunara /r Koja cc HapeKyaa lliranxosa
eKcrrepr,rNreHTaJ.rHo. ja gaeaar 3aBucHocra Ha KOI|CTaHTa, I{t\'ta f OJIeNII{Ha:
cneKTpal'rHara eNrucrroHa uo( na.:pavcmcto Ha
a[co.r'IyTHoTo UpHo re,lo irlr2 oA 6paHoBara /l=0.62b.10r'Js.
AOJ'r)KrrHa 7,- npu rpu pa:llr,rvHx TeNrnepaTypu.
I4 Titit rpeTcTaByBa eAHa oA yHUBep3anH[Tc

BuHos :axoH KoHcrilH r r.r tso rf l, Ka ra.

fltaHxosara xr.lrrore3a n06xra u3BoHpeAHo
Og rpusule HA crrri{ara 3 ce r,rega gera co cKcrepuMe[TarHa [orBpAa. Taa cranyea
:lroJIc\fyBa}l)c Ha l er{[epaTypa'fa, MaKclrMyMoT Ha
ocHoBa rpeKy roja ce peuaBa He caMo
^o6pa
KpllE Tr' CC lO\l(Cr)rjir rorr nollcure 6paHoar npo6,reMol .ra ellucuja Ha ancoJryrHoro upHo
aor:r)Kl,lllr,r. Bu,rxe.rlr BiH ycTaHoBr.rJr IIeKa 'reJro lyKy n ro o6enexyaa florreroKor Ha
!rpol ,rlulur ot 6paHUBar a !o,'rxrHa xoja cuape\{eHra KBTHTHa rcopujr. c!Ht ol
or']l oBa|l Hl NlKc vy\'ror o,'t Kpl,iBll il 4, Hir
uaj6,rccxaaure reop n Bo Qu:rxrrr co xojlr cc
crreKTapor rr alcoJrvrHara reiuncparypa I Ha orruruynaar rojanureueo unrpoceeror.
rlpHoTo Teno. e KoHcTaHTHa Bp€aHocT:
IPIIMEP l. ,[a ce onpeAerrr.r co :pifverue
2,'I = const - 2,9 10-3 rn. K (3)
oc,ro6oqeHara rorrrr.rHa Bo e/lr.rHr{rla BpcMc oA
Pe,raqnjaea ro r.rcKa>KyBa Brnognor 3aKoH 3a rroBeKor. TeN{neparypara Ha Ko)Ka'ra e 33"C (raa
ror\{ecTyBaHreTo Ha crr(]KTpaJrHI,roT MaKcuI,lyM. C lloHl.lcKll o]l1 Tr'Mn(palypalir llil Icr'IOTOl- ll
l4crp>ryean ara [cKa)KaHr.r co pc,taqnurc ( I ), (2) 'rcMlrcparypa [a Ha oKorHara cpeAnna e 20 "C. Kaj
n (3). Nrefyroa. uc ja laeaar $yurqtoua,ruala BO3paCeH \OBeK rOBprUrlHaTa Ha KOXaTa CC 3eNla
3aB[cHocr Ha Kpr{Bara /la/leHa co cr'IfiKara 3. AeKa r.r3HecyBa 5 = 1,73 ml. ,[a ce rrpe'rnocraen
forelr 6poj HayrrHlrlx Bo lcpr'toAor vcfy 1887 u AeKa BKynHara elrrucrioHa Mo( Ha rc,to to e 0,9 oA
1900 ro[ cc o(rn71yaa.rc /la ja pcrrra]'oBail 3aAa,til ei\tr'IchoHara i\'lo( Ha ancoJlyTHot o qprro reJ'ro.
lpruveaj(u oI rnelurrrcro Ha KJ'Iac rtHiuil Pcrrrcorc. Jlagenu ce: 7:33"C:306 K; S= 1.73 rrr
Maxcsc.lona rcopuja. Ho T,:20"C:293 K, .wr lwt""" = 0,9:
5ca Vcncx-
rl,"l* o : 5.670 l0 W nr-t K-'
*
l/1r-€ - l' I
flranxona lrAej a 3a Co Kopr{crcrbc Ha.j pe,lilUujara (2)
IIOCTOEI$E HA KBAHTI{
ociroSoleHara rorrr.r r{Hit co :lpaqcrbc Bo eArlHirrla
Bper\{e r3HecvBa:
3oLnto rpnsa r a Hil crreK-
'lpl.rtHilt il
3autlcUOc'l il u -W u 0.q.So rf' T)t
 t02 2.2. 3arcouu aa s paveu'e. KeaututL

co BKyrIHa eN{r.IcIoHa Mo( 0.9 narj. no eNtr.lcr4oHara

W,", = 0,9'1,13'5,67'10+ (3064 - 2934) uo( na ancolyrHoro IIpHo rero r.t AeKa uMa
w,", = 123 Jts noBprrruHa co nrourllHa oI 1,5 mr. (OAr. 313 kJ)

IIPI{MEP 2. flpeiuerajre ja reuneparypara Ha f, Krpxo+ (Gustav Robert Kirchofl,

Conqero aKo ce 3Hae AeKa KpltBara Ha 3pa- 1824-1887) Iroil|ar rcpMtHcK rh tx-
qeH,ero Ha Cosuero ralta rlaxcut'lyu npu 500 nm. .rap.IIo:Har lro cBonrc 3aKoHI,r 3at
pa3rpaHerlr crpyjuu xo:ra. 3nalajua
PeueHHe. Cuopeg Buuoanot saxon: yllora OAI'Irpar'I u HeaoauoT 3a(oH 3a
3 3paqer6e.
2,9.10
- 5800 K JI. Bo.rqr*at (Ludwig Boltzman, 184,1-
500. 10-'q 1936) no3Har repIIaHcKx +tr3t{'lap.
[loA \4cHiopcrBo nl Ju r, .fr Cre$.rn il
gan reop{ara Ha leaec no3Harro'r
O6jacnere ru creAHnBe norIMM Cre$aH-Eolqlrauoe :axoH. 3HaqaeH
-TOnrgHc(o 3paqe16e - c[eKTparHa cMuc[oHa e It Ha IIOJIeTO Ha Tepavlo)lttI,Ia]ltttKal a
- BI{yIIrla eMficuoqa Mo( rrro( Ha re,ro MO.re(ynapHo -&sHrru'lxr rr t,..rPriia
- cleKTpaJrHa eMEcI,IoHa - Br<yIIHa alcopnqlroHa
J. Cre@an (Jozef Stelhn, 1835-1893)
uo( uo( flolHat o[ c,1,'ts'H j'r. \'l]
'tap
.*.erc5.r: :>, - q{oolyTuo.4pHoTegn .. '.,Kripxo$oe :raxoH ' '6r,r'ruiu +l4J
lop in
Jlyrs r 6o,rLirrrH
- Cre+aH-EorIIMaHoB - B{uoB 3a(oH Jo:eS ereSan co KoPllcrerbc Ha
3AKOH MHOry eKcnep[MeHTaill flo[arollx
- flranroga roHcranra [orrroJr llo 3aK"rryqoK Ae(a ancoJ'ly'rFo
qpxo reJlo rpavl eueprnja xoja e
[polopqlroHanHa co qcrBp l tor cre-
TICE HA ATCO.JIVTIIATA TCNIITCPATVPA,

ffi,;;;;;, ;;;.; ",*,,u,,o.-

B. Bnu (Wilhelm Wien, 1864-1928)
no3Ear repMaHcKr4 cbLI3[.Iap.
Hajrto3Har crropca 3aKoEor 3a
l. flo3Haro e AeKa xeJII{yMor 3a npB nar 6fi.[ rroMecTyBalLcTo Ha cfleKTparHrlo i
np{ 3paqeFL'eTo Ha
OTKpIIeH CO UcnIiTyBalI'a Ha aIICOpnUuOHeH MaKCr.rMyM
ancojryTHoTo IIpEo Tc,'ro.
crreKTap Ha Conqero. Ha ron uecta 6tue qpulrrc
ntletw Bo KoHTI,rHyHpaHIror Con'ren cnexrap ron M. Il'rarr (Max Planck' 1858-
ce AoJDr.ar ua xe,rryuor? (flor:reprere ro 1947) eIeH oA naino:juature
Jrr rxcKr{or cIIeKTap Ha xeJII{yMor- norraB. l.l4 ) $u:uvapu sa XX BeK. PoAeH e
2. 3ourro BerIrMe AeKa cBerr.lJrKllre co BxapeHa Bo Krr, fepMaEnja. Crygupa,r
x[qKa He ce eKoHoMltgH[l. Hc,ru n xaj tne He $lr:rxa ua yflItBep3lrrerlire Bo
Muuxeq r,t Eep.[IrH KaAe My 6rrre
qoafa no ry6eme ua exeprujara?
rpo+ecopu KnpxoQ r Xe:m-
3. Axo ro ua6l,ygyrare [JraMeHor sa cre(a tl xontl. Ha 21 roALIHa AoKTopnpan
nraMgHor oA rIJrIrHcKa 6yran 6oqa, Trle rrMaar u craBa,'I npo+ecop, npBo Bo
pa3nrrrrHlt 6ou. Bo xoj nlauen IIJIa3Mara e Ha Mtnxeq, a noroa ua 38 rognuu
nonucoxa reuleparypa? Bo BeprnH. Hajlo3nar e cfiopeA
0
4. Teuneparypara Ha IIpHo reJlo e 27 C . Konry 3aKOrroT 3a 3paqerbe Ha aIIcoJlyTHo IIpHo TeJIO 11
nartl (e nopacre BKyrIHara eltltclloua vo( ua ngejara aa KBaHTtlTItre 3a Irrro Bo 1918 roAxua nMa
3paqelSeTo Ha TeJroTo aKo TeMnepaTypara My ce go6reno Ho6erona uarpa4a :a Qn:uxa.
floxa.{u Ha 327 C?
0
( Ogronop : 16 naru)
5. EAno ;rnqe nerHo BpeMe ce naofa so co6a co
co6xa reuneparypa 2'1o C. Korxasa ronluna (e '14 manrl.rr. :
quantum) KonKyi,Korrr {Ha quj
eMtrftrpa HeroBoro TeJIo Bo oKoJIuHaTa 3a BpeMe
..-oE--eAeH r{ac. KaKo - pe3yJrTaT Ha TOnJII{HC-KO fi3HOC He MO)Ke HaIIOJIHO [a Ce OnPeAeJltr

spavene? [a ce npernocraBll AeKa renoro spaqfi

 2.3. @ou,roeQerut 103

noA BJrqaHrre Ha cBeTJILIHa ce BIIKa HaABOpe[eH

2.3. OOTOEJIEKTPMqEH E@EKT {oroe$exr. Onrmlrre noKaxyBaar AeKa
nojaeara HaABoperxeH Qoroe@exr MHory 3aBrrcrr
oA ycJroBr{Te noa KOIIJ ce ocBeTllyBa MeTa.JrHaTa
Hagnopemen $otoe$exr IIJ'IOqKA.
xai Meran[Te
IIpu
oceer,ryearue Ha HcKota MeTar,tx co
cBerJ,rrHa.oA H14BHara IIoBptxt4Ha ce l16treaar
eJreKTpoHr{. Taa nojara e snxa Qoroe,rexrpuveu
erper, uru, rorparro, {oroe{err.
@oroe@exror 3a rrpB nar 6lrn saderexan og
XajHpux Xepq 1897 roAnHa, no nonogpo6nu
eKcrrepxMeHTaJlHII IICTpaXyBar{,4 npaBeJre rr
qpynr HayqH ur4. Mer) Ko14 rHa,lajHo lrccro
3a3eMa pycKrror HayqHrrK A.l. Cro.neroe
Ke onltutcvc cKcnepuMeHr co xoj vuorl Har-
JreAHo ce AeMoHcrpupa oBoj BDKeH eQeKr. Ha
' dnrnqxa KJrlta'ce nocratsytsa*'rErrHd'xaM6a"(trrrn Cl.2 Co oceernyna*e Ha KaloIara fioqflyBa.gtt.re*r€-
roja 6ulo Apyra rlrTo eM]rrnpa yJrrpaBrro.JreroBo crpyja
3pa.{eBe) I,I eJIeKTpocKoII rrlTo fo ereKTpr.r3[paMe 3aroa excnepltueHT[Te ce rlpaBar raKa rrrro
HerarIIBHo (c,r.la). Ha rJraBara Ha eJreKTpocKo- MerarHara IIroqKa K lrro ce ocBerJryBa ce
fior e rlocraBeHa Ao6po ucqucrel{a UIIHKoBa nocraByBa Bo KBapqeH rrrrr{ craKJreH 6anon so
moqa. Mefy JraM6ara u r(r,rHKoBara nJroqKa Bo roj e r.r:BJIeueH Bo3[yx (er.2). TaKoB ypeA ce
rlorleroKoK e nocraBeHo craKJreHa nlovxa. flpll RIrKa BaKyyM Qoro(eruja. KaroAara Ha oBaa
ocBeTJIyBalLe Ha qI{HKOBaTa rUrOqKa, Hr.rrrrTo He ce rleBKa e noBp3aHa co HbraTLlBHuoT I]o,1 Ha tr3Bop
ueuyea. Crax,tolo, KaKo ruro e rro3Haro, fr{ co Br.{coK HafloH. a aHolara A. xoja npercrasyaa
ancop6npa yJrTpaBrroreroBure 3parII{. x<ltqa co SopMa Ha npcreH. co IIo3I{TItBHItor noJr
Axo Helatuslto HaeJreKTp[3npaHa IILIHKoBa Ha rr3Bopor. Axo @ororarolara I{e e ocBerJreHa,
nroqKaa cc ocBe r,,r 14 co ,ra,rHa ,1av6a, Ho eo f arBaHoMeTapoT He rroKaxyBa HItKaKoB oTKJroH.
ycJroBr,t Kofa cTaK,leHaTa rrJroqKa He fli flolreiy xaroqara l,t aHolara e BaKyyM lr HeMa
IIo peqyBa yjrTpaBnoreToBure 3paqu, oTKJroHoT rroJrHe)Krr. Ho xora KaroAara (e ce ocserru,
Ha eJreKTpocKonor 6p3o llafa (cr.16). 3Ha.ru raJ.raaHo\rerapor (c floKtxe re.terue ua crpyja.
cBeTJrr.rHaTa Io eJIItMItHIlpara BrrrrroKoT HeraTr.lB- Oaaa crpyja ja BuKaMe +orocrpyja. AKo ce MeHy-
HLr rIoJIHexIL Hlle cera 3HaeMe AeKa roa ce Ba HarroHor U noMefy e:rexrpoglrre (roe ce
eJIeKTpoHIl. Baxsoro u36[Barie Ha e.IreKTpoHLI nocr[ruyBa rrpeKy rroreHqrioMerapor P) ce
lrenyna u crpyjara L
Hacl.3egagena
T.H. BOJTTaMIIepCKa Ka-
paxrepncrnra na So-
rocrpyjara, [pr{ [Ba
pa3Jrr{rrHr{ I,IHTeH3IITe-
Ta Ha ocBerryBarie, -/l
u Og rpaQlrxor ce
J,2.
rJ'reAa AeKa4rorocrpy-
jara eo [oqeroKor
pacTe co npliJloxe-
C-1. Ia E,rcxrpuruparLe Ha rlnlrKoB:l rrjro,rxa C.l.16. lIoI s"'tuiaHne na cBer.rruHala
Ht{oT. HaIIOH, HO 3a
(rorrcfy .qaM6ara u n,'rotrKara rrMa cra(rlo) oTK,'roHor ce HaMa,'tyBa oApeAeHa BpeIHocT Ha
HAIIOHOT. KOTA CI{TC
 i
104 2.3. @ono?apaKn

n:6nenu ene<rpoHu (e 6IiAaf npuarerreHr{ oA tr4crt[TyBaH,ara IloKil)KilJ're.AeKa :ra cforoecpe-

aHoAara, ce nocrr{rHyBa 3ilclryBau,e. lIpr,r KTOT Ba)KaT CJIC/IHI{BC OCHOBfl t{ 3aKOHONlepHOCTI,t:
Hara\lourHo jronc\ryBtrbc n:t rltrrtlrror. crpyjarl L ll|n oCRCTnyB lH.L' llil \illullillil CO \lOHoXl)O-
ocraHyBl KoHcrlHTHl. Tll crprjl jl otrlve \tatCKa 6prtjot Ha llir4rH14lc
.CBr'T,rtl,tHrr.
crpyja ua 3acnryBan e. -llpu roronelrr.r [HTeH3r.r- e]reKTpoHrr oI IlallcHa oBprlrurra Bo eAr{HurJa Bpe-
rr'r Ha ocBcrJlysrlLc rJ J r. c r pljar a Hr Nrc c [PaBonpollopunorraJ'rHil co r'rH reH3r,J'reToT Ha
3acuTyBaHrc IIoc't'urHyBa lloroJ'le\ra BpeAHocT. yrrallHaTit cBc't'JI nIril.
2. 3a cer'oj r{errrr rroncron r.H. UpBeHa rpaHfiua
ra $oroc$cx;rf .Tou c r.rlr.tr.rrrrr,rHrrl ofrHoBir
' ' |t} di.
toJ,tx14Hlt Hil cTit / , ., { lt., I cr,oqb( t Ho
BcTr, t H;t

Hcj:rna uuunrr-i,rna rppeiecurluia ./,,,i,, ) rrpx

rojartno cd yr-ure r\ra ollenyBauc Hil
tpor,'cn, x1p,11111. [4lrt ,, uli xrrtotLlrtr n.lilr
cBeT-rtuHa co t\tHofy foJ'terl I4H reH3t{TeT. Ho Hcl3tI-
tlr t;r ,iprrttcrulr Itur,txlHit ). e TitKBl ll| o /
I,I He HacliluyBil cpo'roecperr.
-1.Mitrcuua.ruara
xuHCTI,I'lKa errep-
C,r.3 ruja la r]roro-
eJ'reK]por{u re
Axo ce gouece HarroH co coporllBtra HacoKa.
T.e. aKo Karo/lara ja noBp3ele 3a [o3r{Tr,rBHtror E*,,,,,, lre :anuclr
no]r Ha x3BopoT. a aHona?il 3a HefaTr'rBHr,roT. oll utfl'ctI3tl'rcToT
elreKTpr{rrHoro lo,re ucfy creKrpoAure 14Nra H;t cuc r',rnrra'ra. Taa
cnporr4BHa HacoKa r{ roa Hacrojyna eJ'reKrpoHrrre pllcIe r'IxHeapHo co
!a r Bpl rt4 KoH Kirrojllril. I(urt e,rer rpuHur le nopilclol ua cPper- C"r. ,1

ro rroNllrnepacrojanucro oA KaroAara Ao tseHqrrjaTil Ha ynaAHara cBer"rfiHa ( c,'r.4).

aHoAaTa. eneKTpr.rqHaTa cliJlil l]a floJ're'ro Bplxrl 4. 4)urr,(,[cKrpL'HfiTc cc li r,inRllitr. rrpitlrrIrrrcr
Herar[BHa pa6ora,Ixja ro.qe]\lrHa e eIIHaKBa Ha l.rcToBpcNrcHo Kofa HacTaHyBa ocBefryBaHreTo
q
eU, a ruueru.xara euepruia Ha cncKTpoHor ce (Bpcr\rcro rolreiy geara arra c noryco og l0 s) .

Har!{a,'ryBa. <Dorocrpyjara. rcro raKa, ce Toa e rara u ao c,ryvaj Kofa l{HTcn3l{Te'ror lra
Hl\4ar,rlBa. 6uaej(r crvo cncxrlioH14r(. ,r ja ynaAHaTa cBeTruHa e r\fHory NIaI.
KuHelx(rKa euepruja e rofoJreNra oA BpeAHocra E,rcx rporrar HcTH"Ta T,.,\phjt cilNtJ Jcr.ry\lHo
eU . ycleBaar /Ia ja AocrrltHit l' irrrollara. Cnre lroxe ga ja o6jacHn rojaeara Soroecperr. Co raa
Apyru [oI gcjcreo rua clrlrurre Ha lrolrero ce reoprrja Hc \roxc lil cc o6jacHl r
rpa(aar KoH KaroAilTil. flpu onpeAereHa 3aKouoNrcpHocrr.rre o3HaqeHu co 2.3 tr 4.
roJreMrrHaHa HanoHoT ao o6paTtrara nacoxa
eAHaKBa Ha U, $orocrpyjara craHyBa ellHaKBa Ha Oorouu
ny,ra. Oeoj HarroH ce BtIKa 3aroqen uarroH.
Cnopeg roa, KaKo loc,'reAurJa Ha 3aKoHor 3a Karo uro roKa)KaBMe Bo rlperxoAuara
3arra3yBarlc Ha eneprnjara:
,'IcKUnja. MaKc llranr ycnean 71a fo o6jacH[
3paqcrbcTo Ha ancor'ryTHoTo rlpHo TeJIo co ocTa-
eU-- E^.^,, (tl ByBJrbc npcrnucr.rBKa [eKa eHcprlrjrra Ha rplr-
refbero e Ar,rcKoHTr.rHyr{paHa. Taa ce 3partr Bo
.mv rnauru. Eueprlrjara Ha e[eH KBaHT e olpeAe.reHa
<ane rrlro E, co pelaqujara:
2
BpeAnocr Ha Kr.rHer[rrKara enepruja Ha (boro- E=h/ (2)
ereKTpoHure (rr e Macara Ha ereKTpoHor, a rjrx\ e
\raKc!lMar.rHara 6lr Hil co xoja e.rerrpoHure ja rage ruro.f e Qrpereenqlrjara Ha 3pa.renTo, a /l
Hallyll]raar KaroAa ra). llranrosara KoHcraHTa-
 2.3. <Dotubecl1ercur 105

A,r6epr Ajnrurajn ja npnQa(a flnarjrosara erexrpoHBoJ'rr (eVt. 6ica c.t(Kr!tpotttlo.tnt t

uneja ra ceer,ruHcK14 KBaH r/ ja tropalBtr8i1. ln6otun !tiitt jt nl!tu rnr^itJ)!'H i1,,,

rap!eiltt DeKa iRrt!t.t!tHtuuo Ht (o.|o ! !lto c? cooaadyoon e ntt iorueu4ujanutt 1;ttsturtt od eden
t.rl!lllttln ,tt, ,tttt't an h&tHutl! ll!lA.\' l otl !ohn l! ll oo,rlr- Cnopeg roa :

aucop6t!pLt. leV: 1,6 l0-re J.

Csernrrscrure KBaHTlr ce eu<aar Qorouu. '3a
dloroHl.t're u]\laar cBojcrBa Ha qecrtluti Korr pa:,urvHure Mera.[rr r{3Jre3Hara paSora e
pa3rltr{Ha, [I e co foJIeNIuHa o[ HeKOJIKy eJIc(TpoII
ceKofaru ce /IB[)Ka'f co 6p3fiHa Ha cBeTJIIIHaTa.
so.'lYlu. Ha npuNlep, x3Jre3Ha pa6ora Ha rle3uyr{or
MofloxpoNrarcKil cBerJrnHa (lIr[I Apyr Bu[ eJreK-
rporrarHereH 6pau) co cpperneuquja l uoxe qa ce
e 1,8 eV, Ha narpuyilor 2.3 eV. Ha :.raroro 4,5 eV
11TIt,
pa3rJ'reAa KaKo rroroK ua Qrororln. Eueprujara na
cporouor e AaAeHa co pe,raqnjara (2).3na.tu, na O6jacHeHne Ha 3aKoH0MepHocrrrre
cBerJrr'rHa co pa3trIngHa 6paHoBa AoJrx[Ha (pa3- Ha +oroe+eKr'or
,rurua rppereeuqr.rja) u;rr ollronapaar Qorouu co (e nr noiacHulte 3aKollon{cllHoc lrrlc cropcJt
pa3JrurrHu r{3Hocr{ Ha eneprnja. peAocJreAor rxro Be(e ro aalosNre.
rDoronrme ucroBpeMeHo ce u Spau u J. Bpojor Ha cporoHrre. nur,qHar Bo eanlruqa
.recrnrla. Epau ce Sugej(u ce KapaKrepx3rpaar Bper\re Bpl eauHLlqa ll,'totil'fltHa oa IloBpIIItIHaf it
co $pexeenqnjara n 6panoeara AoJr)Kr{Ha Ha Ha MeTaJIOT, e npaBOnponopl(uoHaJIcH co IIHHTeH-
crJeTJlUHaTa: c), .f . HO, OI llpyr a c |paHa
- 3ure rol' Hil cser,lrlHara. Kr:rl<y none(e rporoHu
cJ'rr{rno Ha qecTrlquTe Tlle ce "qoKaJlt3upaHu Bo rlrinur ro,txv e flofoJ'Icl\t ,ipoior Ha ItrdtteHnrc
npocluprtl cu fu'lHo ollpcleJtcllil cHepf jJ. e,rerrponu.*Taxa ce o6jacHyea .:ourro 6pojo'r' Ha
oAAeJreHxre cporoe.irerlponu Bo elxnltqa Bper{e
Momc da ce ei&tuupaatu u sucopfupasw cu.uo
e rrpaBorrpolopqfioHaJ'reH co r'rHTeH3uTeToT Ha
rye.nu Qotuonu (odnocao qen Spoj aruu CBETJI],IHATA,
r7olo.ne.wi. @oronlrre Hc rro)Kc xa Suaar
e\[r'[.rpilHl.l. Hu]y afl cop6ItpilHn Ha,qeJloB[I.
2. Aro hf < A, cporoerperr He rrocrorr,
6lrnej(u eueprnjara ua Qoronor He e AoBoJrHa 3a
Ajuurajnona paBeHKa 3a tporoe$exr Aa eJreKTpor{or ja nauyurlr noBpruuHara Ha
MeraJror. Munulra,rnara eneprnja Ha Qorouor.
Kora c,qcH Qorou (e HaB,rc3e Bo
ts iltp!l-Ultocra H3 Nlcta,loT Toj uc,,roK\flHara
npr r.ojr ce lurre e \roxHo cJ'leKTpoHor la jl
HanyuTrl [oBprurllHaTa Ha MeTa,'roT, e:
ceoja euepruja ,/ ja rpe,qana Ha eAeH oA
A
ciloooAHrrTe eJ,'leKTpoHrr oA BHaTpeuHocTa Ha lf -A I -'. r4J.r

Nreraror. 3a ga ja Hafly[rrrl noBplltltHara Ha It

MeraJror. eJreKTpoHor rpe6a Aa rn coB.Jra[a r:h
ereKrpocrarurKllTc rprare,rH14 crrr og jonrtre (4)
Bo \.reraJror, r. e. rpe6a Aa rl3Bplrrn ofipeAe,reHa -f^^ A
pa6ora ,4. Taa pa5ora e KapaKrep[crr.rKa 3a Pe,raqujara (4) ja naBa (pBeHara rpaHxqHa
ceroj uerar t,t ce BriKa u:.'re:na pa6ora ua 6paHoBa ,qo.rxrlHa.
Meraror. flpeocrauarara euepruja e,rerrpouor 3. OaKTor AeKa t\'taKcI4i'IaJIHara KLtHerllrlKa
j:r uocu xaxo HcroBil Kr4Herr.lqxa eucprrjr. eueprnja Ha eJrerrpoHure He 3aBlrcr{ oA
Cnopeg roa, nuaj(lr ro npeaBuA 3aKorJor 3a UHTCH3ITETOT HA CBCT,'ITHAT , I,ICTO TAKA fO
3arra3yBat+e Ha eueprrjara :
o6ja*ryra AjHrrrajrosa'ra paBeHKa. nMeHo oA (3)
cJ'reAyBa:
,,r' (ll
ht
') A' Er,,-=W A (5\

PaeeHrara rJtce suxa nj"-irlnoua paaenKa 3a 3Hir,r lr.,.,, raBl1cr ca ro .,'.1 eueprujirra rn
{oroeSexr. +oroHor r.r 143reiHara pa6ora Ha varepujaror ra
BpegHocrnre 3a r,r3J.re3Hara paSora ua uera-
Qoro<aronara. Og paaeuxara (5) e jaura n
lrurece rlaJin. 3aroa e rorogno HrrB, Harqecl o ,'u.rHeapHara 3aBr,rcHocr Mefy tk.,,,,,. u / (rpaQuv-
BO UyJrX, Aa fr,r lrcKaxiyBa\le Bo eAxHlluaTa Kara 3aBucHocl ,qaAeHa Ha crfKara 4).
106 .2.3. cDoa-oe@erctu

4. 3aeusoro AejcrBo Mefy Soronor l,t

eJreKTpoHor e crrrtlHo Ha cyAup uefy gne
vecruqn. Eueprujara ua $oronor e cKoHqeHTpI{-
o.u: lo Jlu 24Rroro
paHa Bo MHofy MaJI npocTop, 3a pa3nltKa oA - [.t1
n.r rO' L 140.In'
]rlo'r
eJreKTpoMarHereH 6pan, xoja cnopeg Maxcne:r e V

paclopeAeHa paMHoMepHo Bo IleJrxor lpocTop

onSaren co 6pauor. flopagn roa, eJreKrpoHor Bo O6jacuere rn creAuuBe rroltMlt:
MHory Kyc Bpe\4eHchx 14HTepBan ja npuva euep- - Soroe,rexrpu.reu e$err - 3aKorreu HanoH
r njara ua Qorouor. Ootoc,rexrpouor ja r.ranyutra
(Soroe$eKr) - r{pBeHa rpaHuua 3a

rroBplrIIIHaTa Ha MeraroT, rpaKTuqHo, rlcroBpe-

- nagoopeueu $oroeQexr $oroe$err
- $oroie,rrlj a - $orouu
MeHO CO OCBerJryBaHjeTO Ha Mera]rHara [roLIa. . u3ne3Ha pa6ora Ha
- $orocrpyja
- +oroeneKTpoHr.r . METAJIOT
IIPI,IMEP 1. Konrasa e eueprujara ua SoroHor -crpyja na :acrlryearce i AjHrxraiEoBa paBeHI(a
xoj ogronapa Ha cBerrrrHa co 6paHoBa AoJr)KuHa - ejteKTpoHBoJll' :a $orocSexr
600 nm? Ana:rn:upajre Kora e MoxeH
$oroeQerr npu ocBerJIyBaEe co raa cBerJIuHa
Ha IIe3UyMOBa rl'rlt HaTpI-IyMOBa KaTOAa. Ilpamarra , 3aAaqu I{ aKTIrBHocrlt
PeureH e. )"=600 nm, .41., : 1,8 eV, 11" = 2,3 eV
E=',/ 1. O6jacuere 30 rro 3aKorlHllor HarIoH 3a AaAeHa
hc b,bl I0".l.l0' Qoro(eluja 3aBrrcu oll 6panoaara Ao.JrxItHa Ha
' 't'- ) boo.lo'
ynaAHaTa cBeTrLIHa, a He oA rrHTeH3lfreror Ha
CBCTJII;IHATA.
3,32 10 'qJ = 2,08 ev 2. Korraea e eueprnjara na Qoronr.rre Ha
cBeTJII,rHaTa OA rpaH[rIHLlTe BpeAHOCT[ Ha
QoroeSerr e r{oxeH xaj ueruyuona KaroAa, a
BlrAJrxBo'ro Ilogpavje ( i"1=400 nm n ),1:760 nm)?
He e uo>ren raj Harpl,IyMoBara. ( Ogronop: E1:3,1 eV ;E:: l,63 eV)
3. I4:,re:nara pa6ora Ha Ka.lil{yMor e 2,24 eY.
IIPITMEP 2. Onpegelere ja u:resnara pa6ora Kolraga e 6panonara AoJIi(I{Ha Ha lrpBeHara
Ha cpe6poro, aKo 3Haere AcKa IIpBeHara rpa- rpannqa ua Soroe+eKror ? ( Ogr.554 nm)
Huvua 6pauora qoJIxI{Ha 3a Hero e },.,,,.= 261 nm. 4. flanu uo;re Aa cc Ir3BeAe eKcrleprrMeHTor
Peureune, ,[ageuo: i"n,n^= 261 nm, A:? onlrruaH Ha c,lxKarl I co uexoj trplr Mera,'I.
Cnopcg penaqujara (4) nauecro qnnr? Koja Qn:uvxa BeJrrl.tlHa,
r',' 3.101
10 6,63 KapaKTepr;rcrr.ryna :a roj uerar, e oA 3ua{eu,e 3a
261 l0 lr
ga ycnee excnepuuenror?

=7,62.10 '' J = 4,01 eV.

Ilo6apajre Ha fiHrepuer Be6
EI
crpanura: E
I Photoelectric effect i ,--,,-ll
nPI{MEP 3. Co ro:rxaea uarcnua.rna 6p:llHa hitp/u&wghvsicscurriculur
Nlo)Ke Ia ja Hanyurru noBprxrHara Ha KaroAara
l
ohvsical science.htm
oA JlurI,IyM $oroenerrpouol, aKo KaroAara e l.r clruylilpaire ja nojaBara . KaKo tr l
ocBeTJTCHa CO I'TOHOXpONTaTCKa CBerJrI{Ha CO
I brtp://dutch.phys.strath.ac.uk/CommPhys200 I F,xantM,
6pauora goLrxnHa 440 nn'J tr4:re:uara pa6ora Ha anin \4cN;coll dnnr I l.!,il
Jlltrlryi\ror e 2.48 eV, a i\{acara Ha eJ]eKrpoltor na xoja {e flpolr{Tar e noee*e .a nojaaaru
rir- 9.1.10'r1 kg.
Pcruenue.,ll,aAeHo: A=2.48 eV; ),=440 nm;
ar= 9.1.10-r1 kg.
fil 4rn u ( rp.) rpo(, proroO - rpecplrrc :a
Og Ajurlraiuoeara paaenra (3) 3a 6apaHarit cBeT.nInHl]
MaKcuMa,rHa 6p3r.rua ce go6uua:
 2.4 llpuueua ua Qoruoecfiertuour. @ouloeneuaH[iiLt t07

A.AjHlI|Tajn (Albert
Einstein, 1879 -1955)
2.4. IIPI'IMEHA HA ,.

e poAeH Bo YrM, OOTOEOEKTOT.

fepMaHrrja Ha 14 OOTOEJIEMEHTIT
r'rapr 1879 r.
Cnopeg nonynapna
rereHAa roj 6r.rr
Ilpulreua Ha +oroe{exTor
Mr'rpEo [eTe Koe
@oroeQerror Haoia MHory6pojHa rpaKrr.r-
aoqEa Hayqujlo [a r{Ha lpulreHa. Bo ocHosara Ha rpriNleHa'I.a Jre>Krr
36opyBa. PoAnre-
nIITe lypl,t ce nr'ra- \'toxHocr a laaeH cEcTJltrHcK14 crrruaLr. pexl noja-
ue,'re IeKa Moxe6II BaTa tboroeQeKT, Aa ce npeTBopa Bo eJreKrpr{qeH
e MetITa-Illo 3aocTa- cl{fHar.
Har. Ho, Be*e ao oc- Bo norlraejero l. 2l ce 3a[o3HaBNrc AeKa npu
HOBHO IIIKOJIO IIOKA- cHI'INlah,eTO BO TeJIeBLI3I,ICKr,rTe KaMCpU OlrTnq-
){<yBa"'r 3a6enex{- KhoT crrrHaJr }Iox<e Aa 6r.rAe [peTaopeH Bo
TeIHIl pe3yJrTaT[ IIO e,rerrpuveu nuleo$u,rn.
MaTeMaT[Ka, 0U3U -
Ka lt cBrrperr,e nr.roauua. llo npeceJryBaBero rra HeroBara
(paMlrrlrja so I4ra"ruia, rxKonyBariero ro IlpoAonrKllr tro
, Ilqajqapuja.-K3Ko crygenj ce oArrrKyBa,'r co !3pa3rrra
rlugr.iBlrAyalruocr. llo :aepuyeau,ero Ha cryArrrrre,
(parKo pa6orejr KaKo npclaBalr, a He noMlHare Hu ABe
roglturl, roj go6t,r nocrojaua pa6ora Bo lllBajqapcKr.ror
laTeHTeH rIeHTap Bo EepH KaAe pa6ore.r 7 foluHt{.
Pa6o'rara ja cMerar 3a xurepccna, 6tgej(u ja
crr,rMyr ra Hilyql.l,l,lKa hMarx Hauuja.
paJ.ta HeroBa
Ha 26 rognurl, Bo 1905 roA. ja og6paHlrr cBojara
qoxropcKa ruccpr:lu iJ. OBar rol Ha c lHaqrjHa ra
pa3Boior Ha qeJloKylHara HayKa. Toa e rogunara Kora
Toj o6jaB[.r rpr.r uuory :uavajnu ny6na<aqulr. Cr. I
fTpBara cc olHeclBrna Hi KBaHTHara reoprja ua
cBeTr'IrrHaTa fi o6jacHeHue ra cporoe$error, :a xoja ja C,umara 1 rrJrycrpnpa npr.tMerra Ha Oororie-
[o6r.ur Ho6enoBara HarpaAa 3a +r.r3uKa Bo 1921 roA. rlrjara no aJrapMHrrre ypegn. @oro(enujara F ce
Bropara ny6ruraqtja ce ognecyeana Ha cTaTucTrfrKrrre
ac[eKTuHa nojaoara Bpayuoeo IBID(er!,e, Ka,qe urro ocBeTryBa co yJrTpaBnoJreToBa cBeT.nuHa (uv)
yKaxyBa ga 6payHoBc(oro ABID(erbe IIa aroMuTe. Koja, KaKo lUTo 3HaeMe, e HeBrr[JILIBa 3a rloBerrKo-
Herosara rpera pa6ort vy AoHena HajroneM To oKo. TaKa Hrr3 KoJroTo na Iiellrjara (o3Ha.reHo
nv6n uurer. Taa ce o[Hcc] Bit,ra ua cne4rjarncra co upBeHU cnpoaoaur0u) nporexyna crpyja.
reoprja ua pe.rrarrrBuocra. Bo 1915 roAtrua Ajuurraju ja E;rexrpouarneror EM ja npuelexyna xe:re3Hara
qaJI cBoja ra onuTa Teopxia Ha penaTriBHocTa Bo Koja KorBa Fe nocTaBeHa Ha Mar ,'IocT Koj e BregeH co
noKaxal lleKa !,Jrac 'lraTa Tcopuja la rparrraurja ua eJlacTnqHa npyxl4Ha Pr. Kora noveiy nlBopoT Ha
t6yrrr e cavo cneuuia,reH cry,raj Ha Hel oBara reopuja. yJrrpaBuoJreroBo.fo 3patrel;e u Ooro*ernjara (e
Pe,rar eucrr.rxrle tculuu Hit AjHurajH o! KopeH ro Herxro (KpaAer0, eJreKTpoMarHeror
rroMr.rHe
MenyBaar Halxero c$a(aEe 3a flpocropor rl BpeMero,
npecraHyBa Aa 6r{Ae MarHerr,rqeH; xeJre3Hara
KaKo u 3a ynrrBep3yMor Boonrrrro.3aroa AjHurajl n rc
cltetaar :a najrorev XX BeK. KOTBa BJreqeHa OA eJIaCTr.rqHaTa py)K Ha fo
Sr.r3u,rap Ha
3aTBOpa BTOpOTO KO,'IO (O3HaqeHO CO Cr.rHLr
floxpaj rparar5ara 3a pe/l u onurocr Bo nplrpolara, cnpoBoAHr,rqll) Bo Koe e BKryqeH ereKTpuqeH
AjHr[TajH ce 6open 3a MopaneH peA Bo onuecrBoro. Er.r]'r a,'rapM.
roJreM xyMaHIcT ll ooperl 3a Mnp. 3aToa co npaBo BeJIaT: MHofy crl4qHo KoJIo, Ha roa [a[eHo co cJII{-
AjHututaiH ue 6u"t La-uo 2rHuja'1eH H,ty,!HttK, noj 6ull Kara l, e KoJroro Ha ypeAor Soroperej. CaMo
r,ulo,y, rLHoZy Aoaeie - u-oj 6un HoZy Zone.M t!o6eK.
rxro raMy o6lr.rHo ce xoplrcru Qoro(eauja roja
MOXe Aa 6I{Te aIyBCTBLITeIHa U lla O6nqHaTa BLIE-
Jrr{Ba cBeTJrr{Ha. EuAejft.t Ao6fieHara OoTocrpyja
 108 2.4 ITpuutuu ua d)oulo((bctinoru cDouto?.n..Mr'.tttuu

BO TOI CJ"IyrtaJ e IIOI\laril. Taa ce 3acLIJ'IyBa co rloce- c,ro6oguu. Tara ccl ocaer.ryraHrero ce 3roJ'reN{yBa
'-,JH rilcln)Bir,t. faxir tlrcti,teuata crplil voxe aa trpoju r rrr c,lL,0olrrulc (r.le K lpol14. lr.r i.r rrir ruyrr-
npl: Kr.{He uJrrr Aa er,ry.ru qpiro pa6olno ro.ro. Bo .ruuure, 6ngej(u lo r,l3J'leryBarlero Ha ereKTpo-
pa6orHoro KoJ.ro N{o)Kar !a 6r.rAar BKJryrreHr{ no'f oA aTor'Io], BO Hcfo ce co3llaBil rxylJ'rxHa.
pa3J'rr,rrlH[ MexaHr,r3]rlll co Kou ce peryr'r[paa r O',.r,r tt,,irt,rrr Urt turtlttrttl,r Ht\l!ll!t.ll! Ht!
pa3nuqH[ npoqecrj Ha aaToNlaTcKo y[paByBabe. t lttp.\ ittltltt,n' 111'.1y1 11p"1e,i4ltt;ttltl It!tlt tti?t,cttll!t)
IIaJetl)e ll facHeHre Ha yrlI,IrtHo ocBeTJ'leHIIe, o c G e Lu.4 | o o H, a c e a t r t e nalup etu e u fu o tio etl erctu.
3a[rrrrrHrd nporuBno)KapHu ypeAu u c,r. C--o Ce suxa ouarperucu 6rqejru crcxrpoHrrr ue ja
cporo(e,rnja ce noBp3aur.r r{ uorl)l)u re Kor{ HarlytIlTaaT noBprxt{HaTa Ha MeTaJ'loT.
cTalHyBarLe Ha oApeAeHo MecTo
aBTO\,raTCKr{ rrpr{ Buarpeuruuor Qoroe$err oBcr3Nro)<yBa ABa
oBo3\ro)KvBaaT oTBqpatl)e Ha BpaTr{Te. ulrxttu (tettort. tlir:
- co ocBeTJ'lyBilr'be ce 3foreN{yBa cllpoBoArl{-
Bocra Ha noJ'rycnpoBoAHr.rKor- uape.reua tporo-
cnpoBoAJ'rt'lBocT u
- co ocBcTjryBalj.c Ha p-!1 KoHTar(ToT Ha aaacH
nap Ha nonycrrpoBollHr{r(u, rJrll KOHTaKT Ha Mc-
TaJI-nOJIyCnpOBOnH[K, Ha KOHTaKTOT CC CO3AaBa
eJreKTporvroTopHa cu;ra. llojana'la c no3Ha'ra KaKo
{rororo,rran.ren eQerr.
Ooroornopnlrqu. rDoroorloplrlrx rrpercra-
BJBr nno'rKa o! rolarop epr loja c HaucceH
TeHoK cnoj or.l flon]cnpoBo^Hr,rx co !e6c,ruHa o,r
pel Ha roneNrr4Ha Ha Mr,iKl]oi\rerpu (cr.3)-
Cr.2 |
onycnpoBoAHr,4 K
OoroeQrerrot uaoia npulreua u npr $n,rlr-
cra pcrucrpaqnja Ha cH[MeH :ryueH :anuc. 3a ga
ce r,'lcAa dl ,,]Nr rpc6a c,'ruiul'c Ha Ou,'r\4or Ila ce
!ar,r)KaT ]aKa r-Ln o 3a ceKoja ceKyHAa ail I{3I{I4HaT
no 25 c.,rrrlr. 3By.rrrro r' 3alr.rc r pe 5a Aa 6r4Ae
ncloBpeNreHo ilertrcrpupau. 3ry,ruuor".litrruc (n.3
o6rj.rHO e cocriiBeH o! reHTa T (c.r.2) lo roja co
pa3r'ujqeH r.rHleH3r4fe'f Hil rrorJpHyrJiilbe BO 8l1ll tlil Karo ro.rycnporoAHrrqu ce Kopl4crar [lare-
rlprr.I e AaAerr :arrrc roj coo[l]c'lclByBa Ha puja,ru ror ce NrHofy $oro.ryrcrrnre.rur.r. ua
3BytrHrre ocqnJrarJlrr.r. Aro ua loj ge,r og cfu,rl.ror' npxNrep. orr'rr{rJnyrl. cerett. Tar.llryM cy.rrpr11,
cc Hiicotm cBcrlrr{Ha roja raia Ha cpolo(e,rrlja F. tatrttyrt er.rd'ttJ. [1pu coutto ocu(]r'ty,ailtt.c t.lK-
CBCT,'II,IHCKI'IOT IIHTCH3I{TET CC ]\,'OIIYtrITPA Br.ior reHoK rpu,ru rrra NrHofy r\'rana cnpoBo)In[-
cl.lllxpoHo co 3ByrIHIlrc ocrlljnaqr'Ir.r. flopalu roa. eocr. xoia ia perucrpr.rpa ratr'rBaHoNrerapor KaKo
JAVLTT Ie OCL(I.'rAUrIlj CC npCTBOpaaT BO rcuna crpyia. flpu ocBeTn)Brrbcro. crpyjlrrr
Ul)o\r\'Hr 11B. rporoc rpt jl rojLllrcl.r,lljHl Haf.ro pacTe nponoprJr.roHar'rHo co ocBcTr.reHocTa.
PC/l 3Bt{r(yBA OCrlXnpAHrC Hil 3BVrrHr.rKOT Cie ropncrar ao rpororpacprljara r Bo erreKTpo-
I tr'uP til|l lJ. r c r1'1 jrr,' r, r Kun, r Hlr (hoTot(r'n Iiit t it. HLIKaTii 3A pefy,rl PaH,e HA I'l3JlelHllTe CI,lfHatr]l,l
r.rtrrr{ npu npeKr.rHyBaH)e Ha oApeAeHr.r KOrra.
Buarpeureu {roroctpexr <Doroe;relreltrr. Karo lr rrrl Hi:ilroN{HaB\re. co
Bo o6n.lur'l ycJ'roBrI noJ'rycrpoBollHr'rrrrJTe r{r\ra- no\lolll Hil aFLt,qllHll \lox( 'lll Ce ,'lo,lll(
,rr \rHor] \rr.r;'foi H,rcflr'e llr Hil crlr\ilr c.roii'r- C"IICKTP]ItIHA CTPYjA 6C3 NPI,ICYCTBO HA

rr c-rcr(TlloHn lrr.rr rlvrrtr-rrrHr.r. fllpr oceer.rrynau,e

/rlH
Hiu(BopcrllcH rJ lBop Ha c.i\{.c.
Ha rro,qycnpoBollHnr(or. HaB"rrc3cHurc' clroronrr rrlr Ar<o xosraxror Ha JIBa nonvcnpoBo/lHrrua oll
upcJlilBllf crrcprnja ua BaJrcHTHlrrc c.rreKTpoHrr I n t C( '\LLi(l,t . t,ri .uct.tttttct l t;r . tt. pt ttj;r
KOII fO HiiIIVIIII'IIT ATO]\IOT II CTAHVBAiIT j;r npein"l'.r Bir L ,t ( l\ I I\II,IIri r crl)Jl,l. tilK.l ulti'
 2. 4 I7p u. u e u u ua cp b ut o e d) e K u- o ut. (D o Li o en eM e H u- Lr 109

TaKtsllTg ypeAu rIpeTCTaByAaaT eIeKTBIlrrHIt TopHa cr{ra. Ypelor npercraByBa n3,Bop sa

Ii3BoDx. Ce BxKaaT QoToeJreMeHTU. e.reKTpuqHa crpyja xoja Moxe ftJrBar{OMeTapoi
Hajpaenpocrpaneru $oroelellenru ce r.H. ga ja perlrcrprpa. BaKBuoT +oroerleMesr
colapnu rie,rru. Kaj nua co Kopricrerbe Ha Ooro- co3EaBa HanoH oA peA Ha IOJleMIma 0.5 V.
e{exr ce oBo3Mo)KyBa AxpeKTHa
Bon'ra[qH[o'1. Crpyjara nITo npr.rroa rerre e o[ peA Ha ro,tet{uHa
nper sopda Ha coH,reBilt a eueprrja bo o[ Aecerrirl[ MltJ'rr{aMrrepu. CnrruEyMoBr.Ire
eJIeKTpr{qHa. co,raptr xelulr utuaar uajro,reua ocerlu.rBocr Eo
uurepBairor touefy 540 u 560 nm, firro ofiroBapa
rl na najroleuara ocerJIIIBocr Ira qoBetltoTo oKo.
Ooroeleuenrlrre ce [paBar r,I oA qpyfq Ma"e-
puja,ru. f:raeuo, Toa ce noJrycnpoBo[Ht{ql,ITe gla
HcKoll oKcllr,u4 eo xov6vHaqaja co MeraJltr.
lloqpavjero Ha MaKcr{MaJluara oceTrlqBocr Hr}
Qoroeleuenrure e pa3Ju4qna E 3aBltou ol
varepttja,rure oA Kox ce HarIpaBeHIr. Ha tpullep,
repMaHr.tyMoBr.r colapnn (ear,u ce co MaKcItM:uIIIa
ocerrrnBocr no nogpaujero duucro go uuepa-
qPReHOTO 3paqelbe.
- Cr.4
' - ,[eneurxara MoAepHa rei;ordir.rli ne r,.rox.
Ha clnxara 4 e [aAeH IrreMarcKl{ IIpIiKa3 Ha
'l arsa (ellrja, rpaAeHa oA crrJrr{qr{yM oA p rr tr Trir]. [a ce 3aMrrcJrrr 6e: rporoe:reuenur. Ke cnouneue
caMo HeKor{ ypeAr{ KaAe ruTo Tue ce KopI,rcTaT.
Teuox c,roj Ha I ton ycn potsLrtrHx Kor oA p-Tl,jl ia
o6nnrryea rrJroqxare oA n-Tr.In. Co xonraxrn K u Bo carr,ronoclyrnre cerojgnenuo ce Koprrc?ar
K' [Bara no.irycnpoBofiH]rKa ce rroBp3aHl co 6ap-xog-vuravx Ha xogoBr.rre (cr.6) ga
Ha/lBope[Ho Kojro Bo Koe e noBp3aH faJrBaHo_ pa3JniqHrrre npor,r3Bogll. Cexoj nporaanog lom
Ncrapor G.
croj xog. 3a ga ce npo'rura roj KoA ce KopEcrrt
eJreKTpoHcKr,r ypeA co Soroe:reuenrr.r. flpu
Korl cou,resl cBeTr.[4Hil (c flar.lHe epr p-clojor.
peQrexcuja Ha cBerJrnHara oA cBerJrr.ITe n reM-
4oaia 71o HarJro 3foJreMytsane Ha Hoczrerure Ha
Hr.rTe Irpynl Ha xoAoT ce perurcTpl{pa cooABeTHr,IoT
rroJrHe)Kll: eJIeKTpoHr{Te r{ rrlynJlldHrlre. Ilog eirn_
rrpoxreog. l{n'raqor e ooBp3alr co rounjyrep u
laHl,re Ha IIOJIeTO HA p-n [peMxHoT KoHr]eHTpa_
rJr.rlaTa lra eJreKTpoHr{Te BO n-rroJlycnpoBoAHrrKoT [oBoJrHo e carao xparxorpajno noMmryBarse Ha
ce 3for'reMyBa. florccr.ere ce AeKa Ha p*n KoH- cBeTJrr.rHaTa 3a Aa ce no6re r,rH+opMaqr.rjaTa 3a
TaKTor ce co3[ai]a eilcKrpn.rHo nore (cr.5). ueHaTa, Ha3r.tBoT rr Ap. no[aTorlr{ 3a rrpou]3BoAoT.
Mogepnure cKeHepu ce rpaAeHr.r oA
vall @otoe,telteHTrr. nptl uro ccxoj
u,rjanuurll.l
-tr Qoroeleuenr e lr AIrfrraJIHa eArrHlula.
p -ll n Bo nayr<ara, noce6Ho so acrpoQn:uxara, an
rxupoKa ynorpe6a ce r.H. CnClr[u (CCD)
KaN{epu, KpareHKa og Charge Coupled Devices, ron
npercraByBaar pcBoryrl oHepqo ofKpuffle. Toa ce
E trorprxr.rHu oA Aeceruqz { 'rjaAHIrI{u MrrJruour.r
('-r.5. nopaAfi llu$y3uja Ha c_qeKrpoHure o/( o Korr p tporolererropu
rro.rrvcn poBolHEKo rj r.r lxynnriHuTc o/1 p KoH n
nocTtBeHI4 BO Ca-
r().qycniloBoAHrrKo.t . cc co3[aBa SaprrepHo nojle c() i\ro eAcH NrlrK-
';l3' rHit I porr1{n.
Ecprrxacnocra ulr
tr{cloupelrctto co 3roJrcrrvBa}bercl Ha 6pojor Ha c l\lHofY fotr'IeNla. ll
C.i( hIpL,HtttC. (c lfo,l\'It)ai tr K,rHrtr.IlIli t iittil llo 509i, o11 yra,rl
Hil xr) ir"rr{Hll 1 e Bo p- rroJ'rycnpoBOjJrr!rKo.f . Ila Ia cBeT"[[Ha cc
-firra.
nprr ocBcl,,iyLraH'c Ha $oro(crir.t jara lreiv llPeTBOpit BO CJt
Jlrala rro-nvcnpolloi{ritlKa cc liojaayult crrerrpolio- e K't pllrlc ill\{flv"lc. Cr.6
 110 2.4 llpuuena ua QofroeQercu'tod. @ofroeneueufru

ua rforo*erunre f,e ja Bprar raKa IIITo cBerJrtrIrcKHTe

Kopucrere xa Qorolonranq[ - 3paqu na uafaar ceKoralu HopMaJIHo ua TIoBPI[trHure,
no r,r co cueqnjannu cBerJnrEcKt{ KoHIIeHTparopIt.
r!a" xoH troqllcra xrraorna oxoJltrf,a
OotogorrauqHara rexHonornja e eAHa o[
MoAepr{ure npeoKyrlaqfiu Ha AeHeuHara Qu3fiKa.
Moxe ga ce :anparuaue :olrro? [a ru ua6polrlre
fleKoa r[ npeAHosrfiTe Ha +oroeleMeHTure:
-Qoronolrauvnnte conapFn (erI{'I oBo3Mo-
xyraar qo6urarse eJreKTpFIHa eueprxja uagrop
og 3eujunara arMoc$epa, iro catelurute N
ApyrI{Te BrrnoBu. xocMlrtlxx nera.na. Hanojynare-
ro Ha MepHwie ypbgi iaMy e, maBno, co doto-
ereueutuu 6arepuu;
- OoroBorral,I.rHure ielux ororuoxyBaar Ao- Cr.7 (DoroBolraFr[a coJrapHa qeHTpara oa BLrpur-
6rrarse elerrpuvHa eHepruja Bo HaceJIeHu Mecra Fnja Koja AaBa Mofuiocr l5 kW
oAAaJregeHIt oII rrtaBHrJTe elexrpnvun nocrpojxu;
- BO TaKa OAAaneqeHI,ITe Mecre e oBo3MoxeHo
He caMo A06 BaI+e Ha eneKTpI{qHa eueprnja:a
O6jrcxerc rn oregntrBe trotMtr:
najpa:luvru HaMeHrt, xaKo Irrro ce ocBerJIyBaILer - $mopenej - reMna crpyja
- nuarpeuren $oroeoeKT - OoroeneMeHT
uanojynane Ha Moroptt sa najpa:rlvua nar',reua, - Ooroc[poBoArrBocr - c{,napv\4ken v
TyKy r{ 3a npeHoc Ha llrQopuaqture go rue - QorooruopEr.rK - 6aP KoA
Mecra; '" i! ' 'Ixra'r
- Qororo:rrauqute ce lt3roHpeAHo norogHlt
sa nanojynaue co euepruja Ha ypeALITe co MaJla
MOKHOCT. KaKO IITO, . Ce KaJrKynaropHTe.
qacoBHIrIIIITe LIJII{ KaMeplme.
Ho. e[eH oq najro4euxte [peAHocrfl np]t
cd
AxpeKrHara nperBop6a ird cbH'rerara eHepruja
1. flpoyvere caMocrojHo KaKBLT Apyrll
npnuenu nua QoroeQexror?
Bo ereKTpr,rqHa Jlexrr Bo Ao6fiEalf,ero "qucra
2. 3a naqsopelren @oroeQexr nocrofl "qpBena
euepruja" (cl. 7). Co..conaPnufre leeauu ue
rpaHnlla sa QoroeQexror", IIITO MI,ICJIIITE,
iocfrou nuxaxea oEacniiifr za aaiadyeatoe na rocTolt Jrr{ TaKBa rpaHl{qa u Bo cnyqaj Ea
xuaofrnafia cpeduaa.
I BHarpellreH ooroeQeKT?
3atoa so rorei4 6poj qeurpr ao ceetot, na xaj
nac, ce pa6ou na Ao6noaee OoroBorra[wut 3. IIpn o6jacryra*e Ha Ha[BOperxHr,roT
eleMeHTI-t co 3roJreMena e$l,r(acHoc"r. QoroeQexr HeKoj CE IICKOKAJI:
yqeHLIK
[ocera Ea roj ruralr uajuuory ce ycneaJlo co Mo- "CBerrluara Ha ynaAHlror cHorl e e[HaKaBa Ha
HoKp[cranHr cttJ'ltlqxyMoBn xeaxx xaj xol e I,I3JIe3Hara pa6Ora na Meraror Il KrHeTuqKara
rrocr[ruara eQuracnocr a Eo 25yo. Ho, npoqecor sa exeprnja Ha eJreKTpoHr{Te." \atm e rotrro oBa
no6uoameto na os[e Ooroier[Ir e Muoly cKarl ll TBpAerLe, axo He e, 3oruTo?
nercnnarnna. Hajgo6p[Tc IloJ[l,rKpncrannn Qoro(erm
ruaar eQuracrocr ao l9ol0, aoAexa coJIapH[Te
ooro(en[r Ao6IreHr.I oA aMopOeK cl{lllrl+ryM ce co
eSuxacnoct Ao caMo l3olo. Ceuax xanpaleu e roleu
Ilo6apajre na xxrepxer re6
HarrpeAoK fla oBoj nnarl xora f,e ce cfloMge Aexa crparrf,qa : Photovoltaic effect
npatre Qoro(cnrlr KoxcrPyrpaflr !o rIeAeceI'rI{Te
ro[LrHn oA MlrHaroro croJrer[e, rraae eQuxacnocr
cauo 4 o/o.

fio6xrarrero norotevf, xo*xosr[ sa ttbJ@(e

SoroeneMeHTlrre ce nocrrrNyBa co ttoreMyBalte Ea
i* rtrTo xoxe ga nrgare annmaqxja no
rloBplutrxaTa ll3Jloxela Ea conqeBaTa cBeTJruHa, co ot[errcr, Kopxcrere f, niryr! cnf,{rll Jtxllxolll
Kolcrpyx{xja Ha cneq[janm J4)egf, ror norpuruara
 2.5. Modetu ua auto.uorA lll

fl:ranerapeu MoAeJr lra arouoT. Bp3

2.5. MO,qEJIII HA ATOMOT ocuoBa Ha eKcnepuMeHTarHI4Te pe:ynrarra go6u-
eHri rrpu pacejynane na c-vecruqu (geojxo
,(o uotefroxofr. ua X){ eex, spl ocHosa a journnpann arouu ua xernyu) on reHKu rfiBt{I,Ilba
maoiydpojnu excuepuuenfru ce Haco6paa torre,+t on 3JraTo, IroTKperreHrr co TeopIrcKHTe npecMeTy-
6poj coaaaauja dexa aruo,uofi He e Haj sflafra na*a, E. Pauep$opA so 1911 rofiuHa ro npe[-
nedeauaa uecfru4a ua uatuepujataa u dexa fioj JIOXI4JI TIPBI.IOT EKCIIEPIIMCIITAJIEH MOAEJI H
ce tocfrou od olufrueuo u nnatttueno aaeneK- arouor. Bo rnreparypara onoj uogel Ha aroMor
[iputupanu vecfiu4u Ha utoa yxaxyeaafi ce cperHyBa noA r.rMeTo: u,laHemapeH oden,
ofrxpufrujauta, xarco wfio ce: xafrodaut4te u jagpeu (uyrc,teapeu) aode,t ua aruouoru (6ugeji<u
xaaanau e Jpa4u KaKo cuofr iotufiuenu u Torarr rrpBrrar ce crroMHyBa aroMcKoro jagpo).
nelai uenu vectuurqu, j o nuaa4uj afra, fipupodna- E. Paneprpopg u neronure copa6oruuqu X.
fia paduoarfruanocfr, peadlencxufre tpaqu, fajrep n E. Mapcaen. co uer [a ja npoaepar
frepuoenercfrpona<arua e ucuja, Qofroe- pacnpegelOara Ha rIo3ItrI4BHIIor noJllrexi Bor aro-
nextuputuuofr eQerEt 3afroa He uHoaHo ce uor. ru 6pojar pacejauure o.-qecrl.Iq[ oA TeHKIi
ocruaeyaa u fipatuan efro: xat<ea e zpaddafra rfiBqrrrba 3JIaTo, o[HocHo QIIUHTunaqIrr.rre (cBeT-
na aruouout? KaH,ara) Kor,r fl,I co3AaBaar cl-qecrllqfiTe Ha eAeH
J'ryMx H HcueHTeH expaH. Oa eKcneplMelTuTe , Fx
lt3aeqyBaaT creAHItBe laKJIyqouH:
- najro.neunor 6poj oA s- rrecrrrrlr.rre
loMr.rHyBaar H1.13 Jlt4BqeTo oJt -iraro 6er
orKJloHyBarle. Toa sHaqli AeKa Bo aroMrrre lrMa
foJreMn npa3HI,IHI.{;
- MHory e ual 6pojor Ha o-qecrurlfiTe KoI4 nplt
MItHyBaILeTO HIt3 TeHKOTO ruBqe Ce OTK.JTOHyBaaT
roA arojr o[ 90" Lrrn notoJleMlr arru. Bargoro
Ca. l- Moger na aroMor cllope! ToMcoH olHecyBarhe e noBp3aHo co [pocTopHrror
pac[opeA Ha ereKTpI{r{HI{Te rIoJIHexn Ha aToMoT.
Co uer Aa ce onpeAe,rar Qurnvxure KapaKTepuc- Helta cotrrgenue AeKa npoMelrara Ha
TrrKrr Ha aroMor (roreuunara, crpyKTypara, noJr- npaBeqOT Ha ABUXeEeTo Ha G-qecTxllliTe e
rexor. ereprlrjara) tl HefoBara rpaa6a. rrr le[or pe3ynTaT Ha HI{BHOTO 3aeMHOAejCBO CO fiO3IITI{B-
Ha aroMoT ce nprlKaxyBa co noMorx Ha MoAeJrr{. HNTE EJIEKTPIIIIHII IIOIHEXI4 BO ATOMOT,
Enen og npnlrre Mo[eJru e To*tcouoeuoti Bp: ocnona na eKcneprrMeHTaJrHr{Te pe3yJr-
uoden ua afiouoii (cr.I ), [peAnox<eH Bo 1903 roA raru, E. PageprfopA AorrroJr Ao co3HaHne AeKa
on J. Toucou. Cor.nacso co onoj uogen, aroMor e ceroj arou ce cocrolt oE no3LtrHBHo HaeneKTpI{-
cQepa og no3ltrHBHoro KoJII-IqecrBo eJIeKT- :upano jaqpo vuj nornex e Ze (Z - pe4er 6poj Ha
p[qecrBo ao roja ce pac@p:reuu HerarrrBHrrre ereMeHTor no MeHAereeeuor [epr4oAeH cr{creM,
eJ'reKTpoHx. cJ,rxeHo KaKo cyBo rporje so nyauur. e - eJreMeHTapHItor eJIeKTpI{qeH rIoJIHex), a [o
Cnopege oaoj uoge:r, ereKTpoHrrre ocurr- sarnopeuu op6lrru ce [Br{xar eJreKTpoHr{Te,
nlrpaar oKoJry cBoure paMHorexwr norox6u. Co AKo ereKTpoHltre BJreryBaar"Bo cocraBor
[eJI ,qa ce o6jaeuu vexaurrvor na elrncltja ua Ha aTOMI4Te, a aTOMOT e eIeKTpOHeyTpaJIeHr Cne-
ereKTpoMafHeTHoTo 3par{eBe oA crpaHa Ha .uyBa laKnyqoKoT EeRa uoJuLuuaHoruo Kor,ru4e-
aroMor, aToMoT ce Tpertrpa KaKo JrrrHeapeH cwso eneKurpuqecmso 60 &frio,noilt tupeda Da e
xapMoHrrcKrr ocunJlarop. Co ouoj uoger uoxe ga tJnnxao co nezauuaHotuo Ko'1u,1?cfuao eneKfrpu-
ce o6jacnu eJreKTprrqHoro npa3Helbe HIt3 raco- yec i6o, T.e. oKory jaAporo Kpyx<ar Z erLerTpolav.
BIITE, CJICKTPOJIII3ATA IT AP. Cnopeg rpecuerxrrre, paArrycor Ha aroM-
Mefyroa, {Bpcrr.r AoKa3r.r Bo pacBerJly- cxoro jagpo e -10 15 m ,. (aroMor r{Ma paArryc
Balbero Ha crpyKTypara ua arovor ce [o6treHlt co
eKcrrepr{MeHTrrre Ha E. Pagep$opg. -10-r0 m). Eugejfur e uara sepojarHocra cr-vecru-
III{Te Ha caojor nar Aa ro florogar Maroro
lt) 2.5. ModenL! H0 luouortr

aToMcrao jaapo (crr.rqHo ikaKo Aa roroluTe oroBHIr Clopel :axouure Ha KJracuqHara eJreKTpo-
carr$tlt Bo foJ'reM Kyn ceHo.r. HrjfoJlc\'fl4oT !c"r Ilr,rHaM Kr. eneKTpoHor. aeuxej(u ce raop rauo (e
oMliHyBaad Hr43 T9HKOTO ,'Iuilqe. MaCaTa Ha Mopt Jlir c\'[iryBa c.reKTlo\rrrHerHLi SprHoBx. a
errexTpot{fiTe rlpercraByBa coceMa N{aJr [eJr oA co roa ce HaManyBa r{ neronara euepruja. llopagr,r
MacaTa Ha j4gporo. Toa 3HaqL!, fioJre do ce seuc c crevarcKoro fi 6pio ryoelt'e ua eueprrjara.
dct<rr I lc",k ) Kyi lHttruo ,voco Ho oitlo,von c,tcR?poHor Hc 6 \4oxen Jlir ce IBl4xr.r no oporira
cKoH4eHmp LLp o Ha Bo Hezo eo mo j ad p o. co *oHcraHTcH pallr{yc, raKa rnro paAr.rycor rroc-
reneno (c cc HaMaJryBa r.r e.reKTpoHor 6r.r rpe6a-
r'to [r flr,,tHc Bl i aro\rcKoro jaqpo. uro
nporuBpcrrII Ha onrar[Te (cn. 3).

C,l.2. flareKfiTe Hr pacejauure u rrecrrjqrr npx Cn. 3

uunyeaoe lrorpaj eAerr oA aroltlrre Ha reHKo N{era,rHo Kora elexrpoHoT du ce nplr6rlrxyra.rr xou
aroMcKoro jaApo, (e ce 3ro.JreMyBa 6pojor na
JlfiSrte oA 3JIATO.

Cnopcg :axoHrrc ua rlacnrnara Qlr:lrra, 3anptytsarbaTa [JTo frl paBI,I eJ]eKTpor{oT 3a eAr.r-
Pagep$opqonnor MoJIeJr Ha aroMor Nro)Ke Aa HI{IIa BpeMc- Corlacno co KJIacrqHr{Te 3aKoHlr.
6u[e craOI,IJreH caMo Kora ereKTpoHor co N{acA ,r. rpe6a roHruuyr,rpaHo Aa ce :roleuyna r Qrpex-
tr ro.]rHe)K e ce ABI.!)K[ oxory japoro rro KpyxHrt ueHqaj;rra Ha clrlrryllaHoro ersi{Tpoj}IarHeruo
rrareKa co paAr.ryc r. IJenrpuneranuoro :adpsv- 3paqe!5e.
Bal6e LuTo fo IrMa eneKTpoHor e HacorreHo KoH Hetagucno oA Toa rrrro MoAeror Ha
ueHTapor Ha Kpy)KHurrara, jaAporo lr eJreKTpoHor PaaepSop4 u veKop Harrpe[ Bo BpcKa co rac.ilra
saeuno gejcrnynaar co Ky.nonoeara criJra, TaKa 3a fpa,q6ara Ha aroMor, cenaK, TaKa 3aN{[cJIcHI,Ior
uro Bropuor lLyruoe :arou Moxe [a ce MoAe,'r uMa uose(e Hellocraroqu. Toj He voxcLr
3anI4tIIC: Aa ce BKJlon[ Bo paMKIlre Ha KJracl{qHara Qu:nxa.
flpernocraBKara 3a ABuxeBe Ha ejreKTpoHr{re rro
*"' 2
I Ze2
l) xpyxnlr op6nru PanepQopq ja ga:r nopagr roa
= (
tlllro caMo ItoA TaKoB ycJIoB TL{e Moxe Aa ce
4xto 12
saofaar na onpcdereHx pacrojauuja on lroMcKo-
KaI{e urro v e Jrr.rHr{cKara 6p:nua na eieKTpoHor; ro ja,qpo. Kora e,leKTpoHr,rre 6u uupyna:re, 6lr
6lr,re npnr,re.reHn o4 jagporo, a co roa aroruror 6rl
aoe peJIaTI{BHa [uereKTp[rlHa (oHcraHTa Ha flpecraHaJ'r qa noc roH kaKo 'rllKoB.
BaKyy\'ror. Zp e ereKTpr{'Ttfl,ror no,rHex xa jl,t. I4aKo cfiopeA Pa4cpoopgouuor MoAeJr Ha
poro. Bo nocJre[Hara paBeHKa ABere HeIto3Hilrl,I, aroMor MoTKe tra ce ocTBapl'I ucxojl crlou'ruocr
pafiuycor r I,I JrI{HIrcKara 6p:una r,. Mo)Ke [a Ha aToMoT, ocTarraJ.re NlHofy lpiluaH'il Ha (oI{ co
uuaar 6ecrone.rso MHofy Bpellnoclu, oAHocHO r oeoj uoger He Nlo)Ke Aa ce AaAe oAroBopi co Hero
I{ y ce MeHyBaaT KoHTr.rHyr.rpaHo, TaKa urTo npr.r He Mo)Kerue qa ce o6jacuu Ao6uBaH,ero lla ruHu-
IIpCMnH Ha C,lCKTpoHoT o,r'l crlHa Ha ,1p) rl op6 l a cK re cncKrpr. KJKo 14 chre .lp1ru rrojluu uo
Moxc Aa cc 3pa,rr'i 6r,ro xojr cueprria. r.e. BpcKl co cvrcrjar a lr rrrrcopnurjllur Hil
clreKTptrre Ha aroMrrre 6n rpe6a,ro ga 6ugar eJIeK rpoMarHeTHoTo 3parleIl,e.
xoHTl4lryxpaHl,r. Ho pcanno. eKc[epr.IMeHTr.ire Onue rpournpe.inocru jacuo noKa)Kyratr
EOXaXyBaar AeKa aroMure [r{aaT .]IrHlrcKr,r AeKa 3aKOH[Te 3a ]\.!IIKpOCBeTOT He Ce UCTTI CO
cuerrpa Kapa KTepucru'run la ceroj eJre\reHT. oHtte [rro Ba)Kar 3a NlaKpocBerol. C]ero ola ro
 2.5. Modertu Ha oLuo ,om ll3

norruKHyBa AaHcKr,ror @u:nvap H.Bop eo 1913 Tpefi Bopoa fiocrl1nafr (nparuno :a

foALtHa paAuKarHo Aa oTcTarru oA 3aKoHr.rre Ha Qpexnenqulrre): lrpu npeMuu Ha aroMor oA eAHa
r,raclrvnara $u:ura. craqaoHapHa cocroj6a co exeprnja r,, Bo Apyra
Eopon uoqer Ha aroMor. H. Eop ja crarlr;roHapHa cocroj6a co eiepruja 4r, , roj eulr-
3a/lpxJBa ocrroBHara ugeia :a n:raHerapeH NroAeJr ryaa uirn ancop6upa eAeH KBaHT eHepfria l?l raKa
Ha aToN{oT, HO BO HefO BOBeAyBa KBaHTrrpabe. urro roj KBaHT e Ha pa3JrrrKara Ha
eAHaKoB
Ilpu $opr,ryrrpame Ha MoAeJror Eop ce paxoeo- eHcprujarl ot oB cocroj6r.
e ABc
lslr ol KB:tHTHtrTe npercrtBl4 :a cvucfija rr an-
Ilpu E. ' f,,, arouor evxr) Ba rpo'rou co euepruia
copnquja Ha 3paqelr,ero. npeAJro>KeHrr og fl;raux
n Ajutlraju, no noBeAyBa I{ onpeAeJleHL{ npernoc- hf
-, = E,, - t,,, . (3)
TaBKII I<olt HeMaar ocHoBa Bo Kracurruara Qrz:ura.
Boponara reopnja ce nplrMeHyBa He caMo Bo oraa $opuy:ra f,. e $pexneuquja ua
Ha Hajnpocruor aroM - aroMor Ha BoAopoAor, Ho eMuryBaH[or Qoron lrru, KaKo yrxre ce tse,'l(,
n na aodopoilu ocrlttl! H t aruouu ror ce coctojar
r cppercaen4uja Ha pe.$LLtHoLTt o4 cocrojOa r no
oA aror{cKo jagpo co eJreKTpr{qeH rorHe>r Ze v cocrojSa n. Baraure rrpeuuHll ce BfiKaar
eAeH etreKTpou oKo:ry jagporo. Taxglr cr.rcreur.r ce xeaatuuu upeuunu.
jorrure na He'- Li' . Bet rrgpyra. 3a ga npevuue ar()\{or oA cocrojda co
Bo ()cIoBa ua Eopoeara reopnja ce noua,ra eueprnja 8,, no cocroj6a co [oroJre]\{a
c,'IeAHr]lBe KBaHTHI{ nOCTyJTaTII: eHepruja E, rorpe6uo e roj ga ancop6upa $orou
IIpa Bopoe fiocfry,aaur (nocrynar 3a cra- co eueprnja ht,,,,, - L,, - E ,,.
ui,roHapHlrre cocroj6u): og 6ecxoxevuuor 6poj
cJIeKTpoHcKr.r op6urtr, rolr ce MoxHx cnopeA
KJraczqHara cpurura, nocrojar caMo crporo ofipe-
X& Ilocmyltaa od nautuHcKuofr 36op postrlat nl-
uoupeSa. nocaul'loilluae ce KopLtcaaatu 6B dotaaLt
qe:rcHr op6urn co oflpeAeJreu[ enepruu. Osne
KnKo ocHocn 3n {oJdaanH,( d\r,:Hu ncolutt.
cnl{HcrBeHo Mo)KHu op6r.rru ce HapeqeHu
crua4uonapuu opduutu. Eoponara reopr{a lecuo r.r AocrarrHo ro
Eaextttp,'u',ut t<oza ce dattJr{tt io cinot(to OIII4IXyBa ABrrXebeTO Ha eJreKTPOHrrTe OKOJTy
H!!pt1ur!t( op6tttutt ut t'.tttuiiyn . n(Kitpo"r,kt2- arollcxoro jalpo u eivrcnjara u ancopnrrrrjara Ha
Hct!!Ho Jpet!rtb(. 6e,: pa.t,tttt<,t ttt[iu ,t latt.vttt eneprujara xaj aroulrre. Cenax, uaco6panure
aa6psauo. AroMor, . llt ereKTpoH[ ce Bo craulto- eKcrrepuMeHTarHu Saxrr. oco6eno xaj arovure
uapnure op6urn, e craoureH. Taxenre cocroj6u co cJroxeHa crpyKTypa. He Moxene aa ce o6jac-
Ha aroMor ce He3aBIrcHI,I oA BpeMeTo II ce uar co Eoponara reoplrja. Egna oA ocHoBHrrre
Hape 'reHll ci aryuonapnu cociioj6u. npr4qxHu ia Heycnexor ua Eopoeara reopuja e
Bfiop Eopoe fiocfiynafr (npaBlr:ro 3a TOa IITO Taa He e HItTy AOCJIeAHO KBaHTHai HIITy
KBaHTupalbc Ha op6ur rel: rocrojar caMo oHre AOCJTeAHO KJraCUqHa; OA eAHa CTpaHa, Ce nprrMe-
craqttoHapHl,I op6l4Tu Ha eJreKTpoHor 3a KorI HyBaaT npaB[JraTa 3a KBaHTT{pa}6e, a oA Apyfa
MOMeHTOT Ha fiMIIyJIcOT ua e,rexrpouor. xoj e cTpaHa, ce cMeTa AeKa ABlrxelbeTo Ha
paMeH Ha npou3Bo[oT oA HeroBrroT nMtTyIrc p=]11v eJreKTpoHoT ce rloKopyBa Ha Krac[qHI{Te 3aKoHr{.
II paAriycoT r, e KBaHTyBaHa Be,'IuqItHa, T.e. Epanon MoAeJr Ha aroMor.
Ao6IlBa caMo onpeAeJ]eHIr III.1cKperHlt BpeEHocrlr: Ihaur, Ajulrraju ll Eop
rloKaxaJle AeKa nplHqurroT 3a
h HerIpeKIrHaTocT e HapyueH Bo cBeroT Ha
nt,v tlrtl - n-
:ft
n - l, 2, 3, ....(2) MflKpoqecrr,rqr.rre. Mefyroa, npll:nanajfui ro
rrpHHrlri[oT 3a KBaHfr{paEe, eJrcKTpoHoT cnopeA
KaAe IITO fie e MaCaTa Ha eJreKTpOHOT, v/, e Eop, cenax, ce ABlrxrr ro KJrao{qHa op6nra. Oraa
6p3[Hara rro n- Ta op6ura co payluyc e r,,, h nporxBpeqHocr 6ula pa:peureua oq JIyj 4e
Epo.nu so 1924 ro1. 3a ga ro o6jacHn npuiror
flranxosara KoHcraHra, (h,2n:ft - ce qula xa 6opoB nocryrar, ja nocranlr.n cMeJrara xr.rrrore3a:
flpeqpraHo), lr e rleJr no3nrr.rBen 6poj, nogoqna ropt r.vcxy tttt puo-6po noBu ceojculao uojouyuoo r u
napeveu l,eaeea xeanrueu 6poi:
He at.Mo (honL)tlune tuyKy r! L'J1(KfupoHuiic t!
114 2.5. Modenu na autonott

dpyrutue awepujanHu vecutu4u fipu dauttema sa edxoepeueno upequlHo ueperce ua rcoopdu-

Ha roj Hauran :a xoja 6ra:ro qecrlrua co trMnyrc Hautsaa Lx u u uy.ncon Lp Ha uKpo+cculu4ufue
mov n n 6parror,a gorxuna 1,, naxcl paBeHKara: :agatena co Xaj:en6eproeara pelaur,lja

^h Lx'Lp* x h (7)
l=----:_- , (4)
ft.vo Heuoxuocta 3a e[HoBpeMeHo npeql{3Ho
MepeEe Ha KoopAnHaTaTa H IrMnyncoT IIpI,IAo-
3aroa nonpupogno e ereKTpoHor Ea ce pa3rJle- HecyBaar 3a Heoflpe[eJreHocr ua rpaexropujara
AyBa KaKo 6paH roj 3aAoBoJIyBa orIpeAeJIeHI'I Ha Mr{Kpoqecrrrqure. Toa 3HarIIr AeKa 60
ycJroBr{ co KoI{ ce oxpeAeJryBaaT cTaIIuoHapI .ITe uouu mpa-
KaaHLuHqfua JvexaHuKa KAacu,luuou.i
cocroj6u Ha aroMor. Oguocuo MoxHI,I ce caMo ercutopuja (op6uuta), L<oza ce pas|nedyea
oHrre craqr{oHapHn op6uru (cn 4) wla AoJIxI{Ha deuxewetuo na enerctufouout ao afuornapHu
paa epu, 2o 7y6u ceoetuo 'Epeo1ufuuo suauewe.
n7, =2nr,. (5) Tara, cornacuo col xnanruala MexaHIrKa,
HaMecro 3a rpaeKToplru nir xolr rpyxar eJIeKTpo-
On (4) r (5) ce no6usa:
lflrre. ce 36opyBa 3a o6flaK oA aepojarHocr.
h OHa.Lty Kqde wwo wo j o6iax e uozycw, uoroteJta
2 ---- = )nv, . n =1, 2, 3...- (6)
e u lepojawHoctua eneKfrpaHolu da ce uajde, a
fr"1n
uputuoa u a u cwpoZo' oipedenena euepiuja.
KaAe lrrTo me e MacaTa fia ereKTpoHoT, vn ',e Kora co elua xpnaa (e ce cnojar roqKure Ka[e
HeroBara 6peuna u r, paguycor ua op6urara, n e
lrro sepojarnocra e uajroler'.ra (o6naKor e
uajrycr), ce Ao6rzsa roa uro Eop ro HapeKyBa
qer 6poj. On popuylara (6) creAyBa u Bropl'Ior craquoxapna op6ura.
Eopon nocry:rar. llaxo [e Epo:ru equa xranore:a Bo 4yxor ua oaaa ugeja ce pa3pe[reHfi
3aMeHyBa co Apyra HoBaTa xl.InoTe3a xlrfloTe- npo6reurare co Kor{ ce cygpu Eopoeara reoplrja
:ara ra 6pauoeu cBojcrBa fia ruarepnjara e npo- 3a Bo[opolHuor arou. Taxa xnanrrrara MexaHuKa
rlrxpyBa]be Ha ABojHara flpxpola Ha uareprjara. AaAe peureHrre 3a pa36npane Ha nojaBure (Bo raa
Aro erexrpouor ce pa3rJregyBa raxo 6pau, cMr{cJIa Ir Ha cneKTpETe) Ha noBe(eeneK-
novwor "ulpaeKruopuja" e 1ecuuctteu, 6ugeji<u sa TpoHcKrrTe aToMr4 rr Ml{ory no9JIOXeHI4Te
6paHor He nocrox fipocropHa ,roraqlrja. a crtopeq cl{cTeMrr,, KaKo IIJTO Ce MOJIeKyrIrTe,
TOa Ir TpaeKTOpIrJa.

l. Kou ce HeAocrarolrl{Te Ha ToMcoltoBuor

MOAer Ha aTOMOT?
2. Kcrlt ce rreAocrarolllrre ua Pageprpop-
goruor vo4en ua arouor?
3. Karo rlacar 6oporure nocry:rarlt?
4. (3a 5*) flpoBepere garur og parenxara (6)
Cn. 4. Ha ffaq[oHapnara op6xra co paAI'Iyc ,"n (r:6) cnelyBa BToptlor EopoB locryrar?
ce cMecreHlr 6 ge gpoar.rencxr 6paHoBr'I AoJrxrltlu
O6jacnere ru cre,qglrre [oIrMIt
Ho rcarco eo utoj c"tYtai uoxe da ce
o uwart KsaH[aHuute cocruoi6u ua tuoj cucweu? - ATOMCKI' MOAEII]I - TOMCOHOB MOAEI

Ogrosopor na oBa nparlaH'e ce cogp>Kll Bo - rlraHeraperr MoaeJr - KBaHTHL nPeMllHrl

- 6opoa uone,r ua aroMot - crauuoHapHr cocroj6x
rpyAoBnre na Illpeqlrurep, Xaj:en6epr, flaylu, - Bopoau rocrynarn - Xaj:en6eprora
,[upax, Eopu u 4p. Moxe Aa KaxeMe AeKa - 6paxou uogen ua aroMor "ibjlhqdja/r
nocJreAnqa Ha cJroxeHara xopnycxy,T apuo-6paHo- ' - Ae 6porneBcKu 6paHoBIa
Ba npxpoAa Ha MI-lKpoqecrI. IHTe e u He-uo)IcHOCUtA
 2.6. Eopoe nodea na afi)onofr u o6jacHyaahe Ha cfr.ercfr.pufre 115

2.6. EOPOB MOAEJT HA ATOMOT tI v,=;-1nh n=1,2,... (3)

zfi mern
OEJACTIYBAILE HA CNEKTPI{TE
Axo panenara (3) ce xragpupa u ce BHece
Bo (1), 3a paAxycor Ha r-Tara cTarluoHapHa
Aanu e Moxno co xopllcrene xa Eoporure
op6ura ce AoOr,rBa:
IIOCTyJTaTLAa rr.r OnpeAeJrrIMe pafiuycl,ITe IJa cTa-
IlxoHapHr{re op6raru, ri.rnucxar:a 6p3[Ha Ha eneK-
rponnre r eneprujara Ha Bo[opoAHI,Ior atou? e^h2
rn = n'" . (4)
Le mefi
=;-
yn
3a arouor Ha BoAopoAor (Z= I) npsara
craqlloHapHa op6rara (z=1) nr'.ra uajual paAnyc.
Toj usneqrna:

do=17= (5)
e melt
Benuqmrara ao e rrapeqeua Eopoe paluyc.
Cn.1.
Cnopep Eopoator MoAeJr, elexrpouor xaj
aToMoT Ha BOgOpO[OT MOXe Aa Ce ABT,DKLI nO
,{a ce norcerralre cnopeA oBoj MoAeJI, eJreK- xppxxu op6Nru caMo co oflpe[eJrewt paqfiyctt.
TpoHor o(ony aroMcKoro jagpo ua Bogoponor rr Pagrycure \, rz, ... , r, npercraByBaar paAnycu
,oHr.{Te cruqHu co Hel-o. ce ABr,DKI.i no cTalu- rara Eopora
Ha rlpBara, sropara, Tperara, ... , n-
oHapHr.r opbr,rTrj onpeaeneHH co ABa ycJroBa; eaeH op6rra. Paptycxre Ha crarllouapsnre Kp1':t .r
KlracfitreH u e[eH KBaHTeH. Hexa upetlocralrue op6nru xa elexrpouor Kaj aroMor Ha BogopoAor
AeKa llocror,r aroM cooraBeH og jaqpo co noluex Mefy ce6e ce oAHeq/Baar (aKo KDaAparr{Te Ha
Ze u. egeu eneKrpoH (c1.1). IIpu paMHoMepHoro npupog[xre rlenn 6poeBu:
[BrDKeIbe xa e;rexrpoiror, flo n - Ta crarlr{onapua
op6[Ta co pa1ayc rn. e 3aAoBoJIeH Klacutlulor 11 i 12 : \ : ... r, =12 '.22 '.32 :42 : .. .n2
ycJIoB:

1 ze2 , IPIIMEP 1. Korxara e id;ieunrara ua nprrm x

^-r?
r, 47eo r] ' (l) lropuor Eopor paglryc Ha elexrponqr Bo aroMor Ha
BOIOpOlOT?
Fercrrc. Kopxcrejfu.r ja pargrrara (4), (e ro
(aAe rrrTo me e MacaTa Ha eneKTpoHoT, y, e onpeAe,IrMe paAtrycoT na naj6uncrara op6l a xa
IretoBara lnuncxa 6pbwta, €o e Ar.reJlerTptrqHara aroMc/r Ha Bolopolor, r,n. Eopor pagnyc ao :
KoHcTaHTa sa BaKyyrubt.
fio:soleHlrre xpy>rorfi op6f,Tn Ha erexfpo- ao=rt=-;-^h2 E

xoT ce onpeAeleHr co KBaHTHr,roT ycJIoB, Aaleg e'mzrc

co rropuor Eopor noeryrar:
8,854. to-12 c2 maN-r 16,626. lo-!a J. s;2
h
mev,,rn=n- . (2) rr. (1,60218 . t0-1e C12 .9,t09t8 . to-3r kg
trIt
Ellgejfr ro paresxtrre (l) u (2) nocrojar ao - Q53 ' 10-lo m
cavo ABe Herro3Ha?LI I9JIf,rItHIt, MO)XHO e OA Hm
m ce o1p^gp1:.T:: 6pzinara v, r paryncor r' OI Olaa toaeyxga e to cor,naclrocr co roa u?o Fo 3gacMe
panexxara (2) ce 4o6ma: :a rolennrara fli paFycoi ia iaouor.
Bmpx/r Eopo! paAtryc rcHecyra:
ll6 2.6. Eopoa uode,t ua nuouout tt o1jacHyauH,e Ha cueKu-pu ie

rz = 4 an =212 10 to .n.
- 22 an Herarr.lBHa) u 3a n -) cD Texrrt KoH HyJra: Toraul
eJreKTpoHoT fo HanylxTa aToMoT, T.e. aToMOI ce
Pa4uycor Ha craquoHapHure op6nllr Ha jonu:apa.
eJreKTpoHoT e BeJII{r{IiHa IIITO TeIIIKO MO)Ke Aa Ce
lr3Mepu. Mefyroa, eHeprlrjara rlrro ja ancop6rrpa
[a ucraxHevc [eKa Ha BK]nHara erepruja ruro ja
I'IMa eJIeKTpOHOT BO eAHa OA CTaqr.rOHapHI{Te
It eMI{'tyBa aToMoT, eKcIrepIIMeHTaJrHo Nro)Ke na op6xr oAroBapa eAHo eHepae.acKo Huao
ce onpeAeJlli. Cnopeg npanor EopoB nocryrar. (KBaHTHa cocroj6a na aroMor). CflopeA Toa, sa
ereKTpoHor ce ABTDKIi no craquonapull op6lrrn ceroja craquouapHa op6r{Ta Ha eJreKTpoHor, aro-
Ha KoH oAroBapa roqHo onpeqer'leHa eHeprtja. MOT nMa TOqHO O[peAeJIeHO eHepfeTCKO HrrBO.
Eueprlrjara 8,, ua elexrponor Bo aroMOT Ha flpu naro;rel'rynan ero Ha /?, eHeprercKure
BOAOpOAOT e OrrpeAeJreHa CO: H Boa ce lo6rrxyaaar KoH eAHa fpaHUqa. Kojt
oJroBaplr fa BpcLIlocTa IJa // ---) co.
,4
I mee Cnopeq rperuor 6opoB nocryrar, pu
En ) - 1-) n: 1,2,.. (6) rrpeMr.rH oA eAHo eHeprercKo Huao co euepllrja .872
n' 6E;h' Ha rroHrrcKoro eHeprercKo HIrBo Ern Qt > nt), ce
eLruryea reanr co euerrlja:
PaseHxara (6) loxaxyaa nera euepiujaura na 4
ArcKfrpoHofr ltaedno co neio u ua quo,vo.u) e
xeanwyaaua, tu,e. dofryu enu ce muo Her.ou
E, -hJ -E,,-1,,,- : .|,'. l'l
8t,,, lf \m' n')
qpedHoctuu Ha eHeptujatua. Herarunuara epeg-
Hoc'f Ha eHeprl{jara noKa)KyBa AeKa rrocror.I @pereeHqujara I ua elluryeannre Qorouu
cBp3ar{ crrcreM: jagporo u elexrponor $opuu- - cncKTprrlrr r H rl ttpl4 oeoj npevuH Hr
paaT aTDM. aToNlfire Ha Bo[oponoT ei
Arolror r'ro><e ga ce najge Bo pa3rllr{Hlt ,n.n4 I I I
eueprercKrr cocroj6u Korr ce onpeAeJryBaar co l- ', ,l )
ut <u (7)
rIeJIIrre (KBaHTHI{) 6poeBu Ci dodextr uoctuotr
n. dto // \ nl n /
ceptaua tocutoj6o uoueiy cnpKnpt)ii,tn r! llpnroa, u:pa:or
jadpotuo Ha ou!oJttout, cHcp?r!joutn itpt! o I(2t 4
i,tuaHu zpedHoculu. Eneplujau.a Ha c,lo6odet In -e
/r_-
i /r'r
e.nercfrpoa ne e rcaaHtu),eaHa. 8c
Hajva,rara ivoxua eHcpruja Hl aro\4ut e rlo3Har xaro Pn46eproaa roncranra R. Co
oAroBapa ua ocnoenaniq cocfrojda rage ir:I. 3aMeHa Ha 6pojultre BpeAuocrr;r Ha KoHcraHTrrre:
Cocroj6lrre co ir-L r4Maar norolrc\4a eneprrja. n e, h, m", c,3a PuA6eproBara Koucranra ce go6naa:
Toa ce aolfydeHu cocfroj6u ua afrouotu. R:109'1 373 1,.77 m-l .

Bo paaeurara (6) nnecere ru BpeAHocrllTe Cnopeg roa, paneHKara (7) craHyBa:

3a MacaTa I{ IIOJIHeXOT I{a ereKTpOHOT, Ar.reJreK-
TpI{qHaTa KoHcTaHTa, go Lt flraHKoBara KoHcraH- . (tr\
Ta u (e ja Ao6uere eHeprr4jara Ha Ha /?-Tara J=cRl .,- ., . n D. t8)
\ rr- n- )
Eopoaa op6ura, Taa usHecyBa:
flpecueraHure $peKBeHqrrr,r. ognocro 5pa-
1
HOBLI IIOJI)KLIHll.3a CIleKTpaJ]HXTe JrnHrrtl BO CrIeK-
,a' =-2,18 10-18
+
tl
J=-13.598 : eV rapoT Ha a'ror{oI Ha BoAopoAoT, cnopen paBeH-
KaTa (8). Ha[o.[Ho ce cJ'ro)KyBaaT co eKclep[-
ueHTarHo orrpeAeJreHrrre Bpe[Hocrll. Toa 6eue n
Et = I 3,6 eV . r- l. ua npeara Bopoca op6rn a.
curypeH AoKa3 urro ja nornplysaue trc[paBHocra
I r npl\reHrrrBocrlr Hl Eopouirra reop jl npu
6. - I J-t' eV i.3q ,iV . ,, I rr;r n rupa la oSjacuveau,c Ha ctreKlapol Ha Bo,qopoAor.
'4 Hlru, tl. tillt,t 6tlputr, lre,rruttir oBo'r\ro)K]-
I{TH.
Ba cAHocliltsrlo rpacfu.rrn Aa cc [prlKa>(c Hac]'a-
l'llrcHo. cHeprnjala plcfe co l,'zl15uqej(n e HyBalbeTo lra creK-rpa"rrHrrTe -[r.rHxrr D :]arioHoltel)
 2.6. Eopoa uoden Ha oluo,v.ow u o1jarcHylttbe Hq c[ieKrupuute 117

HOCTa Ha CneKTpaJIHI{Te Cepun KaJ aTOMOT Ha

JOH143Atll,lJA HA ATOMOT
BOAOpoAor. E(ev) - KOHTI,IH}IYM
Ha cn.2 ueuarcKu ce npltKaxaHu Mo)K- 0
Hfi[e KpyxHrl op6 lfi Ha ereKrpoHor xaj arovor 054
Ha Bollopollor. Crperrlrre noxaxluaar on xoja -0,852 llauteuocn ii'-l
Ha Koja op6xra e,'reKTpoHor npecKoKHyBa. -1,51
tr{cronpeueno ceroja crpelra culr6olu:r.rpa lr Eanuepoea
('UHa CneKTpanHa l uUja. Osqe jacHo cc r,r,..2a cepuja
AeKa eAHa crreKTpa:rna cepuja ja coquHyBaar cxre
-1 1q
': ]
Jlrrnurr rrrro ce go6unaar [pu [pecKoKHyBarnero npBa Bo36yAeHa -3,39 eV
Ha eJreKTpoHor oA Koja 6xro nogalevua op6nra
Ha onpeAeJreHa.

,13,6
cepqj
ClJt.3. Pac[opeA Ha eHcprercKrrre rlltBoa Kaj aroMor *a
BOAOpOAOT u MOXHUTe KBaHTrr! rpeMI,rHn

Ceroja ncprura,rHa orceqKa co crperKa

cx\r6on i pa o e.[eH KBaHTeH npe\txH Ha
aroMoT. a cToBpc\reHo I llo c[Hl cltehrparHa
n:2 runuja urro ce nojaeyea rpu roj npeM H.
Korl e,rexrpouor npcMxHyBa oA xoja 6u,ro
noAarerlHa op6ura (r=2, 3,4,....) na nprara Qir=1).
ce go6una Jlajuauozau-o capuja. Taa e so ylrpa-
BlrojleroBtlor AeJ'r oA cncKTapor. OpeKBeHIILIurc
n=5
Ha cIleKTpaJrHHTe JlllHtlrll Ce 3aAaIeH[ CO
paBeHKara:
Cr.2.
IIIeMarcKIr go6llnan ero Ha crreKTpaJIHrrre -( r l) )
J - K. , tr 2. 3.4 ..... fq)
JIIIHUT{ l1 Cepur{ Bo cneKTapoT Ha BOAOpOAOT \ 1' n- )
I{HOfy nonpefJrellHo ce [pr4Ka)KyBa lpeKy
eHepfeTcKlrTe HLIBOa Ha aTONIO'|.
Earlreponara ceptja ce go6uaa *ora
eJreKTpoHor npecKoKHyBa oA KoJa OuJro
Ha cn. 3 co xopLi3oHTaJrHlITc JTIIHuLI ce
rroAarreqHa (n=3,1,5,...) Ha Bropara (/,?:2) opoura.
rrp[KaxaHrr eHepreTcKuTe Hr4BOa Ha aTor,roT Ha
1 aa e eo erp,tuslror [(r Ha cncKTlpol.
Bolloponor, T.e. r{o)KHr{Te eHepfercKr4 cocroj6r.r
(xnanruu cocroj6u Ha aroMor Ha BoAopoAor). /.
Xopu:oHra.ruara lunr,rja, o:ua.rena co r:1, ja / Rd+- n-r, | ,i 3.4.5 (rq
rrpuKaxyBa HaJHr.rcKara eHeprercKa. cocroj6a ua \2- )
aToMoT, OAHOCHO OCHOBHaTa eHepfeTcKa coc_ C:ruqHo co npelxollHr.rre u llalIrenoeara
roj6a rora aroiuor Hc e so:6ygen. Hajropuara cepuja cc Ao6uBa Kora elrcKTponor rrpecKoKHyBa
.runuja. nar, o3HarleHa co r:cc. ja [pLrKax<yBa fpa- og roja 5uro noAaJre(rHa ft = 4. 5, 6...) Ha Tperara
Hr{rIaTa Ha aucKoHTrrHylIpaHr.loT eHepfeTcKrl (rr:3) op6lra. Taa c Bo lu$paqpeeuuor ge,r ua
crreKTap Ha aTol\{oT, oAHocHo oTTat\{y eJ'reKTpoHo.f cIIeKrapor. Bo uuQpaqprenlror AcJr Ha crreK-
ro Hi[ryllrTa aTo]\,loT n ce eNrrrTvBa KoHTr{HyLIpaH firpor c( l.r bpercroearl tttt 1. - 5. (i 7....r. H
crrcl(Tilp. fl$yuqoeara cncxipa,raa (n:5
"b6puja ; n= 6,1 ...).
 118 2.6. Bopoa uoden Ha qluoJ'toltl t! o6jacHyauthe Ho clteKattputue

Motte da asK./ty'tLuLe dewr co Eopoeuotu eueprrjara n SperaeHqujara Ha SoroHor.

uode,t ua au,touotu Hs edHoci)aaeH HaLlrLH J'ttot{e (ogronop: 1 .88 eV; L78.10rr Hz)
da ce ofjacnaut ocHoaHufua KapaKuepuctit!^ It Ha r,. Ko,rKaBa Nl,rHr.r\rilrHl cuept uja rpc6a nu
..nL*tLtcKuott cueKu,tap Ha aodopodo.u, Ho He Lt Ha lrcopor{pa a roNlor H?r BoAopo]lor 3n:
i o c,,t o Jt e H Lr me a Lt o J'r L L. a) Aa npeM[He Bo npBara no:6ygeua cocroj6a;
tIPI,lM EP 2. Ko,rxaea MhHr{MaJ'tHa eneptrjrr rpe5.' b) 3a Aa ce joHu:npa? (OAr.: 10,2 eV: 13,6 cV)
Aa ancop6upa aroMor Ha BoAopoAor 3a Aa ce joHI'I3Iapa? 7. EHeprujara Ha oclroBuo t o cnepfercKo Hl{Bo Ha
Peuenrte. Taa eHeprtlia e elHaKBa co eriept uilra ll aro[lor rril BoIIopoAor c 13.6 eV. a Ha rperoro
"orKrrHyBaBe" e.[eKTpoH oA H_ aroNtor: 1,5 eV. lla ce upecNlera $pexneHqnjara lt 6pa-
t HOBiI I a n(rjl )l(llH,1 llil B'l Opir Ill CII( K lPan lll
E E,t)- E1. Katte uro -'=
8., '-'! , n
*"3r.,
I
op Jlajrmroerra cspr4tr. la .rula .epttir np.rtr- "ll'lHllja
Hor e oI HnBo'ro co rz-3 ltil laugere paeeura
9,l].to 14 l,64.lo (8)]. CrcTclt roreNlrHata '=l
76
Ha 6palloBa'ra Ao.rr-
R (8.85.lt) r;r {6.o2 lo ra
1: xrtHa, Aa ce Bfi/xl4 Bo xoi ac,r oA creK'l'apor e l aa
n xHI! 4. (Olr.: l=2-9. i0r5 tlz: i--l00nm)
Er =-2,18 10 't J =-13,598 8. Cnopeg paBeHKala (8), aKO ce :cvc n=2 u a:-1.
"v
t:0 - (- 13,6 eV): l3,6eV. 4. 5 r,r 6, ce Ao6fltsiliI' IIpBITe 'Itc ttlF)i{ Jrl'tHl{Il Bo
Ea,rllepoeara ceplja uro e Bo Btt/l,rtlBt{o'l llcn.
.,,,, ',I{ornra eHcprnja oA ll,6 eV aroMor Hil J]a ce orpegellr Hr.Ir,tHara 6paHOBil /lon)KlrHa.
BOAOpOAOT ja eUltryea Bo (bopMa Ha creKrpo- (Our.: 656,3 nnr;486.2 nm; 434.1 nnr: 410.2 nn;)
MarHerHo 3paqeH,c Kora no\l14HyBl op jotu tttpll-
Ha Bo HeyrpaJlHa cocroj6a, T.e. Kora H - jonor E.PaAep+opA (Ernest Rutherford
rpl{\,{a eAeH cro6o[eH ereKtpoH. L)slta tHcPr ia lord Nelson, l8?l-1917) e al{rirlrcKtr
yrxre ce nura enepluia Ha c6p3leabe Ha
(ru:il,rlp u copaa)or[lrK Ha
U.U.Tovcog. IIo roB,'IeKvBaEero Ha
eJreKTpoH Bo aToMoT. ToMcoH o[ l9lg roA. paKoBoAen co
KeoeuIuur la6oparopuiarir.
O6jacxere rn creAHtlBe rIolIMu:
HcroBr y.reglrilx ce: Mo3.nu, rleAB[K. fairep u H.
- eHeprepcKo HnBo
Eop. flpn yoqhl AeKa 3parre$ero Ha pa[ yMor ce
- ocroana cocroj6a, Bo36y.qcu cocroi6[
cocrou naiua,lxy oA ABa BuAa spase*c.3acgxo co
- EopoB paAlryc
- c[eKTpaIHq nllHu].i 14 clleKTparHx cepllt'l
Coar ro BoBer llorrrllor 3a lrepuor Ea
no"rypacnaiarse x ro +opMyrxpan 3aKorror 3a
- eueprnja na jouu:aqrja sa aroMo'r
paAtoa(TLBHoro pacnaialbe. Ja u:ee"r Itprata
syKJreapla pearqaja eo "ra6oparopucxu yc,'root'1. 3a
ycnec[Te Bo HyKJreapnara xeMuja Bo ]9013 toA[Ha
go6rll Ho6e,'rona narpaga.
H. Eop (Niels Henrik Bohr, 1885-1962).
llo 3aBp[tyBar6e Ha cTv,ql{fiTe Lt3Beclto
1. IIIro e roa cneKTpaJrHa ruHfija? Kou BpeMe pa6oreJr co U.U.Toucou, a
crreKTpaJrHrr cepvLr ru I{Ma Bo,qopolor? KaKo ce floroa l' co HefoBllor yqtlTeJl
nplrKaxyBaar Iner{arcKr{ Lt KaKo ce A06rlBaar? E.Pa1ep$opa.6op e anrop Ha llpBara
2. Kora eJreKTpoHor IlpItMa HefaTIIBHH KBafiTHa TcoPnia :a o6iacuvoaue na
BpeAHocrl{ Ha eHeprl4jara? c[eKTpxTe rIa BoAopoAo't.
3. Onpegenere ja 6p:nnara Ha eJIeKTpoHor Ha ABTop e u ua reoprrjaTa 3a croxeHoro
rrpBara EopoBa oPoxra 14 cnope,qerc ja co
jaqpo, Co Br.urep ro +opMympar't lt{oAcnor Ha KaIlKa
ra jagporo. lar fonev nphloH(c Bo reop jara 3a
6paunara na ceer:rl.IHara. (OAroBop: 2,19 106 m/s) ua arovcroro janpo (1939).
Srqrja
4. [a ce Lr3BeAe paBeHKara 3a PxA6eproBara Bo 1922 roguua go6lrr Ho6e.nosa HarpaAa 3a
KoHcraHTa I,I Aa ce npecvera uejslrnara Bpe[Hocr. peryrrar lrTe oq o6racra na reopujara la
5. flpu ancopnqr.rja na Qorou eJleKrpoHor Bo srpy(Typara Ha aroMor,.
aloMoT Ha BOAOpOAOT IrpeMIlHyBa oE BTOpaTa BO
Tperara crarlnoHapua op6ura. ,[a ce orIpeAerl'r
 2.7. PeudZeaLnr qtu4tt 119

KapToH, oor'rrlHo cTaKno, apBeHIt Irnor{I, TeHKU

MeranHu rrJror{rr. Ho, yurre B. Peurren yraplur
2.7. PEHATEHCKI4 3PAIII{
,,.leKa rt4c toreuKo lto\l14HyBaar urr varcpujr,ru
co toJIeMa fycrLIHa. 3aroa oroeo'to ce Koprlcru 3a
3auITUTHr{ eKpaHU, fyMeHr.r rrpecTnJrKlr, paKaBr.rq[
Pen;lreucrure 3parI[Te npercraByBaar I,I AP.
e.lreKTpoNraf HerHr'r 6panoen co MHory Ma.Jra
a
6panortr go,rxuna u loa og l0 6o l0 nrr. ,[eHec
co npuNreHa Ha coBpeNleHr{ aKrleJrepaTopr{ Ha
cneKTpoHr.i o6nacra Ha peHAreHcKr{Te 3parIx e
ltpolrrt,rpcHa. Bo crrexrapol Ha elreKTpoMafHerHo
3parrer6e peHAfeHcKr.r'fe 3paqx KoH cTpaHaTa Ha
lorolrer\rure SpaHoBr Aor)Kr'rHri ce rpaH[qar co
yJrTpaBr'roJrcToBr.rTe 3pau}'I lc AoAeKa KoH cTpaHara
a [oMa.nIirc 6paHoBB Aor)KIiHu Bo foJIe]fa MepKil
ce npeKp[BlaT co 1- 3parlrlre.
l4:yvyeaj(u ru nojarure Ha e.JreKTprlrrHo
npa3HeHre ao 1895 rog.. B. Penrreu ra6e,rexa,r
rraKo qeBKaTa
J'ryNrr,rHr{cr]eHrleHTHo cBeTerLe; ce
C,r. 1. Pen[rercxa uerra
uaofa,ra :amopeua ao ryrnja, Henpo3payna 3a
BI'IAJIUBATA CBETJINHA.
,\oduean'e pendlenctu ipaqu.- Hajegnoc-
BeAsau no o rKpriBarbero Ha X - 3par.l[Tc, TaBeH [r3Bop :a go6nname Ha peHAreHcKrme
B.PeHrren 3a6eJrcxar acKa 3parlure, ocBeH rrrro 3paull cc pcHrreHcKr4re ucBKn. lreiy xou Hajnpu-
lrp(llt3BrKytsrlr,ryrrnHucueHuujr. urtr:lar MHory MeHera e Ky:ruqonara pcHArcHcKa rlcBKa rrpr{Ka-
c,'IrqHt,t oco6uHU co cBerJIuHcKl.ITe :paqu. Ha xaHa Ha c:r.I. Taa ce cocl'or{ oA e[eH BxcoKo
npr,rMep: ce rrrupar npaBoJrr,rHncxlr, $praar ocrplr
eBaKyIIpaH craK:reH I{JrII llera:reu 6a:ron. Og
ceHKII Ha llpeAr'IeTIlTe nocTaBeHIl Ha HIIBHI{OT IIaT,
KaroAara K, no rtar Ha repMoeJreKTpoHcKa
4ejcr al eaa'r rp r $olorpa$cxlra evy.n rujr. oale- eulrcuja, cronor eJreK'rpoHr{ ce Hacor{yBa KoH
nynaar $oroelexrpoH[i oA MeraJrHrrre noBprxn- aHoAara A (anuxaroga). Taa e ralpaseua og
nu. Karo r.t c[Te ereKTpoMarHerHr{ 6pauoan, MeraJI co BricoKa roqKa na ronen e. flopagrl
peHAfeHcKxTe 3paq[ He ce oTKJroHyBaaT Bo Br,lcoKr.ror HcooH oa l0 ao 200 kV veil rarolara n
e.!e(Tpr1{Ho Il NrafHerHo no,'le. Ho cnopeA HeKol.r aHoAaTa, eMrrTyBaHr.lTe eJreKTpoHr.l co foJreMa
oco6uHn, peHAreHcKnTe 3paq[ 6rdrHo ce pa3JruKy- 6p:lltra ygupaar Ha aHoAara- llarrro 3aKo.reH[ oA
Baar oA cBer,'rr.rHcrnre. Tara. Txe ce HeBrlAJtr.rBx, aHolara. eneKrpourre ja npelaeaar ceojara
t,tMaar fo,'reMa [po6uBHa cnoco6noclr, He Moxe Aa
KrHerr.r'rha eHepr r,rja. np urro !en oa eueprrja ce
ce $orycupaar co onrr{lrKr4 le(u u or.re4ala, eMr.rryBa KaKo peHgrencxo :paveu,e (cr.2)
nlraar jourlrupa.rra cnoco6nocr, rroKa;'KyBaar
curso 6uoronrxo qejcrro aps )Kr{Br{Te KlrerKu.
Ho aro gejcrroro e rroAo,'rfo rrJrr{ ce Bpurr co LE=E1t-E27
rroltHTeH3[BHlt 3paq[, Lt3Io)KeHLtTe KJTgTKIT
Nroxar Aa 6rrgar u naronno yHnurrenn. Ceraxo,
uajocernnou Ha peHAfeHcKo 3pa(rebe ce
KrerKnre KorI 6p3o pacra'r I{ ce pa3N'rHor(yBaar.
llogoqua 6n,re nanpaneun eKcrreprrNreurlr
+a ar,lrpalurja rr nHrep$cperrqr,rja Ha pr:HIreH-
cKuTe 3parJl{. 2
mlz
Egna og uajaaxnure oco6nnn Ha peHAfeH-
chr re rpaqr e H BHar l ro,reva npo6raua 2
croco6Hocr. Tita nlrs pa3JrrrrrHr.r cyncraHrl[rr e
par.rrrHa. fire .rccuo no\n{Hyarar rrrr xrprnja.
t20 2.7. PeudTeucrcu apaLpt

3a nogo6po @orycuparre Ha erreKTpoHrrrq flocroerbero na xparxo6pauonara rpaHu-

eMI{TyBaHrr oA KaroAara, anoqara ltua cQepen IIa Cnerrap l-.in HenOCpeAHO
BO KOHTI-tHyI{paUUOr
o6nxK. Co npo\4eHa Ha jarurara Ha crpyjara Ha cJreAyBa oA KBaHTHaTa npupola Ha 3paqer6eTo.
rpeebe, ce MeHyBa tl 6pojor na eJreKTpoHrme Kotl
ja nanyuraar KaroAara. Zg.teg:lt,te'tor Ha peHA-
reHcKoro 3par{ebe, rrpr4Toa, pacTe rrponopquo-
na.rHo co javunara na crpyjara. tr{nlreusurleror: ua
peHAreHcKoro 3paLrerhe 3aar1o.1 on pe[HIaor 6poj ulu2>u1
Z Ha ereMeHTor og roj e uanpaaeua aHoAara I{
Ha[oHor Mefy aHogara rl rarogata {/,, :

J- Z] TJ,,2 (l)

KaAe [rro 1 e javrmara na crpyjara Bo aHo[Horo

ro,ro. 6ulej*u oKony gg0o oa eueprujara Ha
eJreKTpoHItre xon nafaar Ha aHoAara, HanpaBena
oA TeurKo ront4Bu verarH- ce nrgeojlsa oo l":<l"z<l.r l"
TO[JrllHa, Taa MOpa r,rHTeH3UBHO Aa Ce JraArl.
PeHAfeHcKI,Ior crleKTap ce cocrorr oA KoH- C,r.3. 3aeuctrocr Ha rlHTerr3fiTeror Ea 3aKolrEo'ro
TrrHynpaH l JIIIHIIcKII. KoHrlnryupaHnor cnerrap 3paqelre oA 6paHoBara AojrxuHa 3a pa3j rrrHl,
npunaia ua 'l.H JqKonHo 3paqer:,e, AoAeKa BPeAHOCTfi Ha aHOALTUOT sarOE
r,l 14 H 14c h ltoT Ha KqpoKulepucutu vHorli-d pcHlfe HcKo

3par{et5e. I4ueno, axo peHAreHcKoro 3parlerbe ce

nojaayna Ha cMcrKa Ha ereprnjara uro ja ry6u
e,'reK'rpoHoT npl{ HefoBoro 3aKoqyBabe, Torau
3axoqno penArencr{o 3patren e eueprujara Ha eAeH KBaHT o1 roa :paveu,e i/ ne
voxe [a 6xtc roro,,lcMt oa cucprujara ua
llpu :arovyran e na 6p:u enercponu Lt:tlt eJreKTpoHor (eU,,). Toa 3Haqr{, TaKa 4o6uennre
xoja 6lrlo nae:rexrpu3rlpaHa qecrlrr]a, ce eMImyBa
Sorouu ru nMaar clrre uoxun SperneHqlrn,
e,'l c KTpo \4a rHerHo rpa'rerhe Koe v\ra KoHiirtHv novHyeaj(r.r oA oHae xou ja :agoro,ryraar
LtpaH cuercwap, r-e. orftareuu ce peHAreHcKIt HepaBeHKara:
3paqn co ctrrc Mo)KHx 6paHoBn Aor)K[Hr.r.
Og gnjarpalrrre sa cn.3 voxe Aa ce yoqt,I hf< eU,,. (3)
AeKa KpI,IBI{Te :a pacnpelel6ara Ha LTHTeH3I,I- Orryxa c:regyea neKa MaKcuMa.rrHara eHep-
Teror He MuHyBaaT HIr3 KoopAr.rHarHr,ror rrorreroK, llja, a co roa n MaKcuMaJrHara Qpexeeuqnja ua
a [HTeH3IlteTOT CTaHyBa e[HaKOB Ha HyJra rrpr.l Kolrrl4Hyt paHLtor c\'tl4cl4oHcH crelrap ce [o6raa
KoHeqHrl BpeAHocrL Ha 6paHoBara AoJr)KxHa Ha
hora rprl encH cyllr4p e,rcxrpoHor ja ry6r
peHAfeHcKnre spaqn. 3Hauu, rocroll KparKo-
uelol) rHarr cHcpruja. Taa eueprlja ce eMHTyBa
6paHoBa fpaHuua l"mn, Ha 3aKoqHoro peHAfeHcKo
xaro Soron co eHeprnja /r/,,,^ = e [,/d , oAHocHo:
3par{eH}e.
Klrnern.rrara euepruja Ha eJreKTpoH[Te eU n
-ia6p3aHI oa HaroHoI noveiy Karola]a x r (4)
lt
auogara l/n e:
aro /,,,u* = c/ln,in
2
ch
" 2" - "LJ.. (2) 1,"'' (s)
,'U ,
Ka[e rxro c e 6p:una Ha cBerJll{Hara. Onoj r:pa:
KaAe rxTo me , I Lt e cooABcTHo ce MacaTa, ce rroKa)Kar MHofy rrofoAeH 3a onpc[cnyBarbe Ha
6p3uHara r.r noJrHe)Kor Ha eJ'reK rpoHor. flnaHroeara KoHcraHTa.
 2. 7. P eudTeuatt ap atltt 121

eMnTyBa peHAreHcKrr KBaHT CO eHepfI'IJa €[HaKBa

Kapaxrepucruunu
Ha Pa3JIrrKaTa Ha eHepfIIIrTe Ha ABaTa cJIOla.
peHAreHcKrr 3paqI'

AKo HanoHor rIpxJIo)KeH Ha peHAreHcKara

rIeBKa nocreneHo ce HaroJreMyBa I{ AOCTIITHyBa
onpeAe.JreHa KplrrrlqHa BpeAHOcr, KapaKTepl{c-
Tl,rqHa ia cyncraHuujara ol roia e HaflpaBeHa
aHolara, 3aeAHo co KOHTIIHyXpaHOTO peHAfeHcKo
3paqerce ce nojanyaa Ir KapaKTePI{crIrqHo
peHAreHcKo 3paqerbe. tr{ueno, ao ao6Ilesuor
crreKTPOrpaM rlMa [oBeKe u]lv noMaJIKy
uHTeH3uBHu pecKl'l JrrlHIrI{ rotl ce naoiaar sp:
Qouor og KoHTITHyI{paHIlor cIIeKTap Ha 3aKoq-
HO rO peHEfeHcKo 3paqell'e

K M
C,r. 5. Kaparrepncruqes peHAreHcKI'I ctt€KTap'

Ha c,r.5 ureltarcrt't e np KaxaHo [o6uBat+e

Ha KaPaKTepI;ICTrrqHIiOT peHAreHcKIl cIIeKTap.
flpu npeuun Ha eJreKTpoHIITe oA rlona-
JreqHI,ITe cJroeBlr na K-clojor (l:l)' ce go6maar
crreKTpaJrHI{ JrrrHuII rlrro ja ganaar 1(-cepnjara;
cneK tparrHttre JI14HI'l 14 tllro ce lo6tlaaar npu
norroJrnyBarl,ero Ea npa3Ho rlecro eo Z-cnojor
(r=2) co ereKTpoH oA noAaJreqHlrre cJroeB[ Ja
ganaar L-cepujara. Ala,'rorno ce go6lteaar n
l","in rrpeocraHarr{Te cepuu M, N, O, P. Ceroja cnex-
rpa:rua cepuja e cocraBeHa oA HeKoJIKy crleK-
Cr. 4- JlxBxcKu cneKTap Ha peuAreHcKo 3paqe}I'e TparHLt JrrrHI{Ir o3HaqeHII co llHAeKcIlTe o, p, Y' ..'
Ha npuvep. Ko cneKTpanHlra ruuuja ce go6uea
Ha c.[.4 e rprrKaxaH c[eKTporpaM Ha Kora [cnpa3Heroro Mecro eo K cnojor (e ce
KapaKTepncTuYHrrTe peHAfeHcKI'I 3paqll . 3a rronoJrHrl co eJIeKTpoH oa I clojor'
vonu6neno:t- Ha ucrata cJIIrKa 3a KoMrIapaIInJa e Cnextpa,rxure rrlHll14 oa K - cepnjara tltuaar
[puKa)KaH n KOHTI{HyUpaHUOT CneKTap Ha uajua:ra 6panora AoJrxI;IHa (najroleua eneprlrja)
eon$par'.ror Koj IiMa noBl{coKa KpI{TurrHa u ce najrpogopulr.
BpeAHOCT 3a HanoHoT. Anrlltcxuor Slr:lr'rap X.Mo:tul yrapqlul
KapaKTepncrlqHtror JrtrHIIcKIt crleKTap Ha AeKa ra cexoja cnexrpa,rHa ceprja nocrou
peHAreHcKoro 3parlet5e ce go6uea rora eJleKTpo- onpeAeJleHa 3aKoHoMepHocT, OAHOCHO KBaApaT-
Hr.rre 3a6p3dHu Bo eJIeKTpr'IqHoro rIoJIe Mery Hrror KopeH ol Spersenqnjara Ha cneKTpaJrHara
Kir rL,Alra aHolara rMaar aoBoJlHo eHepruja aa :utruja og KapaKTepl'IcrfirlHltor peHAreHcKrr
IIpOApaT Bo BHaTperxHI{Te CJIOeBII OA aTOMIITe Ha cneKTap e Ilponopq[oHareH co penruor 6poj Z ua
og roj e HanpaBeHa auogara Kaxo EJICMCHTOT:
"n"rintot
pe3yJ'lrar Ha roa, Bo Heroj og auarperuHllTe c'lro-
(6)
eBn Mo)Ke [a ce co3Aale "rttynrtuHa" (ficflpa3Hero ,

Mecro Htt eJreKTpoHor ) Taxa co:gagenara

^[1=t:12-at
rltynlrrlHa ro I0-8 s , r{o)Ke Aa cc IoTIoJIHII co KaAe rlrro b e ronclagra Ha nponopql'IoHaJrHocr
xoja :a pa:luvuI'ITe cneKTpaJIHr'r nwHxIl ItMa
eJICKTpOH OA IIOBI'ICOKHTe CJIOeBI',I' I1 npl{Toa ce
122 2.7. PeudZeucrctL apa4u

pa3JIIIqHIr BpeAHOCTII, a KOHCTaHTaTa O 3a CeKOla

cepuja e pa:ruvna. O6jacnere rrr cJreAHuBe rlonMrr:
Cnopeg Mosrnenlror 3aKoH, npu flper{ttHy-
BalbeTo oA KapaKTepucT[r{HuoT peHAfeHCKII - peHAreHcKo 3paqelbe;
crreKTap Ha eAeH eJIeMeHr co roMaJr pegen 6poj - 3aKOI{HO peHAfeHCKO 3paqeI5e;
KOH TaKOB CneKTap Ha [pyf eJreMeHT co noroJleM - KapaKTepxcTxqHn peugrencxu cre<rplt,
pegeH 6poj, cneKrpaJIHI{Te JItHrrLr ce noMecryBaar - rpaHnrrHa 6paHoBa Aorx'rHa;
Ha crpaHara KoH noKparKI,ITe 6panoru go:rxuHl,t.
6 qejK cexoj xcvr.rcxn e,reveut uln csoj
KapaKTeprrcTr{rreH cIIeKTap, oBrre crleKTpn Moxe
Aa ce Kopl4crar Ja penDleuocuexi pa-oHa alar ta.
Kapaxrepucrnvnure peH1reHcKrr cneKTptt
Ha AaAeH eireMeHT ce pa3JILlKyBaaT o[ HeroB[Te
onrlrqKlr JII{HIIcKI4 cneKTplt. Pa:lnrara e peryl- b. Penrren (Wilhelm
Tar Ha Toa IrITo rrprr onrltqKl{Te JII{HLICKrI cneKTpx Conrad Rdntgen -
YTIECTBYBAAT EJIEKTPOHIITE OA NOCJ]CAHIIOT HETIO- 1845-1923) e rep-
lolner oroj, AoAeKa npu go6man'e Ha KapaK- lrancxu Qn:nvap.
TepucTI[lHIITe peHAfeHcKIl cneKTpu yqecrByBaar I4:y.rynaj(u rrr
eJreKTpoHIrTe oA BHarpeurHI{Te cJIoeBI,I Ha aroMoT nojaenre. ua eler-
,a Kotz Tpc6a norore\{a eucpruja ra ga ce TpI{r{HO npa3Herie
no6ygar. Baxna oco6usa Ha oBI{e cneKTprr e roa
BO KpyKCOBa IaCHa rIeBKa, Bo 1895 rog.
rrrro aroMI{Te o4 neroj xeMIrcKIr eJreMeHT,
He3aBtlCHO O[ TOa BO KaKBO XeMLICKO COeAIIHeHIte
3a6enexaJr AeKa KplrcraJror oq 6apuyu
ce, ceKofalIl AaBaar ucT KapaKTepucTl.lr{eH nJrarr4HarllrjaHLIA cI4JrHo Jryt\{I,IHl{cqtipa,
peHAfeHcKr{ cneKTap. naKo qeBKaTa ce Haofa 3aTBopeHa Bo
Kyrlrja, Henpo3paqHa 3a BI{AJrItBaTa
cBerJrrrHa. Ha 13.01.1896 roA. PeHrreH 3a
flpaurana, 3aAarm rl aKTIrBIrocrIt oBoj HoB Br4A 3paqerbe oApxan npeAaBalr,e
Bo ABopr sa Wilheln II, a Ha 23.01.1896 roq.,
Ha ceAHr4qaTa Ha +r.r3urrKo-MeArrqIrHcKoTo
1. Moxe rn peHAreHcKr4Te 3pault Aa rIpeAIr3-
ApyurrBo Bo Br436ypr, ja "orcruxan"
erlraar @oroeQeKT aKo HaIrAar Ha MeraJrHa paKaTa Ha eAeH no3l{ar xI4cToJIor. 3a
rIperpeKa?
orKpr4rr{ero Ha x-3parlrrre Bo 1901 roA. ja
2. Onpe4e.nere ja eneprujara Ha peHAreHcKI4
rnaur co 6pauoaa Aor)<xHa i, =0,01 nm. Ao6lrJr rrpBara Ho6e:rosa HarpaAa 3a
(OAroBop :1.24 105 eV) $z:ura.
3. Onpegerere ja uunulrarnara 6pauosa Co nplrlreua ua Mogluegttor :a<on ce
Ao,rxr4Ha x vaKc vaJHara @peraeuquja na norroJrHr.rJre e,TeMeHTIiTe IrITo HeAocracyBare Bo
KoHTnHyrrpaHuor cneKTap Ha peHAfeHcKoTo Menleneeuot nepIIoAeH clrcreM, HaeAHo ce
3paqeEe aKo enepmjara Ha eJleKTpoHrrre KorI KopnfupaHr4 u MecTaTa Ha HeKoI{ eJreMeHTrl BO
yArrpaal Ha aHoAara e 200 kev. neprronHlror cllcteu. Mogru [paBrrJrHo rlr
(Ogrooop: 1,, =0,62.10 2 nm;1",", =4,8.lOreHz) noApeln,'r 3eN'rHoaJIKaJIHlll'e eleMeHTI4 CO peEeH
4. Aa ce onpeAe.rru 1"u,1,, Ha 3aKo(rHoTo peH[- 6poj Z- 58 - rl. Toj rr4 Koptlnrpa,'r 14 Mecrara
feHcKo 3paqelle, aKo HalroHor roueiy auogara ll Ha HeKOU eJIeMeHTr.l BO rrepr{OAHI{OT CIICTeM KOII
Karolilra Ha peHArencrara qeara e 100 kV? 6ea IIoApcAeHn cnopeA aroMcKara Maca, KaKo
(Ogroaop: ),: 0.0123 ntr) Ha [pnr{ijp, Co-Ni, AL-K. Te-l, ro [peABLIAer II
5. (3a 5l) Karo ce qo6lrsa Z - cepr.tiara ua rrocroersero Ha eJreMeHror co pegen 6poj 43
KapaKTepItcTIlrtHoTo peHAfeHcKo 3paqelLe. a KOt e or Kpll(H \lHofy nor'rouHa.
KaKo ro. creKTpitJruara .rrltnnja.
 2.E. ITpu,veuo tto putd2eucrcutur: eparyr 123

Bo itctjosara :a TloLiituan,r' ita

2.8. TIPI4MEHA HA pcHAfeHcKa (,t x Kil (lto \l!'j111-
PEHATEHCKIITE 3PAIII4 Ul Iara LIJIlJ tcxt.IIriit fa) ltc.til
lojarara 3ii :irrc(ioilr{ujil !ijr
peHAreHcKo ro JJrir,r. ri,e. :lililrc-
Ceojcrnara Ha peHAteHcKLlTe 3parIr,t KaKo rocra Ha a rrcoirrrrlr'rjllr ,:;(
[rro cc. Nti]Jra 6pauoaa go:rxuHa! foJreMa rrpo- p(]lHxol opoj Hil r\rir rcl)q.r.:ot
/Iollrrocl, jouu:aqroua cnocodHocr r,r Apyr . IIOKa)KyBil ACIi;r ICrr:ltijrciiure
lralu"lle ruupoKa rrpr{MeHa. Bo MeJInIlIiitilTa :JpaIln ric cl- irrrcr)pittrl).ia'l'
pclrllfeHcKr,lTc 3parllr ce Kop[cTaT npll peHIteH- CIIHaKBO olJ ctlrc t'tit; c Itr ia.;il.
llnjaruocrnrala rr rcpanuja ra, a Bo rcxHl4Kara rr Hajro,reu ulr f Lr't ri i'ct rrr
nrrgyclpnjara cc Koplclaf KaKo cnuype{ Nlerol tl:lJte3Hl.Ior cHirii (e inta raltv
ril KUllTprr,la ll l(\'lllprltLe ul ntlrcpujl,rttr; Kiltlc uI'fo lr,ci)l)Illtia tt c
Oeoj nclog e ro3Har xaro peudienan Ha j:rra,rr. lr .)Olriri iio.
detf utfrocxofruja. Co osoj Me loA irlo)Ke /1a ce [-olc'lta:,' pa-J.IIt1\it,;i) it;rr:]ilfl-
orxpujar rxynJrnHr.r. rryKHaruHrr, [e(beKTu Ha qujilt'a la llj B() Jru-i.rrt,r,iul're
3aBapeHr.r croeBn r.i 6pyrn gecpexru Ha pa3Hrr cpeal,lfrll (i8{)J1!lo)Kl,t Ia ce pa3-
MaurlHcrin IelIoB[1 l{r r1 f paAe)<Hrr c.neMeHTrr. Bn\: peni);. u:N.t de(trxfroct;ti-
[u{paxqtjtru. tta](. Ha pcHAreHcKnre fitqiu ir rrriuc(e peirjlr ctr
3paqrr cc Kopl.JcTll 3a [cnllTyBaH]e Ha l nja r u ocr r'r .t ll ue loln.
r<

c'rpyKrypara ua varepr.r ja rir. fipu peudieuoipalnlt r,urot ce

Osge (e ce 3alro3tiaer{e co HeKoIt rflxcupa na cnerqrrjaLrcrr tfir",rrr.
()r.2.
oclrostn crojcraa na pciureHcKr{Te 3parlu ]la crurara 2 c tlpuKir;{iaua
npeKy Ko[ e ocTBapeHa l, Iptl,r,reHaTa. e/I a peHAreHotpa(bcra cflurlKii KaAc Ao6po ce
fJ'reAa rroBpeaaTa H:l KOcKaTa.
Ancopnquja ua
peHAreHc(oTo SpaqeH,e
3axos :a arcopnq4ia
Illnpoxara IlprlMeHa Ha pcHAre]rcKoro 3pa-
rrer1,e Bo rexH Kara \{ellfllllHllrt cc 6l .rplt Hlt AKo laparereH cuorr Ha MoHoxpoMarcKo
peHAreHcKo 3paqeBe Mr.trryBa Hu3 AaAeH ancop-
3aKorrure Ha ancop[qrrja, T.c. ra pa3JrxarHara
6eHT co Ae6eruHa d, otu,rure noKa)KyBaar AeKa
rlPoAopHocT Ha peHAfeHcK Te 3paqt{ Hlr3
r{HTeH3rrreToT 1 Ha peHAteHcKu're 3paqu eKcIIo-
pa:;rnuHure uarepnjaln.
neuqnjanno onaia co Haro:IerlryBaH,ero Ha
LL Ae6e,lrItHaTa:

t{{{{*{l (t)
I Fr 12 pr Pr< lt2 KaAe rlro 10 e rrHTeH3ureror Ha peHAreHcKLITe

{***
LI,
'l {
It>It
rpaU[ turo fiafaar Ha uarepujalor; "e" e ocHoBa
Ha rrprrpoAeH rorapnraM eAHaKoB Ha e :2,72, l.), e
nuHeape roeQuquenfr na a copu4uja ua
peHAreHcKlre 3paqu. JIrrHeapHr4or KoeqJfi queHT
Clir. L
na ancopnqnja ce rr3pa3yBa eo m-l . Toi 3aBr{cu oA
npnpoAara Ha MareprrjaJror, oAHocHo oA
Pa3rr4.{Hara ancopnqnja Ha peHAreHcKrror
cHon IIpu HeroBo noM[HyBaH,e HLI3 HexoMoreHa
HeroBara fycrlrHa p, 6paHoBara Aor'r)<rHa Ha
cpeAxHa. oBoJMoxyaa go6uRarue c.nuxa ua peHAreHcKoro :pavene l, u pegnlror 6poj na
roj
rpeluer (cr.l). eJreMeHror Z. llpl,z. roucrawrHli BpeAHocru 3a
I4MeHo, Mo)Ke Aa ce Bnlar rycruHara u 6paHoBara AoJlxttlla, ruHeapHltor
HeAocrarorlu Ha HeKorr Merepltiarrl, Ha npr{Mep,
HexoMof eHocT14 r.rJlI{ IIyKHaTI{HIt.
xoeQnqueur ua ancopnqlrja e:
124 2.8. Ilpuueua ua peHd1eHcKuute 3ps4u

p:-/. 12) Ao6rBa ln2-Vd -. olHocHo:

fpafuvrara 3aBr.tcHocr Ha EaMaJryBarlero
u
ln 2 0.693
tr) -
IIa LiHTeH3I{TeTOT Ha peHAfeHCKOTO 3paqel5e CO pp
ge6e:rllrara na ancop6enror e rprrKaxaHa Ha OA nocreAnara paBeHKara cJreAyBa AeKa noryAe-
c,n.3. Zsreugureror ce HaMaJryBa rolxy no6pso, 6elnnata e roJrKy noMaJIa, KoJrKy Jrr.IHeapHI{or
KoJIKy rrrro JruHeapHr{or [email protected] Ha xoeQuqraenr na ancopluuja na varepujalor e
ancopnqlrja p e noroneu. 3axosor 3a ancopnqu- noroJreM (ro.neuo Z). Oaaa panerua ce Kopr.rcrr.t
ja (1) aaxu 3a crrre Br.rAoBrr eJreKTpoMarHerHo 3a Aa ce onpeAelru ge6enunara ua alcop6euror
3paqer6e. Kora ce oAHecyBa Ha cBerJIIIHara, urTo ce KopltcTr.l 3a 3auJTI{Ta o[ 3paqel5e.
ro3Har e KaKo Jlau6epr-Eepoa :arou.
I lr$paxqrja Ha peHAreucxr 3paq{
4 3a ga ce Ha6r,yAyBa gra@paxquja na
peH[reHcKn 3parlr4, HeonxoAHo e guQpaxqlroua
peueTKa co KoHcTaHTa, cnopeAJrrrBa co HIBHaTa
I"t2 6pauora gorxrna. Onrr.rqKr4Te gr.rQpaxqlroulr
MpexurrKu ce npeMHory rpy6u :a ga ce go6lre
gnfpaxquona crura. Og Apyra crpaHa rro3Haro
e gexa pacrojanr.rero ueiy aroMr.rre Ha rBpAr{Te
Ae6enhHa Ha TeJIa e oA peA Ha foJle\{xHa Ha 6paloaara
dro ancop6eHTor AoJrxrrHa Ha peHAreHcKnre spaqlr. Toa ro HaBeJro
repMaHcKr{or Sn;uvap M.[aye Ha r.rqeja xaxo
C,r. 3. guQpaxqlloua upe)KuqKa 3a peHAreHcKr.rre 3par1H
IPIIMEP l. I4vajfluja npegrllg paaeurara (2), Aa KOpTICTLi KpItCTaJrr{.
Aa ce HarrpaBr{ xolrnapaqr.rja ua xoe$uqueurrzre
xa ancopnqnja Ha KocKr4Te Kor.r, HraBHo, coApr<ar
KaJrrllryM$ocfar (Ca3(POa)2) Ha MeKr.rre rKr.rBa
r.1
Bo qnj cocraB, rJraBHo, BJreryBa BoAara.
Peureune. 3elrajfu.r npeqruA AeKa peAHnre
6poear.r ua Ca, P, O, u H, coo[BerHo ce 20, 15, 8, I
n ropucrej(u ja paBeHKara (2), ce [06118a:
!,, *o"*u 3 204 _--;--
+2'154 +8.84
= -. = ,ju
|t- s,o 2l +8
uuen'o, ancopnqu.lara Ha P3 Bo KaJrrInyM
-
QocQaror e oKo;ry 150 naru noroJreMa oA
ancopnqr.rjara ao rogara. Cr. 4. EKclepr.rMeHTarHa rueMa 3a All$paKrlr.rja Ha
peHAreHcKr, 3parln oA KptrcTaJr.

IIPI4MEP 2. [a ce onpeAerrrr ge6e:lluara :a

Koja uHTeH3uTeTor Ha peHAreHcKoro 3paqerbe ce flpu pauHorexna cocroj6a, aroMr{Te,
nperroJroByBa.Taa ne6e:ruua ce HapeKyBa jorurre ll:ru MoJreKyJrrITe Ha KpLIcTaJII{Te ce
otydefenuua u ce olnavyaa co d172. npaB[JrHo pacnopetreHtr. Tlre ,rexal Bo ja,rxre
Peuesne. Axo lrsreu:ureror e ,Hol2 Torau Ha Kpr.rcrajrHara peuerKa u 6opM paar Kpucma-
ne6e,'rlrHar a e d-d 1. 3arouor :a ancopnunja noi p a@cru (arouapuu) pu uuuuLt. P acrojauuero d
paBeHKa (1) Mox(e Aa ce Hanrrue: (0,1 nm) noMefy paMHr.rHr.rre e Haper{eHo
Iu 1 xoncfianda na peuefrrcatua na xptcutanofr
- M.JIaye ll copa6oruuqnre ycneale na go6ujar
2 'o'"-r,,lt,t guQpaxquoua c.JrrrKa co peHAreHcKr{ 3paqu.
Aro ce rr3Bprxx JIof aplrrMrrpabe, ce llleltalta na eKcrrepr.tMeHTor, rxro ro rlorBpAyBa
 2.8. [Ipuuena ua peudTeucxuFre dpa4u 125

AoouBaH,eTo Ha Ar.r+paKurroHa cJr[Ka, e npr{Ka- AeKa orKpIITIrero Ha ,rlaye Mox<e Aa ce r{cKopl-tcrl4

)KaHa Ha cJr. 4. KaKO MeTOA 3a U3yqyBaH,e Ha cTpyKTypaTa Ha
Peuqreucro spaven e naia Bp3 o:roBHara uarepujara.
rrova D xoja flponyrxra receH cHon peHAreHcKr.r Hera cuon on vouoxpoMarcKo peHAreHcKo
3parlrr Korr, no IIoMIIHyBabeTo nu: rpucra.iror K, :paven e nafa Ha Kpl{craJr rroA afoJr 0 ao oqHoc
naiaar sa Qoron,rovara P. Ha Qoronlovara, Ha napaJIeJIHLt paMHlrHr.r Kou noMLIHyBaaT Hx3
ocBeH llHTeH3ttBHaTa rIeHTpaJrHa TeMHa AaMKa, ja::rure: (aroulrre) Ha ABoAr.rMeH3ltoHaJrHa
lllTo oAfoBapa Ha rrpaBoJrrrHrrcKaTa HacoKa Ha Kpl{craJrHa peuerxa (c1.6).
peHAfeHcKure 3parlu, ce )lo6usaar I4 MHory YragHnre 3parlu Kou ce peS:rexurpaar og
rroMarr4 TeMHI [aMKr4, IIpaBIIJIHO pacnopeAeHrr pa3II4rIH[ paMHrrH[ Ce KOXepeHTHLt It MOXe Aa
oKoJry rleHTpaJ'rHaTa. uHrep$epupaar. I'IurepSepenqujara Ha pe0leK-
Teuaure AaMKr.r ce Ha Mecra KaAe AIrO- TlrpaHrlre :paqu (e [aAe 3acr{ryBarr,e, aKo
paKTrrpaHr.rre peHAreHcKtl 3par]r{ co uHTep$epeH- rrarHara pa3Jrr,lKa Ha lBara 3paKa, pe$reKTnpaHrr
qr.rja, l'raxcul'ra;rno ce 3acltryBaar. Tlre HacoK[ OA ABe cOceAHII paMHI'IHLI Ha KpIlcTaJIoT, e IIeJI
3aBr.rcar oA 6pauoaara golxlrHa Ha peH[reHcKr{Te 6poj 6panonu 4o,rxunu.
3parlll, pacnpeAer6a'ra Ha aroMnre, o1HocHo
jourlre so KplIcra.rHara pe[erKa rr o[ atoJlor Ha vnAAHX PEO'IEKTI4PAH14
x-3PAqX x-3PAqX
nafame na :paqnre.
Pa:n[.{Hare KpI{craJIIt AaBaar pa3rrrr{Hu 2'
gnQpaxqlrouu cJrr{Kr{, raKaHaperreuu dujalpawu
Ha Jlaye (cn.5). llpexy ocrnapeHlrre gn@par-
ur4oHl{ crr'rKr'r He caMo tllTo 6x,1a AoKaxaHa
6pauoeara npr{po[a Ha peHAreHcK[Te 3parlrr ryKy "fi iD
O -.'O.x'
,/ sin e
6una r.r:uepeHa ll HI{BHara 6paHoBa AoJrx<r.rHa.
v6 o B
oov'
C,r.6. fluQparquja ua peuAreHcKtl 3paUl oA
/lBoatlMeH3lroHar'rHa Kpfi cTa.rrEa perxeTKa.

[a ja npecuerarnre narHara pa3JrrrKa Ha ABa

coceAHr,l 3paKa Kolt (e uHTep$epupaar. Ha c:r.6
ce npI{KaxaHII ABe coceAHrr paMHr{Hr.r Ha KpIIc-
TaJIOT HOpMarH[ Ha paMHUHaTa Ha IIpTeXOT BO
KoIr Jlexar jasrnre na Kpr.rcraJrHara pe erKa,
Cn.5. A[jarpaMx na Jlayc :a ficra cyncrauquja, a o3HaqeHrr co Kpyrq[I5a.
pa3nrrrHa KpncTaJ'rHa cTpyKTypa 3paqnre I lr 2 oA MoHoxpoMarcKoro
peHAreHcKo 3paqe$e, ruro naiaat oA afo,'Ior e
KoH troBputxrara Ha Kpficranor. cc og6lslar og
Aro, lax, ce npolyrrrrar peHArencKu
3paqx co ro3Hara 6paHoBa JIoJIxI{Ha Ht,l3 AaAeH
npBara ,r. - -r' lr eropirra y - y' paMHIlHa.
Kp[cra,'r, og go6nenara glr$paxqnoua clrlra 0g6ueuure 3paqu 1'u 2'co aroMapHure paMHuHrr
3a KpncTaJIHara cTpyKTypa. ua rpucralor :a$a(aar tcr arol 0.
Aa ce cyArr
^!o)Ke
Bo l9l3 roArrHa aHrJrr{cKr{rc Sll:uvapu 3a 4a ce onpeAeJrrl rrarHara pa3JrI,IKa Ha
gnara oq6nenu 3paKa, oI ro.rKara A ce rroBJIc-
B.X. Eper u B.JI. Bper, rarKo r.r olH, ro
KyBaa'r HopMaJrr.rre AC u AD na :paqure I u 2'.
xorBpAuJre Ha ,[aye II Ha Hefo-
.eKcnep[MeHTor C)ll cr.6 ce rlrela [eKa
BaTa Teopl{a l,r Aare MHofy eAHocTaBHa TeopltcKa
pcraqnja :a gr.r$paxqujara Ha pcHAteHcKtrre
3paqu, AeHec rro3Hara KaKo Epet-BynQoea ^=lBC+BD-2lBCl.
Og npaaoaro,ruuor rpuarorHr.rK ABC creAyBa
paoeHKa. Tlre Ha nose(e npuMepr{ rroKa)<aJle ACKA:
 125 2.8. ITpuueua na pendlencxufre apa4u

lncl=a sine. O6jacuere ru cneAHqle tro rn:

' Agcoryruror l[g[eKc Ha lrpeKplxyBarlero 3a - arcopnryija Ha peHAreHcK[ 3paq],
caTe cpeAufls Ha peHAreHcKIITg 3paqn e - noryge6eruna
trpn6nrmo ?SI&KoB Ha eAlrnrqa u .6apauara - arneapen xoe<puqueHT Ha arrcopurpja
-,qudpaKqfi ia sa peHAreHct(o 3paqethe
tratsa pr3tura ssstiyea A = 2d sin 0 .
- KOHCTaITTa Ha peueTKaTa Ea KprrcTallo?
Cxopeg roa, ycJroBor 3a nl4$paxquonen - gr,rjarpau na Jlaye
Morcrxyrr,t o[ m-Tn peA e zapageu co EpeT-Bytrip- - peugrenorpa$uja
aafispaeewu:

\d.sin}=mL|. {rl
xr4re wo e qerl opo! !i .o guou p"got
m =l ,2,3, . . . lpalllaH,a, 3a!aql' n aKTt{Blrocrtr
na guQpaxl+rjaia, L. e bpanoiara AorIxIrHa Ha
peHAreI{crI{Te zpatlu, d e KoHcraHTara Ha pe er- l. Ha cnolreuuxot ua Pestres eo
xara xa Kplrcraror. Eper-Bya$oaara paBeHKa, Munxeircxuor lry:ej nuuryra: "CflopeA Hero
nprr nosHarn ]")0 n m, IaBa MoxHocr Aa ce HapetreHr.rrc 3pauH Ha ,rexapar vy ja fioKaxyBaar
onpeAeJIII KOHCTaETaTa Ha KpUCTanHaTa pelleT- BHaTpeuHoqTa IIa xllBIIoT opraHr'I3aM, ua
- -:cEi:n"at:r" -[h. -(Iaa.a parbma e
oclioBa Ha N{eroAor IlHxeHepor BuarpeuHocra ua Hcroalre rpan6r.
peudiatcfrlp y rctuy pHa aH4.4u3a. a Ha ucrpax)tsaqor My AaBaar ruSopuaquu :a
Kora ce rnae KoacraHfara Ha pctuerKara rpaq6ata lra aroMor". Kou ce uetogxte co xori
Ha Kpucraror lrrro ce Kopltcrl{ 3a gu$paxrluja ua IrcrpaxyBana?
MO>r<e Aa ee I{3Bpr aT HaBeAeHI4Te
penArelrcKure 3pequ, a r(e ce n:uepu aroror 0 2. Axo toscraHTara Ha KpriorarHara
npn roj ce no6I'IBa MaxcrMyMor, cnopeg Eper- peuerKa a NaCl e d - 0.281 nm. nog xoj aro,r xc
BylQorara paBerrxa Moxe Aa ce oflpegenl{ u ce go6ne npouor guQpaxql{oHeH MaKcI.IMyM nprr
6panooara fiorxuHa Ha penEleucarlTe sp8r{n. gn<ppax4nja Ha peHAreHclr:paqu utrja 6pauona
Co quQpaxurja Ha pesAreucKu 3parrlr ce go:rxrna e 0,1,10 nm.
ncrrr{TyBa Ir mpyKTypara Ira Msory BEpycIr I{ (Ogrosop:14.4")
. xSKportoJleKyJr[. co graQpaxqaja Ha peHAreHcKH

c,rpyKryprrara asa x3a. Ba l9l2

roE. KaKo M$paKqlrona peruer-
KA 3a peHlrericK[Te 3paII[I Koplz
crg n?IrcraJllt. 3a enoxaftroro
crrpurre, nqdpaxquja ua penn-

Williarn H. Bragg
(1862-1942) 'tarKo
E William L. Bragg

. : 0.1
( 1890- 1971) crEoT

ea pa:nojor na
"ua=4= 2.0,5 i uerogor ua Ban
Jlaye Bo 1915 roA.
qogTe H:99fl91i
fiogsP,ai,,9,tfi: Pi ' Harpaaa.
 2.9. Ocuoett ua rc6aH iHa /t eneKrupoHuKa. CAoHutqHa u ctuuJnyllupaHa uqnuja 127

2.9. OCHOBII HA pa3nuKara Mefy eleprrrare Ha [Bere cosrq6,E:

KBAHTHATA EJIEKTPOHI{KA. hf=En-E^, (1)
Cnonrana u crr{Myrnpa[a eMr.rc[ja Ka[e rxro i e fInaHKoBa roEcraana. Hr*eno,
Bo eAeH KBaHTHo-MexaH[qKl.I c[creM (Toa Soronor (KBaHror co eleprnja) He ce eMf,fyBs
ulu ancop6rapa Ha AeroBu ryKy Bo crporo
Moxe Aa 6uAe aroM, MoJreKy.rl u.rll jou) xaxo urro o peAeJreHE rropqtrtr /r./.
eugoaue eHeprujara Ha eJreKTpoHr,tre Moxe Aa flplr
cnonrauure fipeMtrHtr @ronme ce
I{Ma car,lto onpeAeneHr.I ro"'retrlunu. Beluue lreiy ce6e Bo Qa3ara, HacoKara sa
pa3jrr.rKyBaar
ATOMOT KAKO KBAHTHO-MEXAHI,IqKII CITCTEM MOXC
uMpeH,ero, paMHuHaTa Ha ospttrparb€To x
ga ce najge caMo Bo ro.rHo onpeAe,'reHlt eHep-
rppereeuryrjara. BernMe, cBerrr.rHara e He Koxe-
rercKr{. onHocHo xnaHt:ur.r cocr ojor. peHnHa u H( ),lapuJupaHa.
r
Kofa cltre cJIeKTpoHr{ Ha eAeH aroM ce Bo flog gejcrao Ha HaABoperxHo eJIeK'I?oMat-
cnojara najuucxa (ocHoBHa) eHeprercKa cocroj6a, Her Ho ,paqebe. ocaeH ancoplugja. Moxxo e qe
Be,'lt4Me AeKa 14 aroMoT c Bo ocqoa&a xaan xa
ce ocrBapu x cruuuyaupana atqla. tl
cocruoj6a ATovxrc Bo npo[ecr4Te ra evucuja A,r6epr Ajxuraju. yure Bo l9l7 rornna. no
nru arrcopnqrja Ha cBerJr Ha (ereK'rpoMaruerHo cBonre reoplrcKr TpyAoBH, yKaxal Ha MoxHocra
3paqeH,e) Ntoxe [a [peMrHar oA eAHa KBaHTHa ra npyr run evucxja, euucuja Koja e crf,M) Jrv pana
cocorojoa lpyra. TaKBxr e npevfiHu. uajepHoc-
Bo
olHalBop x npx koia Moxe''ird Ad'jh?' id"' """'
TaBHO r{OX(e Ia Ce npLrKaXaT Ha npUMepOT
rac nyBa H,e Ha 3paqebeTo.
KBameH crrcTeM co ABe eHepfeTcK[ HtLBoa m 14 n. Ciiuny.upamtofr npeMrx oA coaroj6a co
Eueprume Ha rrle HrIBoa cooABerHo nexa ce E, nolo,leva Bo cocaojoa co noMara enepruja
u E,, r npnroa E,, En,. (n) m) ce pa3JrEKyBa o[ clroHTaHnor lrpsMtrH
(n , m\ (ctr.2).
a) AnCOPnqTJA 6) CnOHTAHA EMlilCl4JA
CtliffiYnrPAHA ESrcl4lA Nn7 Nn
En
hf En..%,-,tt--, En
),m \t\n'> hf hf
=En- Em
."n ft..-
"nnD
hf
Nm
E
Lm

C:r.1. llleuarcru [puKa3 rra alcopu{nja Ha 3paqeB€ Ir

C1.2. Crrvy,rrpcnare evlrcrja ia ipaverre
cnonrana euucuja

Bo eAeH KBaHTHo-MexaHI{qKn cr-{creM Mox- Hexa rp: gageu reie: ror6yaerr aroM rranHe
Hr,rre eHepfeTcKtr rrpeMr.rrul ce ocrBaPyBaaT co: KBaHr Ha crcpttrja co roleuria eaHaxBa Ha
aicopuLtlLja ua enepiuja, c
oHEtaHa (ctuuxujua) pa3rruKara roueiy eueprl{ge xa nmoara E, n
c.uucuja tt upucuneHu u-/tu t utu,ayrtup&Ea e.uucuia. E. thF L,- [- r. Enqejfu atoMor ce Haora Bo
Aficopfi4uja sa eHeprtrja (cn.l.a) nacrany'na noBr{coKara eHepreTq(a, cofloi6a, xatTaHyBa
Kofa aroMor lrro e Bo ocHoBHa KBaHrna cocroi6a raeuwo4ejcrao noMefy yfiarumor QoroH ;'i
6b6nra eueprraja o[naABop, nMeHo aroMor arovor. Yna[Hxor Smon ro cruMyqlrpa aroMor
arcop6upa xnanr co etepruja hJ.
C onfiana erluclrja uo><e Aa ce osrBapr{
Aa ce BpaTr.r Bo IIoEI{cRom EtrBo'u 'HaMecTo
ancopnurla. aroMor eMr{TyBa Qmox co eneprria
Kofa eJ'reKTpoH IroMI,IHyBa og nonncoxo E, uit hf= E, - E,,, , enxarea na Jma@orr(Poron.
noHlrcKo eHeprercKo HIrBo E,, (c1.1.6), nprroa, Exqejix c r fivynrpanata evrcuja voxe qa ja
KaKo [tro 3HaeNre, ce elluryra fiorou elHaKoB Ha npettfirarKa cavo $oroH co eucpruja eAHaKBa Ha
128 2.9. Ocuoeu ua rceaHLuHana erxeKmpoHltKe. CiioHfuoHa u ciltuuynupauo enucujtt

(hJ= E,1- cera ce go6naaar ABa +oroHa KolI

E n) cpeAltHlr Bo Jlau6epfi-Bepoeuow aatoH 3a
uMaar eAHaKBa 6pauoea gorxuHa, Qa:a u uacoxa aficopnll[ja Ha cBer,'rr4Ha:
Ha rlpocrupalbe, taue ce xoxeperurunu. Tne uo>r<e I_l,,e*, (3)
3aeMo,qa gejcreyaaar co Apyrr{ nra eo:6ygeHn
aToMa 11 Aa npeAr43BuKaaT HoBrI ABa cTr.rMyJr[paHlr Koe$[queHTor na arcopnqnja a go6r.rna nela-
rrpeMrrHa. Tara ce go6ueaar veurpr.r Qorouu xor.t rrrBHI{ Bpe[Hocrr.r (cr < 0). Bo (3) 1,, - nHreH3nre-
MO)Ke Aa npeAu3BrrKaaT HoBr.r qeT[p'l cTrrMy- Tor Ha cBerJrr.rHa luro nafa Ha aKTuBHara cpeAuHa
J,rIpaHx npe\{fiHr.1 nru. Taxa urro npu oeoj rpouec co Ac6enriHa r: / ttt.tcu:t'teLot r'rt coc r,rrra roj
6pojor na $orouure pacre raBr.rHoo6pa3Ho. [3JrefyBa, a e=2,12.. e ocnoBa Ha trpxpoAH].ror
Kora uarepujaruara cpeA Ha ce Haoia so JrorapriraNr. Kaj oBne cpe/l[Hu HaMecro a[cop[-
oprpotrH14 1c,roor. uajro,reu opoj og Hej*11Hr4re quja nacrauyea 3ac[JIyBaH,e Ha 3palreH]ero -
aro\r ce ao uajuncxara eHeprercKa cocroj6r. r,r
He,atuusHa aucoputlujat. Tarra cruuyrupaua
raj cure arovr.r nocrofi e,[HaKBa eepojarHocr ra eullcnja ua KoxepeHTHo 3paqeHre ce ocrBapyBa
KBAHTCH IIPEMIIH OA TIOHI{CKA BO TIOBI{COKA raj x ca n fr a u ru e ie n epa tu op u 1"n a rcp u ut e t.
(ao:6yneua) eueprercra cocroj6a lr, o6parHo.
3o ln t, ')rtitt, K!t\tlttH !Ht) t! Jttr'uJlL'ttt' 06jacHere ru c,reAHnBe rrorrMrr:
rporctLt. Hcr't!Xt't)Ht), r),i),arr "+tttiitq'ujttJlHtt -rncupnuric - cnonrarrn crrucuja
cpedttun Jo ,i ')our'd,' Gu utnKno rHtll?tttt^tt eurcuja
- c'r'yrly,rupanit - aKTr4BHu cpeAr.rHrt
,,ttttto.i6.t hot)t t:!uto opojottt n,t ,t, u6l,\r'utrt rr, ItHRcltHa Hace,lrHocr' - \lcfltcfu6 ,'lHt, HrBoil
amonu ( N ,,) ao ec)uuu4a 6pe"Me u e()r!H!!Llo Bo"1!- - Herar[Bra ancopnqria - Jlaru6ep r-Ecpoe :axon
- KOXepeHTXO 3paqeH,e HeKOXepeHl'HO 3parrell,C
,ut H t' t!!'?!'.tt.M ,'t) 61','j,'n Htt ttii!'.uun( Lttl
t)r'Ht)ttHttiitt t,t,rttoin t N,,, t. tu t.

Nn>N.. (2)

Tarrrlre cocroj6l,t ce HaperreHr.r cocroj6[ co L()cHonrjo'r'o HlrRo Hal atKTr,rBHara cpeAlHa oAroBapa IIa
uHaepJHa Hate"4?ttocii no autouui e ciioped eHeprrja 0.0,1 J. a eo:6y11euo t.o - Ha 0.07 J. l(o"rKaBa (e
Husoaaua Ha eneplujatua, u[rr4 [HBep3Ha 5u1qc 6pauona ra go,rxrHa Ha eNrrryBaHrror rpororr.

nuny,raqrja.a raKB re cnen H l.l -atiiueau. (C)A|ouop: l,=623 nl,)l )

I4naep:nara HaceJreHocr ce rrocrr.rrnyBa co 2. 3oL!1o He Nioxe /la cc /Io6uc aaco,'tyBa}le Ha
cBer.rrurrrra npu uejruuo noNil,rHyBaH,e Hx3 cpea Ha co
AoAaBerie eueprnja oAHaABop (eJreKTpor{arHcrHo
HOpNIa,lHa HaCeTeHOCT?
3paqeHre, ToIIJtoTHa, xeMI{cKa, e.JIeKTpo-
joulr:aqlroua lrrn.). Tarauor [poUec ce BuKa
yufiarue na enepierucxurue Huaoa. Ha onoj
HaqrrH Moxe Aa cc nocTllfHe cTI,tMyJl[paHaTa
evrcnja na 6ugc llollraaHrna HaA crloHlauara.
Toa qana MoxHocr 3a HatJIo 3foreNryBalbc Ha
T.THTcH3UTCTOT Ha KOXepeHTHO TO 3pa.relbe.
c!
dliil
Bo urc[iuauuiie cpedwLu, cpeduotuo ape.tLe EacoB Hrxo,raj Ilpoxopoo A,rexcanAap Charles H.
utt trcrro<tit na qiroutLilta ao aos6ydeua cocuLojSa e fenaglrerur Muxajaonnv Townes
tu )tt,'t?t' tttt!KttnAy RtIj rpr tH!tu!t t t, H ult"r,ttt,tt I ttl 3a npngouecor Bo KBaHTHara errleK,tpoHxKa 1964
HacerleHocut. Bpeuero Ha )Kr.rBor Ha aroN{or Bo rolriHa Ho6enoBara HarpaAa ra +u3uKr ja nolcnhia
ss, H.Bacoo u A.flpoxopoB, U.TayHc,
Bo36yAeHa cocroj6a o6r.rHo e og pegor 10 a
Bo 1952 roA. H.EacoB x A.llpoxopoB, r.r He3a-
BO aKTrrBHr.rTe CpeAfiHLt Ha HeKOr4 HUBOa e BlcHo oll HnB U.Taynyc ro Koncrpyupare npBlror
4 I
10 - 10 s (raj ueron MoJreKyJrr{ uoxe na 6lrge MOneKynapeH KBaHTeH feHepa rop. KaKo npcTxoaHuK
r.r cu rotr.rHr). Taxsnre H aoa ua cHcpruja cc Ea "'racepor, Koi pa6oru Bo MdKpo6paHoBara o6Jracr

swraar efracfra6unnu uusoa na eHeprr.rja. Toa u ce BLIKa MACEP Mikrou,ate Andi/icutiol1 hv

Stimulated Enissiotl ol Rddidtiotl (3ac]/nyBat{'e Ha M!{K-
Dnen noxn,'t ut t)tr t t t)t urntprl xHBcplHa po6paHoBrrre co crrrMynupaHa eNrrcuja Hll 3pa.rerle).
Haccr'rcHocr t N,, V, r. 14MeHo. Kili ill r nBH rc
 ) 10.
"4nlptr u HuLtHttiito itPu ,'Htl 129

eJle Kwp o Hc K u ctTo Lto 6 u LratH.

2.10. JIACEPT{ II HIIBHATA Bo ogHoc Ha BHarpeulHuor cocraB Ha
aKTIIBHaTa CpeAr{Ha, JraCepUTe MOX<e [a Ce
IIPITMEHA roAer'rar Hit: a oirtxu. -troJleKlJrctu u joucxu. a
cnope.l pe/hu\{or Ha pa6oTa. nt ronfrunyupanu
(He-Ne - racepor), uu yacuu (pyduHcruror) u
Jlacepure ce orrruqKr.t KBaHTHTI reHeparopll uu yaoto-fiepuoluvnr. cnopeg crreKTpanHara
Ia \rrrHorpolra]cK14 r1 clpofo roxepenrnr 6pluo- u6,racr na reHep p:lbe Jrilccp re pr6orilr Bo:
Br{ Ha cBer.lr[Ha Ao6[eHa co IroMolI Ha cTI,IMy- unopaqpaener (6r[cKa u AarerrHa). Br'uuruBa,
lupana euucrlja. tr4uero JIACEP e KpareHKa oA ),'l I pil BxO,'l (TOBil tt peUprCucXl O6.rlcr.
rtpeurc 6yrwt ua: Ligltt Attpli/ictrtion b), Slinulttletl 3a ga ce o6jacHLr upuHquuotu Ha pafotua
Emission o/ Rddiollo17 -3acunyBari.(] Ha cBerJrLIHara na "tacepufre, najnpro rpe6a Aa ce pa3r:reAa
co crrlMyJrxpnuil eNrl,lc[ja Ha 3paqcr6c. nnreparqujara na $orounre co arou[Te ttt
flprnor ,racep roj ira6oru Bo orrrr'rqKo aKTrBHara cpe!lHa. Axo atu\llr( cc nu6vlcul
rogpa.rje c py6rucrirc,r ,racep KoHcrpvt{pan Bo co OoroHn. vrja cppereenquja e eAHaKBa co
1960 ro4arra o[ aMcprlKarcKrlo r' (br3lr.Iap $pcreeuqnjara Ha r'ro>KHn rrpeMr{Hr'r oA rroBr,lcoKa
T.Mejuan. Bo rronlrcKa xeaurHa cocroj6a, ce eNr[TyBaar ABa
$oroHa xon ce KoxepeHTHrr co ynagHuor rporon
r{ cc IIBr{>Kar Bo ucra HacoKa. Tue qna tforoua ua
cnoior nlr crrnlBaar ao rureplrunja co cr(Il11
ItEil 1106)aeHrl a ro\ra. fla raKa ce J05l1Baa r
qet'flpu ooToHIl co lrcra HacoKa r.r Qpexeeurluja

ornEAAflo norvnPonvcTJU4Bo
I (cr.2.a). Ha roj Har[rH, co npoqecor cr].rMyJrr4paHa
eN{l,tct,lia,
Nr y"ilrx r iii
6pojor Ha
fi qr'i
co3AaAeHr{re
pa (pacrc naBuHoo6pa3Ho).
Qoronu ce

l{)0% oTJTEAAJIO

hMNYNCHO OCBETNYBATbE
C"1- l- OnrnrKa ueMa r{a "racepor.

Ocroggtt AeJIoBIt Ha ccxoi ,racep ce: l.

r+ +.+ O2

Tffil^,
O1
paSorunotla cpeduna (axtusaara cpellrHa) Ka)Ie
xNra ycJroB[ 3il rlHBep3Ha HaccJrcHocr Ha ],f
r 5 A,r\A,+a
tu
eHeprercKrrre H[Boa, a co toa n co3AaBaBc Ha
crlr\'ryJrnpaHa erlucuja; 2. ancfie,v aa uoSydyean e
"uyuuan e" Ha aroMure (cucreM 3a co3AaBarbe
fitlBep3Ha HaceJlcHocr Bo aKTr.rBHara cpequHa); 3.
l
orl EAANO
tr:=?'#l
.rvw\F>a

AKTxBHA
l1:t'

cPEA,,lHhonvnPonvclnhBo
o riuurcu pesonaruap Koj cc Kopl{crn 3a oAnelry- 1 ooo/"
ornEAAno
Babe cflorl @oroHn no u:6pana nacoxa u :a Qop- O1 O2
Nrlrpatbe KoxepeHTeH cBerJruHcKr{ cHon co onpe- a
I +'rrrnn

h
gereua 6pauosa go,rxuna; 4. cuctue Jo nsdebe. -wvr O
Budoeu nacepu. Bo nparrnra lit ce Kopnc- O <.\nnA I
rar rose(e BrrAoBu J'raceplt. Bo :aencHocr o1 I
aKTUBHaTa CpeAUHa. racepuTe IIOXC Aa Ce O1
rrolleJrar Ha: Jracepu co cpeduuo ao m6pdq, zucHs
u naaH(r cocLuoj6ti. Bo nocedua fpyna,racepu ce
s6pojynaar r,,,r.vc t llo R t't) H
Cnopeg llerogor na
^
t t

no6yqyrane ra
!' t !I u ! r rt acept.
I 1",
A'[ONII'ITC, JIACCPCKI{ AKTIiBHI'ITE CPEAT'IHII MO)KE AA
5ynlt ,'iu-rtt,tt tt- !t)!trtt,tt!H!t. .Yr uaKlt- (),IeK!!tpo- ' C,.r. 2. lIIeMarcKu nprrKa3 3a Ao6rrBarl'e nacepcKa
t r,;o t tt ou t r. i r tlvr\vru *r
jou t ti ) rtt ti ) A'ot H? f ct t c K! !
t ? t
130 2.10. Jlacepu u HusHama uputteHa

3a ga ce:loneulr repojarnocra 3a I{HTep- r<r{HaTa Ha onTuqKl{or Pe3oHaroP.

arquja ua yrraAHr,rre Qoronn co no6yAeHrire I4unep:nara HacengHocr raj py6rucxnor
aToMIt, T.e. Aa ce 3foJreMn nHTeH3IrTeror Ha Jracep ce [ocrr.{rHyBa co KqeHoHcKa ,rar'l6a (rp,:reur
JIaCepcKoTo 3par{e}Le, HeonxoAHo e I{THTepaKq[- raM6a c,'r.3) xoja e o6nr.rrdAHa oKoJry Kpr{cr ano'r.
ja'ra ga ce o,[Br{Ba Bo npocropor Ha ofrtuulxuofi Eueprujara Ha xcesoucxn'ie Soronu ogronapa na
peaonafrop. Onrfi'Jruor pe3oHarop eo iajonut'r errepr uja'ra npr4 npevxH ua rpovnrre ioun ol
c;ryvaj npercraayBa orcreM og gne or,regala O1 r't ocHoBHa Bo no:6yaena cocroj6a. IIpu llrreN-
O:, oA Kor{ eAHoro e noJlylporrycrJrt4Bo, a 3rrBHoro ocBerryBabe co IrMnyJIc og - 0,1 ms,
gpyroro peQ.nerrlrpa 100% (cl.l). Ornega,rara nose(ero xpoltrn joHtt npeMlrnyBaar oA noHl4c-
UMAAT 3AEAHITqKA OIITIIqKA OCKA CO AKTI{BHATA KOTO eHepIeTCKO Hr.rBO tt Ha IOB|COKOTO HIIBO t1
nacepcKa cpe4una. Axo pacrojauuero uefy gnere (c,r. 4). Bo eHeprercKoro HrIBo tr rne ocraHyBaar
ornelaJlHr{ rroBprrrnHu e qel 6poj 6paHoBLI Aor- oxo,'ry l0' s. or oa n,ttt cIIoHTaHo co evrcuja ra
xr.rHrr Ha Qoronure, ce co3AaBa.croeH 6paH, Koj Soron ce npa(aar Bo ocHoqHara cocroj6a E1, unu
ro none*erpatra pe$:rercuja oq orieAarara IIMa co noaepojarnuor npeMr4rl E3-)E2 6e: elrucHja ua
HacoKa rlo ocKaTa Ha aKTI{BHaTa Cpe[tlHa. cBer,ll{Ha ao [.- np[Toa Br{tlloKor exepruja ruro e
[er og Qoroncxara JIaBITHa I{3neryBa oA BO BI{[ Ha TOrrJrr{Ha Ce npeAaBa Ha KpIICTaJIHaTa
noJrynporrycrn x BoTo or-JreaaJro (c,r.2.6t. a ae,r ce peurerra ua py6lruor.
pe{.nexrupa tl noBTopHo ce npa(a Bo aKTrrBHara Ha roj Havnn uajro,reuuor 6poj no6yneuu
cpegxua. Kora "'raBrHaia {oroun (e gojge 4o joulr na xpouor (e ce nfiar' so" MetaetabiitHdta' "
orJreAaJroro Or ! ce Bpa(a KaKo napaneJleH cHorl cocroj6a Er. Cpegxoro BpeMe Ha xl{Bor Ha
KOH OTJIeAaTOTO 02 . np Ut'l.O ttHldlllu]leror ua arot"iure Ha xpoMor ro osaa cocroj6a e 10-' urro e
rr3Jre3rruor cHon ce 3roJIeMyBa (cl.2.r). Toj ra 105 naru nororeMo o.[ Bpe\relo ua xusor do
npoqec Ha Mynrr.rnnuKaIllrja na Qorourre ce E3.3a roj BpeMeHcKr{ rrHTepBaJr Bo aKTItBHara
bng[Ba Ha Hcr Haqr{H n noHaraMy ce loaeKa He ce cpeAHHa ce ocTBapyBa r,rHBep3Ha HaceJIeHocT Ha
AoOLre MaKc[ManHa uo(nocr ua spaverse. ATOI\IU TE.

ffduuctcu Jtacep (ct.3). Axrmxara cpe-

Kaj pyorrHcKuor Jlacep e BelrrraqKn Kpltcrajr E3
Ar{Ha
na py6xnor (Alzor) roj coApxx rrpl{Mecn Ha
Cr2O3, u roa 0,05o/o. I,Iueuo, no KpI{craJIHara
perrerKa HeKolI aroMlr og Al ce 3aMeueru co
jorn.
TpuBaJleHrH14 xpouuu

"ni,ili,p"*"
CB€TnTHA
llNr'w*
I I EMI4C'IOHEH

ii
560 nm ":." nPEMtlH

llit* ,
lr = 694,3 nm Lz = 692,9 nm

C,r. J. Eu<prvrclr npevrHr,r HJ xp,.runrre ionr no

xpr.rcraror na py6unor
. .

. Cn.3. Py6xHcKr nacep

Cexoj @orori co eueprtja hf = Ez Et
co3AaAeH [prI cIIoHTaH npeMIIH o[ MeTaCTa-
6IarHaTa cocroj6a 62, Bo ocHoBHorit E1 na caojor
" Py6"""*rot..*pficra:i ce n:pa6oryna ro
o6nur na qnrl{H[ap co crporo napaJleJIHIr H IIaT MO)KS Xa npeArr3BnKa CTIIMyJIHpaH IIper\'tUH OA

nocpe6peun ocHoBIt HopMaJrHrr Ha ocKara, TaKa C2 BO oCHoBH?T? E] co elluc[ja na uon $oroH co

rrrro. HuBHoro pacrojanne ja orpege,ryna go.n- rcra euepruja hf . Oll r:.l'e gna @orona cexoj
 2.10. Jlacepu u xu&fifra upu eHa l3l

MOx(e Ea rsr TaKoB cruMynlrpas ao nrgycrpyjara sa rpraa o6pa6orKa rr pexer'e

npeMuE. 3a [a ce latunoo6pasno co:- Ea qBpgfI,I Lr rerrtr<o rorrtrB]r MeraJrr.r ( paBerbe
AaBarLe Ha soroHtr; e car,ro eqen Qorox ur.rrpobroopr.r, 3a MHKpo3aBapyBane). Moxnocra
Aa IrMa HacoKa no H OCKATA HA nacep€Kara cBerJrnHa ga ce Qoxycupa Ira MaJIII
pe3oHaTopor. KO nMaaT Apyra HacoKa noBpmfifiD (MtrKporoqKx), Bo Me[nq lrara ce
ce arcop6npaHrr r{nr4 o[ aKTItBIraTa KOpI,rCTtr KaKO XnpvprrrKu HOX IIpI{ npeur{31{14
cpegrxa. flpn uuor nperr.ruu, dragejifui Mr.rKpoxupyprxKr.r onepaql'I{ (olepaqxja Ha oKo,i.
E2 I'IMa CnOXeHa CE EMIITVBA CBETIAHA fIopaALI Koaryraqujara ua nporerultre, KpBnllfe
co gae 6ancru AOnx[Hrr. caAolu He rpsaaar. Jlacepxre co ua.na lto(iroct
(He-Ne racepnre) Moxe Aa rlr 3aMeHar nr.flnre 3a
aKynyr{KTypa. Co racepure ce orcrpaHyBaa'r a.r

pa3Hrr ryMoplr. Bo repafleBTcxlt IIe i ce Kopnc-

rar :a sa6p:ano :apacryBa*e Ha paHx.
Co racepure Mo)<e npeql.I3Ho Aa ce luepar
ro:reun pacrojaxr{a KaKo, Ha flpnMep, Ha careJix-
Tltre r.{Jr{ pacrojanuero r'refy 3eujara n
Mece.rufiara u ppyru ne6ecxra rera. Coapeue-
Ifi{Te aBl{oHIt I{MaaT JIaCepCKI-I XI{pOCKOII,I 3a
o[pxyBarse Ha HacoKaTa Ha aBl{xelse.
Jlacepcxoro 3paqerle co HaBeAeHItre
clojcrna ono:uoxu pa:noj Ha HoBIt MeroAH 3a
rrperlr{3Hr.r ueperra (ge6ernHrr, TeMneparyplt,
r{HAeKc Ha npeKplryBaE e) Kox Bo ocrloBa rlr
uuaar raurep{epenqujara n guQpaxqnjara na
BIIcOKOKOXePeHTHOTO 3PaqeII,e.

Xo.norpaQxja
XolorpaQrjata e Merog sa go6uuane
CBETJI'EA npocropeH nfiK Ha lrpellMerot roj ce :acuoaa na
nnrepQepenryrja u guQpaxquja Ha cBerJrffHara.
Ocnoaaufre cabjcfrea Ha nacE)cr$Aa flplrroa ce 3annuryBa aMrrnlryAara, @pexreu-
c&afr,laKa, KaKo lrrro ce :
BpeMelrcKa Ir npoc- rylajata u Qa:ara na cBerJlrrl{cKlrre 6panorx ua
Topua Koxepelrrltocr, i sxcoxa MoHoxpoMarnq- Qoron,nova oA cllruo3pnecra n ge6e.nocrojna
I'OCT, MAJIA AUBEPTEHTTIOCT, IOJIEM IIHTEH3I{TCT, euyr:uja ulu uexoj MoHoKpucraJI. I{urepQepen-
;recno $oxycr.rpa*e Hd Man[ noBpIrrI,IHIr, HaIxJIe qr{oHara cJrnKa. uro npr,IToa ce [o6rra, e
roneMa rrpnMelra Bo ndfxara u rexnuxara. 'uapeteua xonoipa; (og rpuru; xoJloc- qeJloccH
Jlacepcxara csebruHa, nopaAlI roJleMara n rpaQnja-:annc), rro 6u 3HaqeJIo IIeJIoceH
KOXePeHTHOCT e nOfiOlOIlHa 3a MOAyJIaWIa O,q :anuc. Kaj craHAapAsara QororpaQuja ce
paAxo6paHoBure. Buqqj(x racepcxara cBerJIt{Ha 3arllrlryBa caMo IiHTeH3LlTeToT Ha CBeT.lrI {aTa, a
rMa MLtrlIoH rlarn rrdroJleMa Qpexneuqrja o4 roj :anucn cauo oA aMnruTyAara Ha 6paHor
paAHoOpaHoB(Te. na noroJleM e I 6pojor ua Xo,tolpaQcrcuout aeutod e deocweueu
rSopr',rauuure (ToH H c,rvKa) [.ITo ce fipeHecyBa. upo4ec. ITpaarua eutaul e do6ueaH'e na
flocrojar [oBer(e KaHa.[Hx cBerJIoBoAt (onrnvxfi xonozpan, a ?utopawa euta^a e peupodyK4ujq Ha
xa6;rn nus xon racepcknor cBeTJIITHCKLI cHon ce Etpudu eHJrrono,lt'n ,lux od xoaozpa.uofu.
pacnpocrpaxyBa 6er anmpnqxja). Jlacepcxara 3a go6lrnarse xoJrorpaM, JlacepcKltor cHon,
csetrruia ce llpsMeHyBa so xounjyrepcxata co cnequja.teH oItrI{qKIr cucreM, ce HacoqyBa KoH
rexnxra (racepcru .IurA.{H, fleqarapH). AeJlaqor Ha 3pauu (Bo nplrMepor e
'. Io,reuarra vo&Hocr r xoHueurpaqujara ua nonyrponycnnBo orregano) co roj cuonor I na
Ia@pcKHoT cHorr Ha MaJIa noBprrlHHa ce KoptrcTlr nacepcKara crlerJrr{Ha ce AeJrr{ Ha ABa Aera (cn. 6).
t32 2.10.
"rlacepu u uusHama upu eHa

6pauoau. llpocrnparuero Ha yJrrpa3ByqHrrre

6paaorn ao rBpAl{ u re(tlrr4 cpeAr4Hrr oBo3Mo)KyBa
go6lreau,e Ha rpoA[MeH3rroHaJrHa cJrrrKa Ha
npeAMern Kor-, He ce r,reqaar. Merogor na
xo,rorpaScro 3anr{ yBarLe ua nufopuaqnn
uaoia nplruena Bo MHofy nay.rnlr o6nacrn
(xo,rorpa$cra cnerrpocxonlrja), Bo MeAuqrrHara
(uurepcronlrja) ro nn@oplrauxara (:la 6p:o
cpeAyBan e tr qrlTarhe Ha noAarorlx) x Ap.

Cr.6. IIIeMa 3a Ao6'rBar''e xoJrorpaM O6jacuere ru c.reAr rBe rror.rMrr:

- pa6orua cpequua (arruenara cpequua)

Csonor 2 (peQepeuuteu 6pau), no nouuny- - CIICTeM 3a CO3AaBaII.e IIHBep3IIa HaCeJIeHOCT
Bariero Hu3 rroJrynponycrJrllBo orrtegalo M naia - onTuqKu pe3oHaTop
ArrpeKTHo ua Qoronnovara FP. Csoror 3 - Jracep
(ipeduetueu 6pau) ro ocBerJryBa IlpeAMeror P lr - py6rrrcxu racep
ce peQrerrupa og Hero. Elrgejfti geara 6paua ce - xo:rorpa@uja
crporo KoxepeHTHlr, Tr{e Ha Qoronnovara ce
cynepnoHrrpaar co KoHcraHTHa $a:ua pa::rura n
uurepSepupaar.

3a ga ny.rure none(e ornopere

uurepuer n uo6apajre ru cne4nune web aApecu:
l. http//dir.yahoo.cim/Science/Physics/Lasers/
2. http//www.spie.org/gateway.html
3. Onrlr.xr.l 3arr[c Ha uuQopuaqnu n qo6uran e
CD
http ://www.n-t.org/ri/br/rf05.htn

Cn. 7. PeKoHcrpy(L(gja ra npocropen rux

Ha npeAMeror Ao6ueH co xororpaM

IIpr aropara crana - peKoHcrpyxqujara- ,[,fa6op (Dennis Cabor, 1900-

,lacepcKilra cBcr,r r{Ha.,D u@paKT pa i x L{ H r.13 \oJ'ro-
1979) ro rpeAroxlr.r xolorpaQ-
cKnor MeroA yurre Bo 19,18 rolluHa
rpaMor, co3AaBa JruK Ha [peAMeror (cn. 7). JIr.rKor 3a 3an'llxyBan e Ha aMnnr{TyAaTa r.l
Mo)Ke Aa ce rJrcAa oA pa3JrrrrlHr.r no:rox6u. Toj e c!a:ara ua 6pauonure.
'rpoAuMeH3IloHaJreu. OceeH IlManrHapHxor Jrr.rK
L;, ce godnea I{ peal'reH ,'ruK L' Ha npeAMeror. Meiyroa.:a uerooa pealu:aquja 6rrr norpc6en u:oop
14lrarnuapuuor rlrK e rlAeHTr.rqeH co lpeAMeror, a
Ha crporo KoxcpcHTHa cBcrJrrHa. Toa 6x,'ro
oBo3lloxeHo co KoHc'rpyKrlrja Ha ,iaceprTe Bo 1960
peanHr.roT e orJreAal'rHo crlNreTpuYeH Ha Hefo. roAuHa.3a onaa ngeja,lo6Dn HoSenoBa Blrpala 3a
XororpaSr.rjara oBo3Nro)KyBa ucroBpeMeHo
$u:ura eo l97l rolrrHa.
3arrurxyBame Ha roreM 6poj ltrrpopuaqnu ua ncr
xoJrorpaM. Xonorpau ce go6nra co cure t;rlAol;r4
 2.I L Ctupyrcwypa rua atuoucrcouto jadpo 133

co[p)<u 238 HyKJreoHx, oA Kon 92 ce nporoHrl.

2.II. CTPYKTYPAHA Iloueroratu e AoBolIHo Aa ce HaIII4ITIe caMo
ATOMCKOTO JAAPO xeMrrcKr{or cuM6or Ha eJreMeHTor It MaceHrror
6poj, a og fleplroAHtror cucreM Ha eJreMeHTxre
Moxe.[a ce npoqxra Herosuol peaeH 6poj r na ce
Aroucroro jagpo e qenrpalurror AeJr Ha CT{CTA KAKO IIO3HAT.
aroMor. Bo Hero e cKoHIIeHTpLrpaHo no3[Tr.rBHo- Bo flp[poAara nocrojar ro.neu 6poj arorl-
To KoJurqecrBo ereKTpIrqecrBo. ,[enec co curyp- cxn jagpa. flognaru ce oroly 280 cra6lr:rulr jagpa
Hocr ce 3Hae gexa aroucxoro jaApo ce cocror.r o11 ll noBerie oA 700 (npxpoAHrr r,r BernTartKr{
lpoToHu lr HeyTpoHt{ Kofi IIoA 3aeAH[qKo r.tMc ce goduenu) Hecra6rrJ'rHx jagpa. [o AeHec ce
Ito 3H aTII KaKO Hy KJle O U. lo:saru 118 eJreMeHTrr vuj pegeu 6poj ce gruxu
llporoHor (p) r,rMa no3r.rruBeH [oJrHe)K, on Z=l go 2=118.
eAHaKOB CO rrOJrHe)KOT Ha eIeKTpOHOT.
Heyrponor (n) e HeyrparHa tecruqa. Cuopcq

o@@
TOa. CaMO rrpoToHIITe npuAoHecyBaaT 3a KoJIx-
rrecrBoro eJreKTpl{vecrro ua jagporo.
AroMcKoro jagpo ce KapaKrepr.r3r{pa co
ereKTpur{eH IIoIHcx:

Q=Ze, (1)
ju lu lu
KaAe ruTo co e e o3HageH e]reNreHTapHItoT QHevreoxr Q neoroHr
e.reKTpriqeH rro,'rHex. Z e atuonocuoru 6poj na
tutr).ttt jo'\to , )u,tK,,B t,' i1t' j,utt utr rtp,t- Cl. l. l4sorrtnn ua eogopog.
^t'n!'
rlioHuiia. Z ce coBioi! co peduuofr 6poj nu
atcnauti<ttTt oo Meudcteaou<t[i t1t:puodeu arc- JagpaTa co eAHaKoB aroMcKrl 5po1 Z, a
rrrc,r. Bttgcj(u aroNror KaKo rlen Ha e eJ'reKTpo- pa3Jluqeu llaceu 6poj I (co pas,rr.rven 6poj
HeyrpareH, peguuor 6poj ucroBper,leHo ro HeyrpoHx N=A-4 cc suxaa'r naotiofru. flose(ero
onpcneJ'Iytsit r 6pojor na elexrpouure. u[eJ,]er\reHT Te cc jauyoaar Bo Br1r.l Ha cf il6xnH
Bxynuuor 6poj uyx.reonr.r,.1 Bo aroMcKo.ro Hecra6lr.rHtr l3oroIu.i. Ha [ptrMcp, BoAopoAor
jaqpo ce enxa uacen 6poj. Moceuuow 6poj utt (Z=l) ce jaByBa Bo Br.rA Ha rpu n:oron[ (cl. l):
1
",!t.vt Hltt'ti iltr'tttatnayct .t'irr1, u) sOo1o,,, r,, lH - npotryrnr
upoLlioHruue Z rr 6pojottt Ho H(ympoHuna N 60
(7=1, N=0), ]H - g"y""puyrot
jnDpotuo rut dadeuuom eneneHaat, 3la\v: (Z=1, l,,l:l), ]H - rpr,r"yro" (Z:1, N-2); onoBoro
tt't'Pb, tt't
A-N+Z. (2) uMa rplr cra6u,ruu r=otnn" Pb ,n

2i3
Ja[poro cc orHa,ryBa co clt4rc c \r60,lr.i 'n'Pb, ypo"uynnr r,rua rore(e ,rrotnnr U.
KaKo u Heyrpa.Jrr{[or arorl. Ha nptruep, ll5U- lrRU roBue rroronr cc Hlj lrcraneHr eo
cu N{ 6 o,'I or' npxpoAHr.roT ypaHr.ryM).
)x Ha
JaApara co ucr MaceH 6poj Koll
pa
lpunaiaar
rn 'rHl.t cJ.le \leHt Li cc BtKaJt utodapu.
loKitxyBa AeKa craHyBil 35op 3a aror,r co pcAen Jagpara ua n:o6trpure ce rpaleHrl oA eAHaKoB
6poj Z u lracer 6poj ,.1. Taxa. Ha lpu^{ep. Spoj uyx,rcorr,r, Ho r.rMaar pa3JIIIrurit paclpege.nOa
Ha rrporoHlTe r HeyrpoHLITe. TaKe[ ce, Ha
lr tr])Balh iLr. cU ullla,ry8ir Ja^|oro Hir
co pe/IcH Spoj 3 n Iracet 6poj 7. Toa
J'rr.rrrryNror
npu\r(p. io6rpxt" IH , IH". nl,u"o, .
jagpo e cocraecuo oll tKylHo 7 HyKncoHu. oll Kox BO/IOpOll IXTO rrNra eAeH npo'foH ll ABa HeyTpoHn,
Ao/IeKa tslopuor e xeJrr.ryM roj, ncro raKa, tso
.i c, npo 4 Hcy rpoHx. t4.ro ,,,^., ,]l U t-,.l
rrrrrr.r jalporo nna rpr,r HyKJreoHl,oA Kou ABa rrporoHil.
o3llarryaa jaqporo na cJleueHTor ypaHryNr KOc a eIcH e HeyTpoH.
 2.I 1. CtupyKfuW:ittua atioucrcotuo jodpo, t34
1

Egnnnqa ra urcl lo xyxaeapnmr $u:um flp;r rreneH c]1[t{P. flpll raKor] cyAlrp (c1.2), t'l}itll-
MaJrHol[o paclrojsHne R nouery {t- qecrlruara u
Macara e Kapaxreprcrtr! Ha aer[']{Ha Ha jagporo ce lo6ssa co [oL{oIrI Ha 3aKoHor 3a

aroMcKoro jagpo. 3apagu MaJrI4Te Macll Ha 3ana3yBarbe Ha,eueprujara.

jagpara u qesrurlnre, HIrBHnre MacI4 He e 3roAHo
Aa ce rr3pa3yBaar, KaKo IrJTo e soo6lqaeH6, so
rpaMoBfi r{Jrr.r xxJlorpaMl,r. Bo aroucxara n ct
::
HyKneapHara Queura uacnre Ha rIecrHIII.{Te rt
jaqpara ce r.r3pa3yBar npexy yxuQu4upancfrn
eduauqa aa a&oncia ,uaca roja ce ouavyna co
u. Taa e eAHaKBa Ha l/12 oA Macara Ha aroMor Ha
ffi*
Qo=k
jar,repo4 r2C ra xoj Q =Ze
fi3oronor ra Macara e
eEHaKBa Ha 12 ynNQuqxpaml eAnHHIIIt 3a
€nr 2.
aToMcKa Maca:
IPI{MEP 1. [a ce oupe,qelu HajMarloro pacro-
m1rlcl=l2,ooo u (3)
jatre ro xoe c ,tecrttuara Moxe [a cc rl)tt6 I
)Kr Ao aroMcKoro jagpo ua ztaroro (7'=79).
Elrqej(x Aroragponuor 6poj I43HecyBa c(-qecT[q[Te tIITo rlpl{Toa ce Kopr,lc l a l ce
N t = 6,022.1023 mol-I, a so I mol Ha Ngo.ronor Ao6HeHH oA nplrpoAHHTe paEI{oaKTI,IBHLt I't3ot onti
u nnaar eHeprnja: E:7 ,1 MeY : 1,2 1 0 I 1u,ru
nC r,rua 0,0l2 kg/ mol yura$uqrpanara eaLIHxIIa rr
,
3a aToMcKa Maca u3pa3eHa Bo KI'IollorpaMr,l e: 6p3nna v = 2-l\i mIs ). Macara Ha c{.-,tectnlla c
2i kg
n(1 = 4u - 4 1,6605655 10 1cn.21.
0-01 mol
2 ks
I

_ t,66U5J6.tU -
lu =___: .- kg
PeueHuc. florcete're ce. noteHutja,rHa ra ettep
12. 6.022 10" mol '
ruja ua vecr uqr co ro.rttex* po tao oeoj cnyv aj
cl, qecTr,ruara 2s) oA II3BOpOT Ha TOqKeCT
fo.remnna ua aroucroro ja4Po
Q?" ln
nonHex 8 (alporo-1et ,' Lr,- 4ntn
.l
Jagpara raxo u cI4Te KBaHTHn qecrllqn,3a R

KOI4 BAXAT KBAHTHOMCXAHI{qKI{TC 3AKOHH, HCMAAT pacrojaHue R, qeao<ynHara KltHeru'rKa enepruja

cTpofo onpeAeJleHa lpaHI{IIa, TaKa IIITO He I Ha ri-qecTrqlrr I|peM HyBa eo notelul,|.ialua
elHocTaBHo Ea ce BoBeAe nol{Mor pa[uyc Ha eneprnja xa raa (recrnua Bo eneKTPlcrarurrKoro
jagporo. nore na jagporo - Nrera, T.c:
flpeure un{opuaq[I,I 3a toJIeMLtHara Ha
aroMcKoro jagpo noreruyraar oa E.PaEep$opA ,r") 1 2eZe
roj rn aualnrnpa eKcrlepxMeHTure na fajrep u 2 4ne,., R
MaprtreH. [4veuo. roj ro npoyqyBa pacejyaarscro
.',
Ha o.-rrecrllilll oA Tenrr ueralnu So,'tllu (3naro It
nJlarrHaJ 14 laKnyqyBa nexa Hajto"nelt lel oq
A- | =9.10'rtT- : t,= l.rrullo.lo rqC
4nen C'
MacaTa Ha aToMor e cKoHueHTp palla scr jaaporo.
Mllnuualnoto pacrojaulte Ao Koe cr-qec- Cnopen roa. Hajuarolo l)acroiaHtc /'lo Koe
Tr{qara Bo PagepSopgoenor eKcnepItMeHT Moxe r'roxe Aa ce npn6ru)<I-I q.-qecrrqa /Io aroMcKo'ro
1a ce lpu6:rrxr 4o jagpolo, Bo o[peAeHa MepKa, jagpo u:Hecyea:
MOXe Aa Ce CMeTa 3a fOreMI'IHa L{ Ha aroMcKoTo 4eZe
jagpo, olluocuo 3a paAltyc ntr ja4poro. flo:ua- R=
4ntn mv2
eaj{r ro Kynonodror saKoH rr lrlrcpaxutlia Hil
ABe rlo3rrrrrBHo HaeJreKTpI,I3LIpaHtl qecTl-luH, 4.79.(1.6022.10 te
)2
MLtHxMarHoro pacrojaune Ao Koe ct qecrrrllara R= 9 10e
uoxe najvHory Aa cc npx6nfixx ao jagporo e 4.1..66.10-2i.4-lot4
 2.1 1 . CmpyK-uypa Ha auto,vcKoulo jadpo 135

R = 27.5.tO-ls m l015m=llln m m Au 3u
0.-V- 4,4, 4"R:
- const ,

nR' nR" A
Oeoj nonaron noKaxyBa JIeKa r'ruHncKllTe 33
Ar{r\{eH3urr ua jagporo He ce rororer\,ru og l0-14 m. Og oraa parcuKa 3a ryclxHara na jagpeuara
Axo ce :elre AeKa paArrycor Ha a'roMol c oA pell uarepuja ce go6naa:
lril ro.rer{r,rHa 0.05 - 0,1 nm. oBa e e71ua y6egluea
lorapAil Ha Pagep@opgoeoro c$a(arue 1e<a 1.1.66.10 ri kr
a'for\'rcKoro jalpo :a:eruta Hecnopeanr{Bo Man AeJ'r P,,rAur-#-2.3 t0r- kg,m r .

oA BOJTyNTeHOT rX'fO fO rr{a aToMo'I KaKO UeJIrlHa. n 1,210 '' n)

4 (

14ueno. rlcrrnarl HaaTovcroro ja4po He

raa crl oa opojol Ha HyK,reoHHTe so jaaporo.
Ilpocetaafra lycfruna na jadpenafra
natuepuja e eduavaa aa cufie jadpa u n3HecyBa
_;Q-- oxoly 2.1017 kg/mr. Taa e orpoMHa.3a rouna-
paqnja fe HaBeAeMe AeKa rycrnHara Ha MeraJror
- l0-r5 m: lfm 3Jraro e 19300 kg/m3 , uro e 3a oKoJry l0l4 naur
oo\4aJ,ra oq rycr Haril Ha jatrpcHara vareprja Ha
rccrlror aroM. Kora og jagpeuara uarepuja (e ce
HaflpaBlr KortKa co crpaHx 2 mrr. uejtnuara vaca
(e n:necyaa orory 2 l0e kg.

Cn. L JdApeH r\loAejr Ha aroNror Jagpenra cunu

3a pallrycor ua iagporo aaxu npu6,rn;r- Arolrc<oro jagpo npercraayra per'rar[BHo

nata pe:raqlrja: cra6unen KBaHTHoT{exaHrrrrKr.r cr.rcreM oA nporo-
Hr{ r.r HeyrpoHrl. PeJrarrlsnara cra6r.r,rnocr ga
jalporo yxaxyea gera uefy HyKJreoHure Kou
R= R,,-,1rll (4)
Br'tcfyBarr Bo cocraB Ha aroMcKoro iaqpo aei-
crayeaar cnequQutrHr.r cr.rJru Kon fu Ha[BrraAyBaar
KaAe urro co I e o3Ha.reH r'raceHuor 6poj, a co R. Ky,rouonnre og6ueHn cunn ueiy nporouure. Tue
foJleMuHara xoja uoxe Aa ce onpe,qe,'Ilt ce naperyraa'rjadp evu (Hlt{aeapHu) cu,,ru.
cKcnepx\{eHTanHo. Taa uruecyea: Jagpenlrre cr,rr.r cnaiaar Bo 't.H. cul,,Ho
saeunodejctueo, Hajlrnren:uanoro 3aeMHo-
Ro = (1,3 + 0,1) fin gejcrno ao npr{polara. Tue cc npnuevnu cnru,
Ho He ce oll ereKTpriqHa rrplrpona. Tne rnaaar
tJr R,, e co pea )-o:rcutHa na rpellrouerpu. noce6Hn KapaKTepI{crrKr,r:
l. jadpeuufie cunu ce cunu ua rpafrox
nP]4MEP 2. fipu npcrnocraerara lexa jaaporo donefr s ce eSuxacHr calro :a Haj6nucxrme
uua coepeu o6lur, ga ce nporleHr{ fycruHara Ha coceAHfi HyKJreoHu. Cexoj HyKJreoH BJreryBa Bo
aroMcKoro jagpo. Kaxo npnMep HeKa rroclry),Krt rxrepaxurja caMo co cBol.rrc urj6,rucxu cocc1rl.
:raroro. Osa jagpo cogpxu uxynuo 197 Padrrltcotu ua dejctuayaau,e ua jodpeuuute ctLntt e
HvKJreoHr{, oA Kotl 79 flporoHlr Il 1 l8 HeyrpoHu. oA peA Ha roJreMuHa ro,rry u cauoro ja4po. Be(e
ua pacrojanre olr 2.2 10 ' nr rcjcraoro ua
Peuretrxe. Oo:uaeajxu ia uacam ua jalporo ai jaqperure cuJru rpaKTr.rqHo He ce (rycrByBa.
.4 z, KaAe urro I u =1.66 10-27 kg . I e MaceHrror Co ropacror ua pacrojauuero very H) Kre-
Spoj n pagrycor ua janporo, :agaqeu co R : -R,, ouure. qejcreoroHa oBre cur,1l4 6pto oflara. x roa
,,1r'1. 'rycrhHara Ha jagpenara vaiepuja rror<e Aa co excronenqlrja.lrHa 3aBucHocr. llpoce.ruo,
ce ce orpeAe,rfi co paBcHKaTa: jaqpenure cnJru ce crorr4Ha narx rroo.rJlHu oA
 2. 1 I . CutpyrcLuypa ua au,toucrcouro jadpo 136

ejreKTpoMafHerHr.lTe Korl ro o6e36eAyBaar rlocro- I,I:yuynamero flpeKy pa3ruqH[Te MoAeJIIT

elsero Ha aroMr.rre rl MoJIeKyJILITe- Janpenure Ha aroMcKr{Te jagpa e nopaglr AeJIyMHoro no3-
or.Jrr{ He gejcreyeaar ueiy cle<rporutre na HaBaEe Ha jagpenure clrJl4 II Henocroer;ero Ha
ATOMOT; ueJrocHa rr er3aKTHa reopuja sa npliKax<yBalLe Ha
2. jadperuutue cunu uLwqafi oco6unu ua crpyKTypara Ha aroMcKoro ja4po lr pacnopenor
,tacutuyaane tcarlpaqujat. r.e. cexoj HyKreoH Bo Ha HyKJTCOHT{Te BO HerO. H[Ty eAeH O[ AOCefa
cauoro jaapo raevno [ejcreyea cavo co uai- nocraBeH Te MoAerx He c 80 cocroj6a. oA c[Te
6,rrcK Te HlKneoHI ao c(6e. a Boorurro He acneKTu. KoM[nerHo [a ru oflr'rtrte csojcrtrra ua
rejcreynaar Ha H)KJ'r(oHxre Hllsop oa jagpor.r. aroucxnre jalpa r{ HyKJreapul4're peaxqur,r. Ceroj
llpu :ro,reuyean e ua 6pojor Ha HyK.rIeoHr'Ire Bo ull \'rolt(rrr4re rpxKax) Ba oape-rerr 6poj cao jcraa
jagporo, janpeuure cr{Jul He ce McHyBaar, co rxro ta jagpo'ro rr HefoBr'rre cocraBH AcJIoBLI, TaKa
rycruHara Ha crrre jagpa e egHarna; To uenocHl c,rrra rl jrr,tporo Ntoxc [a cc [o6ue
3,jadpenuute cunu ue ce qenidpartnu raxo co rpr'rMeHa Ha roee(e uo,qe,ru. Ha npl{Mcp, co
trlTo ce, Ha [pl{Mep, fpaBLITaIII'IoHltre u NroAe.'Ior Ha KarrKa yc[errrHo ce o6jacuyea
eJIeKTpI,IqHItTe Cr'IlrX; c!ncujara (qencme) Ha reruxrre jagpa. Co nouour
4. jadpeuui e cul'ru ce nesaaucnu od Ha \luller.lu'i ln KaIlKlt. \toxe njr .< o6jilcHx
eneriiipuuuuiie iioauetru na uyrneonufie ruiio rycr[Hara Ha aroNrcKoro jagpo. Karo pe3y:rrar
tae.uuo deicifreyeaafr. flopagu nocroelre Ha ABil oA 3acrreHocra Ha jaTlpeHnre crr.rIu, rryKreoHllrc
Blllll HyKncoHr.r. ua juapculre cli.rlt ue e,rrjle ro jagporo cc pacnopeAeHx paNlHoMepHo, ra
cncKlpl.I'lHlloT noJ,lHeX 1.1 lUc \'e CTl.i Irtcil 11lil fycrrrHara rra iagporo c xoNrofeHl. ocBetr Hil
H() lpoHll. \ref) !Ba opororii lr \lLry HcyrpoH 11 rroBprrlrHara rra jagporo.
nporoH. 3aroa oBr{e arecrr4qn ce [o3Harx rIoA Cropeg c;roecruor \Io/ler. jagpara co 2, E,
ontuTo vue HyKaeoHu. 20.21i.50. E2 r 126 (126 c ca\ro 3a HeyrpoHn're)
C,roxenlo.t KapilKTep ul ia,tperl.r rc ctt,tu nlloToHu urt{ fleyrpoHll IrNlaar fl()n().IlHe1Ll
He oBo3MO)<yBaTUe IIa Ce rlp[Ka)tia l' c() croes[. Cru'rrro KaKo IIITo ce uajcra6tuttu
peraq[Ir KaKo [ITo c
eAHHqTBeHI{ MaTeMaTI,IrlKrr r ro\r re co ttoIroJ,]re tu cr'rocBII lrKir ce oojacul s.r
c:ryvajor co fpaBIlraqIroHI,ITe Ir e,'reKrpoN{ar- lr cra6nrnocra ua onre jagpa (ualu,tuu jadpa).
HETHI,ITE CIIJItI.
Karcea e lrpupoda-ua utt jodpeuutue cu,tu'?
O6jacnere ru c,relH[Be nonMIl
JanoHcKnor $u:uvap X.JyKaBa no 1935 roquutt
npeTnocTaBu,'l [eKa ,aeMHoTo ,lcjcreo ltciy 4ua uacen 6poj, pcger 6poj,
HyK,reoHa rpe6a Aa ro npeHccyBl ucxoia 'tccr r[rt - u:oronlt, t,l:o6apt
uro 6u 6n.na xraur ua jagpenoro none. Toj nypn - yuu$uqupanara egfrrr4qa 3a arorlrcKa rracil
ja - paguyc xa arolrcroro jagpo
npecuera;r n xej:uuara euepruja. Tarca
- rycttua ua aroucroro jagpo
qecrr.rqa e orKpr,reHa Bo 1947 rol.oA Cecttr flaye,r - iaApeI{II crrrrI,
I,I e HapeqeHa rr Me3oH I{.Jrl4 nuon. Ho,:a xar,
reopr.lja og oeoj run ue e u:rpagena. Bo
cpeAlrHara Ha ueecerrllTe roAuHIr Ha XX BeK
nocTerleHo ce rrcKplrcTaJll{3lrpa rpecraBara 3a X.Jyxaua (Hideki Yukawa,
rce apxooafra crpyKTypa Ha HyKJIeoHnre.
1907-f981) e jarolrcKri Sx3r.r-
.rap xoj npercraxar (1915)
gera oo jagporo AejcrByBaar
clrfi r uETepaKqufi i{o'I ce
fr| Moge,uu :a aro'cKlrre iaApa oABnBaaT npeKy pa3NIeIIa lra
Me3oH[ (N{e3oc - rpqKx -
Co qen ga ce orurrar cBojcrBara Ha cpeAeH). Bo 1936 ro[uHa co
arolrcr<ure jagpa r.r HyKneapH[Te peaKIII4Il Bo KOI'I Ca<ara ja npegougcr nojaBara
ereKTDoHcKu 3adar (iatrDoro
Tr.re yqeqreyBaar. aocera 6xne corgageulr nose(e
MoAenr.i 3a aroMcKI.ITe jagpa. Tarru ce, na
3a$a(a eAeH og uaj6nucrr.rre eJIeKTpoHx olt
aroMcKara o6B[BKa). Bo 1949 roA. Ao6xr
c.!,1!.. .. ,IIprrMeP, Molenol] Ha, KanKa, cJroecTltoT MoAeJI. Ho6enobd irirpaqa ra Sinuxa.
MOAeJTOT Ha & - qecTl-Iqa LI Ap.
 2.12. EHepZuja Ha clpayeatbe lrq awoucrcotuo jadpo t31

na jadpofio n e 3aaageH co:

2.12. EHEPII{JA I{A CBP3YBAILE
HA ATOMCKOTO JA,4PO 92 =lZmo -lA-Ztm"l-m t(A.Z\ . {2r

dtt", t ItoLiiotr ueronr:n epcto ttu.uely

ATo\rcho to ia.qp,r. KaKo Illro ec(c tt,dter[iicttrt Ho .tto(ottto Lnt tt tuepitti'tttu ua
BI{AOBMe, e n3fpaaeHo oA npoToHll II HeyTpOHI{ c a p s y e o u, e ua j a d p o u- tt ?
r.lefy ron gejcrnyeaar jagpenu cn,ru. 3a ga ce 3a 4a ja pa:6epeue fip[quHara :a gecper-
pa3AeJr[ c]:luo jagpo ua cocraBH[Te HyKJreoHIl Tor Ha Macara- tpe6a aa c( :uae apclara lteil
(He3aBr.tcHr.I flporoHx 14 ltclrloHl.ll. rpcda ll cc llracara u eneprujara Ha e,qHo reno. Taa e
coBJraAaaT cnJ'luTe [rTo r]r /I]l)KilT HYKTeOHITe rrocraBeHa oA Ajururajn ao 1905 rog. Toj loxaxa
:aeguo. Toa Moxe [a ce rocr]tfue co lpenaBarbc IeKa MacaTa Ha eaHo TeJ'ro co foreNla TorIHocT
oApe[eHo KoJruqecrBo euePruj a. Iro)Ke Aa ce pa3r,'IeAyBa KaKo KoHcraHrHa caNto
Enep-uja;ucr uoro c uoaupe6uu t)tr ca Kofa reJ'roro ce ABI,IXI,I co 6p3nHa, NIHor]'llo\IaJra
Itpaitnde nt jadportttt aa i)a ce puadetu ua og 6p:nuara Ha cBerJII,lHara Bo EaKyyNI r'. Kola
(tt( tO6t.:tiit H\'^.1(t,Htt. t, tttt^it errcJr,Ujq lrA 6p3[Hara Ha re.roro pacre. pacrc u HefoBaIa
ceptyaan'e na j adPotuo. irrac:t. <Doplrylata 3a eKBLIBaJreHTtrocr Ha NIaca'la
Konrcqlo e wuu euaplu.iu? 3a ;11 oArono- lr u eHeprr.Ijara rracu:
px\lc Ha uBa npauilr6e (( cr rrull-l( tl(. HaJ'
HarlpcIl, Aa oAfoBopuMe Ha rlptluratr,ero: KoJIKaBa E - mc2 (3)
e Nlacara lta aroNlcKoro laApo, aKo Toa e
u3rpaqeHo og Z rporoun tr N = -,'1-Z uevrpoult. K,rl il crcrc\roT o! cocr oj6a ao lojl Hlrleortut.
AKo \ltcara Hl \lttp\lr:rlbc Hil cJ'Io6o[Hl'1r'T 6r,le HcaaB[cHI,I, rror'trnaJl eo cocroj6a eo roja
Hcylp(!li \' /71,/. J Illr flp,'luHol trtt'. rotllul 5t1 HyKJreoHxre cnilHo :raerlHo gejcraynaar enepru-
jara Ha cucreuor ce [poN{eHyBa. flpolreHara ua
IPCOil,'lO \lacllJ Hl a rc,rtclor,, il'Lpo ttr, flt tSltni eueprnjala r.J lHecyBa:
Zn t, + N tl1tt. Mcfyroa. Ilpcllll3Hll Lc N{ePerbil Ha
L,E=L,mc2. (4)
NraclrJ Ha \rlpl BilFhe Hir irto\tcKoto jl,lpo. laro
ucJrxHa, rIoKa)KyBaaT AeKa Taa ccKorarr e Cnope,q roa, paBeHKara (4) ja AaBa
Iro\tarJ orrt Soupor Hlt \tircl,l lc Hil c,to6olul tc apcxara noueiy eneprujara Ha cBp3yBalle Ha
HyKncoHt4 r(o14 BJ'l(f\ Blrlll uo coc taBo f Hl iaaporo jagporo A-E u geQexror ua uaca'ra Lm
(l) Eueprujara Ha cBplyealse ua jagporo cera
m,<Znt,,+Nm,,. rroxe aa ja oflpeleJluMe raxo eHeprtlja uro ce
oc.ro6otr] Ba npu OopMtipaH'e Ha jaaporo og
He3aBI,rCHr.r HyKJIeOHII:
2m +?m,, > r? (1He)
t,
.. t
i@- -Arr, - -llm
-
A'L p - Nmn - m,lc-. lil

t 2p +2n t1H") IPUMEP 1, yHnoxq[paHara eArrHI4IIa 3a

aro\,rcKa Maca [a ce It3pa3l4 Bo eJIeKTpOHBOJlTtt.

C.rr. L l4-!ycrpaqnja Ha gecperror ua ltaca KaJ JaAporo

Pe[eH[e. Cnopeg AjHurajHoBara paBeHKa 3a
IIa aTOI\IOT IIa Xe'l!lV!!IOT. eKBIiBaJIeHTHocr uefy vacara Ha MnpyBaILe u
.)
eHepfi!rTa h = nrc- ce aoofiBa;
flptr $opnupane ua jagporo gen og r-
6 - (1.b60518 10 kg)(2.q97925 108 *s-r )2
Ha HyK,leoHtlTc Rolr ro fpala] jrlporo ce
^l:tctra
nperBopa eo euepr uia. Toi treJI oa uacara. <oj no Oraa eneprlrja e Bo uyJIlI. 3a qa lolruneue Bo
sug Ha enepruja ce ocno6oAyBa lpu $opuupan'e MeV Tpe6a Aa 3HaeMe AeKa:
Ha rro\1cKo ja.upo. ce wxa de(textu ua uacafra
 138 2.12. EHepZuj& Ha cepl))cat be Ha ou!otrct<outo jat)ptt

pacnoJlafaBe He ce AaBaaT [oAaToqH 3a Mac 'lc

I eV = 1,60219.10-1e Jl lMeV=106 eV
ua jagpara, TyKy 3a N{acI4Te Ha HeyrpaJIHHTe
2 (1,6605.10 r
arouu. Eugej(u Macara Ha e.teKTpoHor e
- kg) 12,098 108 ms-r.12
3aHeMapJIIIBO rraJra BO OAHOC f[l NraCaTA Hil
1,60219.10-re J/ev rrporoHor, Bo paBeHKara (5) uacara Ha rrporoHo'l
r{oxe Ia ce 3aNIeHu co NIacaTa Ha aToNloT Ha
E - mcz =931,494 MeY , Boaopolor i/1{jH). u r\rlcrrl Hil irnporo co
racara Ha aroMor m,,(4. Z), uweuo.
Orryra, :a ynuQuqupanara eAHHIIUa 3a aroMcKa
Maca ce AoOr.rBa: l,r.
nf -ltZ nttttHt- N n,tt rrt,,rA.1tl ct i6r
21 MZY
I u = 1,6605 .10 l<.e = SZt,qgq Efi,qej(rr eHeprujara Ha cBp3yBabe Ha
c' encKlpoHfiTe Bo cfiopetr6a co eHeprujara ua
cBp3yBaH,e xa jagporo e MourHe MaJra, Moxe Aa
IPIIMEP 2. Korrasa enepruja ce ocroSogyna ce 3aHeNrapu.
npu cxHre3a Ha AeyrepoHor (a,qporo na arorlor Bo uyrreapuara $u:nra cra6nnnocra Ha
qeyrepuyru) cocraBeHo o[ eAeH lporoH u eAeH jagporo ce rr3pa3yBa co eneprujara Ha cBp3yBalbe
ueyrpon? Macara Ha AeyrepoHor e 2,013553 u .
no e reH HyKneoH bo j'aapbr d.' ToA'e' tilfuipu4:"
ruafra enepluja Ha c6pJ!6an'e f,r,. 3a raa qe:r
Peurenne. Aro Macara Ha nporoHor e
mp =1,007276 u, a Macara Ha HeyrpoHor euertrjara Ha cBp3yBa]6e At ce Aer[ co MaceHrror
6poj I xoj e eanaroa co 6pojor Ha HyK,'IeoHnre Bo
n, = 1,008665 u , HuBHuor 36ltp II3HecyBa: jagporo:
*P * *' =2'015 941 u ' AF
r
L,p =i.
-i! (7)
flprlroa, :a qeQexrot na uacalra ce go6ltea:
1
Lm- tmp- mnr m(lH) Cnequ$nvuara euepruja Ha cBp3yBaILe
= 2,015 941 u 2,013 553 u = 0,002388 u
AaBa unQopuaqr-rn 3a cra6lrHocra Ha
- aroMcK[Te jagpa, r.r roa KorKy e raa floroJreMa,
Eneprujara Ha cBpiyBarle na jaaporo xa jagporo e nocra6unno.
aeyrepr.ryMor r.r3HecyBa:
* :o, 1i,002388 u) (931,49 MeV/u) IIPI4MEP 3. [a ce onpeAem cneqnSuvnara
"z= enepruja na cBp3yBalLe nplr Qopuupan e ua
M = 2,224MeY
Olaa eueprrja utro ce ocno6ogyna npn Qop- lauporo jl re . Macara ua ar oMor Ha roj n roron
Muparbe Ha jagporo ce pacnpegeryra ueiy Ha xerre3oro e 55,9349 u, a m(lH) = 1.007825u.
nonogo6raexoro jaqpo na AeyreuyMor L y-
Qoroxor urro npnroa ce eMHTyBa.
Perrenre. !i Fe uua 26 nporoHl.r t.t 30 ueyrpoHu.
,fle$exror Ha Macara nplr Hr.rBHa cllHresa (e ro
3a xounapaqnja (e oq6erexnue gera lo6ueue na cleAurroB HarrrlH:
exeprxjara Ha cBp3yBabe Ha BaJIeHTHI{Te e;reK-
TpoHr{ Bo aroMor Ha Bo[opo[or (oxusaqnonex (26)(1.007825 u) = 26.1015 u tsx,'ryvyaaj(u rr
noreuquja:r) e oxo;ry 13,6 eV, uno gxaqx 106 ereKTpoHI{Te)
'
narn noMaJra oA oHaa Ha jaqporo na [eyrepn-
yuor. Baxaara rlBpcra BpcKa HaBeAyBa Ha (39X1.008665 u) = 30,2600 u
3axJlyqoKor gexa jagpexxre cHJr[ ce MHory
NHTEH3HBHI,I. bn = 26,2035u+ 30,2600 u - 55,9349 = 0,5286 u
O6uqno BO TaoeJIXTe llITO Hfl CTOIaT Ha 3a exeprnjara na cnp:yrau,e ce go6una:
 2.12. Euepluja ua crp3y6aH,e Hq au-toucrcouto jadpo 139

AE - (0,5286u) (931,5MeV/u) Tpe6a [a ce rrcraKHe [eKa BpeaHocra Ha

LE = 492.4 MeY cneuu@nvuara eHeprujara ua cnprynatse rai
jagpara aHe, tBe, t2c, ,, 2oMg. e 'uo, 'h",
Axo Spojor Ha HyKJreonnre e ,r=56 cnequ- nororeMa oTKoJrKy Kaj Hr,lBtrr{Te IrenocpeqllI{
cfulHara enepnrja Ha cBp3yBarLe n3rrecyBa: cocegHtt jalpa Toa ce janpara LiL co u.r . noi,'l
cocraB rrMaar napen 6poj rporoHu rr ricyrpr,rrr
492,4
E,t, - 56
= 8,8 MeV { flap rro- na pHr4Te jagpal. Cnerllr$llrra ra .'r;.'; r;tjl

Ha cBplyBalse I{Ma MI-lHl{hlaflHa Bfc4r,.r.i /ai

llocJrcAHr,rre /IBa rrpr{Mepa rroKaxyBaar 'terxp}lTe cra6fi,'IHtr HenapHo-Hcnal)t'll :irrl'J
lfN
AeKa cfleqn(pnrrHiira eHepfr{ja Ha cBp3yBaH'e Ha
jllpa ra c pa:rrt,trrHa :a pa:,uvnn jagpa. Taa gaea
lu,!u,'!r,
O4 Qaxror AeKa rpaQ Kor Ha crcqu$x.r-
rrli,l'jrrr rro r:rtottti rr ceoicrnrra Ha jaapara. uara enepruja r{Ma MaKcIlMyM, creAyBa AeKa
3lultr. uocrl rra crrcrlrrrpnrua ra cucIr v j;1 euep|uja cc oc'to6odyea ao ouue jodpetut pea.:-
'1.,
cBlllJ,BaFbe E, o]l rrrceHrror 6poj I e rluu upu Kau cieryrrlurtuntltn eH?p?u1o tut tapJ\-
satbc Ha iipLrt)yKiitritt nn pPtruujuuti t uo)o,1.
rrnlIir,t.irHir Ha c.r.2. Uu errcunrprr,tHlta eHepfuja ,.i ,dl^tf l

jagpl rtloxa'r lla ce ua od cue4u$ttuu Lua eHepiuja Ha c6p3yBaH,e Ha

rla ro3Ha ru'irc I-r3BeAar
uo\eutHuute jodpo.
c,rrcllH Be 3aKJ'ryrroqr:
:r jaTlpara :a rou,.1<12. cleqd$xqHara
Onoj olun -!-c"rroB Mo)Ke Aa ce r{crloJlglr tla

crrcprrr.ja rra cep3yBaHre rr\'ra Nrarr.r BpeAHocrI{, e

ABa HaqLIHa: rrJrx rrprr pa:6r,rnau,e Ira Macrllltt
,,tir:r (i\ opltc'l Hit \taccH ('t trpoj- noefencttO lal\pa oA Kpalor' ria [epHoEHiroT crlcTe^.I l]o
ce Jl)lrcNryBa. Ha rpuuep. jaAporo Ha Aeyre-
[oJf,ecHfi. fiJlfl nlr cflHTe3a Hl iaApa o{
florIeToKoT Ha Ileplro/lKlior cucTeM Bo rrofoJreMLr.
l\rr\\r,,r r\rl trti''n,rl cneutt4'tt,rHrr eHeprttja o;l
| .l I Me V. a r'r a Kcllrr r,rr Hara Bpc,qHocl oA 8,8 MeV
ja locrlruvraal jalpl'la og cpcJlr.rHara Ha nepr{-
oanr.ror clcre\r ( folt e JoHa Ha cra6LInHII ja[pa). flpaurarla, taAaqn n axTf,.enocrt
E,,, Me v) I

i,,cu
I
1. [a ce onpegcnu cnequQrrqHara eHepruja Ha
cBp3yBaise Ha c[ trecTnrlaTa, aKo ce aaAeHg:

6
"Y th
B3L /t?(lH) = 1.007825u,n,, = 1,008665 u
f,rL . 1.lHe1 : +,oorszt u
4 (OAroBop: 28,3/4 MeV=7,1 McV; )

2. Axo uacara Ha rrporoHor ri HeyrpoHor ce

2 [o3Har[, aa ce o[peAelrlr cneqnQt.:uara
euepruja Ha cBp3yBarbe :a ja4poro tu llc.
t,.,r
I

20 60 100 140 180 220 A Herosara Maca e: lrr1llc) = 12,699*.

(OAroBop:7,7 MeV)
C,'r.2- CtIeqfi(FrqEara ereprlrja ua cep3yBar6e Bo
3aBr'rcirocr oA MectlIrror 6poj ,4

06jeerore ru enoEuoeo mrur:

Kaj jagpara c(, roJ're\r uacer 6poj
cneqnrfxlvHara eueprrja ra cBpl) Barbe onaia qo - leoeKr Ha xacara sa jaAporo;
7,4 MeV, raKa mro ja4poro co rraceH 6poj 208 e - escpruja HacBp3y?abe Ha Ja[poro
rrocJreAHoro cra6x,'rHo jagpo. CNre janpa co - c.neq$[qHa eHeprnja Ha cBp]yBabe [r
,,1>208 c[oHTaHo ce pacnaiaar. I4lrerio,' so Hej3nHara 3aBncHotT oA MaceHnor 6poj I
flprrpoAarra lrc nocrojar cra6nrrur ja Epa co Z> 83.
r40 2. I 3. Paduoarctuueuoctu

Bnqonu :paverle. Ha6p3o no orKpxrrlero

Ha rroJroHr{yM n paAr{yMor 6111() orKpueHo neKa
2.13. PAAIIOAKTTIBHOCT 3paqel6ero He e xoMoreHo. llpexy creqene Ha
Tparnre Bp3 @oron:rova ce BocraHoBrrJro AeKa
nocrojar rpu BuAa 3parln: n, p n 1. Aua,ru:ara Ha
3paqeriero 6nna narpareua co orKJloHyBar+e Ha
Ilplrpoqna panuoaxrllBHocr 3paqeriero Bo MarnerHo no,re. Cnurara I,
rroKa)KyBa KaKo ce orKJronytsaaT 3parl[Te Bo

Cnogtanoro pacnaian e ua necra6u,rnn \'tafHeTHo llore 5; Koe e Hop\tanHo Ha paM-

aroucxn jagpa ce Br.rKa npupogHa paAno- Hr.rHaTa Ha rlpTaraeTo. I Toa oA Hac HaBHaTpe.
aKT[BHocr. llpn roj npoqec goafa go nperBop6a Karo urro Mo)Ke Aa ce Br.rAu oA orKJ.roHyBarbero
ua egno jagpo Bo Apyro. flpoqecor e rpocrreAeH BO MaIHeTHOTO rrolre (I - 3paq[Te HOCaT
co el'rucuja Ha oApeAeHrl qecruq[ (cx. -, p-:paqr. no3urnBeH no,'IHex<, a p- :paqllrc HefarlrBeH.
aHrrrHeyrptlHo, ueyrpuuo) r{ eJIeKTpoMarHerHo Tpernor eril 3paq[, ]- 3paq[Te, He ce orKJrony-
3paqer6e (-y- :paqu). flpnpognara pa[uoaKrrB- Baar Bo t\'IafHerHo no;re. llpn roa e:a6erexurel-
uocr ce jaeyaa. no npaB no. xajjaapara oa rpajor Ho AeKa p-:paqure 3Harrr{TcJrHo nose(c cc
Ha neplo4Hl4oT clicret\4 Ha eJre\1eHTtlTe. Kai oTKJrOHyBaaT BO MafHeTHOTO [OJ're OA Cr-3paqr4Te.
jaqpara co noroJrcM aroMcKx 6poj op o,roeoro. Oene ennoru 3pauu ce pa3Jrr.rKyBaar r,t rro
Mefyroa, nocrojar n jaApa co roNraJr aroMcKrr npolopHara Mo(. TaKa o.- 3parlure lro)Kar Aa
6poj ron ce [p[poAHo paAxoaKTr.rBH[, KaKo [rro 6uaar ancop,inpaHr'r aypr'r co ,rucr xapruja co
.10 ,,
ce: u3oTotloT Ha KaJ[1]MoT IrK. Ha JafJ,rcPolor ge6e,runa oKo,'ry 0,5 mm, AoAeKa p-:paqnre no-
rlC py6nnuyuor RU r crerreHo cla6ear co 3foreMyBarbe Ha
, !1 np. Ae6er[Hara, a aryM[Hxyr'IcKa rlrorlKa co
flojaeara e orKpueHa og Auroau Xenpn ge6e:rnaa oxoly 5 mm coceNra rtr arcop6upa.
Eexepe,'r no Qeapyapn 1896 rognna. Toj noKaxaJl
AeKa ypaHr{yMoBr.r coJrrr npgAu3Br.rKyBaaT
noqpHyBabe Ha Qororpa$cra n,rova roja 6u,ra
Bo IIpHo 3aBueHa. Hacropo 6u,ro roraxauo gera
raxoa erlexr rpojaeyeaar r.r Apyru eJreNreHTtl, c{.
TOpIIyM, aKTI'Hr.ryl,f, KaKO r.r ABaTa HOBOOTKp[eH!r
og Maplja u lljep Krpri, noloHryM !r pagxyM.
trlcrpaxyean ara rroKa)KaJre AeKa oBa 3parre- B (x)
r6e IIpoHI,tKHyBa Hr{3 TeHKIr NreTaJrHrr eKpaHrri AeKa
ro jouu:r.rpa Bo-layxor uu r xoi no\4r,lHyBil.
hcx,'ryvurc,ruo BaxHo 6 no lexa csojcroarrr na
3paqer6eTo He 3aBr.rcar oII HaABoPeuHr.rre ycJroBr.r:
ocBeTJIeHOCTa, TeMrreparypara r.rJrrr rrprrrr.rcoKor
oA oJroBo
Ha BO3AyXOT.
Maprja r lljep Kupu Bo 1898 r. rToKa)Karre
AeKa HOBOTKp[eH[ITe OA HLIB eJTeMeHTLr, (ln I

Po u poq"y\Io, t.; Ra. n.,*,,*1

nor'roHrlv\ror'.'l
Hajro,rella [poAopHa uo( uuaar y-3pauxre.
Baa't'MHofy norIHTeH3[BHo 3paqel5e oA Toa rTo oll any\,rnHnyNr co ,le6eruna oII I cnr,
HI,IB IIJIorJii
ce janyna raj ypaHryuor. peqlIcu, Hc ru ocra6yaa- Ce noraxalo 71exa
Clrrcraluuurc Kol,r ro ncryurrarr oeoi Hos (,lCNteHT TC CO I1Of r.tC\t aTo\tCKfi OPOi nolof'Po
BuA 3parrebe 6n,1e HapeqcHu paduoarcutueuu. a ru ancop5r.rpaa r l-3pauxle oA eJ'reMeHTnre co
uoooro crojcuo ua cyuclauqnjara IIoBp3aHo co rroNraJr arorlrcKr,r 6poj. 3aroa 3a 3aulrllra oA
rocroelje ra onoj noce6eH BLIII 3paqerr'e paauoilKTr4BHo l'o 3pa.rebe ce Kop[cTaT TIie
paduoarfruanocfr. eJ'ler{erjrrr, rraj.recto o.tonoto.
 2. I 3. Paduoarrutrcur>cut t41

Hajro:reua jouu:aquoaa r'ro( uMaar cr- pacrrafall,e e KapaKTepItcTItqeH 3a jaApa co

rpaul,ITe. nolra,la p-rpaqure a uajrrara y-JpaUrire. roneu arol'rcxu 6poj, Z>82.
flpu rperlun uu: uarepujara y-3paurrre ja ry6ar Kora jagpo Ha paAI{oaKTxBeH enelreur X co
caojara enepruja nopalrr rrpoqec :
cJreAHr.rBe aroucxu 6poj Z v vacelr 6poj A, npu a-
-SoroenexrpnveH eSeKT (y-KBaHTure ce o[Hecy- paA[oaKTI{BHo paclafau,e *e n:ry6lr xeJrr,ryMoBo
Baar crur{Ho Ha ooroHure); janpo ( I He ) - ABa rrporoHa u Atsa Hey lpoHa, r'oa
- KoNrnronos e+eKT (y-KBaHrnre ja ry6ar cBojara ce ueuyna ro jagpo Y co peleH 6poj (Z-2) u uacen
enepruja rpn cygup co ereKrpoHr.r) r'r 6poj tA-4). Taxa npoqecor ua c- pacnaiarue ce
- co3AaBaBe rrapoBu eJIeKTpoH-IIo3IITpoH.
3anl{ IyBa KaKO:
llorurpou e qecr ua Koja rfi 14Ma ucrxre cBojcrBa
KaKO rr eJreKTpoHoT, Ho e IIo3LITI{BHa.
Mepemara noxaxaJre AeKa y-KBaHTII eNrrrxpa-
HU OA pa3rltr{Hu CynCTaHqlrU r.rMaar pa3rr.rr{Ha
|x-+fiv + lHe. (r)
Crpe:rxara noKa)KyBa AeKa rrpoqecor e
eHepfnja.
HenoBpareH. Og panenxara e jacno gexa npu a-
pacuaian,e ce doduea ene"veafr xoj e dee .uecuta
opoj Ha p
qecTrIItl uonaiped eo epuoduuofr cucfueu Ha
eneueafiufre.
Ha flptrMep, rplr c-pacnaiane na paAlryrvlo'r:

'l!na-+'llnr+:He+W. (2\

Bo pe.raqr.rjaaa co ttl e AaAeHa oc,'ro6oAeHara

euepruja rpu oeoj npoqec.
Ctt.2.
Mepen ara na eueplljara Ha erltrrupaHr.rre o-
Harallounlr r.rcrpa)KyBalra rIoKa)KaJIe AeKa qecTLIuIi yKax<yBaaT aeKa eHepreTcKr;roT cneKTap
d- 3paqutae upetucutaayaaatu jadpa Hq Ha rJccTLtuIITe e [l{cKoH rxHyxpaH.
xenuy,nofi 1He, q e aparyutie ce cnou od Spau p- pacnafarue. [Jpu [- pacnaran c on janporo Hi.r

e"qe*tupoHu quia urro 6p3uHa e 3Haqure.rrHo paArroaKTr.rBHr.roT eJreNreHT ce er\'rr{Tr{pa eJIcKTpoH.

IIoto,'lc\ta on 6prrrarl ua e,rerrpoulrre lodueun E,relrenror X <oj :pavu p-:paqu ro 3aAp)KyBa
co cryAeHa euucuja (rarogunre :paqr). Taa ucrnor 6poj HyKJreoH[, Toa 3Haqr4 Ha HoBo
noHcKorau u \ltor) 6,'ll.tcKa [o 6pl.rnara ra Ao6ueHoro jagpo Y ne My ce NreHyBa MaceHr.ror
cBerJl.rHara. Eueprujara Ha P- 3par{r.rre AocrLIfa t,t 6poj A, no My ce MeHyBa aroMcKuor 5poj, r roa
Ao l0 MeV. Ke Hanolrseue, ucTo TaKa, AeKa Ha (7,+l). Toj npoqec Mor<e Aa ce 3al]I,lute co
pe,raqnjaaa:
eueprujara Ha e,'reKrpoHfire (n rpr{ B-
!x-+,1,v + _le+7.
pacnafa*ero He e KoHcraHTHa, TyKy ce MeHyBa.
(3)
EHeprercxnor cneKTap Ha oBa 3paqebe e AaAeH
co Kpxtsara AaAeHa Ha cr.2.
Og pe.raqujaaa ce treAa AeKa lrpu ftpacuaiaru,e
Heorxlouerllr e y- Jpa4u ce
enextupoual- ce doduea jqdpo co uctu nacen 6poj, ao
uetunu apa4u co Br'icoKa [poAopHocr, MHofy Kyca eaenenfi uuj pedea 6poj e uolonett aa I eo
(lpilHoBit Ao,lxhHil. nulyca oa raa xaj peuareH
epuodnuofr cucuteu un eneneu u e.
':paqure (og 0,1-10 pm)
Cnre excnepuueurrl norBpAyBaar Aera npll B-
pacnaiane ce Ao6utsaar eJ'reKTpoHr.i. Ho, HaM HLI e
Ilpanuna Ha noMecryBarbe rrpu ,qo6po rto3Haro Aera ao jagporo HeMa cJrcKTpoHll.
paAuoar{Tr.rBHoTo pacnaf a16e Onoj croeeper'reuo rexor rpo6nerl e pa3per eH
co reopujara ua p- pacnaiamero, trpI,t Luro rroA
(e rr{ pa3rJ,reAaMe nonogpo6uo rpnre gejcreo Ha r.s. cna6u aaenuodejctuet yo 0-
pat oaKrxBHo pacnaiau,e.
I)pou.'cl,t H:l pan[oaKTr{BHurc jagpa ce cJ'ry(ryBa rrpoqec Ha
o-pacnafaH,e. O""j BllA paAr{oaKTr4BHo nperBapane Ha HeyrpoHr.t Bo lporoHr.{. flpoqecor
 t42 2. I 3. PadltoaKtuusHocm

Teqe BaKa: flocrou u r.H.p * pacrafaroe (Kora roa

xajvecro ce nojaeyra (e craue jacuo tlogoqua).
n -+p+ o-
le-:v. t4t
flplr oeoj urn p-pacraian'e HaMecro e,leK'rpoH,
Bo peraqltme (3) lt (4) raxo pe3yJrrar Ha ce go6usa no3[Tpon - aHT[qecrl{qara Ha
pacnaianero ce.jaeyna n qecrtiqara, o3naqeHa eJreKTpoHor tI Heyrpr{Ho. flo:ltrponor rr lttua
ucrnre caojcrna KaKo L{ eJIeKTpoHor, Ho e
raro 7, xoja ce Br{Ka aHTltHeyrpnxo. I(aro Aa ro no3ltrr.rBHo HaeJIeKTpI{3I,tpafi . llo:nrpouo r (c ro
o6jacrnue roa? ,o
tl pr.r p- pacnaiaruero'eueprrjarr ua jaaporo o3Haqr'rMe co cuu6olor *je . flpxMep la
ce nPeTBopa Bo KIdHeT qKa (HepfHja Ha rro3laTpoHcKo pacnafan'e e fiperBopapalne Hi]
.recTuqrrre xou ce go6uraar [o npouecor Ha py6uguyu eo KpI,IIlroH:
pacnaianero. Eugej(Ir e:rerrpoHoT IlMa MHory
Marra Maca Bo cnopeA6a co ja1poro, bg-iaroBtlre
3a 3arla3yBalLe ua eueprnjara x Ha Hr{[yncor,
ilnu +]irc+-'le+y (6)

npo JJlcfyBa ,qeKa pe'Il cll lt("qlltr eH(pr jr Ha [pn lxlo co c 16o,,'Io'f v r(l O:]HaaII{BLle
jagporo rpe6a Aa ce nper'tsopr{ Bo KuncrllqKa Hc]-Tpr.rHoro. LIa npoqecoT aa B ' paclaiau'e ltv
eneprnja ua eJreKTpoHor. Ho, ercnepuucrlrnre pcTxol][ npe rBopan e Hit IIpoToH Bo llcyTpoH :

flo\axyBaa I AeI.il ( niKTpoHl'11( nl)l1 p lclliltlr+'t To

r{oxar Aa r'IMaar pa3JII,FIHu eHcprlrx (cr.l). ()Ba fi
HecofJlilcJ Batb( rilln,t nl)L l\t( l Hil \lHr'f) p-+ n+,jc lv tit
AlrcKycfitrueiy tpn'luvapure. Ro 1930 t'o1una
llay,ru ro peurasa npo5leuor co npernocraBKa y- Jpaufl, Cru'tHo xaxo t{ ar(\vttrL Ir irtlltltra
npolleco't rta B- pacnaian'c cc eNlnr[pit N{o)Ke Aa cc uajla'r ro no:6y'Aeua coctrrj6a. flpu
JIeKa npr{
yrrre etlHil. loror.1ru llerosHarl 'rectltta- xoia ilt Irpc\ll.fl1 lril i;'r1"'1,'r, It(Kojl rr,'rir\ I( Hjl r'\'l!,lrlil
olHecyBJ eHcprrja lr trlr nort'lcvuor opoi (o noBIcoKir ettcprujlr u,' cocroi6lt ,,' ttotlttcr.a
eneKrpoHl{. flogoqra Euprro @eirutt iI gata Hit clcprnja loaia go euucuja la y- reaurt. Baxuortr
rrecT qaTa \lc HelTprlHo. L,tl[! iKll Bo36yA)'BaH,e ua jagpara o6nvuo aacrauyRa rpn
eJreKTpoHeyrpaJrHa Il ce nperoc'IaByBa AeKa IlNIa tr u p - pacraiatr,e. Tara y - apaueue oduutto
Maca Ha Mr.rpyBarbe Hy. a (ujrl.I MEor] Ttflory uacruanyea [iapanenuo co a u ft pacfiaiane.
ant). C,rr|qHo ua $oroHot, r HeyrpxHoro rc flolat for'te\ta tit Pa t.l14hir llo\tL f)
ABxxrl co 6prrua na cBcrJ4*ara tl uHory cla6o €HcIr v4,a Ha parnu(tHUte cocroi6H Ilil iirJll)r'to.
:aeunogejcreyaa co cyneldnquure. flopa[[ roa ocfrO6o,qeHara euepruja nptt I]peNI]lH oll IioIJl{coKa
Ao HefoBoro eKc[epuM4Ta,{Ho norBPAyBar6c eHep$TcKa cocroj6a rloHucKil l] r{Hory
so
AouJro [yp[ so 1956 [. AHT['iecr[qa Ha roreMa, 3aloa 7-KBaHTtrre l{Maar 3Hatlulcr'IHo
Heyfpl.rHoro e aHT rrHeyrp*Q. (co flolrMor noroJlegtr eHepfru oA OoroHnre Ha Brtil.;rrlBa'I a
aHTuqecruuu rie ce 3anosgaet*q troloqHa.) Bo cBern ,Fa, [a r oI pennrert :tpavemero. Tait
npr4pofHoro p- pacnaia*e (P- -tspac[afarbe) ce eHepr-Fla e oA pcAor Ha roreMllH[ Ha HeKo,'IKy
lrsgsojyna auruneyrptrHoro. Me\A 14HaKy, ocBeH utro I,lN{aa|raKii BI,lcoKI'I
Bu o6puyaaue BHl{rltaHue tg€Ka 14 Bo eHtfprrrr. y - 3par([Te ru lMaar cnre ceojcrRir ua
pe:raqnjara (3), KaKo n so penaqefa.tS (l) ce . €rexrpoMarllerunre 6pauoeu.
3ana3yBaar MaceHr.ror 6poj (6pojof"'x*
HyKreor ,rre) Lt TIoJrHe){or npeA 14 [o
pacnafarlero.
flpuuep ua p- pacnafau'e e paal{oaKTt{B[o'r O6jacnere ru cleAH[Be rrorlMll:
lpacnan na jalporo ua rlloronor tta jlrr.repogr-rr - - rIpuPoAHa paauoaKTItBHocT - HeyTpItHo
14. - r:r-pacnaiame - arrruleyrptrHo

:c-+rlN + 'le - z- r5r 3parlx

- l:t-
- P- pacnaiarse
- no3]rTpoH
- P+- pacllaa'a*e
- F-3paqlr -y- rp.tur't
Asorot xaxo e.JreMeHT ce naofa:a eAHo Mecro
'georo og jarrepogor.
 2l 1 PnduoarciittctLttcif 143

X. 6eI(epen (Henri Antoi0e

Bequerel, 1852-1908) e poser
ao flapu:, ro $auunnja na
+I,l3lrqapfi. Bo 1877 roAuHa roj ro
1. O5jaorere 3oruro 3aKpxByBamero na p - 3aBpuujr o6pa3oBaHnero Ha
IlapncKara
(recrltqaTa Ha cn.l e roforerlro oTKonKy Ha G -
u creKHar altrrr'roMa r{a
lrKo"la
qecTI{tIaTa. fpalexeH uHxeHep.
2. cr-uecrrlqa x Meiyroa, HeroBuor firrrepec KoE Sr:uxara uc ce
Jl-.recrl,Irla I{Maar eAHaKllil HaMaJlyBar'r, fla 3aToa Bo noHaTaMoIIfllloT IIen o/l
K[HeTI{tiKa euepruja. Koja og Hun I{NIa rofoJreMa
cBojor xuBor ce nocBerrrJr caMo Ha Eea. OA 1892
6p3flHa Ir KoirKy narn rofoJleMa ?
roaxHc 6eKepc,roea Hty'rHa npeoKlnauaja crana,ra
J. Korrasa e OpeKBeHur.rjara Ha y-KBaH'r co eHep-
lyuuulrcqeuquiara Ha cBerJruHara. Pa6orej(u ro
nauoparopxjara ra coojor rarxo. roj Ha6,,r"y!yBan
r jx oA l.l MeV'l 1Ogr. 8,9 .l0ro Hz) aylrlruuc4ernluja Ha Mnory cyncraHql{tt. TaMy, Bo
Co nouotrr Ha ra6,luqa Ha nepuoAHnor c[creI\r
,1. lSqb fo^riHa. ro HanpaB r l.r cBoero uajro,revo
onpe,qejreTe ro janporo X ao cJIeAHI{Be peJIaqlrx: orKprrT[e * 3par]er6eTo Ha ypaHlryMoBaTa coJr, Koe
6ruIo pa3"rr.rHo oA peHArcHcKolo tr IrMaJIo Aorora[I
I{erIo3EaTI,t
ai X +r1,l,rh+1rle o; ']li Po + x+jHe CBOJCTBa,
OBa 6eKepe.noBo
x+ (]e
r;; 'ljf,th -+ x+
orKpurue no6ygnro
B) '. B -+ fe rolev uurepec raj
MlraAara M. Kxptl
(Marie Sklodowska-
,,,t.\ Curie, 1867- 1937), Ko-
ja :aetuo co nej:uurl-
or conpyr II. Krpl
(Pierre Curie, 1859-
1906), Be(e yr,leAeH
$u:nvap, npogolxn
co pa6orara Ha [poy-
rryBarbeTo qa oBa
3pa9el5e uro rue ro
HapeKne paAuaKTltBno.
C,'r. 3 Tue m or(plljle lloBrtTe paAuoaKTltBH[ eiIeMeHTLt
palxlvor u no,loHoHxyMoT. pa6orei* MaKorpnHo
5. Axo ce nofreAa llpre)Kor og crlrrara 3 n BO nplrMxrrr!{]Il yc,nonu. 3a oBue cBolr 3ac,'ryru
conpy3r{Te Kupu, raegro co Ber<epe;r, oo 1903
Kpajor Ha crperKxre ce cMera 3a MaKcIrMareH
rorrrHa, ja Ao6[Jre Ho6eroBara Harpaaa 3a +u3r.iKa.
[oMer Ha rpau re. oitroBopere ta roj ong I4raxy fljep Kupu e poaeu eo flapua ao $ar"lun{a
3paqelbe cTaHyBa rSop raj x(oJlTara, crrHara Ll Ha reKap. Pa6ore"r 3aelHo co HeroBlior 6par XaK tr
rlpBeHaTa crpe,rra. ,flecuo e 6eToHcKu 6roK co Ea IIOJIeTO Ha [[e3oeJleKTpl.lq Te'rOT, a fU npoyqygEl
ge6e,rnua 2 nr. u cnoicrnara Ha Mart{eru4r're npu flpoMena Ira
6. AKo Bo xourejuepor o,q crfiKara 1. TeMneparypara. xfiBoror ro n3ry6ur Bo
Hil\lcLll) ypilHtl)NlrrBll COr't C tlOClilBall HCXoi coo6pa(ajHa Hecpe(a la yruqure na flapu: no 1906 r.
c"rcr\reHT Koj e p- -paanoaKTlrBeH. KaKo (e cc Mapuja Cxnogooc<a Kupu c polena Bo BapuraBa
oTKtrlOHaT nO3ItTpOHUTe?
eo $alru,,rr.rja na npodrecopn lro MareN{arllKa It
7. 3a rpeue na xanapujara eo tlepuo6tlr. $r:ura. Cryguure rx 3aBpurH-[a 1895 roA Bo llapra3,
KOra
c/lHa JreKilpKa rrpery rc,rcan:]trja fII coBeTyBauc 'l Bo 6paK co njep. Bo 1906 r. craHa,'ra npBa
crarula
filclarrr,rre, 3a aa fn oa6clHar paArroaKT[uHr1'rc xeHa npo+ecop na CopSona, a Bo l9ll lloBlopHo
cyrrcrnHrlr{r.r, xpilfla fa aa ja napar. llllo lruc,ru'r'e, nirlepaT Ha Ho6\'.roBilrir narpa.ra. oxoi nar no ret'rrja.
llnll ull l,loo:lp CtrB\ IOI Hll r)Bal ,lcKaPha.'
t44 2.11. 3arcou aa padLroaKmlrcHo pocuaiau,e. Beuutatrca wparLcuyutu4uja ua jodpo

3a npeue ?1a 6pojor ua jagpara Ha paAno-

2.14. 3AKOH 3A PA,qI,TOAKTTTBHO aKTHBHT.TOT rrpelapaT N0 ce HaMaJryBa 3a
PACIIATAIf, E. BEItrTATIKA roJloB14Hil 14 oc l aHyBla l
AJ
0 Hcpaclr:uHa l'lr
Jaapa.
TPAHCMYTAIII,IJA HA JAAPO 2
flo rrcreK Ha cireAHrror rreprroA Ha

3axon ga paA[oaxrrrBno pacuafarre ltoiypr(nafilbe r1 , Re cc pilcnaaHe I o" ,r"

2

Kaj ypaunyuor ri roptly]Ior 6p3[Hara Ha

Nu, Taka ttno Bo MoMeHror t = 17.
paAuoaKTuBHoro pacnafanc e MHory Mana, 2

AoAeKa nocrojar r{ Apyru paauoaKTriBHu ocraHyBaar 1r \. tlt , ucpacna,lurru janpr.

cJ,rc\'cHr!1. Ha np,n\4ep ','] Bi - *o" ce pacnaraal
:l : I l:l
'

flo [3MnHyBaHre Ha /? flep]roArr Ha

MHory 6p:o. Oea MHory e)IaocraBHo ce ro,rypacnafau,e. T. e. Bo NroNreHTor /:r 7r.l Bo
ycraHoByBa co Nrcpcrbc na 6pojor Ha pacnaar.rre trpcfiaparor (c ocraHar:
BO eA[Hlrqa BpeMe, urTo flpeIcTaByBa aKT[BflocT
I ru l o co orr.re! Ha .. 1 Ke r'raqc \
Ha paAnoa(TuBHoro jaApo. AKo Bo BpcMc A/ cc \\'tl
pacnallHane AiV aroNrn. axrueHocra -,1 e
l: r
uepacnaguarr jagpa:
orrpeneJreHa co:

t__ NM
Lt
(l)
N=N,,2- (-\r
Arluutroct it ce r{ep[ co eallHI{rJa ril 6eKepe".r
rBqr. ur r.r npcrcraBlBa e!Ho pacnararte BO eAHa Ao6xeHala cpoprry,ra ro Aana 3aKorror 3a
ceKyHIa: paA[oaKTIBHo pacnafau,e. AKo ce no3Harl
noyerHlor 6poj jaqpa -lV0 u nep[oAor Ha
I Bq:l pacrrau,e/ ls (2) ruJ.rypacnararLc 7cnopcl oeaa pe,raurrja rroxe
.

Koe og jagpara Bo AaAeHa Nraca Ha paAuo- Jrl cc onpelerI opojor ua ue|acnr^uarurc iarrpr
aKTr{BeH erre\reHT ke ce pacnague. a KOe He, e cJ'ry- N no <oj u na 6uro r\roNrcHT Ha Bper.le /. Toa
[locrou onpele,reHa eepojarHocr Haj,rucuo ce npilBx Jil nup ortr Kott cc ue,r opoj
'raeH npottec. .fr
Bo laleH \ro\reH] [a ce pacnaAHe eaHo jaapo oq ril tfi ItofoJlenlt oA r . Ha c,rrrit'r'a I e Aaleu
rrprrcyTHr.rTe. Ho He e Nro)KHo oAHanpeA Aa ce rpa$uror Hit 3aBrrcuocra Ha 6pojor Ha
onpeAerar KoHKperHrrre jaqpa ror.r roKr,ry rorarx HepacnaAHarx jagpa N. og epelrero L
(e ce pacnaqnar.
Onrrrrre nola)Kyoalr [eKil ra ccroj
paAI{oaKTLlBeH I,I3OTO[ TIOCTOI{ eAeH 3a HefO
KapaKTepr{crxqeH Bper'rencKr{ r{HTepBaJr Ttt .
HapeqeH rtepoo,q Ha no.rypacnafan e.
Ilepuod un io,1))pocuoioH,e e Bpe.MeHcKu uH-
tuep6o,1 jar Koj ie c( pocittdue io.no1uHona ot)
t!L)ttt't!tHuttu! 5p"i I'o)tr nrttttt,rutr iallra.
Ilepuogor ua no:rypacnaiarse Hc 3aBr,rol oA
[oqerHr{or 6poj jagpa N0. Hr,lry oA HaABopetrtHxre
Qarropu, TeNrrreparypa. nprlrtrcoK r c]-r.
llepnogor na no,rypacnaiau,e e KapaKTepr{crr.rKa
Ha naAeH [3oTorr lr i\ro)Ke Aa rlNra BpeAHocTx oA
N
\4l4rtl,joHl4T14 4cn Ha ccKyH[ll'l x 1o rtu,rljrpll
lrE

rolnulr. Ha npuNrep.3a rr3ororror Ha rop[yNror

'l;,th e t,+.lO " rc,a, a 3a n().n()Hfivt\t()'l' 0 IL,: 2Tr: 3Tt: 4T t I
rl]Po c a.l0-rs.
Cl l
 2.14. 3arcon str ptrdreeKiiultTo pociolqH,e. BetuutcrqKo ulpoHc,v"yha4lljtt Ha jadpo t45

3aroucr 3a paAlroaKTrrBHo pac[afa]6e a:or e go6ueno jagpo Ha xl,lcnopoq. Kaxo

rrcHeKofa rce [pr.rKa)KyBa I{ Bo noItHaKBa $opMa. flpotr)Kr Ha pcaxurjarr c [()6 (H r.1 lporoH
3naeN{e ,qera: 2=e"'t, ( "e " e ocHoBa Ha BcyrxHocr, jaqpo Ha aroMor Ha eogo1rog. Onaa
[pltpoAeH rofapuraM) [a aKo roa ce BHece Bo peaKullja e Ba){<Ha r.r cnopeA Toa [rro ce cMera
pe,raqrjara (3), ce qo6ura: AeKa PaAepOopA co Hea rrpBnar ro orKpr.iJr
trporoHor nolaxar AeKa roa e ,recrrul xojl
-th2 Br'reryBa Bo cocraBor na jagporo. Hexou ogaa
N: Noe r'' ; N =Nt)e')' (4) roAuHa ja cMeraar 3a roA[Ha Kof:r 3arloqHytsa
nyrLreapuara $u:ruxa.

K.ue o I.
1n2 0,693
e Ben*rrHa (, 'iir c!
o- Lrecr uara c. KlKo ullo ltrerre. jrrnpo ua
LUr
xe.lrrlyrloBrlor arou. flopagu 3Harttr rer'rHo roJre-
T"' T'
\4ala \laca Taa U\lall IOBO,IHO lO,lL\l.l r'HCpl jA
't ia Aa ro lrlBpur Ae, H'[elpxplrLcro urr jaaporo
BuKa KoHcraHTa Ea paAxoaxrrBuo pacnaiarse. Taa
no::axyBa roj rel oq no,lcrur;o r' 6poj ja71pa ce pacnaia HaaJoror. flo orxprrrero ra L,Bail rlrBrr.iirr'lleHlr
Bo eAr.rHrrrla BpeMe- Ka.(o rliro ce fneAa. r 'laa c Be[ITiitIKa peaK]lllja, 6u.re ocreapcnrr rJ llpvrlr.
Ben qLIHil ii.rprKrefllcTll'rHa ril xoc tt 1,;t 6rr.r,'jat1p,' ui np uro KiIKJ 'recrxua-npocxrrr.r x,rjr jlr
lalcH u30lon. npcJr rBliK)rJJ rpaucrrl rruujr rr T,r'rl K,)lxct(Hil
Moxe ga ce rroKa)Ke ge<a axtltouocta A Ha (x- (tecTutlaTa.
AaAeH paAr.roaKTr.rBeH rrpe[apaT e catIaKB;i Ha: Bo roa npelle ne(e 6nla pa3Buer{a rexH[Kara
?' na :a5p:yaau,e Ha Hae:rcKTptI3upaHfi ,recrr,rur{. tra
A,1 A,\
l'.t , AI c
/4.v,, ^_ (5)
ra<a norplrj q. r ra I nPoTr)HoT ori,,l
'lcc ua
Tpe,5a qa c( no[B,te(te \eKa JnAt)Ht)t! Jtt KOpI,ICTeH KaKO (recTr.rqa - npoeK'rr{r'r Ha aToM-
paduoaKmrllHoLuo pocuLtittH,c BL!)tr! KoKo Jo cKoTo jaApo.
il4tl'oitti, t pitJitutiKtttutH i!te jn)1t,1 111npn ,, .t,, Hajro.rer'r qeKop HarIpeA Bo Saparbero
IIoBorl.la gccrr,rqa 3a pa36r.rBaH,e Ha aro]\'rcKoTo
itr)/,,ti1tt tt06ttdttl :o upL,tk clttut t!n t!ttrhit jagpo e nanpaaen co orKpI,ITIIcro Hit rreyrporror.
HttPL'ttt ttttii(t aL'utino,tKa podMo L t!tI!t't!o.!!t.
Bo 1932 roAI{Ha Ha HayrlHr,rKor tleTleur vy
Beuraqra rpaHcMyraqrrja ycrreaJro co 6ou6ap4}tpan e ua 6epunlryuoao
jagpo co a- recrnrla Aa ro nocrrrrHe r{ 'roa:
Ha aroMcKoro jaApo
lIpr.r pagnoarrueHocra eneH eJIeMeHT
nperBopa lo gpyr. Jlyiero o,JaMHa caKaJre
ce
Aa i ee ,
I He-+'lc+ jn Ft
npeTBop:l t elleH ere\{eHT Bo llpyf
Orraro 6nra npoHajgena npnpoAHara HeyrpoHor e Heyrpa,lHa rrecr[r1a r.r raa
paAxoaKTrlBHocr, craHaJro jacuo AeKa Bo MO)Ke MHory rIoJIecHo Aa My ce Ao6,lrDKlr Ha
fipxpoqara nocrojar raxan e,reveurn xaj xou arovcKoro jaapo lt la ro flecra6 ,1x rpa l1,1x Aa
IaKBOTO [peTBOpalie CTaHyBa CnOHTaHO. ro noBeAe Bo cocroj6a Ha pac[afa$e. llo3rrr[BHo
Bo 1919 roqnna PaAep+opA co reMeJrHo npo- HaeJIeKTpI{3IIpaHI{Te c{'- rrecTr.rqu r.rJrr;I npoToHllTe
yqyBaI6e Ha eKcneprrMeHrlr co 6oru6apgnpame Ha Tpe6a Aa I{Maar 3Haqr{TeJrHr.I eHepfr{u 3a Aa flt
aToMn co IIOMOIII Ha C{.- qecTllqlt, noKa)Ka.Jr AeKa e coBJraAaar Ky,rouoslrre og6uanu cullr nol'refy
r\fo)KHa rl BeIIITaTIKO npeTBoparbe Ha eAeH jagporo n qec'rnuara, rra Aa Moxe Aa My ce
eJreMeHr Bo Apyr. TaKBr.ror rrpoqec loroa 6[Jr Ao6ruxar Ao jaAporo u ga ro gecra6nJru3r{paar.
pcrIIcTpI{paH u Bo Br,rcoHoBa rolropa (:a roa
KaKO Taa pa6oTu (e ce 3arro3Haere Bo cJrenHara IIPI{MEP l. Karos Aerr oA paAr.loaKrr.tBHuor
rcKII ja) x ce IloKaxa,ro AeKa e Nro)KHa BaKBa ro6anr (e ocraHe no 7 Mecequ, aKo HeroBr.ror
pcaKrtrrja: neplronor Ha lo,rypacnafarue e 7l Aeri?

'iNr lHe--+'ro+ ju {6r Peureuue. flagenn ce: F 7.30 + 3 = 213 gen,

Trr= 7l res, ce 6apa N/No
Toa 6[,ra rpeara pearcqnja Ka,qe uro e [3Bp rena
BeuraqKa rpaHcruyraq4ja ua ,ia4po. Oq jagpo ua CropeA pe,'rauuia'ra (3)
t46 2. 1 4. 3arun at paduooK[il!6Ho pacLlaiumt. Beuru-at xu .u 1:tauc.trytuutgrju uu jtt dpo

,vl1 ll LtccI qllTe. Tne KoNlopa'la Ja nocraByBare llo xoMofeHo

r\rarHerno no,'rc. flpllMep 3a roSrrBarse Ha BetrlTa\Kr'l
N.. rrit . :Lr
)-l 2)g pir_lllulK fl,rB(H rtcvettt c c,tetrnar,r pealrrttil.
'
IIPIIMEF2.-flo,roHl{yr'Ior e rlecro yflorpedyBaH ;'] ntrlHc >:1' e+ln rR,

paAI{oaKT[EeH eJIeMeHT 3a AO6[BaIre Ha G-

t{ecTl4ult, Axo e spevero ua no,typacnailrue lo Hl l43orolor Ha cpocclc4ror' ,!P pnl"oun,""""
"
oBoj ereMeHT 140 aeHr- tra ce Hajr'le \lrcaril Hu (ce B!{Ka !r paAuo+oc+op). |l roa P'-palxoaKTlaeH co
HoBoAo6rreHnor ereMeHr no xcreK oI 100 gena nepno[ Ha norypaco[aias'e T]t : 2,3 nin. 3aroa
oA npenapaT co Maca 2 g. Koj eleveur ce Bc!H.lur J:rno'rH]Bl c.tcnnrue rprttccboprtau ir:
go6ura?
Peruexxe. ,{ageno:
F 100 AeH
116 =2 g I1,2= 140 gen.
Ce 6apa i7?.
l!e+li si +.ie + v (s)

Eugej(n uacara na xoj 6nno eretlleHr e Ha crfiqeH Moxe aa ce aooxe tr

HarIl.rH
nponopqrroHanHa co 6pojor Ha HeroBr{Te aroNlu,
(']lt N ).
paAuoa(ruBeH x3oron na aroror
3aKoHor 3a paAHoaKTItBHoro pacnaiau'e (4) rr{ox<e
Aa ce 3annrre Il KaKo: Begnau no orKptrrlrero Ira BeuITarIKara
par oaKT BHocr. fupttxo OrPrt nolaxa,r lexa saj
Dt=,r,ue-" Ka[e uro ) -0-6q3'7,, a u e
[oroAHa qccfl,ua - npoeKtun ta [(1614BatLe Ha BeLll'lil-
Macara Ha rIoJIoHrryM no I{cTeK Ha BpeMe /. rIK[ paauon3oTonlt e seyrpoHol.
AKo ce nofneAa Bo rlepl{ollHrlor cIIcreM lra Ce noraxalo aeKa co n()\rolr Ha HeyrpoH 're
Moxe [a cc loor4.ic r Berrfd'rK11 pruuoexruanr jalpl ra
eJIeNreHTIt'te, (e ce ragn AeKa HoBoAo6IaeHIror
eJIeueHTr,r. Osue iarlla IJarltre roJIcNla Dp[MeHa Bo
cltre
eJIeNreHT e oJloBoro. Macatat sa oJloBoro e
HayKara. TexfluKara u oco6eHo Bo ]\{eAIlIIuHara.
elHaKBa Ha MacaTa Ha pac[aAHaT[Te
IIOJIOHI,IYMOBH ATOMII fiarnpau,e co jarflepoA -14, Pa4ltoaxttttnlror u:o-
14^
ro ,,t 'r l ncp,rojl IllHec)Ba
Ha no,rypacnaral6c
frpt 5730 ro/lfiHu. eo 3elriunaTa aruoc$epa ce co3AaBa
rropagu gejcroo Ha KocMrrlKoro 3pa,tene. Ce
noxaxaJro [er<.r xtruuerrpaqrjara ua onoj soTon Bo
aKO Ce 3aMeHaT BpCIIHOcTuTe 3Lt m0, t LI TtD Ce arvocrfcpa r r Hc ce npo\leHura Bo rexor Hil ttrjapnruu
Ao6uBa: flpb:0,76 n]g. foaurrl,l. Bo ceroi xl,lr opfaHlt3a]t oilHocor Ha KoHqeH-
1:^ ti t+^ )e
Tpruxxrc Ha [Bi]il rrrororla( hL r,\ e.lHaKoB

Beurrauxa pagxoaKTnBHocr KAKoB urro e u roi so arvoc$epara, 3aroa [ITo Bo

TeKor H:t xnBoror ,1orr.r po nocrojaHa par\reHa Ha
Ilpu jaqpeuure peaKqfiIi ce aoouBaar HoBr larpa jar"repogor co oKo-rrHara cpcAuHa. Kora opraHll3Ntor
{ H) Kr'r nJII/ I Kox. raBllcHo oa rrno] H.r p(irKttliiaril. \!oxc yNlrrpa. npo\eorre 3a pa3NreHa ce npeKuHyBaaT x
6t/lar cra6x,'rHx !t,'ItI Hecra6x"rHn. lJ^
aa ,inoior jalpirr Ii lUol(,lror ,,L rrno,rHlBJ Jrr cc
C1a6'l.nHocr ua elro jaqpo ,itRrtcu q\ oAHocor Ha H.r

Spojo'r Ha HcylpoHIrre l{ npol\)Hr11c 'Itrj ogn()c ce

Nrerry8a o[ l. ao fioqero(or'HN rtep o]tHltol crcre]\I na
ci lr' l.h Hi Kpai,)r Hnlcl:li,ll lHrl tt illlt;'ll t ll ctt
eAIlrxoR 6poi lrpoIoHIr tr trcvl.potllt. Ci) ttopacrol i{a
irlr,riot HJ rr(\'r'l\.rltlllu. tr' .L,u_,tttr'rr't ue It,rlr( c'irrlrl r,'.1
iaIpr.
Moxuo e geuna.lrrl. c() 6(JM\)itplxl)itFLe Ha llcl(()c
jull'r,.'t, x.'i.' ri,1.i 6r, r,''r. \'rrrII.r. ti, '. t"i'rt. irtlr|
npollvKT rioc e pa;prollllt tlillto. Iloirrtllrlt cc nttrlt
Bc[rrarrxa pailrloaxrnBgot] . ()rtPtrctra c otl l'tlcrrll
Kup{r tl Opercpur Xo:ttrt, rl() l9-l_1 l ojlllllil
ErctteptrlreuTltrc cc rrIlllJetltl lt(l llrLrc()rt()lill lio\t(\ltii.
eo roja uaclcxrpuSllprllil rlec_lllllil of l lilJll lpafir. lla
'raKa ce lcicK1 fa. 3a ill cc \',icllir Bo lrl)rlpo/llra Hir
 2.14. 3arcou su paduoarctuueno pucioLou,e. Beutuu.txo .upaucuvtua4uja na jadpo 141

HaruanyBa crr{)pcA 3aKoIIoT sa paJluoaKTrrBso paclra, Korrae e fieprloAor Ra no.nypaclafamL: la

iilbe. TaKr. cnopea 6pojor Hit epac[a tnarrrc ja 1pa r.r3oronor'l ( OAroBop: 8 [etJaJ
I{a oBoj I{3oToIl, Moxe Rpx6n{xHo aa ce ofipeaejr, 3. flpo.ruraj're Bo .'rteKoja KHt{r'x Kou ce
apeNrcTo Ha cMpTTa Ha HeKoj opfaHu3aM. MeToaoT cc
KOpucfr,r Bo apxeolorujara 3il
ofipeAenyBal1,e Hil
liirlfioaKt'{B'1fl( draj\ttulHu KuI Lt.Tt,iltr .t,

crapocla Ha cpocr,rnu octar'or1u. ocraroilrr oA

xpl{polara. Co xoj e",reMenr rt4e 3aBprrryBiti! i ,)
JIpB().
KOCKI! tl"itU KOXa Ha paCTIlTe,!l{! ltr'ttt xuBoTI{nctlt
opraHlr3r!rn. nil Ii Ha qoBeKor. TaKa. crropcA opra cKr.r
ocTa rortr Bo r\ranTepor Ha nrrparflr),ut1e (cr.:) llo6apajre ru na trrepner Be6
apxc()-qo3tnc oTKpn,qe ,\cKa HcKot' oA l{ttlj cc N,H(lr\r clpaxx{xTc:
noc'fapx 1)/l roa lltlo cc tlll{cjten().
l, t-aw of RadiQacx ,e Decsy
IPI,IMEP 3. Bo prrrrrrrL H:r rr.x,'i .rf\...,,.r,'rrrhrr
c( npoHJl ,\' .tfB(.H npu trrerrr r.:'j r,'tr
.rr'La.rrtl("r' 2. Dating liith cad)osr -14
KoHrleH rpaquia ra rra 'f C e + lrillrr n()i\raru () rK().ill<y Eo lql:scieuce.howstufu
cBexo nn(cJr. Hr' .qpFi'. () rt t . t. iir jr.rn,,cnr q:l KaKo l{ Ipyfil cJrrlrtnl .{I4lKOal. II, rqla;;j;.3
npeAlrerrne. Ilepxogor Hir ,i , errriamero na llC e
jr
IuBekc ra Ilojrs3 ra ll crrr,; rrrpajre .

5710 roAuHn.

Pcurc re. Aa[eHo : A/A/0: t,\

: Tt --57)0r.t:2
CnopcI pe.'rrr{riara ( l):
N -;' I I
I
ll. Krpn (Irlne Curie, !897-
1956), (epfa Ea iep i
N,, 4 Maplrja Klpu, pa6ore,'ra fla

)I I t7t(i
,',

Q npo6neMrre Ea
rnBHocra.,4oKTopxpana Ha
paAr{oaK-

t = 2.5730 - 11460 gr npo6net.orre Ea cr- 3paqe-

r6e'f o lla IroJroIIIrMoT.
,l O\ 1925 e Maxelra 3a
06jacxere ru creAnt,rBe noflMu: OpepepnK Xo.ruo (Jean -
Fr6d6ric Jodoa. 19([1968)
- aKTXBIJOCT Ua paArroaKar,BHO - AaTr.rparbe co xoj ncrara roAt{Ha ce Bpa6o[rr Bo l4Hcmryror 3a
pac[afalBe jar,'repoA - 14 panf,yM tro npeqopaKa Ha IIon JIaI|'*(eBei, Heroa[or
- 6eKepen - BCIuTAIIKA flpo$ecop, 3aegflo pa6orar Ea rrpo6nevarmara oA
rpancMyrarlrja paAlroaKTnBEocra. Bo 1932 roAr-ffia 6nne MHory
- flepl'oA Ha_noJrypacnaiaE e - npoTorl 6[r{cKy no orKptrTrero Ha seyrpoHor, Ho crLaBa.ra 3a
- 3aKOH 3a pa,qItOaKTT4BHO - HeyTpoF Toa orKpriaue My rrpfira[EaJra Ha qeAanK.
liaorafa*e - BCIIITA}IKA Hajro:naro 3ae[H[rrxo orKpr-rrue nM e aerurat{Ka
paAl,Ioa(TtrBqocr paA[oaKrlBHocr (1934) 3a Koja Bo 1935 rolrlHa
go6nne Ho6eaoaa uarpala 3a xeMlja.

U. Ueprr (James Chadwick,

1891-1914) e aurnucxa $u:rn-
cap Koj pa6oren Ha
npooneMfiTe oA paMoaKTEB-
nocra. My 6n,r copa6@nnK Ha
L flepxog ua loJ'rypacnafaH,e Ha crpoHur{yMor PaAepOopA. Bo KeBe{trnuo-
Bara ra6oparopnja ao 1932
llSr e Zt ro71r.rnu. flo KonKy roArrHn 6pojor na roA. naupaBulr Syngauetran-
ja,qpara na onoj ugoron (e ce salranu 8 nart,t? HO OTKptlTlle HeyrIrOHOT, 3a
(Ogroaop: 84 roqruu) Koe Bo 1935 r.
Ao6nn
Ho6eJroBa HarpaAa 3a $nama.
3.Itpenaparor colpxn 4 -g u:oron xa loq 'ljJ .

flo ucre< Ha 24 e]Ha ocTar{aJre caMo 0,5 mg.

t48 2.15. neLteKu-opLt 3a ioHu3upo\Ko 3paqehe

Bpar[ Bo necra5luna cocroj6a, 3a Aa Nro)Ke Aa

pefucTprrpa Apyfrr rrecTl.Iqu.
2. ls. AETEKTOPTT 3A Bropa KapaKTep[cruKa Ha AereKTopLITe e
JOHI43I{PATIKO 3PAIIEItrE xunuala e$uxactrocr, xoja roKaxyBa hoi qe,r otr
BKynHo naaHarnre qecrurll Ha Hefo (e 6traar
Paduoattuuenufre spa4u ce ueeudnuau, neuyjuu, p e rr{cr pr.Ip a HI,I o)I AereKropoT.
6et uupuc u axyc. Lloaeuxuo opianutau ucua Ke onr-ann" raro @yHxqltoHttpaar HeKOrl oJl
ceHaopu aa uuana defrerryuja. Ho tiue ce 'vnoIy ypeAIlTe 3a AereKrluja aa oar,Ie 3paqeH,a.
ofracuu ta neioeotuo adpaeje. Ilped cd, aapadu
aqwiiurua od nueuoruo ufreriuo dejctttao, (Doroeuyruja
fiotiipe6no e da ce defieKuupaaiA co oltou na flo:rHaro e AeKa BeKepe,r 3a rIpB nar ro
cfiequjannu {tpu6opu. orKpr.rJr paII{oaKTxBHOTO 3paqer6e IIpeKy
HeroBoro gejcrao ap:r SororpaQcxa rloqa. Ha
c,'rr.rKara I e IaAeHa oplf[HaJlHara cJruKa Ha
Penncrpnpane na
Sororpatpcra'la IIJIoqa I{3Jro)KeHa Ha 3paqerbe oA
paAlloaKTr,rBrroTo 3paqe16e ypaHr.ryr\'roBa cor.

Co paraojcl't' Ha HayKartl 3a "t!I l.t KpocBeror '.

Bo Ae,ro'r' roj ce oqHccyca Htr paA OaKrrlBHocrii.
Baxltil yJ,r('fr rul,lfpir.re nptt6opttt e co xotl
r\rox(Jte llr cr: pef e lp14|ililr lcictuirtlt ttrt clltrrt
c/.lr4Hc1Bct{a qccrr{qa co alll\'lcH3xu Hil tl'l oi\'1. l'I
no\tltJ'l . KitK.) tt r'lt ce \l(Plt ucjrttH;r'tlr ettepruj:r.
/la cc onpcllc,ru ucj:tttto't' ro"rHc)K tt /lpyrtlrc
cuojc t la.
f1,t,)rrttrt 1 1t'111j,1 11rt11, t111 t t l)(2t!(utllttltttttt!l
iouLt,tttllo,trtuut',)11(tL!('t1)(t M() liol! ct'
! tt t
l )t't'tt n.\' rttlt!l l l I t llnt tl t tttt tl l \l ii r' lt t ! ( n l ! h l !. tl
^ ^
attxouu dei exfropu ua.jotrutupauru apa\ev'q.
t a cc 3acHOBa Hii ocHolllll.tl c
,rlcrexqltja (',r. I npBlra pcrr{ctpatlrja tta pitlltrnxrnutrolo
cuojctua na a. [']. u y - rpil,lrJttril liti HxBHillil rpa,tctt c tu Bcrcpe,'t.
joHrttitttttrttfit rt,r(. xcrtttcxotrr JLcictst' Bli
(rororpa(rcxnre IIJIOrt r.rr'r 11 ctloco6Hocra Ail Mclo;lot' tta rfororpacpcrara n,'ro.ttr 6x,'r
npe/lulllll{Kl/BaaT r'1yt'lnnuclleutlu.ja. ycoBP[ry8all. r'itKa u'fo flpllNleHaTa Ha
Bo npnrLuln. xai ceroi IaKOB ypeA eAIla cpol'orpa(rcrrle cN{yJr3r.Ix IlocJly)<l.Ira 3a
unr(ponpxquilr. ua IrprlNtep. Ilojaua ul e"'1cK'rpoll. o l KllxBaH,e H Hil KocN[.ItrKoTo 3patlc$c ,'I14 )]pyf l.{
lrpcAr{ tBr.rKyBl uilKllocKorcKr ctpcrt; ua lpuuep. llyKtr'rcilPHll Il)ltrc 16r. Tparrrc Ha
Itojitua Ha rpitfl ltil Irilrol Ha tlcclr'jllltrn tll't o $olocuy,rrillre tto rpolorpacpcrat.li tt6pa6olra
l\loxc llit cc atrAlt co foJ']o oro. Toa c NtoxHo cllNlo ce HitJru lr.rpiia f co l\l14KPocKOIl l4J'll4 cc npaBar
irKrr r)clloBHll(rl \l\'Jlllv\l ll() \l)eiLrrl ce gitrrill u,r lrrrporfo'rorpa$n tt.
u('r'ir6rrJ'rHr c')clr)i6rr. rirKil llll() rtlHujlrlPuot,,
Aeicluo ua \lrKpottccl r'IIlaril ro louc)lyBil l]o Blr.rrcouona xolropa
nocla6rrHa coc'tui6a. xoja Nloxc /la ce
pefuc l plrpa. Bo pa:rrojcll lit nyKJreapHartl $tlruxa
Blxrtt t irprrt tcprc r rr\il Itir ccr(i)j ,Le t(K tr)l) .' Bnrconosata KoM()pa o/ltrpilJti:t t\{Hofy 8a)KHii
rtcriltrolo MplBo rlpoMc. Toa c tpcltcucruot' yrorl. Belrau rro Paylcp(roplqoro lo orKpr.Irr4e
uHf(-PBaI oA pc fllc lllllpil l l'c]\l Ha rlccllll(41:t Ilil ltil l)trin ir l{(lll lir,lKir I Prrllc\l} lillllliit Hir iilrlln '.
Jl,) \lt'\lalll,ll Kofil CllCl\'\ltr'l III)IIILI|\|III KC C! rto jirnilll 5r't"tlt pcnrc lpr.IpaHll l{ il HilJl 1.1:lllpilHii co
ouoj lcrenop. 14cto larn. crt Bu"'rcouclnlrrtt
 2. I 5.,q,etueKruopu sa jonuaupatrco apaueu'e 149

Kor,ropa ce oTKp[eHl4 IIo3IITpOHIITe, Me3OHI{Te II Blracou gouro,r go ugeja qera u rlo3ltruBHlire I{

HCKox Apyflr qecTullu. HeraruaHure jott. c,rrvuo Ha npatrtxHKxre.
OcHoeHI{or npI,IHuIt[ na xoj pa6oru u ro Moxar rx 6nnar qeHrpl Ha xoraer raulrja Ha
perucrprlpir npucycrBoro Ha ioutr tupavxu 3acrreHu napu. Kora npocropo r so xoj e
rpa'rcHJl c 0r\16 Hara sa coualeHutc joHu [a cMecreH paalroaKTr.rBH[or rrPenapaT, Ha npI,IMep
6ugar qeurpu:a rougen:aqnja rora ce saofaar pa,lryuor {Ra). (e ct ocger,rr. Tpaf re Hil
BO CpeAUHa [rTO e I]CrrOJrHeTa CO llpe3acl{TeHa qecrrurre xou ra cuojor lrar Bpuar jouurauuia
lapa. Aro npocropuT co tui e ct'lecrcH gIaHyBaAT BLIIII{Bx.
palll,loaKTIBH]ro'l npeIIapaT ce ocBeTJIII, TpaI[Te jl 6pro uelrpan txpabc Ha joHlre ruro ce
Ha qecrnqnre cralyBaiir BrrIIJrrrBrl. AeHeuHI,Ior co uaBarr Bo Br4,rcoHosir'll xouopa. ulr iouttre
o6nnK Ha B[rcoHoBara KoMopa r'IHory MaJIKy ce' co3[aJIeH[ on [pnpoAHoTo KocMuqKo 3pa(rette,
pa3JrrrKyBa o[ [pBrre Mo)l(]nu. TaKa ruro KoMopara Aa 6nle IroBTopHo AoBgAeHa
Bo cocroi6a Aa Mo)Ke Aa perlrcrpxpa, Bo BHar-
lE- -91 rr pc IHOCTa Ha KOMOpaTa Cl] CO3AaBa Cr rHo
ereKTpl,tqHo no,re. Toa ce iIocrI,IfHyRa raKa turo
Ha BHaTpCtrrHara crPaHa Ha cTaKlreH[ror
urrJrrrHAap ce nplrrrBpcryBa r{era,reu npcren M roj
r1a crllKara 2 e nprrKaxaH co [cIIpeKlIHarrI
uprrqKr,r. Mera,'ruror rrpcreH e cr]p3aH co eAHLIor
nor na 6areprjara B, vr.rja ereKTpoMoropHa
cr{Jra e HeKOJIKy cTorHHIrI BoJITrl, a ApyflIOT nOJr Ha
6areplrjara e cBp3aH co MeraJrH[or qr.ur.tngap C.
Bo JaB[cHUcI oA -]HaKor Ha joHute,
KOH BaKyyM eIeKTpnqHoTo rIoJIe ft,I yIIaTyBa co3[a[eHI-ITe
nyMna joHu ron rueraluuor ItpcreH, oAHocHo Mer?r,'Illlrof
uunnHllap x Ha HIIB ce HeyTpaJIu3lrpaaT.
C;t. 2. Bu,nconoaa rouopa- Bo Brircouosata Koruopa ct-qecrrlqnre oc'ta-
gaar noae6eru rparx oA Tpar[Te Ha p-
Br4[cogoBara KoMopa, Roja eeMarcKI,I nplrKa- rrecrr.rur,rre. Toa e pe:ylrar Ha roil lrlro Ha
xaHa Ha cjr.2, ce cocrou on craK,'rcH UxJII{HAap
cllr.rHr.rqa Aolrxr.rHa og cnojor rar <r-qecrurJara
SC xoj npogo,rxyBa Bo MeraJIeH llrl,luHgap C.
co3AaBa rror-oJreNr 6poj jouu orro,rry B-vccruqnre
Craxleuuor IIurxHAap xepMerllqK[ e 3arBopcH
oA rope co par\'rHa craKreHa rr:rova S, npery xoja {c,l.1). Htirrc6cra rpara ocraual iortre ua rexoj
e,'reMcH r.
ce Ha6,.F,y1yBa ri,ru rp.-rror plr$rpr tto.insrtta LuIu
ce oABr.rBa Bo Kor\ropaTa. flo Tlo,rxunara tla
MeTaJIHIjOT UIItrTIIHAap MO)Ke Ait Cc 71er'rxu rnnl K.
Bo :attopeuuor npocr op ce co l/laBaar 3acrrreHu
rrapll ua ueroja re'ruocl roja, o6tr.]Ho, e cN{eca Ita
Bollil n crrrranKoxo.'r. Toa ce rocrurHyBa co roa
ruro Dp3 ryMcHaIa gniaQrparua D ltuit lla.ro
Korr{9ec-uro rcrrHocr'. llpa olBopaec Ha
BcHTIrnor V, noA K.,rt[o1 K co naryylr rylltta
Hlr.l,r Cc CFIIX\lJil llPllTt'lCoXor tt ,toara qo 6ptO
cnyrrrraH,e rra Kr14rtor K. flprroa. raco't'
p
aguja6arcrl ce [rrpr u na)JLL llaplrre ua
leqrloclir craHyraa'r lllc:JactlrcHlr Aro co oraa
,," t.cT cu tt;rj-Irt ,tiittttttt o[ nl)aufiHil. lH( \e
llL,r'.lr)<ilI KlrKo Il\'lllpl4 Hil xoH,leHraUttjlr.
ropalrl ruTO Ha rullr cc KoH[eH3upaaT cuTllu C.l. 3.'llrarrr Ha C1 P .recrfirtu. [o6rrcHl.1 oA BwicoH
KilrrKlr reLrHoc!r. Aro Hcl{a npauruna. tte 5u Bo l912 ro[.
rpc6ano Al lrra rotiilcn:aruria.
150 2.15. ,qeureKwopu aa joHwup&LtKo 3pa\eH>e

3a nogeranxa aHaJIMa Ha JoHl43rparl(are KtTe qecruqr,r Aa BpuaT JoHIt3aIIUJa.

TIECTI{IIU HIIBHXTE TPATU C€ CHIMAAT CO IIOMOIII HA fljrep-Mu,nepouuor 6pojav (lM) , ncyuHocr,
tpororpaQcra KaMepa FK.
Mepersero Ha e quJrrrHpxqHa A[o[a, Ka[e rxro aHoAara (A) e
AOJDKT{HaTa Ha
TparaTa IIa qecT[IInTe eorSpauona xuqa cNlecreHa IIo IloJrxr{Hara Ha
oBo3MoxyBa MepeEe H Ha HllBHara eueprnja. On ocKara Ha EIrJIlIHAapor, a rarogara (K) e
Apyra crparn, nax, Mepenero xa 6pojor na qeu- uerorara o6arnxa (c:r.6).
Tpxre Ha xonensaquja oBo3Moxyra Aa ce cyAn I't
3a uplrpoAara Ha joHlr3xpaqKara qecruqa.

C,'r. 6. Ynpocreua rueua ua fM 6pojav

Uenxara e IIcrIoJIHera co eAeH oE ,IHeprHlt're

racoBlt, uJ l, cMeca.oA uHepreH, Jac I'I aJ'IKoxoJIHIr
rrapr4 noA cHrrxeH npI{TIrcoK (oxo:ry I kPa). Osne
racorn recno ce joHlr3lrpaar.
Ilolrefy aHogara LI Karogara ce Hocr4 HafloH or
oKory 1,2 kV. Ha eEHuor 6a:uc og qn.nuHgapor e
Cn. 4. Oororpa$tlja Ha jonfi3]rpa'IKr
qecTllull Bo MarHeTgo llone. HarrPaBeH MHOry TeHOK fipo3oPeq oA IlIleJIeKTplIK
(MoMr,rpoK) 3a Aa Moxe HLl3 Heto Aa B.rreryBaar
paAr4oaKTIrBHIrre rpauersa (alQa, 6e'la ll raMa).
flpu pa6ora co BnrcoHosa KoMopa Mox<e [a
ce KopHcTrr u MarHeTHo noJle, Irrro oBo3MoxyBa Kora f-M [eBKa ]Ii: e so 6.'In:uHa Ha
patxoaKTltBHLI 3paqcR'a. rora u tol,tciy a Ho.[a ta
t
aa ce olpeAeJllr KaKo [MnyJICOT TaKa Il 3HaKOT Ha
erleKTpnrrHr4or noJIHex Ha qecrl{qllre (c,r.4). H KaroAara He nporeKyBa crpl'ja. Ho, rora ao
ueBKara tie HaBJIe3g c[ tr:rtr p -uecrlrqa. raa
fajrep- MnrepoB 6pojaq joulr:apa HeKox oA MoJIeKyJture Ha lacor, na
go6aeuNre c,'Io6otH14 efleKtpoH14 lt ioHtl ce
HacorryBaar KoH eJIeKTpoAI{Tc- nopa,qu curHoro
HexoMofeHo IIoJIe Irouefy ereK'IpoAl,rre
no,,IHexr re lo6uuaar tronoJlHttlcrHa eueprlja tl
ce cflocooHx 3a HaraMorltHa joHlt:artria na Hoel
MoJTeKyJrn. Tara 6pojot Ha rlle roJIHexI'I
,'IaBvHoo6pa,lro ce rroneMyBa. 6,rarolapctilte ua
npouecor Ha cyIIIrpHa jont:aquja. Kora
ereKTpoHrnTe (e cTnrnat l1o aHol{ara, TI{e fo
HaMaryBaar xej:rHlror noregunia,r. fiopaJlI ull-o
Hrr3 orrropHr{Kor (e roreqe crpyja (roa e
rrraxpoeQexror) roja ja perucrpupa cKa,lepor.
Cn. 5. farep-Munepoo 6pojav Hanonor Ira KpaeBure Ira ornopHl,tKor e raKa
(qereKrop Ir cKarep) norapn3upaH, ga ja xolrnensnpa pa3rlrKara Ha
uotenqujanm nouefy anogara u KaroAara.
lloxefy [oroJIeM 6poj racnu AereKToplr flopann roa, no xyco Bpeve. noreuq ia;lxara
uajnoepal e.lajrep;Mr.rrepoaSot 6pojau (cl. 5). pas:urxa nor,reiy eneKTpognre cranyra rotKy
Kaj nero ce Kopucrfi caojcrao'ro xa jonnupav- MaJIa rrrTo eneKTpHqHOTo none H€ MOXe Aa rH
i
 2. I 5.,qeiieKmopu aa joHurupalKo 3pa\eH,e 151

sa6p:yea eJreKTpoHure go 6p:unara florpe6Ha 3a 3acrrreHara napa. Kora npgrlrcoKor uar:ro fe ce

co3aaBallena joucxara ,tanllra. OA raa nplrqrrHa HaMaJrn co rroaBuxHrror xnvn u gr{aQparua, n
crpyjara no orrropHr{Kor cra6ee, a co roa ce roa :a npu6:ruxno l0%, TetlHocra craHyBa
HaMaJlyBa HarroHoT Ha HeroBIITe KpaeBIr, TaKa npefpeaHa Il ocerJrrrBa na joxusaquja. Meryroa,
IIITO Cefa noBTOpHO Ce BOCIIOCTaByBa IOIIeTHIIOT rro HeKoJrKy cexyxgu 6u gour:ro Ao HaDIo Bplrelse,
HanoH [oMefy aHolara u KaroAara (roj urro e toKoJrKy Hc ce xrBprxfi pexounpecnja.
Ao6ueH oA r.r3Bopor Ha crpyjara B). Cera BoryMeHor Ha [eHerrrHlrre Meypqecrl.I KoMopI{ e
IIoBTOpHO Ce CO3AaAeHr{ yCJIOBH 3a CO3AaBaIie otr pc[or \'r Ha Ha HeKoJrKy Ky6Hu Merpu.
Ha ror'rc
joHcxa laenna, oAHocuo crpyeH uvnylc. ftegaue Kollopttre rroJrHerr{ co reqnocrli co
!eK:l ornopHxKor Hrpa yrora xa clcveur xoj to rlororeMa rycr[Ha (neHTaH, nponan rulr rceuon)
racu ([peKr,rHyBa) crpyjnoro xo:ro. Mpreoro ce Koprrcrar 3a Aererquja ua y - :paseu,e.
BpeMe rpae cd gypn ne 3anpe JraBr{Hara Ir He ce I4 npu pa6ora co oBaa KoMopa Mo)Ke na ce
BoclocraBr npBo6rflHara cocroj6a. florpaj Koprrcrn r.r MarHgTflo lloJle, [ITo oBo3Mor<yBa Aa
cKanL'po r . lrocl'ot'l l.l facxnyBa'l- a xaj lexol ce onpeEeJrrl KaKo UMIIyJIcoT TaKa rr 3HaKoT Ha
B qoBr 11 rol,tnllx xoj ua cexoj earoa rvny,tc eJreKTpr.rqHrloT rrolHe)( Ha qecTl{ultTe .
AaBa 3ByK, CJri.IqeH Ha IIyKaIte rlyKaHKII. Cquuur.raqlroHn MeroAu. I4tta noee(e
cyrlcTaHrl[rr, HaperreHu cu[HTtraTopH, r{r{rl
llpl{ perncrpaquja Ha erreKrpoHr (p- 3pa.re- ato\,Il cc eo:6yqyaaar Kora cc o rpilq-eH, _co
I5e) e(huKarHocra.Il.a'oBrE Ae"eKToprI e;'peqncu,
HyKreapHr,r 3paqeH,a. TaKoB e, Ha npIIMep,
100%. Enaej(u jouu:aqnouara uo( Ha y-:paqure qurxcyrSugor co npr.rMecx na 6axap. Kora
( l\la,rr. ra H BHa per xcrpiluujl cc xopucrr TaKBItre cyrlcraHrlr4r.r (e ce Bparar Bo
e$error Ha co3gaBan e JIaBITHa oII eneKTpoHI{ riero:6ygena cocroj6a, rre eunrr.rpaar $otottlr
Kor.r ce ri36[IeHli o/l y-KBaHTure oA KaroAara. KOr{ CC peflrcTpllpaaT It JIaBaar rroAarorlu 3a
Tara e$lrracHocra Ha y-KBaHTIITe e MaJra) oKoJry ynaAHltre qecTr,ruu.
1%.3a Aa ce perrrcrpupaar c[- qecrIrIIIITe, Mopa IlolycrpoaogauvKr,r AereKTopE. Bo conpeueuara
BJrc3HIrol 6a:nc ga 6nge unory reHoK, [oBoJrHo HayKa ce Kopr.lcTaT r.r Apyfr{ BrrAoBrl AeTeKTopIl:
nposlrpeH 3a oBa 3paqelbe. Conpeuenure lM- [polopqrloHaJrHrr, no.]ryclpoBoAHl{qKI{, IIcKpa-
6pojaru uo><ar Aa perrlcrpupaar I,I Ao 10000 KOMOpn r{ np.
rtccTl.Irlr{ Bo ceKyHAa.
Og no,rycnpoaop u e KH r e ter e Kr opr.r naj ro,relta
14

rrp[MeHa HMaaT [eTeKToplrre co p-n npeMrrH

(cr.7). Aro p-n KoHTaKTor ce noBp3e co HarroH
[ffi ,[pynu nngonn AereKroplr
fienec no [oroJre]!{a ynorpe6a og Bn:rcouoaara
KONlOpa e r.H. Meypqecra KoMopa, orKpl{eHa Bo
1952 ron. oA crpsHa Ha ,[. frej:ep. Kouopara ce
Kopr.rcru 3a gererquja Ha r{ecrl{qn co BttcoKa
cHepr[ja. Kaj oaue KoMopu npe3aclmeHara cMeca
oq rac fi napa e raNreHtra co ipcip, oH[t
ulie.rHoc t- reqeH BoAopoA, TerJeH AeyrepltyM LI
Te(lci{ xeJruyNr (Ha reMneparypa HaA TorrKara Ha
tspxcn\'1. flovrruyaaruero Hil iouu:upa vxa
.ICCTUUa Hr{3 TaKBa rrpefpeaHa TeqHocT
rrpeAu3BfiKyBa rueypq[Fbara Aa pacTaT no C"r. 7. Ynpocreuar ureMa Ha IronycfipoBonfl].I.Ixl
AO,'rlJtHaTa Ha TpafaTa Ao Ar.rN{eH3nr1 lll1'o Mo),Ke AereKTop.
ga ce rpororpaQfipcar. rpetr nl toj,De qo Bo xHBep3rla (Henpolycrrl,IBa) HacoKa, TaKa [rro
HeKOHTpOIT{paHO BplrerLe Ha TeqHocTa. p- noJryclpoBoAHuKoT ce noBp3e co HeraTI{BHIIOT
Kaj neyp"teclara KoMopa nofoAHara re.rHocr e Ilor Ha r.I3Bopor na rocrojau Harrou, a n-
3afpeaHa Haa TorlKaTa Ha BpJ.I9JLe,,lr ce,qApxyBa no,'IycnpoBoAHllKor ' co '[d3LITuBH[or' -'noJrjr] - r' -- -
Bo rerluil $a:a co roa ruro npl{TrrcoKor Ha tlt[p]rHara Ha 3ant{pHnor oroj Ha p-n [peMrHor ce
paoolHara rel\,rneparypa e rraA rrprrrrrcoKoa Ha
3roreMyla u crpyja uu: TaKoB npeMuH He rerre.
t52 2. I 5.,[euteKutopu a{] joHu3upe\rco ipaneft,e

Ho, axo uns npeMrrHor rroMuHe xexoja

joxu:upavxa rrecr[qa, Taa co3AaBa HoBr{
Hocr,rreJrn ua c"rpyja, eneKTpoHrr rr uynnuHr,r, lr
Hr.r3 KOJTOTO BO KOe e BKnyqeH AaAeHnOT p-n
cncreM nporeKyaa crpyja. 3Havr.r npn ceroj
npeMriH Ha jonrasrapavra qecrrflla ce co34aBa
cTpyeH xMnyJrc, na TaKa BaKBlroT npeMlrH cJryxx
RaKo oqJlnt{eH aereKTop ua jountwpauxu
3paqell'a.

O6jacuere rr c.re4rrf,n€ rrolrMn:

- gere<ropt na jonn3rrpaqKo - MprBo BpeMe
3pagerle - eorrKacHocr
- BuncoHoBa KoMopa - fajrep-MnrepoB
6Poj as

IpBara rpaHcMyraqnja HajaApo perxcrpxpasa co

L O6jacuere xou Qu:uuxlr fipoqecll nexar Bo BrncoHoBa KoMopa
ocHoBara na $yurqnounparsero sa Bu:rcosogara
xouopa. I-ajrep-MfircpoBr4or 6pojav. cunHrrra- ri. Bnncon (Charles Thomson Rees
qnoHlror 6pojav lr [orycnpoBoAH[qKlror 6pojav. Wilson, 1869-1959) e poAeH Bo
fnr.rHKopc Bo IIJKorcKa. 3a
2. KonKaBo e "Mprnoro opeue" na fM 6pojav xoj oTKprrTr.IeTo Ea MafreHaTa
perr{crpr{pa Ao 10000.recrnqlr Bo cexyuga? rolropa, <oja Aeuec ce BrKa
( Ogroaop: noMaro oA 10 ps) BurcoHoBa, Bo 1927 roA. Ao6r,ur
Ho6eroBa flarpaAa rlo Sra3nKa.
3. Soruro o.- gecrn(ara ocraBa floAe6ena rpafa Taa roA[Ha Ho6e,'roBa HarpaEa 3a
so Blurcosoga xouopa og p- :paxor? $urrxa go6n:r r Kolrrolr.

4. AKo cMe AaJreKy oA KaKoB n ga 6uro A. frej3ep (Donald Arthur Glaser,

l92G) Pa6oren na [oJlero Ha
pagr.roaKrr{BeH npenapar, Iajrep-Mureponuor eJIeMeHTapHLITe tIeCTI-IqX, flprlMe-
6pojav cenar 6pon uunyrcx. Ha urro ce go:rxu uara aa $rrrltxtre MeroAIz Bo
TOa? MoJreKyrapuara 6xonorria. Bo
5. Axo ro [ooruxlrTe fajrep-Mureporuor 1950 roA. ja roucrpyrpal
Meypqecrara rovopa. 3a ooa
6pojav go qacoBHr{K qlr crpeJrKr4 ce rrpeKpr.reHra orKprlrue Bo 1960 roEr-rEa Ao6xr
co @nyopecqeHren Mareplliar 3a Aa ce uegaar r.I Ho6eroBa sarpaAa 3a +x3r-rKa.
Bo reMHr.rrla, 6pojavor noqxyBa Aa og6pojyna
lrrr,rnyncu roae(e oA Booox.raeHoTo, ,[a:ru :uaere X. fajrep (Hans Geiger, 1882-
gorrno? 1945) e poAeH oo Hojllrrar,
fepuaurja. Pa6orer Ha florrero
6. 3Haere Jrr{ AeKa soo6uqaeHara np[poAHa Ha aToMcKaTa l,l HyKJIeapHara
pa[noaKTrrBHocr ao najroreua MepKa ce AoJIxr,r
+u3uKa. 3aeAHo co B. Mnrep ro
Ha paAoHor. Toj e rac Koj ce [o6uBa co KoHcrpyupan fajrep-Mrinepo-
paAuoaKTr4BHo paqrafan,e. Bo BpcKa co Hero e onor 6pojav.
noBp3aHo rrpoBeTpyBarr,eTo rra xlIBoTHr{Te
npocropr.rtr, rouro?
 2.I6 Jt)putu l,trr tlu u 4)u{u.itt l5t
^

ililcJ'lcr(1 pn3ltpiillr. flopagl loit nor\{civ rreclr-

2.1 6. JAAPEHI{ PEAKIIIII4. IIj lir'III\,,r'r. lll t tt jlttlptrli' rt. lll Jl(i( lLr)8,l,rl
OI{CIIJA r(\'JroHOrcKtl )'e og6luHlr cn,ru. 3tt .reclriql nr jlir cc
l,,,inn)r.14 ;1,' j;r11pr'1o - r( lil llil ptclLrijllfl( K"r 'l
,,'n,','" jl.apcrrrrr. .rr.rrr.
Jaqpeuu peaKrurH ', Jlir JlcicIB\Finr
l'i,pcOil la ce coB"qil1liliu' olne ogbr,rrrrr.r cr.r.qr. l roa
:jHit(r,t /(cKa rrpoeK lxJrorlpcSa ga rjnra ,uoro,rrHo
Korr ,rnt 'rL clrrl ir'rFC ial|1. tt,rr illpo tt ro,rcrlt cxeprtjii. Toit cc rroclurnl'Ba raKit LUlo
leroja erelrcxrapHa .recrrrrla) (e ce lplrSltlxar qcclrlr(lfc cc 3a6p3yBair r Bo coBpc\rerrrlc lKqc-
ua pacrojaHrc ojl pc1l uii r-o-rcNluHa o,u l0-15 m Jrcpn rl)pu. .D,eHcrrrrrlc NroJlcprtrr ilKLlc.frcl)iir)pl
l OrilIl ue IloLltr\'Bail I cll"lH() SaeNllto /la c
l
\ro)Kill Ia tn :tafip.riull ,rcclrrlruc ,rlo arcoKrr
gejcrryraa r,
cHcpfrtr^ n roa u ja11pa co Nr1(r \' ,ioro.rrcNrl Nrilcir
CeKoj ipou,e( Hu .:ut'.,rttoDe jt'tuoo iotelt' ojl ltcyl cpr4yNrol .

arrot yt)1u' ttt Ht At'ttt t lt.ttt Htt!ttlrHtt ,tttt!ttttltt.

hirru ttttcl,',:tt ll\tI\r(1, !.r j r t1'cH;1 1';; ;1,11 ,

co ip,-7o juil;o. iiprr roe ioolu io

tt.tttr (r' lll)oli,ll rr. irr Lrt t.rtt L.l! ll,,rB.r p.ilKU .i:'
rupaHL,tl,il knF! ju Ha i a)l)t)tuo. rc otu;t .iat)peaa
pcaKvuj6. .Li+]H +1ne+1ttc (.1)
Bo ror,rlajero j.l I tttte lr. (e cc (|. rHaa\rc
co HcKou raKBr{ npollcc (pcnaqufi 6. 7. lt n 9). rojr nl, rtrlcrnrnPB:r I \h.r\:rl\lj, 1'- rr rrrrj;'
ogle x. 6tttle Jllt,tt H:r ,\ r't it jl.,litttl4.iil ilt co 3a6PraHr .recrIlua ( ll. I(orpo(rT rr
LI:rBcIcHa
HyKeapHr.rre peaxrlnlr. uneuala rnacu{l<ar1uj:i u E. Bo,r'roH. Bo 1932 r.). Pcrxqujara (-l) crpurcrro
3ilKoHllrc Kol Bilxil rlrj onoj nrrg rrpotlccu. cc 3artfi[IyBl:
Hirjpt.ttlu'q11',111. t ttttt H\h.l,illtlil pc:tlutja 7
Li1p, a)r He r.l)
Hac'r'aHyaa rora rn rreroe jagpo llera X (e
lcjcrnlll I.r irrrlil-n|,r.i\lrr.r a. n;l Ioafa Irr N{oxc JIil ce c.lyrttr rpocKTrr.roi- nporoH ]li:i
co3;IaBari,e nn Horo jlilpo \ rr cc oc,roSo;yea 6nge arrcop6lrpau r aa ce uobuc Holro Bo36vjteHo
HoBa qecrrrqa b. PctrKuujara cc 3al ruyBa : jagpo xoc. Bpar(aj(u ce Bo ocrroBrrara eHeprercKa
cocloj5a. (e elrrrupa 1- rnlnrr:
)\, I \r
iX ta--+r.Y tb {tr
Bo pe:raqujaua co Z u A cc o3HaqeH pc]lHr,lor'
'le+lu-->'ic+y. (s)

6poj n uacennor Spoj na jagporo X. a co Z' n A' I{eyrpa,rna .recruqa roja [peAr.r3Br{Kyrra
cooABerHr.rre BeJrrrLurHrr :a jaqporo Y. Osaa
jaApeHa pearqiija e Heyrponor. Begnaur no
pe,raqrja qecro ce 3arrurxyBa x Bo cKpareHa HeroBoro orKprrrr,re og 9egam 5u,ro jacno [cra
cpopua: co Hero rroJ'recHo r\{oxilr na 6uAar npe/Ir.r3Br,rKaHu
jagpeuu pearqru.
'x1a,b;''Y (2) Ho. ue rua,rrr !cKa ceKorau HeyrpoHor
npeAr{3Br.iKa pearquja. 14lreHo, ce clyvyna
KC

npfl lxro rrpBo ce 3arrfirxvBa ialporo r'rera (x), a HeyrpoHor no cy!11Por co jrr.lpr)ro !t Hu
Ha Kpaj jaAporo rxro ce Ao6uBa (Y). Bo 3arpaAa npe! rBr.rKa npo\rcHa Hfl nf rpor'rirrl u;r .jrnpo ru.
ce nI{l]]yBa npBo rrecrr.rrlara- [poeKTnJr (a), a TyKy [a HacTaHe pacejyBafl,e na rreyrporur. Aro
rroroa rrecrrrrlara urro ce Ao6uBa (b). jagporo e co 3Ha(rtrTeJrHil Maca. HeyrpoHor npr
Hyrrepauure peKarlux. r-JraBHo. r\'ro)Ke Aa ce cyglapor ry6x NraJ'r Aer oA eueprujara (KaKo Kora
TTOAEJIAT HA: TonKa (e ce og6ue og rapna).
- peaKrllr[ rrPeAr.r3BxKaHu oA HaeJreKTpu- llpr,r cynup co jalpa co tror{a".rir r.racr \ro)Kc
3r;rPaHrr rrpoeKTr.rJrx u erreprrjara Ha HeyrpoHor Aa ce prcnpencJru
- peaKrl[rr oA eJreKTpo HeyTpaJ'rHr{ rrpoeKT],rJrx. roureiv uero u jagporo r{ rro HeKoJrK)/ cynrJprj
Pearquure co HaeJreKTpr3xllaHr,r yecrlrqu r{c\ rpoHrre ll H:l\rir,q}Blirr cBojrra cH(pflii n
cTaHyBaaT co d,- qecTr.rql,l. npoToHrr, IeyTepoHrl BpeAHOCTI.I 6Ir.lCKX AO eHepfl,llrTe Ha TO[JrrrHCKO
ulu janpa co rrofo"rreNra uaca. Kaparrepltcrlr.rno /lBr,t)Kerr'e. Taxenre ueyrpouu ce slrraar 6assu
3a cuTe oB e qccTUIlu c [cKa ce IIo3ItTItBHo rl"I]II TEPMt|qKr| HEYTPOHII.
t54 2.16. ladperut pearc4utt. Qttcuja

Eannure ueytponu noqectoi uo nprrToa ce co3laBaaT aBa

1- KBaHTa KOlt ce
peaKqrru co jagpara. OguecysaH'ero"t,l"nyuuu"
Ha 6asHure pa3:reryBaar Bo ABe pa3ruqHn nacoxn. 'Ioj
HeyTpoHx r'l HI4BHara flOrOJIeMa CntlCO6HOCr ga lpoqec cull6oluuHo ce o3HaqyBa:
raeu uoaejcrsyeaa r co iagporo Ha eJrevcHror 00
"1e- 2y--',. (6)
Mera ce o6jacHyBa raKa, [ITo HeyrpoHor nopaAl'l ,ie
lHa y - KBaHror Bo
)

rloMaJlara 6p3uHa noAorro ce naoia Bo 6ru3uHa Tpauc$opuaqujara

aa jaaporo fla e no[o,'lro flolJtoxeH ua aeicraoro eJIeKTpOHCKO-tl03I{TpOHCKI4 rap e peBep3uon,'IeH
I{a HyKJreapHI{Te cmru. Orrauy e n nororeMa Toa 3Har{[, rpn cocll{HyBalbe Ha
nporlec.
MOXHOC'ra jaApOTO ga rn ancop6upa. ereKTpoH - rlo3lrrpoH (anuxulaquja-
ynnunynar+,e) Moxe Aa ce cpopultpaar 1aa 1-
3axonn :a rana:yrau'e xaj ja4peuure peaKqnu. KBaHra u. o6parHo (c.q.1).

Axo ce ror,regaar cure Ilofope crloMeHarl{

jalpeau pearqnlr neAHartr ce rJIeAa [eKa :
BKynHrroT noJIHex Ha qecTI{qaTa rlpoeKTIlJl I{
jalporo-llera e eaHaKoB Ha :6trpor Ha
norHex<ure ua jagporo rrro ce [o6xBa It
no,'lHex<or Ha qecrl{uara urro ce go6nra raro
pe3yJrrar Ha HyKreapHara peaxquja. 3Ha'r[ ce
3ana3yBa aroMcKnor 6poj Z.
Bo ceroja jalpelra peaxqnja ce 3ara3yBa x
Macenror 6poj. I4ueno, 6pojor na IryKJIeoHItre
npeA n no pearqr,rjara e LIcr. Ho, eegnanl rpe6a
C,'r. I Au[xr.uraquja Ea lro3lrl'poii ri ercKrpoH

aa ce Kax(e [eKa Toa He 3Haqn, AeKa eAHocTaBHo

:6lrpor ua r'.racara ua jagporo Mera It npoeKTrrJror Co:garanero [ap rro3lrrpoH - ereK'rpoH ce

c enHaKoB co 36tapor Ha Macr{Te Ha ialporo LUTo oABr.rBa Bo cofJracHocT co 3aKoH[Te 3a

3ana3yBaILe na eueprujara lr nlvny.lrcor.
ce AoOrBa tl vacara Ha rlecrxqara urto ce qo6tlla.
Hanpolr4B. xaj uyx,reapHnre pearquu aoafa ao trIuny,rcor Ha y-KBaHTol ce pacnoPegyBa I{
Ha IIBere yecrltlllI, xaxo n ua jagporo co Koe e Bo
u:par AjnurajroBxor iaKoH ra exsltnrreuqnia
Ha Maca'la r elteprrjara lE' nc'). toro(lHo. TyKa
uureparqnja, Ho nprrroa, BKyTIHIIoT IrMnyJrc rpeA
goafa go n3pa3 3aKoHor 3a 3ana3yBame Ha n no [poqecol'He ce MeHyBa. Toa ce rorepgysa
eneprujara. no Bu,rcoHosara xouopa roja ce Haoia so
Kaj jalpeHrre peaKuux BK)rHara eHcprr.rja MarHerno IIJIIT eJreKTpxsHo ro"rre. Bo roa rIoJIe
na janporo - Mera 14 qecrlluara - npoeKTI{JI e e.rIeKTpoHoT LI TIO3I,ITpOHOT KaKO CIpOTIIBHO
HaeJreKpIt3IIpaHrr rrecrrjql{ ce orKJloHyBaaT Bo
e[HaKBa Ha eueprujata Ha cllre jaapa L qecrt,rut'l
cnpor!rBHIr HacoKr,r
rrrro ce Ao6I{Baar no peaxqnjara.
Oet,le rpancQoplraql,Itl ce Ao6Pa
Anuxnraqllja na eJrexrpoH u no3lrrpoH l.tlycrpaqnja Ha 3aeMHara rloBp3aHoc'f Lt
ycno8eHocr Hl KBaJruTar aHo par,rtl,ttltl o6,tttutt
llo:r.trponor KaKo aHTIrqecrI{IJa Ha Ha varepujara. KaKo I Hejruua ortltra
ereKTpoHor e npeABI{AeH oA ,UupaK Bo 1928 e1nHcrBeHocr. Onge craHyBa :5op 3a
ronuna. ExcnepnMeHTaJIHo e AoKaxaH r{er[pl{ rpaHcQoprraquja Ha cyncraHqrja ra Bo
foArrHI{ noAoIIHa, xora Annepcen fu lpoyqyBar eJIeK'fpoMarHerHo fiore (.recrrliut no'y - Qoronu)
Tpar[Te Ha KocMnqKlme :paqlt. Ha6p:o noroa c n. o6parHo. Ce pa:6npa, npu oBtte
oTKpIreHo AeKa Ir y - KBaHTI{Te MOXe lla Ce rpauc$clpvaqnn Ba)Kar c[Te 3aKonx 3a
rpancQopunpaar Bo nap qecrllqtt: eJieKTpoH- 3ana3yBarLe.
no:urpon (e - a ). Onuro. npouec,r'l Ha aurxtt.tatttia ce
YrnpAeno e [eKa no3ttrpoHor Bo c,'ro6oAna oAuecyBa :a roj lr ga 6uro Irap r{ecrulra-
cocroj6a uo>re Aa lrocrorr MHory KparKo BpeMe. aHTnrecrnqa. IIpu unruepaxquja rua- 'cexoja
noMrrHyBajKu un r uareprja,rnai a L'pcauua. roj cc uecfru4a co nejaunafia aui uuec[iu4a doaia do
coeAI{HyBa co eAeH o[ eJreKTpoHI{Te Ha aroMoT, a coadaaar!'e ua dea xeaa a aa apauen'e.
 2.16. Jadpeuu pearc4utt. QtLcttjLr 155.

Jaqpena $ucnja E,'reMeHTr,rre X [I Y Mo)Kar Aa Sunar n:oronu

Ha erer{eHT[ oa cpeAr{Hara Ha fleprroAHnoT
JropcHa pcaxuuja. npr.r roja ol janpo co cucreu Ha e,qer{eHTIire, raxo ua npulrep,6apnyu,
roJleMa Maca (o4 rpajor Ha nepfio1Hlaor cucreM Kpr{nroH. crpoHrrryr\,r, KceHoH rr Ap. flocrojar
Ha ereMeHrxre) ce to6naar tae jagpr co noMa,ta oKory 40 TaKBr{ Mo)KHrr flapoBn Ha jagpa. Onue
Maca (Ha eneMeHTn oA cpeAuHara Ha nepuoAHl{or janpa uuaar oro.ry I MeV fiororeMa cnequ$lrvua
cncreu), ce BnKa Hyx.[capua {ucuja. flpu oroj euepruja Ha cBp3yBalbe og jagporo Ha ypaHryMor
npoucc ce ocno6o[)Ba MHor] to,'leMa eHepr ja (aunere ro rpa$nror Ha cr.2 og noraarjero
<oja lroxe ga 6nle ucKoplrcreHa. 2. i 2). Toa 3Haqu AeKa rue jalpa uMaar HyKJleoHrr
I,I:oronor ua ypanuynor-235 c eleu oA KOI{ Ce rOCrr.JrHO nOBp3aHIt n rN'IaaT [OMa:rIa MaCa
uajvccro xopucrerraril uert npr ianpeuara Ha \l14p\ Biltue.
Qrrorja. Kora rol cc i'u\t6apa pa co 6aeeu 3na.lu r'racara u eHepruiara Ha r,ltlpyBarLe ce
HeyTpoH (cHepriljara Nry e qo oro,ry I cV), Ha\rar\ Baar. f!(H ile,'l o]l
t{jara ( Hcpt Ha
jagporo.necao ro ancopSupa 6arnuor ueylrpott lt MnpyBatLe Ha ypaHnyMol ce npeTBopa Bo
MHory Kyco BpeMc ([o l0r] s ) HacraHyBa Kr{HerrrqKa euepruja Ha npoJlyKT[rre Ha
rl3pa3l4'ro Hec1a6H.!Ho jalpo roe BeAHau notoa pcarqujara (noaropuo cnope; AjulrlajHonara
ce rJerrr{ Ha gne jagpa X Ii Y ( npoIJrKrI{ Ha pe,rlunja Fl,-n,12 t. pn le,reu,r Ha e,luu iaapo ce
$ucujara). rpll rxlo ce olnc-lyBaar I{ IBa r.nI,I rpn otn(,'l) Bil r'KLrJl\ :00 McV eHeprttja. rUTo e vHor )
Hevrpoul tc.r.2t. Plrrxtttt.i;r rr \roxe ta ia fo.rletll II3IIOC.
3aIIl{tUer{C BaKa: huc clreH nprucf Ha Qucuja rora *axo
pe:y,rlar ce janynaar 6apr1,rl u xpunrou:
'ilU' jn--+r'X- ,Y - Heyrpoun. r7t
'li u+ jn-+llrr+'flea +3 jn + 200 MeV (8)

Cn. 2. Qttcila Ba jtnpcrFo na ypaxnyxm-235, cflopeA "Kanxa- uoAerot". l. HeyrpoHqr ro 6ou6ap4xpa

jagporo xoe nva QoFFa rs ratrxa. 2. Ilo raQa(anero tta Heyrpoxor ce cosaaDa ja[po Ha ypaHtw -236 Koe
c Bo36yaeno tr ce ra+qprcpa. 3. goafa Ao xarauourxa aeQopvaqxja, xora no.{ryBaar aa aeicrBylaar
Kyaonoarre o46na*r clrx.4. [cnete. 5. flpoqyrrx xa pea{qfiiara x n Y Ir sorx xe]'rpox[ cnoco6xr 3a
xoru Qncmr.
156 2.16. Jadpeuu petrr4uu. @ucuja

Karo rrlro ce rreAa Bo npoqecor ua $uctlja. Ilo6apajre ru na nnrepuer

rrpr cct<oj aKT Ha AeJrersc ce eN{lrrl{pail'r ABa uJrlr ee6 crpannqnre :
lpx noBr,r HeyrpoHa. lloroleu Spoj on Hue ce
er\rrl {pa. peqnct]l, BeAHa[I, T.e. 3a Bpe]\le IIoKyco t. Nuclear Reaatlons
i41 l0 ra s. Ho. caes Man AeJr oA HeyrpoHr;ITe ce
OC,'I()60I}'BA r,l AOIIO.TIHI{TCIHOJ IIO HCKOJIKY I,IIiHY- 2. MetGbAn$no$ctAlrlNbtlat
'lr.r. Toj rrpoqenr xaj ypaunyuor-?t]s e 0.75%. a Kaj htlb;//iInaoihe.qsfc.nasa.qov/does/science/know l2lo
amma Oeneration.html
ltpyr. rrccro Kopr4crcH x3oron n,lyroHLIytuor-239 e
0.16,t6 3. Nueleai Fission conceoK

Errcprrjara ruro ce oc,lo6onyra npn i rir

Qrrcrrja nr e ory.)oMHa. 3a cnopeg6a, (e cnoueueue n [porl-IllpeTe rrr Baurrrre 3Haerba
AcKa npr{ :1e.,retse Ha cnre jagpa og I kg ypautryll-
2J5 ce ocJlo6olyaa eueprnja eAHaKBa Ha 3a MoxHocra 3a Ao6[BaB'e KopncHa eHeqruja ol
eHcprniaTa [o6nerra co rope]Le Ha 3 000 000 kg ItyKiIeapHlrTe peaKurcll, Ito oTKfllTIreTo fla HeyTpoHoT,
jarireu. 61110 AncKyrrrpaHo Bo reKor I{a rpr4ecerrlne toltr}Il{ Ea
rrl.o6leHara euepruja npu janpeua Onclrja e MITHAT['OT BCK,
r.lc(r)plcrcHa raj jagpenure peaKToprr [ 3a )KaJI fepNraHcKxTe Hay.rHLIqu Oro Xan (otto Hahn, 1887-
xaj trolrcrurc 5olr6r. 1968) u O. lllrpacMan (F. Strassman) HaflpaBlrre
oncrojua crygnia sa pe3y,rrarfiTe qa peaKIruLITe ]ta
6oM6apAupar6e Ha ypaHryMor co FeyrpoHme. TaKa, Bo
O6jacuere ru c.reAnrlBe tlortMIr: 1939 roAnHa rr4e roKaxaJre AeKa KaKo pe3yrrar Ha QBa
6oM6apllrapalbc ce !o6xBa 6apuyrulor, e,leMeHT co aroMqKlt
- jagpeHU (Hyx,reapHu) pcaKlir.lll
6poi 56 tl HuKaKo He NloxeJre aa o6jacaar raro og
ypar lyMor ce Ao6uBa oeoj e,reueut. EAEa HeAera no
- pacejynarlc ua neyrpolu
r{rrBsara aHa,'rura..ilrca Majruep (Lisa Meitner) n Oro
- 6aBHx (repMxqKu) HeyrpoHx
- 3aKoHn 3a 3aIIa3yBan'e <aj iagpenrle pearqrr @puru (Otto Frisch) npernocraBujle AeKa flpq
- aHTr.rqec'fttqa
boMSapAr.IpaEel o Ha ypaHxyr!{o'l' jagporo ce AeJrL }la ABe
- aH{xurarlnja nolta:rn jagpa u npriroa ce ocno6oayBaar rollgMlr I,r3HocIt
- ja/1pesa (HyKreapHa) Qracttia
eueprrja.
Oea orxprtre, HanpaBeHo He(ocpeAno Irper
BTopara cBercKa ooina, ee[nau yKaxyDaJlo { Ea
MoxHocra co nor\rouJ ua clucnja Aa ce Ao6ue KoPucHa
eseprrlja, Ho n AeKa Moxc [a ce Ao6ue 6oM6a co otpoMga
rlpar rw,a, 3aAarru u axruBHocrl{
rr pa3opHa Mori.3a epeve ua rojnara oo CA,U ce to6pana
qe,ra nrejaga BpBHIj cBercKrr Hayrlnxrrlt (HajroleM 6poj
e\r{rpaHr o[ EBpona) xou padorlr €c 'teHo Ha
L Haluuerc nr Bo pa3Bl,reua $oplta c,reqntlne pa3Bojor ua jagpeuara lexuo,rorrja. TaKa, [oI
/l8e KapaK tepltcTr,ItrHu peaKrlr,lll co [eyTePOH : pa(oBoAcrBo rra Enpuro (DcpMr Bo 1942 ro,qltHa Bo
'tc1d,p;'tc n
quKaro e nyureu Bo noroH lrpBlror jagpeu pearrop. Ha
''c1d,n.;'tN l6 jy.[u1945 roA!{Ha Bo nycr}tLlcKlror AcJ'r'Ha HoBo
2.3ouro HcyrlloHxrc ce lroror-oAHI{ KaKo flpoeK- Mcxorxo. CA,D' , I3BpIrell:r Il8.rra eKcnno]llir Ha
l rrJrn 3a HyKJICapHqTe pcaK{rII'l'l aror,rcxa 6ort6a. florca Bo norrcloKo'r Ha aBr-ycr l4crara
3. 3ourro rcpM14trKIITe IIeyrpoHI{ IroJlectro ce foAr.rHa c,leAyRililr rpilfr'rrrHul c 6ou6apqupaea na
ancop6upaHn on ia71pa'ra og 6p::ttre? XnpourtMa r HrracaKx. floqFIyRa noc.[eBoeHara epa Bo
HaTrlpeBap_vBa r rrcl() Do Hy"leaprroTo BoopyxyBa$e, IIo II
4. 3anuu;cr( ja Bo L'nutril clroprtl lrcalqltjlttlt npu
1., rbc'r'() Hil HyKreapraTa cHeprula.
Kola .lr,DuHo Ja!p,, x .rflc,rlr'rllpa He)TpoH x
C)To XaH, loonrHnK ua Ho6elo-
r.lcIIyuJTa y-KBaHT. Ba rrarpa,qa 3a xeMfiia Bo 1944, Tpu-
5. flpoaepere ja nl;rtrlrocrit II:t 3iit(oHlt te 3a eceruHa ro[rrHLi col]aalo'ryBar co
ltlOl llOJ'lHC)K 3aKOHOI
3aIIil3VBatt'e Ha eJ'IeKTllll . .llr' lr Maj1Hep. KaKo p!lv"rrar Ea
Ja r.tllar)aafb(lo Hil ll\ l.,l!olll,lTa laj crtr
peaKulfl,r AaAeHr.t KiIKO nprjMcp Bo oBaa HacTaBHa
'fai1 copaool l(it .la Inll:11' orKprreHo nojalllr a $nctIja.
:aegrro co llh pacrrttt
EAIIHI,IqA.
 2. I 7. Hyrc,teapuu peqKtuopu ts7

HeyrpoHrrre pacre co reoMerpxcKa nporpeclrja.

2. 17, HYKJIEAPHII PEAKTOPI4 Ce co:gaaa JraBrrHa oA Heyl.poHrlJ na 3aroa
naxnara nojana ce HapeKyBa 14 Beprxua
noKo, Ja te,tr, outKpuuuetuo aa eepu.traafia HyxneapHa peaxquja. Ilpoqecor Mo)Ke 3a MHory
peaxquja 6u,to Ja upe afr utxopuctueno ao KparKo BpeMe Aa on@aru orpouen 6poj jaApa.
ooeHu u ynuufryeauxu qenu, ceiiax ayxne- Ypalllyvor Bo opllpotrara ce Haora Bo BllA
apnufie pearcquu cu Haulne ceoja fipuuena u aa Ha ABa r3orona: t]NU e MHor.y no3acraneH
lo6po6uut ne 'roeewfiaouro - aa lo1uean e "";
ropucna eaepluja, (99,3%) A tlj U .u"tu.r"rocr oA caMo 0,7o%.
"o
Ypauulvor-238 ce neru caMo noq e,rujaHlc ua
Bepuxna peaxrlr{ia 6p:u neyrponu. Co qejcrao na repuuurlr (6anuu)
HeyrpoHr{ ce rlerrlr caMo ypaHnyuor-235. flopagn
KaKo ulro BxAoBMc Bo nocncAHoro MHoly Marara sacrarreHocr Ha ypaHuyMor_235,
nor,raeje. Sr.rcr.rjara ua ypaunyvosoro janpo e roreM AeJr oA Ao6r.reHrlre HeyrpoHr{ Bo nprrpoAHr{
npocJreAeua co
Ao6r.rBabe Ha nBa [o rpr.I yurorlr ja ry6ar cnojara eueprlrja u ce :aea(aar
HeyrpoHa. 3uavu, egen HeyrpoH npeAx3BtrKyBa oi1 jagporo na ypaHuyrwor-238, TaKa urro Bo
peaxqlja. ro no peaxuljara roj coraaea aplrr. trpl.lpollH14 yc,toBl4 HC e \4oXHA Bep XHa peaxur.rja
cnoco6ttl ta nurepaxqtja co HoBtj re jaapa. rHalu
sa nona $ucuja. Tara peaxqujara [poAoJr)<yBa
MoxeH na.rnu ga ce o6e:6egu Bcpl.t)KHa
(cl. l). Karo nplrMep HeKa ja :euelre ae(e peaxquja e Bo ypaHrryMor Aa ceHaMaJrx f:
ronqeurpaqlljara Ha ypaHuyMor-238, r,r Aa ce
cnouHarara pearquja:
3roreMr.r KoHrleHrpaqujara Ha ypaHr,ryMor-235.
'llu+jn-+lirr+'llBa +r j n . (l) Toj npoqec ce nlrxa a6oraryraH,e. Hyc poAyKTor
oA npoqecoT Ha 36oraryBarbe ce HapeKyBa
ocupoMauefl ypauflyM. Tara ce 3foJIeN{yBa
Mo)<Hocl'a Quclljara ga 6uge npegu:u{KaHa oA
6aeuure, TepMleKr4Te HeyrpoHn. Ho, qypu r,r
TOra[I He CeKOfau ce IcnoJIHeT[ ycJtoBrrTe 3a
Bepr{x<Ha pearqlrja. Taxa, aro Macara Ha raKBltor
ypaHxyM e MaJIa! rrJrrr HecooABe'fHo pacnopeAeHa,
HeyrpoHure co3AaAeHu co @r,rcujara 6p:o
(v),c-r [3JrefyBaar oA rroBptrlltHara Ha o6pa3erlor I,1 ce
arcop6l.tpaar oA oKoJ'rHure cyncraHrptu, rr
no - U'-C) . nnannor 6poj ce ry6u co cexoj npoqec Ha $ucuia.
3a 4r ce o[pxx BepxxHaTa peaxunja rpe6a
6pojor na u3ry6eHr,1Te HeyrpoHrrJ rro nar Ha
:aQa(ase unu pacejynau,e on srr1oBr{Te, IIa ce
HavaIIl .

Ooroeeu ycJroB 3a 71a HacraHe BepIIxHa

peaxqr.rja c xoe{uqlrenror Ha pa3MHox(yBarf,e Ha
HeyrpoHure (noHeKorau ce BrrKa It eaxrop ua
mylrrun,ruraquja) k da 6ude ednaxoe u,,tu
CJr. I. BepI,IxHa peaxqrja rra ypau l,ll. uolone-tt od edunu4a. Koe@uquenr ua
pa3Muor<yBarbe e ognoc ua 6pojo.r ua HeyrpoHrrre
llpogyrrllTe oA rleneBero Ha ypaHxyMor ce on eIIHa l-ra renepaqnja, co 6pojor Ha
HoBrr, IIoJrecHr{ jagpa, X u Y, eo ronxpernaaa HeyrpoHrrre Ha rrperxoAHara (r_l)-eara
peaxquja roa ce Kpr.irrroHor lr 6apuyuor, :a rou reuepaqnja ) :

noHaraMy HeMa Aa BoAuMe cuerra, 6ugej(l rne

He yrlccrByBaar Bo Bep xHara pcrr,rluja. .ff,N,
Pearqrjata ce pirurlpyBa 6ngejful 6pojor na ly'r N2
158 2. 1 7. Hyrcneapnu pearcruopu

Be(e :a k r',ruory uaJrKy rroroJreMo

oA l,Ha npraMep l-1.0014 peaKrll.rjara
CE OABI'BA EKCIIJIO3IIBIIO.
llcuoruyaanero na oroj ycron
3aBncrr oA noaer(e Qaxroplr og xor.r
uajnaxua e Macara na Qracuonoro
ropl{Bo.
Beplrxuara peaxquja e Mo)KHa
caMo aKo MacaTa Ha ypaHr4yMor e
eAfiaKBa rnt\ roroJreMa oA
coogBerHara xpxr[qHa uaca. Toa e
Mr,IHrrMaJrHara Maca npu xoj a ce
oAp)<yBa Bepr.rxHara peaxquja. 3a
ypaHnyMoT Toa e Maca co peA Ha
foJIeMr4Ha oA H9KOJTKy KI4JrOrpaMI,I, CO
Cn. 2. KoHTpo"'rupaHa Bepl,lxHa peaKqrjja
@opua na ronxa co paArayc r - 15 cm.
Axo Macara Ha Qucuouoro
oA eJreMeHTr4 co Mar peAeH 6poj vuu jagpa
fopltBo e IloroJleMa oA KpItTuqHaTa, Tora[ rroA
rlujauue na ;rawlroo6pa:Horo MHox<er+e Ha cranyBaar eo uurepaxuuja co reyrporure r uu ja
HeyTpoHr.rTe MHofy 6p3o ce co3AaBaar ofpoMeH
rraMaJryBaar 6p3raHara. KaKo MoAeparopn ce
6poj HeyrpoHu. flplrroa, HacraHyBaar xopucru rpa$moT, o6u.rnara rrJru TerrrKara BoAa
(noga no roja o6lr.rnuor Bo[opo[ e 3aMeHer co
rwrory6pojuu @uculr, npu uno ce oclo6oqyaa
orpoMeH r.r3Hoc euepruja. Ep:uor Qucuonen r{3ororror geyrepnyM), 6epuruyu u cn. Telxara
Ilpoqec AoBeAyBa Eo nyxrepna excnJro:nja. Tarea aoga e uajgo6ap MoAeparop, Ho nopaAr{ Toa rrrro
uej:unoro go6ueau,e e cKarror loarecro ce
$ucr{a nacranyna xaj aroucrara 6ou6a. ropucrr.r rpaQuror.
3a ga ce aroneuu xoe$uqreuror na pa:uuo-
Jagpenu peaxropu )<yBall)e, aKTLTBHI{OT AeJr rra peaKTopoT e

Bepuxuara peaxquja Moxe Aa ce HanpaBH

[a reqe rl nocrerreHo, xoxrporupauo. flpenor
jagpeu peaxrop e KoHcrpyr.rpaH no CA,[ nog KOHTpOnHT{
paKoBogcrBo Ha Enpuxo Qepun, no 1942 roq. Ha IIPAqKII
crvKara 2 e AaAeHa KoHTponupaHara Bepu)<Ha
pearquja roja nacranyna raj peaxropor, a aa
crl,IKara 3- IxeM4 Ha HeroBlrre ocHoBHlI [eJroBI-r.
Ocnonnu genonu ua cexoj nyxreapen peaxrop
ce: i'
l. HyKreapHo roplrno, uajvecro ypaurryu -235 peQrexrop
co Maca noroJleMa o,q KpxTLlrIHaTa;
2. Mo[eparop u pe{nerrop; Aeparop
J. KoHTpoJHH nparrKt-r ra peryraqr,rja Ha
poqecoT Pb
4. cucreM 3a ra[eBe II
5- cucreM 3a 3atl]Ttira., 3AII1TITTEH
Hyxreapnoro roplrBo Moxe ga 6uge oq sIlA
235
U , 213 U !{Jru rrnyroHr4yMor { 2ln Pu ;. .o
"aca
noroneMa oA Kpr.rruuuara. Iopraoro e nocraBeHo ropr,rBo
Bo HenocpeAHa 6rrr3HHa Ha MoleparoFlr KoJ n
ra6h'iilirir{' ueyrponrrb. Mogepdropor e whnlbeeu Ca. 3. Illeuarcru npr.rKa3 Ea peaKTop
 2. 1 7. Hyrcneapuu pearciiopLt t59

rrocTaBeH Bo sriAoB[ oA fpaonl Kon ufpaal

ynofa Ha pe+JreKToP 3a HeyTpoHrrre .
Hajnaxnuor gcl co xoj ce o6e:6e1yea
KoHTpoJ'rtlpaHa @ucnja, ce KoHTponH[Te fipaqxu .

Tue ce BoBreKyoaar v!-tu Baqar norrcil

HyKJTeaPHOTO rOpnBO, CO IXTO Ce peryJr[pa
roeSurluenror Ha pa3MHo>KyBarr'e. Ce nacrojyaa
roj 1a e eglrnuqa, uJru He[rro NrHory MaJrKy HaA
cIILIHT{ua. Tre npa.rxn ce npaBar oA KaAMxyM r{Jrn
6op, xou rr :apoSyeaar noro;reuuor 6poi na
HeyrpoHn. florpai KoHrpoJrHure rrpa.rKn,
nocrojar r cxrlpHocH14 npa'rhr4 co ,ruja novou _ B,rlla nOI
! npurrao* n o6x.rHa Bo[a
Mo)Ke Bepr.r)KHara peaxquja roralrHo Aa ce " napa

npeKuHe (He ce AaAeHrr Ha rlpre)Kor) . Cr. 4. PeaKTop co npesoc lpeKy BoAa noil BrcoK
Hyx:reapnnre peaKropn uoxe ga 6ular IIpr.rTIlcoK
IrcTpa)<yBaqKII nnu cHcprercKr.r.
noKpaj oJroBHr,rol' oKjron (Pb), aKruBHr,lor Ae,r Ha
I,Icrpaxynavxrlle peaKropn cny)Kar 3a
peaKTopoT ce o6.'roxyBa co sr.rAoBn oA 6eror'r u
HayqHr.l rleru, Ho r{,KaKo yp. e4r{
19 Korr ce
x(eJre3o Ao 2 Merp[ Bo [urpr{Ha. floKpaj BaKBuort
AOOTIBaaT HaJpa3nUqHI,l pa]IXOrr3OTOrru KOI{ Ce
Koplicrar no uunycrprjarr lr,r lr uajuuory no
raulrr{Tel c,ro.i. Bu varun;,raulrja ra co
peaKTopor e lorpe5Ho 71a ce o6e:6e71u lnrlara
NreIIUrlLlHaTa.
rrrTo co Hefo yrrpaByBaaT Aa cc Ha roJreNlo
EHepre't.cxn,te peaKTopII ce cocraBeH AeJI Ha
pacrojrurc. I4cro laxa. oxo,ry ccxoj peaKlop cc
rryKJreapHIlTe rlerrTpaJru.
o6e:6egyeaar c[creMr.r 3a aBToMarcKII KoHTpo,.lu
Bo jagporo Ha peaKropor ce ocro6ogyna lr rnrpNrHl4 ypc,r14 Kor jil pcryrlpaar
ruJ.re\{o \uJ.rx,recrau euepruja. xoja ja rarpeaa palujaqnjara.
o6r,tuara uJ,tr teulKala BuAa turu ce uacria nu
HerrocpeAefl KOHTaKT co jagporo ua peaKropor.
3a aa ce o6er6eau Kopxcr eHre ua eueprlrjara. ccr
nyMnu (Pu, or.3) nocrojano ce BHecyBa crylcHa
BOJJa a Ce OlIHeCyBa BOIIaTa IIITO e 3afpCaHa.
3arpeauara eora. o611,rHo. ja npclaea cnojrra
cucprujr Ha pr3\rcHlBrq Ha rolJr Ha Bo xoj cc
co3IIaBa BoIcHa rlapa nol nncox npllrucox. Taa
qnuxu r;p6uHa. a oBaa noHrrr\ly ceojara cucp-
rnja ja npe[aBa Ha reHeparopor 3a eJreKTpr.rr{Ha
crpyja. TaKa @l,uxqtloHupaar AeHelxHl{re HyKIe-
apHrr ueHTpaJrrr.
C"r.5. Hagnopcurcnlr3rre[ Ha e[Ha EyKJreapua
qeHTpara, co 3aurulHLlrc 6eroHcK{ s[AoBu
,[pyr run npeHoc (cr. 4) ce rpaBu co roa
rrro Bo jaApoTo Ha peaKTopol' crpyr{ BoEa rroA
.Jrp14rraoL Koja (tsojara enepruja ja npetraBil Ha
tsoJ3 KOja Bpr4e H BOlreHaTa apa ja aKr E pi) EKOJIOII{JA II OI{3I{KA
ryp6uuara.
ArlnsHnor gen na jagporoj Bo Koe
flo xaeapujara eo 9epro6u,r Koja cc c,.rlqr
'uocrojano HacrarryBaar npougc[Te ua {rr.rcnja, e
uo(en r.r:eop na pannjaquja. flpn {lucrljara ce ro 1986 roquua, rra 3a[rrnrara Ha HyKreapHure
qeHTpaJrq (cJl. 5) ce o6pflyBa MHory flororeMo
,[06rBaar nova,rr jaapa. lur raj,recro ce
paArroaKT[BHxj a u caMrroT rrpoqec Ha $ucuja e BHIIMAHIlE.

npocJreAen..co ocno6ogynan e Ha HeyrpoHr.r x y- . Ho,

. ocneu I1r,apr.tflq, ,oA 4)1K.J'rrgaprlure
peaKTopr.r cc 3aKaHyBa yrIIIc c/xHa MHofy foleMit
KBaH'rr{. ToKMy HcyrpoHxlc u y-3pauurc cc
olilcnocr. Toa e r. n. uyKreapeu ornan. I4ueno,
HajonacHn 3a )KllBrlrc opraHr{:lr\r[. flopalu loa.
I60 2. 1 7. Hyrcigp4u peercfropu
t!

HyKJIeapHoro roprrBo Bo pea<ropor rro rroAoJrfo'

qejcreo ce oc po\4auyBa 14 TpcOa tra ce raveHI coi
Hoeo. Meryroa. se(e ynorpe6eHoro ropueo
coapxH. foJreM Ko,l14,rccTBz palfioaKTBH!-r.'
cyncraHu x. npo6,reMor. xafe u xaro aa ci
cKraaxpa oaoj ulx,reapeu orlrar- e cBeIqK l
npo6,reM. 3acera. neror otr ..ynorpe6eHxre .
fopr{Ba ce Kopucrar 3a noBTopHa ynorpe6a, no-.
HaJfoJreMuoT Aer oA HLIB ce cKjra[upa B9'
cneqrja,ruu rourejueplr. nocraBcHIr .Bo rpaH THx
cre H r.r. Ce uacrojyna jraAuoaxruaHrre
cyrlcraHrllru ga ne gojqar Bo ,qonrlp co.loqBara
,'l I,l BOtaTa ia \{Hofy 8eKoBl.r.

Ocupovrureuror )paHyM opcrcraByBa

cneqlrjalcn rlrrr HyKJreapeH orrrag. Marcprjalor
e no Soplra Ha MHory rBpAa Kepalr[Ka. na 3aToa'
ce KopI,IcTI{ RO BOeHr{ rle,'rn 3a .o6ro)KyBari'c Ha
npoeKTuJIriTc 3apaA[ 3foJreN{yBarbe Ha HllBHaTa,
rrpollopHocr Bo r\Ierara. Toj e xenncxl roKc[,Iei{
ll P.lrlll,,ll(llllltH ll r'loKolK\ (e BHCC\' BO
opfllrn3Nr(rr c \lHOfY IIITeTeH 3a 3Apar{eIO
'
O6jacHere rn cr'eguri.e9 nounlrl
- oepuxna peaxurja Kpxr .,rH.r. nl:lcJ
- ,6ulalcH ynaHxy\t - \totrupilTup
- ocupoMaueH )pcHr{yM - iauirr r.rH c. ro.i
- QaKrop 3a - HyKniraplx qeurpa"lx '
l"ry:nunnu<aqlrja - HyKr eapeF,arn aA
' KOHTpOIH npa,rKr.r - HyxneapeH peaKlop .

flpauran a, 3aAaqr{ u aKT[BHocrIr Cuuura o; xaeapncaHl.ror peaKTop Bo rlepHo6n,'r

l. Onpegerere ro 6pojor na E. OepMrr (Enrico Fermi, l90l-

oc:ro6o1yaaa1'npu cJreAHIrne 1954) e poAeH Bo PnM. Ha 2l-
foar.[xEa Bo3pacT cTaEaJr aoxTop
tlju-+'ll xe+ll Sr + Heyrpcisr{, ua $nsrnxu nayru. Heaaotcto
] n+
o" 92 54 og ,{upar, oo 1925 roA. ja +opMy-
l .
]n+']f u-+']fr50 sn+'flN.{o
,in+-ii 42
+ ueyrpong JIITDAI CTATI{CTI'KAT HA MUKDO
,'-. : '
rrecrnrllrre Koll aerrec ce BuKaar +epMu-.Iecrfiqtr.
2. Ilocoqere cJrrrqHocru lr .pas;r4xn noltefy rla6orea Ha KEaHTHara reopuja Ha P-
aroucxara 6oM6a r.r HyKreaperi peaxtop. - ,pacnaiarl'ero. Co HeyrpoHu 6oM6apAnpar
l.ereMeHTn l,l Ao6un HoBr{ rpaHcypaHoBrl
3. ,[ncryrupajre ru , rpegHocrllre v paAroaKT[BHu eneMeHT[, 3a [rro Bo 1938 roAItHa
Ho6eroBara HarpaAa.
My 6lrna AoAeneHa
Heflocrarour.rre Ha Kopl4creHrero na jagpcl4,p.e
Bo 1942 roA Ha paLoBoAcn co Tuuor xoj
peaKToplt Bo e.JreKTpuqHIlTe IlelffpaJru. pa6orer Ha xoucrpyxqnjara sa rlpBlror
floco.rere rH eKoJrorrrKr4Te npo6reMu noBp3aHLI HyKJreapeH peaRTop.
co HyKreapHr-ITe rIeHTpaJrr.r .
 2.19. Jadpeua Qy,tuja. TepraojaopeHu peaK4uu 161

plrylronlrre jaqpa. Mefyroa, Kora ce rrMa npeABHA

2.18, JAAPEHA Oy3lIJA neKa caMo eIHo oA MturI4oH :a6prauu jaapa uoxe
Tepuojagpenn peaxrlnr Aa npeAr.r3BuKa Qy:zja, jacuo e [eKa rrorporre-
uara euepuja :a :a6prysarse ua jaqpara e ,uHory
rroroJreMa oA ocro6oAenara npu Qy:ujara. Ere
Iloxpaj ltucuja na jadpa co ioneu wacen 6poj, :ouro oeoj Har{r.rH 3a pea:ru:aqr.rja ua Qy:{a ne e
ocfrou yrufie edeu aud HtKlreapHu peaaquu - ucn.larllrn :a f o6uaarse eueprlrja.
Oya4iafia (cfr.ojyaan e, cuauteaa) na dae .necnu Hyr,reafHara Syruja ua recuu ja[pa
jadpa eo edao co froio"zeua naca. ,\oeedyeare HacTaHyBa rr Ha Ha cynepBr.rcoKr4 TeMnepaTypr.r.
na Qysujafra ua xouepryuja,cno Huao e coH Ha Taa e napevena Zep,vojadpena peaxquja,
nyx,teapnufie Quauuapu, 6udejitu tuaa uottce da Konrcaaa me uepaLuypq tupe1a da ce
iu peuu enepierucrutue upod"neuu Ha uoauuZHe a.t da ce ocrueaplt Qyauja ua deytue-
Senjunafra fio rca, ptryu tt utptr4uy,tt?
flpecuexute noKaxyBaar AeKa HyK,'reap-
llpr @y:njara ce oc,ro6ogyra roner'ro uata $y:uja HacraHyBa rrpn reMrreparyprr Korr ce
KoJrriqecrRo enepruja, Ayprl r{ flororeMa oA ABa peAa Ha roJreMrrHa IIoBUcoKII oA TeMnepa-
eueprnjara oc:ro6ogena npu $ucujara. Od rcade Typara Bo rleHrapor ua Conqero. Cenar, ce
ce do1uao iionKqaa euepiuja? Aro uogeranno ce noKaxa,lo teKa 3a Aa reve perxqlrjara ua
npoy'rr4 raBrcHocrl ua cneunSrlrHara eueprrja cIrHTe3a Ha aroMcKrrre jaqpa. gorcuna e
Ha cBp3yBal6e oA MaceHr.ror 6poj (BuAere cr. 2 oA TeMneparypa oA pe4or 10r K. flpx raKa Br,rcoKr.t
norranjero 2.12t. uoxe ta ce Brtrl gexa raa xaj Te\4neparypl.{ uarepujalr ce Haora Bo cncutr-
jagpara og noeeroKor Ha nepuoAHr.ror crrcreM e
rloMara orKoJrKy raj rue oq cpeglrnara. 36l.rpor
Suvua cocroj6a roja ce Br{Ka Bucovo-
uteufiepaifrypna rura:l'ra. Bo onaa cocroj6a ua
Ha Maclrre Ha ABere recnn jagpa e [oroJIeM oA cyncrauqujara qecrxrlrlre ce co BI{coK crerreH Ha
Macara Ha uonogo6nenoro jaApo rr eBeHTya.rrllara jouu:aqnja (ue nocrojar aroMr{, TyKy oAAeJrHn
qecrltqa ITo 6n ce go6rua uua roneu gerpexr na jagpa u elexrponu Korr rrlvraar roreua eHeprr.rja).
\tJc:t, I Toa ,Hag AeKa (e ce ocno6o/lr fo,'IcMo Konrcaeq eHepZLLja ce oc'to6odyea eo
ro,uruecrso eueprnja. upo4ecout ua urepuojadpeuu Qyatrja ua jadpa ucr
Bo nplrHqun nocrojar [Be MoxHocru 3a ene"ueHfriufre? Toa uoxe Aa ce r{JrycTpupa co
ocr aapl aarue @yrnja: cJreAHuor nprrMeP.
. co 3a6pryBarbe Ha jrApara co no\rou Ha
aKuerepaToPr.r x IIPI{MEP 1. Ko:rxasa eHeprnja ce ocro6ogyna
. co o6e36eAyBar+,e Br4coKlr reMneparypr{ npn Qy3r.rja Ha eEeH rpaM AeyreprryM Bo xeJrr.tyM?
(peA Ha roreMr.rHa 107 K u rorucoru) nplr Kor4
jagpara nocenyaaar roJTeMa er.reprr.rja. m,:1,008665 u '?1lU 1=
1,007825 u
Excnepunenrure noKa)<yBaar AeKa Lt3o-
rorrrrre Ha BoAopo1or (geyrepuyu u rpuqllyu) ce
, 1lHel: +,oozaot u

najnorognu 3a ocrBapyBarre Qy:r.rja. Ha nplnuep, Peurenne. Eneprlrjara urro ce oc,no6ogyna npl.r

xora jaupa oA ylr r.nx rpr{ur4yM ce. rpyr{a ua ABa Aeyrepr.ryMa Bo xerrr4yM e
3a6p3aHr.r jagpa Ha geyrepuyv,
6ou6apgupaar cq ^eyrep L,E = A,m.c2 , xage uro qeQexror Ha Maca e:
MOXe Aa npoTeqaT cjreAHrrBe Tprr peaKrlrrr{:

jH-+lH'ip - 4.03MeV .
H+ (t) Lm =21m, + m(lt\l- m(1ue) = o,o3o35 u .
i
'I
-- r
'iH+'iH >jHe+6ir+3.27 MeV
Bo nbcreauara npBxor
(2) Ha yqecHxurre'npeg pearqrjara. ce Macure
paBeHKa tIJIeH
a Broplror
(3) I:i.111^t:-l""rqr.rjara Axo ce 3aMeHar cooA-
]u+]H-+j'ne+or/? + eHeprnia . BerHr4Te BpeAHocrl-l 3a Mactrre. oc,lo6oAeHara
Eneprlrjara ruro ce oclo6ogyaa rpu ceroj : eHeprlrJa [3HecyBa:
npoqec Ha Qyrnja. unoryxparwo ja ragvruyaa _ . .,

eueprnjara rlorpolxeHa sa sa6p:ynarue Ha Aeyre- LE = Lm ' c' = 0,03035 ' 931,5 MeV = 28,27 MeV
't62 2- 19. Jadpeua fuyauja. Tepuojadpeuu pearc4uu

AKo Bo I lV, arouu , ro 1 g

mol xefliyM r,tua
uv.a N,4l M , KaAe rrro M:4 e uorapuara uaca
rra xeJrrdyMor. Eueprujara mro ce oclo6ogyna
npn Qysuja Ha eAeH rpaM Aeyrepl.ryM Bo xeJlltyM
I{3HeCyBa:

AE -"-- "
6.022.1023 -- -- MeV
28.27
-
=
4
13
LE = 42,4.1023.1,6.lo J

AE = 67,8 1010 J ,

urro e pe.{ {cfi Aecer llarx nose(e oa euept njara

2]5U. Cl. 1. Illeuarcra nprrKa3 Hap-p qxKnycor.
rrro Moxe Aa ce Eo6[re co Qxcnja Ha I g
Ilpu nororevu.re sser!lt. vrja reMoepary-
Tepuojagpenu peaKqrlrl Ea pa Bo rreHrapor e noaucora 'ojt '1,5 ,107 K "fi6dg1' '"
Conqero lr snelgure pojareu e jazaepodno-aaofinuotu 4ur.nyc (CNO-
4urcnyc) rrpegtoxeH oA XaHc Eere. I4 nplr gnara
Tepuojagpeuure peaKIII4I{ trlTo ce cJryqy- rrr4KJryca ce co:nanaar neyrplrua (v) xou ce urupar
gaar Ha CoHrrero sBe3Arrre ce pe3yJlTar o[
Bo KocMocor. I4HrepecHo e qera go 3eujara
nocroelLe Ha BltcoKoreMrleparypHa nra3Ma. Bo crr4rHyBaar 3 naru noMarKy Heyrpl,rHa oA
cocTaBoT ua Conqero rI sBe3AI4Te ce IroKax<aJro rpelBlraeHure co Mo[eJlor :a repvojagpennre
[eKa rrMa 80% BoAopoA u 20olo xe:rlryu, gogera peaKrlr{lr Ha Couqero. Bguo og Mo)KHIrre
jamepog, a3or Ir KIrcJIopoA seua none(e oA 1oZ.
o6jacrynana e AeKa Ha Ilaror KoH 3eujata rlre
Toa nplrnonecyaa Couqero ga e HellcqptleH r{3Bop noMrrHyBaaT Bo Apyr B'IA I{eyTprlHa KOII co
na repuojagpena eneprnja. Euqejfui rauy MeTOAI'ITe rxTO AeHeC Ce pacrloJrafa He Mox<e Aa ce
BJraAear reMrreparypu oA peA na ro:rell.rsa 107- pef[cTprrpaar.
108K, nocrojar ycroau sa repuojagpena rpy:uja.
Tepuoja4peun peaKIII.IIt Ha Conqero ce Konrpo:lrpana jaApeHa 0y3lrja
oABr4Baar Bo erarlu - tuepuojadpeuu 4uKltycu. :

Kpajuror pe3yJrrar e [3[BoeHa euept nja ta [exa repuojanpeHrrre peaKuLrI4 Moxe Aa ce

cMerKa Ha @yrujara Ha BoaopotrHl4 ja,qpa so ocrBapar lr ua 3evjara. unxoj ee(e ue ce
xeJrrryM. co\4HeBa. flpeara Beur aqKa repvoja,rpeHa
Ha sBe3Altre KaKo ruro e Conqero, vuja cr4HTe3a e ocrBapeHa Bo 1953 roA. eo CCCP, a uo
reMneparypa e noHlrcKa og l,5 lO7K'ce nper- noJroBrHa ro,qfiHa 14 Bo CA.tl. Kaj xfl[poreHcKara
6ou6a. Taa, BcyrxHocr, lpercraByBa HeKoH ipo-
rrocraByBa AeKa nporeKyBa r.n. potaoa-upofioa
,xupaHo utepttojadpena Qyauja, TyKa reM[epa-
4ux,cyc Qtp-guzutyc). Toj nounyna co cygl4p Ha ABa Typara [orpe6Ha 3a oABIrBaIre na Sy:ujara ce
npor oHa r{ co3ilaBarhe AevTepI{yM.
ocrBapyBa co excn:ro:uja rHa ypaHxyMoBa urr4
Karo pe3yJrrar oA nporoH-rtporoH
rrJryroHlryMoBa aroucxa 6gu6a.
r.tr.rKrrycor (cr.l), oA 4 rporoH[ ce Ao6uaa eEHo
Ocreapyramero ud Kourpolnpaua repuo-
xe.nlryruoso jagpo, Ir ce eMI4TyBaar ABa no3xrpoHa jagpeua peaxquja (Oy3t{ja) Ha 3eujara, nro e og
(e+), ABe HeyrpraHa (v) r,r gaa y reaura. npaKTntlHo,
oco6eH r.rHTepec, 6n HOB,
Macara Ha Qy:uouuor npoqy",rlH" " ru Her4cIIpnJrI{B rr3Bop Ha Bo xLrA-

l0lo noMara oA MacaTa rra 4-'Ie npo|Ionr.r Urro poc$epara ua 3eujara .ce. AEKA IIMA
ArrpeKTHo e noBp3aHo co ocro6o[yBaH'e Ha oKoJry 4.10r3 Tonrr 3acera,
TepMoHyKJreapHara eneprnj a. peaJrn3xpaH[Te KoHTpoJIxpaHr4 Qysulr cd ylre ce
 2.19. Jadpeua @ysuja. Tepuojadpeuu peanquu t63

Ha HrrBo Ha HayqHu ucTpaxyBaba, AaJleKy oA l4MeHo, tt nplr najual Aonxp Ha rrJra3Mara co

KOHKpeTHa npaKTI{rIHa IIpIIMeHa. caAor Bo Koj ce qyBa. 6pto ce raArl
srz.rloBl4Te Ha
@y:ujara nua none(e npelHocru. nog TeMneparypa Ha Koja e uo>r<na Qy:lrja.
. EHeprujara rllro ce ocro6oqyna no flpaxruvuo roa o4nojyname oA sr.tAoBr{Te Ha
npoqecor repMojaApeHa Sy:uja e orpouna. Toa KOMOpaTa Ce OCTBapyBa CO CITJIHO MaTHeTHO ItOJIe
Moxe Aa ro rrJrycrpripaMe co upnuepor Sy:lrja na (uaruerna nngyxqr{a l0-100 T) Bo Koe qecrr.rqure
AeyTepr,ryMoT rrrTo ce coApxir{ Bo eAeH Jrr.tTap oA IIeJIocHo jonu:upaHara nJIa3Ma ce ABr4xar IIo
o6rzeHa sola. Ce rarqeojyaa ro,rxy eueprlja KpyxHr{ nareKrr vujruro paguyc e noMaJr KoJrKy
KOJTKyrrrTo 6lr ce ocro6oguna [p]r coropyBarre Ha lITo MarHerHoro noJre e [ocI,IJIHo. Ha roj navlru
oKory 350 rurpu 6eH3r4H. nJIa3MaTa Ce r.r3oJrr4pa TepM[tIKu oA srrAoBI4Te Ha
. Bropa BDKHa npelHocr Ha Oy3njara e roa peaKTopor. Jaxrlre uargetutt no,rlru,a ua roj
utro uoaodo6ueutuue jadpa ue ce paduoaxfriueuu. HaqIrH ja 3agp)KyBaar rrJra3Mara Bo orpaH[r{eH
Heua paluoarctuueet outuad, ufro od erco"tourcu BOJIyMeH n Ha AUCTaHIIa OA STUOBXTe Ha
qc exfr e MHoly 6uraHo Ja uoaeKod u peaKTopor.
wuaorunaraa cpeduna,
o l4cro raKa- nprl tro6 Barbero Ha jatpeHa
eHeprlrja no rar na Qy:lrja, 3a pasJrrrKa oA
jagpeuara Snclrja, noueroxor r.l rroHaraMo[Huor
pf,,Boj Ha repvojagpeHara peaKu ja He 3aBxcx ot
MacaTa Ha eJreMeHTuTe []To 3eMaaT yqecTBo Bo
TepMojatrpeHara peaxquja. ta Krj Hr{B He I pe6a Aa
ce Bo,qrll cMeTKa 3a Kpr.rTr4qHaTa Maca.
Ilpo6,revor Ha KoHTpoJlupaHa repvojag-
peHa Sy3nja He e 3a ga ce ocmapu
peuleH.
TaKBara 0y3uja rpe6a qa 6lr4ar ucno,rueru
cJreAHxTe ycJroBn:
- Io:reua rycrrma. Bo BHarpeuHocra Ha
peaKTopor nJra3Mara rpe6a Aa AocrrrHe
Kpl.rTr.rqHa f)cTrlHa oA peA Ha foreMr4Ha npx6-
JrI,rx<Ho l0ll
qecr./cm3. Korry e loforcMa
rycrnHara roJrKy e ronepojaruo Bo eAr.rHrrla Cr.2. Bnarpeurnocra oA ToponAalruara KoMopa Ha
BpeMe ja,qpara Aa nperprrar cyArrp. replrojagpeunor pearrop TOKAMAK ro ra6opa-
- Bucoxa reuneparypa. I,laro eo euapeur- roplrjara no $lr:ura Ha rra3Ma Bo flprHcroH, CA[.
Hocra Ha @ysuonuor peaKTop ce [ocrrrrHarrr
TeMrreparypn Ao 100 MHrr.roHn crerreHHJ KoHTpo- Bo :ra6oparopunre AeHec rrpaKTr.rttHo ce
rxpaHa +y3nja He e flocrr,rrHara. Ocuorua npeuxa eKcnepr,rMeHTrrpa Ha gaa urna QysuoHr.i peaKToprr.
e TpeTr.roT ycJroB. flpnuor rlrn e no3Har rroA HMero TOKAMAK
- ,[ono.irno AoJrro BpeMe Aa ce oAp)<rr (Topor,rEarHa KoMopa co MarHeHo nole, cl.2). Kaj
BHcOKOTeMnepaTypHaTa nJra3Ma. oBrre peaKToprr rura3MaTa ce oApxyBa Ha Man
,[euec ce KoHcrpyr{paHrr crrcreMu Bo Kolt npocrop co cneqltjalno o6rr.rKyBaHu MarHerr.r.
nJla3Mara aocrurHyBa rycrr.rHa np[6,'Iu)KHo Bucoxure MarHerHu TIoJII-Itt a ce nocrllfl{yBaar co
J.7 l0ll ,recr.,cmr t,t ce sallpxyBa oKory l.l s. TOpOr.rAarHr{ KaJreM[ oA cynepcrlpoBoarrrr
Meryroa, Kofa 6H ce nocrl{fHaJle BI,IcoKIt uarepujarn, uuageHu co reqeH xernyM.
TeMneparypr.r. rycrr.rHara na n.naruara 6lr ce Kaj aroplror run rrpo6JreMrrre 3a 3aApxyBarr,e
HAMAJII'JIA. Ha rula3MaTa ce peIIaBaaT 14 co Kopr.tcTelLe Ha
Bo excneprvenrnre 3a A06nBaH,e KoHTpo- [MnyJrcHx J'racepcKI-t cHonoBtr co ro:reva eueprnja
nupaHa Oy3r.rja KaKo ocHoBHa reuKorr.rja ce (105-106 J). HHg r\4arn orBopu oA cure crpaHr4 ce
noja Bu npo6Jre Mor. pa6orHara cy ncrauqr.rja. xoj a rlyuTaaT nacepcKn cHonoBn +oKycrrpaHr.{ Ha
e HafloJrHo jown:rpaua rna3Ma. qa 6t,lge Qy:raonara Mera (cJr. 3). (KoMopa Bo Koja e
TepMor,r3oJrnpaHa oA sr,rAoBrrTe Ha peaKTopoT. Qysuouuor uarepujan). 3apagra orpoMHara eHep-
164 2.16- Aucop1upano doaa ua apa'teu'e u uejauuo 6uonowrco dejcuteo

ruja Qoryclrpaua Ha MaJI npocrop, ce Ao6ItBa

BIICOKa TeMlepaTypa Ha IIJIa3Mara. 2,19. ATICOPEI,IPAHA,UO3A HA
Ho, r.r noxpaj cHTe Harlopu, npo6nenute na 3PAIIEIf,E TI HEJ3I,IHO
KoHTpoJrrrpaHa Qy:uja, roja 6n ce roplrcr:ela:a EI4OJIOIIIKO AEJCTBO
!06t-lBatue HoBr x3Bopx Ha eHepr ja- cd yrure tte
ce peueHI{.
n Ci uolo,neuofio ttopucuten e na joauaupauxutue
LI apayerba eo eaeplefiurcatua, utexuurcafia, uedu-
ll u aoevatua undycfipuja
4uruaiha, xeuucxafriu
r/ llll*** ufrn., Ha qoae,cofr y donecoa unoly
iipudo6uexu, Ho u Hoaa ouacnoctu - paduo-
l
arci usaofrio aaladyaau'e, X(uaorunauta. cpeduaa
KOMOPA paduoaxiiueuo ce taiadyea u uopadu ayrc-
,teapnufre po6u u eeeautyannufre xaaapuu na
I COEPHA ny xneapnufr e fi o cfip oj ttu.
IMETA 3aroa,:a JIa ce npoyqar 3aKoHItrocrLITe r{
MeroAure 3a Meperr,e ua joun:npauroto :pa-reme
rr Aa ce o[peaenar e$errure rtl'ro tn npeAlr3-
BLlKyBa 3paqCH'eTo Bp3 o3parl9H[Te AOJIOBII oA
C,r. 3. lllelrarcru rtpr.rKa3 Ea racepcKx jaApeu peaKTop. xlrBara u Hc)KlrBara npr.rpota. ce pa3Bl1 floce6Ha
o6;racr go npr.rMeHerara uyr,reapHa Sn:ura,
O6jacaere ru o'reAHLtBe rIouMIl donuefrpujafia. IlptI6opme rrrro ro Mepar
jonu:upavroro spaqerle ce suraar d oaLLueLupu.
- Sy3r.ria [prl
Jonu:upa.rxo,Lo 3parler+,e rloMr.IHyBa]Le
- repr'rojagpena pearqrja
- ToKaMaK
nr r varcplrja,rHara cpetrt4Ha. eo uea oc,ro6o[1al
- racepcrn repvojaApeu peaKTop eHepr ja. Taa euepr nja cc rpouru ua iouurauujr I
npenrr3Br.rKyBa cTpyKTypHrr npoMeHrl Bo
rltarepujara. Bo xnBI,lTe TKI,IBa rLIe IIpoMeHI,I Ce
uanuQecrupaar raro 6no:rourrr.r orxreryBaH,a.
T e oureryBart'a. npellx rBl.txaHLl oA to,rtorpajro
x3JroxyBalbe na jouusnparxo 3paqel6e, Mo)Ke Aa
1. KaKo ce o6jacryna Sarror nera upn
Qy- 6u4ar cuprouocnv L4tL4 I\a [pelll3B[Kaar rerlrKt,l
:ujara Ha ,'recuu ialpa ce oclo6oqyea eueprlrja? nocJlell{ux Aypu rr Ha cJIeAHIITe reuepaqnlt. Og
2. 3ourro npu jagpeuara Sy:uja jagpara Apyra crpaHa, n xparxorpajHoro Ir3Jro)KyBaH,e Ha
rpe6a ga lrMaar roJ'reMa KLIHeT[rrKa eneprnja? jaxll ll:nopu Ha 3parre6e, KaKo Irrro ce aroMcKara
Kou ce ycroBure 3a Aa ce ocrBapa'r BaKBU re ercnro:nja, uoxe Aa 6xAe cMproHocHo.
peaxqutl?
3. Cnopg coBpeMeHI4Te c$a(abe, Korr repMo-
jagpenn peaxqlru ce ogBuBaar Ha Conqero r,t

sae:gure?
4. Kor.r ce npeAHocrlre na repvojaapeurre
peaKTopn o[ HyKJreapnure pearropu?
5 Macara ua rpnqryuor e irl(; n )=3,016049u, 'l

a na jagporo na xerll{yMor m ( j :
H. ) a,OOZOO: u.
[a ce onpegelu eneprlrjara urro ce oc,ro6ogyea
rpu Sy:ujara na jagpara Ha /leyreptryM n
rp!.rqr.y\l Bo jaapo ua xerrlv cnopel iaapeuara
pearquja (3). (Ogroeop: 17,8 MeV) Cr-1. Jluveu lotrue rap.
 2.16. Ancop6upaua doaa ua spateu'e u ruejauno 6uonourco dejcuteo 165

Ilonaxnu gourMerplrcxrl Berllqrlnu co AuMeH3r{rrre Ha arcop6npanara go:a. Mefyroa,

1 J/kg ancop6rryaHa Ao3a rr I J/kg eKBLIBaTeHTHq
(e ce pauuxysaar: npsuor ,.i
3a ga uoxe arujanuero Ha 3paqer+,ero Bp3 loja KBaJrr{TerHo j.a
uarepujarnara cpelr{Ha" oco6eHo Ha xfiBlrre KapaKTeprr3r{pa Ao3ara eHepfercKl{, a BToplrof'.
opraHr.r3Mx, KBaHTuTaTr.rBHo Aa Ce lt3pa3lr, ce 6r.ronolrrra. SI eAuHlrqa 3a eKBrrBaJreHTHa Ao3a e
BoBetyBa aticopOtp,tnn do.tn u ereuea'1eafuna
dosa. J
. fIoA nor{Mor a copfupaua doaa D ce I Sv - rcr-reepr).
Kg
no,qpa36rpa BKyoHara enepruja xoja 3paqett'elo
(OoroHr.r, HaeJreKTprr3rrpaHII qecrr{qu, ueyrponn)
ja ocraea eo varepnjara Hu: xoja noMxHyBa. Cuseput e eKauzalleHauHa doaa ipedus-
Hexa :pa.remero noMIrHyBa . HI,r3 BoJryMeH Ha aurcaua od aicop6upaua dosa I Gy u Q = I rcoja
var epujara A,/. ,rja Maca e An. l.r Hil roj aoryveu LoJJnsa oupcdcJlcua crle4rtQutno jonu,sa4trja.
My npegaBa euepnrja L,Wp , r.e. 3paqellero Koe Ha nplnuep, ua ancop6uparia go:a og 10 Gy,
lpeAr.r3BrKaHa og 6prlr HeyrpoHlr 3a KoIr
ri3JreryBa oA BoJryMeHor trua :a AIl, nolnrala
Qarropor Ha KBaJrurer e Q:10, oAroBapa
eneprnja oA Taa co xoja elerno. Toraur ancop6u- eKBr{BaJreHrHa Ao3a 100 Sv. IIIro 3Harlu,
paHaTa Ao3a e AaAeHa co: HeyTpoHrrTe npeArr3Br.rKyBaaT AeceT llaTu
rlofoJreMrr orrrreryBaH,a orxolry alcop6lrpauara
D-"AI,V ^ (t) [o3a [peArr3BrrKaHa oA peHAfeHcKo I.IJII{ y-
Lm Q l. I4aro eo leara cryraja e
:paqerbe ia xou
ancop6upaua ucra euepruja, eKB[BaJreHTHara
Egnnuqara :a aucop6upaua Ao3a Bo Sl e AO3a O[ e IIOfOJIeMa I'r
HeyTpoHcKOTO 3paqeE'e
LGy (ipej). Toa e ancop6upana enepruja oA I J Ha rrofoleMl4 oIIITeTyBaBa Ha
npeAI,I3BriKyBa
roj 6uno sug joulr:lrpavro 3paqer6e, npeAaAeHa rxueara. 3a o-qecrrlurre- reurxnre jalpa tt
Ha Kr.rJrofpaM Maca oA o3parreHara cpeAHHa Qucnonure SparueHrra 8= 20.

J
lGv = (rpei) 3aurrura oA rr3Bop[ Ha
kc jonnrupauxra Bpaqe16a
.llcra euepruja Ha 3paqeme, ancop6upana ,l luara x r,loxeHLt Ha joHltrnpavrlrre
Bo 6nororrKure clrcreMr{ oA pa3JIItqHIr BLtAoBrr 3paqerba. nopall LxrerHolo 6ttorolxKo trejcrBo-
:paveu,a (ct, 0, y u np. ), He rpeAn3BuKyBa ltcru rpe6a qa ce 3arrrrurar rITo e MoxHo Ha
6uorouxu eSexru. Euolouxoro o rreryBalLe ce noe$uxacen na.rr,rn.
KapaKTepr{3rrpa co waatua doaa H. Taa Er.rgejflr goueror Ha cx. -rrecrurrara Bo
e ge$lrnupaua KaKo rrpou3BoA og ancop6upauara Bo J,[yx e vHory MaJl. recHo ce ancop6upaar. na :a
goza D u fuototarcuotu Qarcfiop ua xea.nutueta Q 3aurruTa qoBo,teH e .nrcr rapruja u,rr cloj oa
co roj ce x3pa3yBaar pa3lrr{Kr4Te Bo 6[ororrKure aosnyx co ge6eluHa oA HeKoJrKy caHTrrMerpu.
eOeKTu o[ pa3Hu BI{AoBII 3paqetl'e: 3a :aurura og p-:pauersero AoBoJreH e
3alITI4TeHcroj og a,ryvuullyM, nJIeKcI,lrJIac rrJrlr
H=DQ. (2) craKJIo co ge6enuua oA HeKoJIKy caHTI{MerpIr.
Mefyroa, HeMa nAearHa 3arrrlrra oA peHA-
ExorourKuor Qamop ua KBaJIIITeT p noraxyea TeHCKOTO U Y-3paqeH'eTO, KaKo r'l OA HeyTpOHCKI{
KoJrKy flarr{ pa4njaqnouara ocerlrl{Bocr oA AaAe- cHorroBr{ r{
Bl{coKoeHepfercKu nporoun. 3a
HO 3paqeEe c flofoJreMa oa paqujauuouara ocer- fatrlrura oA y-3palebero. ce Kopxcrar 6eroucxn
JrxBocr IIp[ lrcra ancop6upana Ao3a peHAreHcKo r4.lrrr oJroBHu nJroqll, [oleKa 3a 3arxTrrTa oA
lrrn y- 3parrerse 3a Koll P:1. HelrpoHcKoro rpagerbe ce Kopl.Icrar varepujarn
Euleiku Q e 6e3AsMeH3uoHaJrHa BeJrrrynHa, 'll.r r ere\4eHr H r4\{aa f Mt,tu pcqur 6poeau. ua
AI{MeH3r.rrrTe Ha eKtsnBaJleHTHaTa AO3a Ce eAHaKBIt nprrMepi BoAa [rr{ napasuu.
166 2.16. Aucop1LeaHa doaa ua spateu,e tt uejauuo 6uo,notuxo dejcu,teo

flocrojat rpl ocHoBHIr KprrrepllyMlr rrpu co I43BopI{ Ha 3paqe}be Ha BI,IAITo rtrecro rpe6a ga
3arrrrr{Ta oA r43BopI-r Ha jouu:upavxlr 3paqerba. ce nocraBar cneqr{arnu 3Harlr.1 3a npenlmpe-
. flpBo, co qeJr [a ce HaMaJIIT I{HTeH3}ITeror 4yeau,e (c:r.2).
Ha 3paqelseTo, a cnopeE Toa I{ lo3ara Ha Cosper',renure Hayqurr noAaroql{ noKa-
3paqebe. ce Kopucwqfr qucopocpu co ?oJ'te-M(t )KyBaar AeKa He IrocTolr MllHuMaJIHa [o3a Ha
?yctuuHa, KatKo u,tulo cc; oJ1o6o, ve"tux.'cutou u 3paqetr'e, T.e. Eo3a noq xoja He 6ra Aouro Ao
dpyiu u.reurcu e.neueHruu (6op, KaEMVyM). noepega. 14vero. Bo onur c,'rysaj ce cMera,rleKa
. Bropo. JroneJqyaabe Ha pocLuojoHuet'Lto ceroja Epuuena doaa aocu odpedeu puaurc.
Meiy uJsopolit Ho JpttLt(be u utcJ'toLuo e eAeH oq
najsnavajnure {axroplr sa :aurrura. I4stes- fpaxuunn BpeAHocrr{ Ha Ao3BoJreHIr Ao3Ir
3ureror na 3paqeBero onafa co KBaAparor Ha
pacTojaHrreTo oA TorIXecT Lr3Bop. lpanxvuara [o3BoJIeHa Ao3a Ha o3pa-
. Tpero, ronxy no6pso ce paKyBa co qyBal+e e roJreMI4Ha xoja ce coBllara co
jorusrapa'rrr,rre u:Boprr rolrKy rI.I3LrKor e rIoMaJr. pupodnuod paduoaxfrueen Qon xoj e peiyrrar
Olnocno. KaKBH lrocJlealruu (e nacltanalt :aeucu oA KocMrrqKoTo 3parlerBe r4 IIplrpoAHaTa pa[u-
og 1paunarua co rcoja ce upu.va odpedeua doaa na oaKTrrBHocT I{a florlBara, BoEaTa r.{ paAl{o-
3paHeLbe. TaKa, ro:reM I{3Hoc Ha eAHoKparHo aKTrBHl4or pagou. XrrauoLit ceetu ao ceojow
rrprrMerra Ao3a Moxe Aa (do,'tyuu6eH pataoj ca HnauKHaJl ua tuoj
ITPEAI'T3BI4KA IIITETHI4 upupodeu,eaduoarcdiuleH @oa. flpupoguoro
3paqeE;e lxro e pe3yJrTaT oA PanI{oaK"I.IBHIrTe
')1, NOCJIEAIIqN, A IiCTI{OT
H3HOC aKyMyJrLrpaH rIO-
ee(erparno 3a noEoJI-
uareprja,rn Bo np poAara. Bo KapnHTe r reujara
e pa3JllrqHo oA MecTo Ao MecTo, Ho lrpoceqHo

I ro BpeMe (Meceq[,
roEuHu) Moxe Aa He
NPCAII3BIIKA BUAJIIIBII
e$exru. Ha npm.rep,
AKO KJIETKI{TE CC
x3HecyBa - 0.6 mSv rolr-rurHo. Hajroreu I43Bop Ha
npnpogrrara panujaquja e pagoHor. Toj najvecro
u36uBa oA :elrjara ra uajunory ro I{Ma Bo
3TBOper{U rr HenpoBerPeHlr npocTopllu.
flplrgonocure Ha cpeAHa roAulnHa Ao3a oA
Cr.2. Tpllrlrlcr cI{M6oJr 3paqaT co MaJIx Eo3I,I Be rraqKrr r{3Boprr ce npIrKaxaHII Bo ra6ena l. OA
3a npelynP€ayBarbe oA none(exparno, nor- no[aTorlr,rTe ce fJreAa AeKa BKy[HaTa foAIrIxHa
3paseEe. pe6tro e nororeua goaa Ao3a e MHory noMa:ra og 1 mSv. Ce pas6npa, orge
3a Aa HacTanI{ cMPr, oTKoJIKy XOra CTaTa AO3a Ce He ce 3eMeHI.I npelBlrA eBeHTyanHr{Te xaBapHlr.
rrpuMa eAHoKpaTtfo. Aro ce pa6orlr Bo HopMaJrHIr ycJIoBI{ 3a
Tpe6a ga ce 3nac AeI€ najaTmto e ednoxpafi.no rle.lrara nonyJraqlrja, uaxcuualuara Ao3BoJIeHa
rcoufrunyupano ospatygate co ioneua dosa. Ao3a He rpe6a ga e [oroJleMa oq 1,7.mSv
Bo olre npocropxr Kale [.ITo tlnra xotrejuepu (uu.nucunepru) ro4uuruo.

PAAtlOAKTl,l BHO 3PAq FbE

"K*Tno."tt."t E

0&oo o0(Ee
oeo0 €ooo
oooo ooo oooCI
KneroqeB MareprajaJr Jout:aquja na uoneKyrlnre Ea Ourreren seroqen llarepuja.l no
EoAara Do KJreroqr ror uareprjaa. 3PatretbeTo.
rrPea 3parrebero.

(]n3
 2.16. AucopSupantt doaa ua tpa.Leu'e u uejauuo 6uonowrco dejcutao l6'7

'fa6eJta l. llpudoHec Ha 6eu.!Eia,lkuiiie LBB1pu 6a) OpraHrr3}rl{ He ce Io[eAHaKBo ocernrmlt; 3.

)KUBr;r
cDeAHaLua roduLuHn doia oA BpeMeHcKr{oT IIepItoA Ha o3payyBarbeTo, AaIII
cpelHa roAlllnrla Ao3a AO3aTa e npr{MeHa Bo KpaToK BpeMeHcKr{ IIep[oA
BEIIITAqKII I,I3BOP (nSv/roa) I{rx 3a noAo]rro BpeMe; 4. oA npr.tMeHara Ao3a,
MeAr.rqulrcI<a Alr.larHocTx- KO.JrKy e AO3aTa nOfOJIeMa, OUTeTyBaTLeTO e
ra u repanr.rja IOfOJTeMO.
aruoc$epcxr ra"'ro:ln 0.01 3aevHolejcraoro Ha joHu rl4pa qKr.tre
lIPo+. x3JroxcEocr 0,05 3paqetr'a co xunara uareplrja [poreKyBa Bo
npon3BoAll 3a lxlrpoKa none(e Qa:lr. flprluaproro orxreryBarre, Koe e
norpolxyBaqRa < 0,01
pe3ynrar o4 lrHrepaxurjara ua jour.r:upaslnre
npvr]I < 0.04
3parrena co xunara lrarepujaj e Ha MoJreKyJIapHo
BKyflso: oKoJy 0,35 msv/god unao. Jonu:upaHl.tre MoreKyJrr{, co3AaAeHIr KaKo
pe3yJrrar Ha lrHreparquja co 3parreH,ero, npeAu3-
3a noce6na rpyna oA HacereHuero Koe Br.rKyBaaT xeMllcKu rrpoMeHrl Bo oapeAeHlt AeroBx
npecrojyBaro Bo 6.r[3uHa Ha [I3Boprr Ha 3paqerr'e, Ha KJrerKara. Hajroneu Ae.r oA a[cop6r.tpaHara
npl{ paMHoMepHo o3paqyBaH,e, MaKcnMaJIHo euepruja Ha 3paqenero ce npeHecyBa Ha
AO3BOJreHaTa eKBr,rBaJreHTHa AO3a 3a rle]rOTO TeJrO MOJIeKyJII{Te Ha BOAaTa.
,.", I -lu ,lc4f.glg 9i .9tlPqgA6g,.-nn x-ocMI'IrIKoro
3parrer6e opfaHu3I,IoT npoce(rHo folnluHo np[Ma
Io3a oA 0,45 mS\,.
3a npo$ecuoHalrHo [3J1o)KeHr,tTe Jrr{rla
trlaKclr{aJrHaTa AO3BOnCHa AO3a 3a eAHa rOAr;rHa,
tpu par{HoMepHo o3parryBatne Ha Ue,'roro re.!o (3a
40-,racoBlra paSorHa ce/lNruqa), rre rpe6a ga e
noroJreNra o/I 50 msv.
llpn pa6ora Bo BoupeAHrr ycroBr.r (KoHTa-
r'rxHr{paHr.r upocropn) ce qerplulrpa dosa ua
oupaedan pu:tnx. -faa rpe6a [a c florvra,'ra oA
cl\tp'loHoclraTil Ao3a n He cNfee qa lpeArr3Br{Ka
rpy6u uapyuryrana Ha Btlra,rrntirc $yurquu ua
olpa\erroro lrqe- llpel.roxcHa'ra fpaHr.rqa 3a
ao litTil lril o[paBAaH pr.r3r.rK Bo BoHpelnrl ycjroBr{
n:Hecyaa 0.5 Sv.
Exsuga,lcrr]r.rtt Ao3a Ao l-2 Sv, npnueua.Ja
Kpl rKo Bl-.c\rc. lpctl tBlK) Ba pa4ujlutollt
5o.rccr. [o:a roroJreMa o11 2 Sv, upercraByBa
rcta,'rHa (cNrprHa) Ao3a 3a rroBeKor.
CJr.21. MoxHo KxHerbe Ha BoAopo)lBrrre tspcKu noMefy
cIIrpartTe.
@I{3I{KATA I4 EI,IOJIOII{JATA tr4vcuo. jour rupa'tKoro ,paqeHre qejcreyea
Ha Bollrrlr utto cc uaofa Bo xr.IBa'lil va repu ja-
nl roa HacraH)Ba no6ylyBalbc rru HejrlrHurc
Ilnrepaxquja Ha joHrsupaqxure aToM[ Lt Mor'reKyJ'rr{, c€ co3[aBaaT ro3trTrrBH[ II
3paqer6a co )KlrBaTa MaTepnja Herarr.tBHll jouu ua Bolara, BoAopoAHr.r Il
xllApoKclr:rnu jonu, paltxa:rn, nepoKcr.rAn xrH.
Kaparrepor u nocJ'reAr.rrJr.rre oA o3parlyBaH,ero Ha AxrlretpaHure MoJreKynI{ Ha BoAara Mo)Ke Aa
xnuara narepuja 3aBr.rcar o,l cJIenHIItse @arropn: rrpc,]r.13Bx KaaT xeMr{cK[ rrpoMeHll Bo foJ]eMr{Te
L oL url,ro r ua jouu lrparxbro rpn,reruc: 2. on MoJrc KyJ'r11! raro ilro ce : cH4i.rriiiiei'rifo'i6iiullrq
p.rcILrp(llu r tta lncof,ittf rtH:rrlr elrepr uja ua HyKJrCr.tHCKnTe KUCeJTr'IHrr U lrOJILlCaXapXArrTe, KOI,I
3paqerleTo Bo opraHr'I3\.roT, cI,ITc TK[r]a r clrTe ce oll roJIcr'lo 6uoloruxo :ga.leme.
 168 2.16. Aucop6upaua doaa ua tpaueu,e u uejauno 6uonoutxo dejcute<t

EHeprnjara og jonu:upauxoro 3paqer6e rroroMux. Bo npauor c.nyvaj ce rur"4".trpuut

Moxe l,i Herroq{e,qHo ar cc ancop6npa r og. Bo BIIA Ha couatacrcu, a Bo BTopr.ror cryvaj - raxo
opraHcKr.rre vo,ft.ty,r u Ha x14BarJ l'rarepu ja. ieu erucxu iocneduq u od tpa ren'euto.
HyK,'Ie HcKIzTc xirccll.rur tt uuaHure npo- Ocer,rnuocra otr ,pa'retse xlj pa:anrnure
Te HcKl KoMnJtcKcn {[e:oxorpuSosyKnet{HcKara xr{Bn cyr recrBa e pa3JrnqHa. Onruro lroxe ga ce
KuceJruHa [HK) cc unory ocerJrr{Br.r Ha Kaxe neKa oce l,'l14Boc1t e rrjvr,ra xaj onlre xlrur.r
,[HK ja go.rnnyaa rJraBHara crpyK-
spaqee,ero. cy[TecrBa Korl ce Ha uajnlt:ox c'reneH Ha
'.
Typa Ha xpoMo3oMrrTe. pa3BrlTOK.
Egna og MoxHr{Te [ocrleAuuu ogt''o:pa- Ko,rry xneoro cynrecrBo e Ha [oBrrcoK
rrlBarbero ua.{HK e K HeH€ ua laojHara clu- cTerleH Ha pa3Br.IToK TOJTKy HerOBaTa OCeTJTtTBOCT
para (c,r 4).. C)Jpl'reHarJ.krcrKr Hc Moxc na
14 \ro)KHoc'r' 3a oureryBllbe on joHfiJ paqKx
cuHTern3r{pa ,[HK :aroa be :a6anyna u:rr ce
rr3ocraByBa MI{To3ara.3a rpeue Ha MIITo3ara Bo 3parletl)a e rlofo.JreMa.
TaKBa K,'leTKa MOXe Aa I{3OCTaHe [eJIeII'eTO.
Monery,urre ua ,[HK rruuar xeM]rcKa ocHoBa .Ba
Hacre[Hara cyncranurja Ha c rc )huau c] Lr- O6jacnere rn creAHrrre rrouMrl
recraa, rovnynaj(rl oA Brrpycr.rre na Ao (loBeKo r.
- go:uverpuja
- ao3xMeTap
- arrcop6upaHa Ao3a
- ryej
- e(Bl'lBa"rteHTHa Ao3a
- cnBepT
6ro-noruxn $ax rop Hc KB.r,rrlrcl
- rrplrpoAeu paarroaKrueen cpou

Ilpaurarsa, 3aAarru ll aKTuBHocrrr

l. IIIro c trooflacHo 3a qoBeKor, arcop6lrpana

t Ao3a oA lCy oA o 3paurr r,rJrr{ ficra ancop6upana
Ao3a on 'y-3parllr'1
2. Konrasa e arcop6upauara Ao3a oA
cr lrecrr.Irlu aKo eKBr.rBaJreHTHara go:a e 2 Sv'l
3. Ko,rxaea e eKB[BaJreHTHara go:a on 6p:r.r
C"1. 5. JleKynaBe Ha ryMop co p-3paqu. HeyrpoHx aKo alcop6xpaHara Ao3a e I Gy?
4. Kou ce rprrre ocHoBHn (pr{TepfiyMl 3a
Tlpoveurre- Ko14 ce perlnrar u[ aflcop- 3auT Ta?
6xpaHoro joHurupavxo rfaLier6e. Bo xr{Ba ra 5. Ko,rxasa e MaKcrrMarHo Ao3BoJ'reHara Ao3a
uarepllja AoBeAyBaar Ao HapyuyBabe Ha crpyK- 3a e[Ha foArlHa 3a J'r[qa Kor.l npo$ecouualno ce
Typara Ha KJrerKara, 6uoxeuncrlr peaKrurr 14 u3Jro)KeHu ua jouusupa.rrn 3paqeH,a, a KoJlKaBa
HapyuyBarbc Ha HopvarH or vera60,,rHtaM Ha :a qe;rara ronyraqlrja.
KJIeTKaTa, npI{TOa HaCTaHyBaar rl HU3a CeKyH-
AapHI{ rlpoqecn.Hajocerlnalr ce rKr.rBara Bo Kon
KJIeTKI-ITe 6p:o pacrar lr ce pa:vnoxyeaar. Bo Eduutugfua Gy e xape.rena ciioped dHznucK ow
KJlerKara Hajoceuleu ce uejruulrre jaapa. a Queutap "ayuc Xapo,ad fpcj, a eduHu4aina Sr
oco6euo xpol'ro:ol.lure. cnopep, usedcKuout 6tB aap Pon& CuBeput.
flocneguqure oA 3paqe6ero Mo)Ke Aa ce
yo,lar Kaj o-ipaqeHxre rvua vrv xaj uuenrre
 2. 20. @yudaueuutanuu aaeuuodejctuacr 169

AeKa Taa cIIlqHocT He Jre)<r.r caMo Bo peJrar.ll{aTa

2.20. OYHAAMEHTAJIHII r{ 3aBrrcHocTa oA pacrojaHr.rero, ryKy n Bo
3AEMHOAEJCTBA KoH3epBarltBHocra Ha crrJrrrre. I4 raj elexrpocra-
TI4qKOTO I]O,le JBpUeHara pa6oTa He saBr.rcri Oq
narHara JrrrHr{ja . no Koja HaeJreKrp[3r.rpaHoro
Cufre fipupodnu fipoqecu, u 60 Mscpo- TeJIO Ce IIOMeCTyBa, 3Haqr{, lr ryXa CraUyna:6op
teeutotu u eo ceeutotu na uajcu aufre enettea- 3a IIOJTe Ha KOH3epBarr.rBHrr CrrJrrr.
idapnu uecfrut1u, ce odjacnyeaafr co ocfroeme Ho. r norpaj cJlrrrHocra. nocrojar l uHory
ns cquo 4 (fioriouao, KaKo rufio ite euduue 3'l 6lrrHlr pa::rurlr:
ocuoaHu (Qyndauenfiannu) aaeunodejcfrea -eJrcKlpocrarrlrrhara g4ra \{oxe Ar 6uac I
(uHurepagquu). Toa ce:
[plrBreqHa u oA6r.rBHa, 3aBxcHo oA rroJrapr.rreror
- ipaeurTaryuouofio aaenuodej cutao, Ha eJIeKTpI{qH[Te nOrHe)KX X
' - enercfiponaiuefrnono aaeunodejctueo, - Taa e MHory [ojaKa. llopanlt Hej3[Hara
. - HyKneapHo - cu"nnotuo aaenaodejcutso u roreMItHa, aroMrlTe Bo vlrj cocrae BJreryBaar
- HyK.neapHo cna1outo saeM4odejcfrso.
ABara r[na rrorHe)Kr.r, ce Ap)Kar xaro c.la6u:tntt
Ceroe og HnB ce KapaKTep_r.r3rrpa co cBon {ecTr.rqr,I.
KapaKTepI,lcTI,{rtHLt e,'re$e Hutap Hu up e Ho cutu e nu. Kynou clreran AeKa n MarHerHIITe IIOJIoBI{
ce oAHecyBaaT KaKo n HaereKTpr,r3ripaHl{Te TeIa
Ocnosnfi KapaKTepHcrrrKrr Ha It roj rpeA,'ro)KuJr, r 3a HrrB, 3aKoH cJrur{eH Ha
rpaBllTarInorroTo rr eJreKTpoMarHeTHoTo 3aKouor 3a eJreKTprrrrHnre nolnexu. Ho, go
3aeMHoAejcrBo no,reroKor Ha XIX BeK. no otxpnrujara ua
Aulep, ce noKax(aJlo AeKa MafHerHoro rroJre
fpaerrraunororo taer'rrogejcreo e )H Bep- rxTo ce iaByBa rrplr ABr{xerbe Ha lorHe)Knre (npfl
:a,ruo. Kon n ga 6rro qee reJra rrJrr{ arecrrrqr.r Kor,r TeqeH,ero crpyja), ce pa3rr.rKyBa og Kynouoaoro.
u\tila, vaca ct,t_rac^ttioneicreyaaar co ct,ra xoja e MarHerHLITe CIIJIoBI,I JlItHuI{ He ce orBopeHr;r, KaKo
nporropur,loraJ'rHa Ha HIBHllTe uacu. a odparHo eJIeKTpLFIHLITe, IIOJIeTO He e KOH3epBaTI,1BHO.
nporopu oHarHa co KBaqparor Ha pacrojaHuero Oapagecntrre IiAe[ 3a co3gaBaH,ero Ha
ueiy una, llopagu NraJrara BpeAHocr Ha ereKTprqHoTo ncJIe IIpI,1 BpeMeHcKa npoMeHa Ha
fpaBrrraruroHara KoHcraHTa (Aa ce norceruMe . N{a|HeTHOTO nOJIe U MaKCBeJTOBOTO npolxu-
G= 6.67 .10rr Nmr/kg2), oBaa crrJra Aoafa Ao u3pa3 ..pyBat}e, AeKa Il BpeMerrcKrl [poNreHJrrrBoTo
cauo raj Nrac[ co 3Harrnrerlln foJIeMI,IHIr. cncKTpIlrlHo noJ]e Moxe na 6xue xrBop Ha
3axoHor :a onura rplB Tauujr e ,[rri]eH o,q co3AaBalbe Ha MarHeTHo nole! np[AoHecoa Aa ce
I6yru eo 1668 r. lpaeuraqnoHara crrJra e ocHoBa ocrBapu o6eAr{HyBar6e aoMeiy e.JreKTpnqHoro r{
:a eeolyqnja Ha sBe3grrre, raa rlr 3aApx<yBa MarHerHoro 3aeMHoAejcrBo Bo eArrHcrBeHo
sBe3Ar.rre Bo ralaxclrjara, a caMlrre fa.rIaKcIII{ Bo eJIeKTpoMarHerHo saeunoqejcuo. Kaxo uro
cfcreMrr oA faJraKcnn. fpantraqlloHoro :aevuo- peKoBMe, Toa 3aeMHoAejcrBo e "oAroBopHo" 3a
[e.icrso Iva 6ecxpajHo roJ'reM par yc Ha trejcrBo rrocToerbeTo Ha aToMuTe, MoJIeKyJII{Te I1 Ha
n e Hajc,ra6o oq cr4Te ,qpynl Jae\{HoAejcrBa. pequcu, c[Te nojaB[ oKoJy Hac. OBa 3aeMHo-
lpaeuraquonara crrJra co3AaBa noJre Ha KoH3ep- pejcrao ,rexl Bo ocHoBara Ha cltre OxorourKrl
BarrIBHLr cIIJII,I. lpanuraqlronure cullv ce npoqecu raj xr{Brrre opraHrr3Mu.
qeHTpaJrHr{ ri ceKof alII IIpIIBJIeTIHIt.
Kou xpajor Ha XVIII BeK Bo Ou3uKara Be(e IIPI,IMEP 1, [a ce HarrpaBr{ c[ope[6a Mefy
ce noJHaBa trpyr TtIn 3aeMHotejcr8o- eJlcKurpoc- eJIeKTpOMa|HeTHOTO U rpaBUTaIIIOHOTO 3aeMHO-
natlu\Kono. Cnopeg Kylon, ABe HaeJreK- AejcrBo rroMefy nporoHor r4 eJreKTpoHor
Tpx3fipaHU TeJla cH 3ae\rHo cu gejcreyeaar co nocraBeHrr Ha pacrojanuer-1m
cll.Jrrr npofiopu[oHaJrHlt co HrrBHrrTe rroJIHe)KLI, a Peurenne. Cnopeq lbyruoruor 3aKoH 3a
o6paruo rporopqlroHaJrHr{ co KBaAparor Ha fpaBIrTaIIItja, foJIeMuHaTa Ha cr rara Ha
HrrBHoro pacrojaHne. Ha rIpB lofJlel, npfiB,reKyBal+,e F$ very e,rexrpoH co \4aca /??. fi
Kylonoauor 3aKoH e MHory cJrurreH Ha
Il'yrnoauor 3aKoH 3a rpaalrraqllja. ce noxaxyna nporoH co Maca m p Kot4 ce ra pacrojaulre r .e
170 2. 2 0. @yudaueuu,ta,4Hu a.te6Hod ei cfrisa

m, m,. orrru r{Maar MHory Kyc qouer. Tue gejcrnyaaar

F* G ',;t (l)
ca\{o Ha varu pacrojaurja. uajvuory ao
r pacrojanuja KoI4 ce o[ peAor Ha roJreMt{Ha Ha
KaAe tttro G e yruraep:alHa rpaBr{TallnoHa jaqporo tl0 rn). OBa racltHoqejcrao ce auxa
KoHcraHTa. Macnre na eJIeKTpoHor r{ rlporoHor HyKJreapHo cu:ruo raeunolejcrno. Toa e npu6-
rr Jrr.r)KHo eAHaKBo noMeiy nporoH-nporoHor!
ce /r€ =9,1.10 kg r mp=1,67'10-27 kg. HeyrpoH-HeyTpoHoT, ruru [poroH-HeyrpoHor.
Aro pacrojaruero uefy vecu.rqure e I m, rpaBu- Pa:rurnre lleiy oB e qecrxllr IrAe Ao Ir3pa3 caMo
TaIJrloHaTa crlra I3HecyBa IIpr;r ejreKTpor\rarHeruoro :aevuolejcrgo. Tara u
pa rr Kar a Bo Macilra Ha rtrpyearse noveil
Fr. = 1,01 10 67 N.
rrporoHor x HeyrpoHor (HyKreoHure) e pe3yJ'rrar
Ioleultrara Ha eJreKTpocraruqKara clr.lra o[ eJreKTpoMarHernoro :aeuuogejcreo. Kora so
-F" ce onpenelyna co Kynononuot :aron: aroMcKoro jaApo 6u [ocroeJro caMo HyKJre-
apHo ro tilc Holc jcrno. rne par,rltrri 5u rr
F, =
oo-
k:-:-:-P t2t
Heua,ro.
r\r

floxpaj Ir3pa3eHara rolreMLIHa Lr Ma.rror

r- Aocer. oBa :aelluogejcrto ce oAnIrKyBa I{ co
cJreAHr.roB $axr: cure [poI(ecn [peAIr3BIIKaHIr oA
KaAe IXTO KOHCTaHTaTa Ha rIpOnOp[UOHaJTHOCT e jarr're lfirrepar]ll{ (HyKneapHxre curu) ce
I = g. l0n L\ln flo,tHt xrr c Ha npor oHor r.1
oABnBaar vuory 6p:o.
C- floxpaj ul x,r.lproro cuJIHo raertHoleicrao.
ra ju1 l,repur.r re ,r! ( nllr c\' ro jreS el ttr H.
e.rreKrpoHol ce Q"-Q,,=o-1.6 10 le C.
rryKJreapso clra6o raeuuolejcreo. OBa :aeltHt)-
AKo Bo (2) ce 3aMeHar 6pojuure BpeAHoc'l'u, gejcreo e NrHory llocJla6o o,J HyKJIeapHo clrlrHoro.
3a creKrpoclaIxtl(art ctlra cc,'to6 Ba. llocra6o e fi oA cJlcKTpor\{afuerHoro. C)ra
:aelrucucic lro c npr(rI{Ha 3a HeKoln-pillrc-
F, = 2'34 'l(J-26 C '
Soplraqnl rra HccTaOr'InH[Te .tecrlrqu. Ha
Oguocor lreiy oBrle ABc cLrJrI{ e: l Bo rpotlccor Ha p-pacna-
nprrl{ep. rr.re ce jaayuaa
.llL)
F rar!<ru (.tl1 t lrL ( +l'). KilpahlcP[clI,lr,'
'--- - 2.i4.1911
F,, ta oEtr JitL\Ilrol(jclFr, \'/lUKr cu.jlayna Hr \rHol)
uaru pacrojauuja oa pcAo'r slt loreuuua l0lr m.
Pe:y,rraror e 3aqy/IyBaqKn e.lreKTpocrarx- I4aro ona :aenrrogcjclso c \'tHofy cna6o. Toa
qKoloro flpr.lBr.leKyBarbc c or Po\rHo eo cnopeu6a r{Ira ofpor,rHa yrofa Bo Bcc,.ieHaTa, 3aloa rx'ro
co rpaBr.rraqrloHoro. Meiyroa. Bo roJIeM 6e: uerololo Iloctoc$c Het\{alre Aa Nlox(ar Aa
pa3Mepn, BceJreHara e eJ'reK'rpoHeyrpanna 6pojor
rerar repuojagpeHl,n'c pcaKllr.ru ao Couqero u
sBe3nr,rTe.
Ha nO3I{TIIBHUTe IIoJ'IHeXl'l Ce KOMIIeH3I'lpaaT co
6pojor ua Hera rr.rBHlrre. TaKa. Kora craHyBa 36op 3a ga ru clropcAtl\'rc roJIeNI[Ht{Te Ha
3a roJreMr{ pa3Mepu, Ilpeo8,'laAyBa rpaBLITaIIII- $ynnaueurarunre :aeuno4ejctna Bo npfipoAara,
(e ja gageue c,regnasa ra6e,'Ia:
OHATA CI, IA.

EE cra0o 3aeMHoIIeJCrBo
HyKJrepHo
Co pasaojor Ha HyKJreapHara Snsura ce
jarcu (uyrcaaapuu
e,7eKfilpoivI,He[fiHu
uyrctcapnu
cnaSu
,pa6ufra4Llot1u
ctL"ttr) 100
I
10l
103e- l01r
noKa)Ka AeKa nouciy recrlrqlrre rrrro ro fpaAar Bo ropnara ra6e,ra yc,ronno KaKo NIepKa 3a
aro\lcKoro jagpo no,.rojar vuorl jaxu jagpcttu cltJrara Ha :aeuuogejcreoto e 3eMeHa
cu,ru. Tlre ce roctiJlHt4 o1 og6ueHrre Ky.JrouoBcKIr eJIeKTpOMar-HeTHaTa CItJra.
cl.ir'tfi Llnu ceraxo [cjcrereaaT no\4el) llr,l14ll,lBHo f,rcrr ve !ela Slulavrura,rrurc rreltuo,uejct na
HaeneKTpr.r3xpaultTc I]poroHI,I- Ho, :a pa:,rnra og najlruory ce pa3J'rnKylaar ro HItBHara roJIeMI4Ha.
fpaBt'lTaqrloHrl'r'e cJ]eKTpoNIar-HeTHt{Te! oBr,19
 ). 20. @vuds euwotnu taeuuodeiL lrrt'r t'7 t

OcuosH[ ereMeHTapH[ qeerxqu - ceoja 6oja (xerulo erauea.neHTHo Ha

no:rxex xaj eJreKTpoMafHerHoro :aeltuogejcrno)
.[eucc na rorreroKor Ha XXI BeK Ha ero Koe e npx,rfiHa ra cHJlHoro raevHoteicr eo.
pa36upaH,e Ha Mr,rKpocBeror e nolUupoKo Bo Eojara na KBapKoBure Moxe [a Sune qpeeua,
onHoc Ha 30-rrre rogunu oA XX BeK. ToralII 3eJreHa I{JII{ cuna. Cure qecrlrull KoIr ce fpaAeuu
QIr:rvapnre cr{cra,'re AeKa ocltoBHU cneNteHTap- oA KBapKOBrr yqecrByBaaT Bo cl{JrHoro
Hrrecr ul - '{ecrtturl Ko HeMlilr caojr auar - :aeuxogejcreo.
pe[rHa crpyKTypa ce: ereKrpoHoT, nporoHor,
neyrponor u $o'roHor. 2 2 I
Cnopet ccr;ruHure co ru:txlja rocrojar 2 +-e -e
+-e 3 3 3
fioee(e.tocruqu Korr Mox(e Aa fLI cMeraMe 3a 3
e.neMeHTapHIt. Tre ro ocnoga Mo>Kar Aa 6u[ar
ABA BI,IAA :

- npBrrre, Kor,r Moxe [a ru cMeralue za zpaduenu

e"teuetutu ( noucfriufry enfiu) u
npoToH 3 HeyrpoH
- BTopure. xou ce fipenocufrenu ua aqeuao-
dej cfiaatua.
Cropeq cera ycBoeHI,Ior cfraadapderu uode,'r Cr.1. flpolouor'r Heyrposor ce u3rpaAeH! oA no rplt
Bo pBt ra rlyna KoHcrIJTyeHTx npunaiaa: KBapKORT{.

KBapKOBIt u reI|TOHrl.
Bo creAnara ta6ela ce AaAeHh ocHoBHure Jlenronute ce qecrlrq[ co uajr.ra,ra uaca. O,q
KapaKTcpr.rcTr{Kr{ Ha KBapKoBHTe u Jre[ToHl.ITe. Hna, 3 (elerrpou, r'llroH II Tay ,'reflroH) fMaar
ro:rHe)< c tl ce np[ApyxeHli co 3 ueyrpa,rxu,ren-
TIECTNUU KOIICTI{TYEHTI{ ToHu (Heyrpr.rHa - ereKTpoHcKo, MuoHcKo tr ray).
uo'1Helr (e) I4 tlle liNtaar csorl aHTI,I.IecrIIuH.
I,IME (GeV /c1\ Kaxo ru ro ce rlleqa. ltarepnjara e coc raBeHa
K up (.opeH) u +2/3 0,004 oA caMo l2 ocHosltll rpaa(BHn vecruql: 6
B -|3
down (goren) d 0,008 xrapxoeu u 6 nen.totru.
P charmed (lxapM) +213 1.5 Bropara roreMa rpytra eJreMeHTapHI{
K strange (.ryAes) -ll3 0,15 gecrlrq ce npeHoc rerh Ha :aeuuolejc rgara.
o top (BpB) +213 176 tr4veno, :aeusoAejcrrara ce ocrBapyBaar npeKy
B
t4 bottom ([Ho) -lt3 4,1 nocpeIIHHuH - npetoorrern ua raelrHogejcreara
(KBaHTu Ha norero).
JI eJreKTpoH e I 0,0005 Ocsoartara pa;,rlxa so caojcrBara Ha aBerc
E eJIeK. HeyTpr.rHo ve 0 0? fpy[Il e raa rxTo qecTItqI,ITe-KoHcrrrryeHTl{ ce T.H.
n MITOH
T F I 0,107 Qepuuonu. Tue >tuaar cfiar ll2. Ereuenrapnure
o Mr.roH. HeyTpr.rHo v! 0 0 qecrHuH npeHocrreJII,I Ha raeMHo4ejcreara ce
H Tay iIerToH 't I 1,8
6oJovu. H R*uor cnr,In e ue,,r 6poj.
A HevTDuHo v, 0 <0,184
Tav flo:naro Hrr e AeKa eireKTpoHIITe ce ABIIxar
oxo.ny jaqporo Ha aroMor non lejcrao ua
Krapxonnre ce qecrHqtl oA Kog ce rpaAeHll eJreKTpr{qHrrre cu;rlr. Toa gejcrso ce ocrBapyBa
HyKJreoHrrre. Cexoi uyrreou e rpaAeH oA TpLt npery $orornre Kou (( [ipeHocuuie,lu Ha
rnapra. Toa e u:rycrpripaHo Ha cr. L er e K ulp o.raoz He fu H o ut o n eu u o de j cw eo.
KBapKOBI.ITe rn r.rMaar cjreAHuBe ocHoBHII
flporoxnre H HeyrpoHlrre ce rpareHu oA
ceojctna: KBap(oBu. TaKa, curtHouto 3aovHodejcwlo e
- Tne He Moxar Aa nocrojar Bo cro6o4Ha
saeuuodejcurao uouely KaapKozutlte. Oaq
cocroj6a, Ha npltMep, He Moxe oA nporoH Aa ce ,toc,vnodejcfreo ce ocutsopyso ItpeKy io,1c \uu
n:6ne egen xrapr; KaqHFtLt ce NapeqeHu tnyonu (glue lenulo). I'I
t2
- HIIBHIIOT IIO,'IHeX e HnX +:" lltttl =- e rnyoHlrTe, xaxo ra Qorouure, HeMaaT r{aca Ha
33 MxpyBarr,e. Kaapxoeure Bo IrporoHfiTe rt
- I,IMaar r{ cBo alfTllqecT}lllx H
114 2. 20. @yudaueuwa.auu saeuuodejcfriaa

HeyTpoHI{Te cr.r rn pa3MeHyBaar rJryoHI{Te, TaKa O6equnynan e na ocnoBHlrre 3aeMnoAejcrBa

rrrro rr{e rpaAar eAeH IIBpcr crrcreM. Jagpenoro Conpeuenure $u:n.rapr rparaar lro 3ae[HrrrKr
:laeuuogejcrno roueiy nporonnre rr HeyrpoHI'ITe, oclroBfi 3a o6eAr.rHyBas,e Ha par].IlrHltrc BtAoBt|
BcyluHocr. e raev nogejcreo fl o\aei) KBapKoBl.trc. :aeunogcjclea 3a Aa Moxar rnc Aa ce nPlrKaxar co
Hecra6lr,rnocla Ha HeKor jaapa uru eAHa eArrrJcrBeHa clr.na. I,lcroprjara Ha aocerarrJHure
qecrr{rlrr, xaxo u p- pacnaian'ero ce AoJrxtt Ha flo3r{aBaria yKaxyBa Ha roa. l4a(o Ha IIpB noaneA
cra6oro HyKJreapHo :aeunogejcrao. Ce Il3 IeAa AeKa c[Te c].lJIIl ce pc3y"rTal O[ pa3tlll
ooKaXaJlo D.eKa ttpeHoLltilh "trt un caaSttiit' nprvunu, cpe6a:ro NIHory BpcMe /la ce yoqu
nu" ,on"rn 3ac[Hrrrr(oro floreKJro Ha HcKor oA HLiR. flpBoro ra(Bo
JOC,UHO,7jL'W6O
'" '"r*r'4" "annu,
Maca Ha *tupysabe. Toa ce rN u Z 6oaouu. Tue ce
o6elr.rHyBalr,e Bo HayKara fo Ha[paBuJI ]t'yrn. Toj co
cBojara onLrrJ reoprj:r ra tpaBtlTau lara troxa/Ka [cKa
orKprreHi{ eKcIIeprrMeHTarHo go XeHesa co naiarsero Ha rcrarr Ha jevjara tnpo'tyerorLr ia6or(o
aKueJreparop 3a MHory rucorlr enepruu. llpll Ha lbyru) x op6[TanHoro aBlrxerbc Ha IrJIaHerItre
Br4coKrr eHepfI{I{, pa3.JrrrKr{Te ueiy elexrpouar- oroly Colqero, e fiocJrelrrqa o[ eAHa Ircra cr.ua -
HerHoro n
c,'la6010 HyK,leapHo :aevHofiejcrso rpaouraqnja. [euec, Tpucra Ir ncacce, roIIrH[ no
xcLre3HyBaar I-.r oBue ABa alraa :aeuHopejcraa ce l-6yrn. raa xoucrarauuja H c( 'lhH,l rpunuiarrl tr
o6enuuyeaar Bo eneKrpoc,ra6o eaemnopejcrno. caMa flo ce6e .jacua, na ue npe1 3BLI(yBa HeKaKBo
Toa reopucKr.r ro [peABtAyBaJIe yurre eo 1967 BooAyrxeByBaiie. Ho cenax, ,la 3aMrc.rluMe KaKoB
roneM rre(op Halpca 6uno roa Kora lbyrH noKaxa.[
rognna A6gyc Carau, Ille:rgou lrIeuoy u Crltren qexa ja6o,rxoro nara o[. cre6,roro noa acicrs,' sa
BajH6epr. ucrara cu,rra- cI,IJIara KoJa fu [px!I nJlalrerltre no
3a yHlreep:a;ruoro rpaBIITaIrr{oHo 3aeM- er'rrrrtrfirrHn nareKl oKoJry CouqeTo, tI, KaKo Irrro
nogejcrao cd yrlrre He e npouajgeH npeHocnreJr. noAolllla e 3aKJrYqeHo, fo ollpeAenyBa ABuxeE'eTo Ir Ha
Teopncxlr ce npernocraByBa AeKa roa e uajogqa;reueunre ra,rarcllr.
rpaBr{ToH. Toa e xsaHt Ha rpaBr{TalJrroHoro noJle. Creruara rolelta crrresa ja nanpaoun Marcae,'r
Mo)KHocrLITe 3a eKcrrepl{MeHTaJIHa norBpAa 3a Bo 1864 roanHa Kora, Bp3 ocHoBa Ha C)apaAeeBIITe
xrrrrorer[qKIloT rpaBrrroH 3acefa ce MHofy MaJrx. eKcnepuMeHTL ru o6eq H n o6iacuyearsara ua
Ha av 2 e Aa[eH rxeMarcKll [pI4Ka3 Ha e,.lcKIpxrtHure. vafHerHrf( lI cBeT,ttHckllre nojaau oo
eaHa eAnr.rcTBeHa Teopfija - eJIeKTpoAI,IHaMxKa.
ereMeHTapHIITe r{ecrr.rqn I4 ua Qynnauenrarurme
,qBaecer rolxHu fioroa, I<ora Xepq ru orrptll
:aet'lrrogejcrra. ereKrpo\!ar HclH,ire 6paHoB . craHano iacHo [e(a x

OYHAAM EHTAJIHI.! 3AEMHOAEJCTBA

E'IEKTPO-M f"*lEfho SaEMHogE orBo

HiYlt(ffi-APH6' cnaSo

C.n.2 d)yHlaMeHTanHu :aeunoAejcroa, npeHoclrre"rru Ha 3aeMHoAejcrBara LI qecrtllttre- KoHcluryeI{rti

 2. 2 0. @y ud aueuuta,tutr aaeuuod ej ci)otr 173

onfrrtKuTe nojaBu Moxe. Aa ce cBeIaT Ha ucTaTa

ene(TpoAIrFaMIlrrKa Tcop4a, KaKo LrrTo u npeABxAyBaJl M. fen-Mau (Murray Gell-Man,1929- ) e Eo6e-
MaI<cBe"r. oA CAE. Toj npn ja gan xrmore3ara 3a
J'roBeU
Jaxa M.rxcee,roaara reop'lja. r:ra rrrru ruj co
MHOfy BHUMaTeJTeH nayVen ja:ux ja Eapet<ol "3aMr'rc,'ra 1996) (Ha cr. reBo) e poAeH Bo
Ha (oja oABaj MoxeMc Aa ce noTrrper{e'r, cTaHa Kpyna Ilarlrcran. Eur npo$ecop eo
Ha Krircl'rHara +uixkn x r,lHo op nljoc,ru,rccroenrrc KeM6pu(i, Zuneprjaa KoJreu Bo
orKprlruia rxro qoBetor m flocrurHaJ'r. Taa rcoplrja na JIoHAoE. OcHoga.r e Ha
[oroAeII Ea.IuH ru o6eAlrHt Aolofalll oABoeHlrre MefyEapoAHr.roT qeHrap 3a
e"'teKTpoMafHeTIj3MoT I'l onT[KaTa Il cTaHa tlp Mep 3a reopuc<a $aaura (ICIP) Bo Tpcr,
IloHillaMoltHtI npoyrryBaE,a 3a eAIiHcTBeHoct Ha xoi ro soor qeroeoto:ur4e.
np!IpoAara r
np{pogulrrc nojaou. Ha cJreAHrlor rre(op
3a BOOIlIrJTyBalte, Ha o6eArrHyBa6e Ha 3aeAno co frerroy u Bajn6epr oo 1969 roAuHa ja
eIeKTpoMaf HeTgoTo L Ha T.F. claoo HyK,lteapHo Ao6Lm HooeroBaTa Harpala 3a Suslrxa xaro eqeu
3aer{HolejcrBo, Tpe6a"ro Aa ce .reKa rlenl't cro rogrHn. oA TBOprIrTe qa TeopujaTa 3a eJ'reKTpocjra6oTo
,Ucreuruara rcopuia )cenana Aa r (]6rjurH.x 3acvHoAejcrBo Lxro rfi o6e[fiHyBa c,!L.KrpoMat He]-
( H I e u c,la6HTe ctj | ao e"letfupocnaqa
"rlc!,I poMilt He I Horo r.r cra6oro. JryKneapHo 3acMHotrcicl Bo.
cuna (196'7). 3a roa so 1979 roAriHa e [oAcJrcHa r.r .D,o6nruux e u Ha 1lpyrx nacpagr. Cure Qauaucuct,r.l
Ho6caogara Harpa[a 3a $rr.lura ra C.Bajq6epr. cpe4crea qo6rcHn ot Harpal Te r tan ra la rFoj Hn
lll.I-ne oy x A.CaraM. BO pa3Boj.
HecoMHeHo ce fiocraByBa u rpa[rar6ero Ia,.r'l cMe C. f,relrroy (Sheldon Lee
trJneKy o! naror ra o6e^ HygaFb( Ha chl\' racvHo- Glashow, 1932- ) c no3Har
trcicrBa Bo npxpoqira Bo eAHa c ,ra. T.H. to"teto o6iou- aMepxKaHcKx Su:n.rap. Ce
r\ dnr6. ("Clrnd Unilield Ilreory"). BepyBaj(x Bo xapvo- rxKojryBar Bo IiyjopK, Ha
Hrrlari eAHocraBHocra Hit np poAara. xlejara ,a ro- Kopsen yHxBep3rrreror u Bo
JreMoro o6eAuuyBan e .ja rva [aIIeHo A. Ajururajn Xapoapq. 3ae1no co CaJraNr
ylrre Bo BTopara IerleHnja Ea XX BeK. Aanl,l uAejara 3a u Bajn6epr 3a reoprrjara Ha
o6eIuHyBaEe crire cr,rr Bo MuKpoKocrlrocor t{ MaKpo- cJra6oro 3aeMHoAejcrno u
KOCMOCOT BO CAHa CdOnoaTEa, BOOIIIIIITO e MOXHa? npfinoHecoT Ha noreTo Ha
Cc ,r'rHh aa. BcyurHocr. o6eArHyBaBero Ha eJreMeuTapuure vecrlr4lr ja
(,'r( K]poMafH(THO fo r
HyKneapHo-cna60T() iaeMHo- Ao6rl.]l Ho6eroBara HarpaAa
Aejcl Bo x ce npojaByBa caMo flpu Br.rcoKu eueprr{x. IIpt,l C. Baju6epr (Steven Wein-
nnHrlcKll cHepf r'r r.r oBrc
racMHote.ic ce rBlr berg, 1933-. ) e aMcpllKancKrl
npojdByBaaT l<aKo ABn Blila ia( \'lHotr(jcTBa. Eo6e,'loBerl Koj r.rcro raKa
Ce npoqeuyea Ae(a o6egr'IvyBabero Ha e,'reKTpo- pa6orer Ha flo,rero Ha
craboro 14 HyKJreapHo cr:rroro raevuogejcroo 6n eJIeMeHTapEItTe qecTrll lI
MOXe,'rO Aa Ce OCTBaprr npu eHepruu oA peA Ha fone-
HlrBHrrTe 3aeMHoAejcTBa.
lruna l0l5 GeV. llpo6aelror co rpaerrrarlrroHora clira e
y|lf|c itofujttv. Movcgra"rno HSicxnHxTe aKUenepa
< Bo 1983 ro4. K. Py6ua (Carlo Rubbia,
T.rp o[ p\'tr forcvxHa I0'uev.
1934- ) Il 1984 roA C. Batr Mep (Simon van der Meer,
IaBaaT eH(pfl.r Ha
Cenar. na flpo6JreMor pa6orar ro"reu 6poj 1925- ) Bo XeIIeBa (CERN) eKcnepr'rMeHTaJrHo ru
Sn3tl,rapu u caMo fiAuriuara (c noraxe Aaru n Bo raa go6rla rpnre rerxxr{ 6o3oHl (W! t Z'1. Co roa
HacoKa AjsnJrajE 6un for'reM B 3r.roHep. 6eue n reopfijara !a e,reKTp,'cra6xr('
noTBpp(Ha
HHTepaKq u. 3a oea orxpurrc x pa lBolor Ha
O6jacuere ru cleAH[Be [or.rMr.r: eKcIIep[MeHTa.nHuTe MeToaIt Kolt oBo3Mox'ljle
olrpeAeJryBat6e Ha HuBr.rara Maca, oBue +n3nuapu Bo
- +yHIaMeHlarHx (ocuounu r 'raeuno4ejcrea 1984 roA ja Ao6lrre Ho6enoBaTa HarpaAa.
f paBuTar{J.IoHo 3aeMHoaejcTBo
P. AejBrc (Raymond Davis Jr,1914- ) r'r M.
- e,!eKTpoMan{eTr{o :aeuuotejcrro
- EyKireapno cuJrrro 3aeuuogejctno,
Korxn6a (Masatoshi Koshiba, 1920 - ) floKaxare
- HyKJreapuo cra6o :aercrogejctoo eKcrepr4MeHTajrflo Ae(a HeyTp[HaTa llMaaT Maca.

- e.neKTpocla6o 3aervrHo AejcTBo,

Taa e or<o,ry 100 000 [arra fioMa.na oA Macara Ha
rrecTrrlu (oqcTlrTyeHl[ (KBapKoBr, ll renToH14) eneK'rpoHor. 3a ucnrnyoamara Ha CoH.leB[
Heyrpuua rl{e geajqa 3aeAEo co P. UaKoHrr (Riccardo
- eneveHTapH npeHocxrenx Ha raevHoaeicr eo.
- r o,reMo o6etruH) BalLe Ha 'laevHotejcTBaTa Giaconi, 1931- ) ja Ao6rrja Ho6c,'roBara HarpaAa Bo
2002 rotrnfia.
3. OngnKa Ha Marepniann
loneu 6poj noeu, ea "nyieuto .LtHozy Kopltcuu. uautepuja"cu 6une
owrcpueuu co paseojoil ua uawawa 4ueunuaa4uja.
Co uercou od uue fte ce equo'znaeme g) oea uoT"caeje. Tarca rte
paa6epetue Karco ce Zpadeuu qapcfrutue tuena- uo"turcpucuta"luute u
uo uo rcp u c [ta.,c uut e, rca rc e u e p c x u u o c u.t o j a tu u o u e i y u o "t e rcy "c uu'te, rc o u
ce ocuoeuuwe oco6uuu Ho LuaKa tuupoKo yuou.tpe6yeauuu.te uetuanu
u"cu uo"cuuepu od uajpaanu+eu eud, u.ttuo ce tuoa tuequu xpucuta"tu u
3ou.tuto deuec tuoLtrcy ce uouynapuu LCD- ercpauutue? Bo oea
uo|naeje fte ce cpetuuetue u co tuupoKo yuorupe6yeauotuo ctuarcLto u
rcepauurcatua, KaKo u co ocuoeuutue ceojcutea ua uatuepuian'utue wuto
ce rcopucutatu upu |paderu'e ua uajpaa"tuuuu o6jerctuu.
 3. 1. Crupyr<tuy p a na cy ucLuaH4uj awa 175

NI4HT-IIOHI TOflqT,II}A KOII CC ABII)K T XAOTI{qHO

3. 1. CTPYKTYPA HA Kora oAAory rn Aynaue co $en.
CYIICTAHUIIJATA
noceaa u]y,tLu3ute u c.tMuule unrauie ctio7HoeHo
ut'Ko cyttctuoHtlu jttilltt ,ut
'Jttc dq iot nott qt utptt
oZp,T,|MHrt cocnoj'rr. 4qpcfra, eqna a
iacoeuwa. Hnjeepojtuluo uuut' to.luoi6u 2tt
Honepa"xe dpeauutue $tr'toaoQu do ZtL

dabltHupaaLu ocHoaHu[iie ere,veHaltu: (Joia,

co.tdyx tt .ttujrr. Ho. uuuiytrtqrtjrrrtrn Ha
tptr"totocptttut' yt{o,'1a dera iiocfu,'rr yruute
^1t.th
rdrH 4,1 ,t(Hi'ii 1o6",ttrx ao ttoctlloebe) o?H!'ut Koj.
iaK, ome da ce doeede 60 BpcKa co
unjpactipttcurp,tnr'urtrour o6.tttr< H iit't uto(H't' Ho
cyl ( luoHllltitittt tttt 6cPJ1cHau.tt, tt uloQ (
finaanafra.
3ado.t(ru1tt H.t H.\)rrHuLluute od XIX aerc io ci
oo o(H(( c,)t zrr oturpttja[i u-ttjHuutt Ha uoa
KAKO (( CrJyBtrnkt Or!IO"\tllu-i( l!J'ttl "Mttnt Kyr'1ltnc ao
poJHt!iie !)(!uoil!! ua rytlL iitntqr jtuto. !! KaKo Cn. L EKcncpxMeHTa"'IHa lleMoHcrpar]I,Ija Ha MoAerot'
oar!( np(^rt a"tttjanti H( t "'lt Kutptlt!Ht!uk . Ha rac: XaOTlttlHO /lBtlXeB'e Ua IIIlHr-nOHf TOnLIllrba BO
otiiiu,tK tfi,,,ve.yaHItttKt!iit. .t"toiH(nHItu.c II Mpexecra Kopna, Ayoaulr oggo,ry co Qeu.
pylttitrt .Rojtutao nt) tott. aaKauu-(
ucftpfitysarrba ce io"'r3ysoolu ao da ce coadaaqeLl Bo MHory cryqalr cyArrpure Moxar Aa ce
onepujanL! Lr![aro uMoon ccojcmea fio7o<)utt stt pa3f.JreAyBaaT KaKo eJracrnrrHrr, [pr1 lrlTo BaxaT
HUBHa iparciirt\Hu ipu eHe. 3aKOHI{Te 3a 3arra3yBarie Ha I4MrIyJIcoT I{
KrlHerur{Kara enepruja. Bo x3yqyBatbero Ha
Mo4e,'ru Ha crpyKTypa Ha cyrcrau{I{jara noBeAeHIIeTO Ha facoBr.rre MHory ce KopIrcTI{
rp)6fior \ao[er Ha rteareH rac. xaj .roj ce
Cseror Ha ra e MHory pa3Hoo6pa3eH. Ayplr 3aHeMapeHlt rloTeHurrJaJrHara gHeprxja Ha
fi enHa hcra cyncTaHuxja noKa)Ky8a HajpaJrr.l,lH14 saeuuogejcrtoro u [rrMeH3rrrre Ha qecrl{IIIITe.
ceojcraa Bo 3aBrrcHocr oE ycJroBLITe Knacu.lrata MexaH[Ka rI MoreKyJIapHo-
u Ap.). OcHoBHLITe
(TeMlleparypa, rprirr.rcoK KrueruqKara reopuja vecrorarrr ce,qoBoJtHI{ 3a
Molertl Ha cyrcrauqujara Bo coBpeMeHara Aa ce It3yr{[ IloBe[eHrrero na raco't'. Znaxy,
Qu:nra ce: MoAeJIor Ha fac, MoAeJIor Ha rIJIa3Ma, :eujunara aruoc$epa, clopeA cBoero rroBeAeHIIe
\{oteror Ha KoHncH314paHa var epria. BO rroH[cKIITe CJIOeBI{, MOX<e Aa Ce CMeTa 3a
r.ueaJreH rac.
Moqen na rac
Kaj oroj MoAeJr 3a rpaAnBHIr r{ecrlrul{ ce Moqe.r na ua:ua
cMeraar caMo HeyTpaJrHr.rre aroMx l{ r'IojreKyJru
Kor ce cMect'cH14 Ha roJIeMr pacrojaulja clHtr og flna:uara e najpacrpocrpauerara cocroj6a
APyfn, MHOfy IOIOJIeMLI OA HITBHIITe AL{MeH3r{r{. Ha cyncrauqnjara, fJIeAaHo Bo KocMrrtIKIt
Tara lloxe Aa ce cMera [eKa rxe lleiy ce6e orory 99To
pa3Mepr.i. Bo ora cocroj6a ce naofa
3aeMHo He cu gejcrayoaar. l-pagnruure qecrllr{KIr og cylcrauqlrjara Bo qeJlara gcereua. Ce
ce Bo HenpeKI{HaTo xaorr.rqHo ABr{xetIe, rla rloKa)KaJro AeKa sBe3AI{Te ce, BcyrxHocT,
roa goaia go vecru ueiyce6un cyqnplt.
rropagr.r IIJIa3Meurl TorrKr.r, a Bo rl,'ra3MeHa cocroj6a oe
llpnroa rue 3aeMHo crr leicreyaaar. Ha crfiKara Haoia u cyrcrauqujara Bo MefysBe3e[3ry
I e AaAeH rrpnKa3 Ha \-oAeJr Ha fac Ir3BeAcH co rrpocrop. Ho, Bo 3eMcKtITe pa:rrlepr,r coctffi6fil
Ha nJra3Nrara ce cperHyBa coceM peTKo, t.'- F fi&.
t'76 3. 1. Cu-py rruyp a t ru cl ucLuaHLlLtjoue

xaj Hexolr ar r149H14 nptrpoAHtl nojaen. ralo

rxro e [oJ'rapHara cBeTJILIHa (cr.2) tt,rt,I eo
CBCTIe rlKltOT KaHaJI HA MOJII{'aTa
I,IHaKy, nj'ra3Mara Mo>Ke Aa ce pa3rreAyBa
KaKO rac, Ho cytrlTecrBeHo e roa lxTo Bo Hero
nocroiar KaKo HaeJIeKTprl3[paHn rrecr[qfi,
jonr u e,rerrponlt, TaKa I{ HeyrparHr{ arolrx.
Bo qelr.rna nra3Mara e eJreKTpoHeyrpaJrHa, Ho
BO Hea Ha OtrpeaeHu MCCTa \{OXe tra trOitre JO
JIOKAJIHO HapyuyBarLe Ha
eJreKTpoHeyTpaJ'IHocTa I{ Toa Aa npeAll38r.IKa
IIBr.r)Kebe Ha HaeJIeKTpLl3IipaHLrTe qecTIrIlI{ OA
oKoJ,rrHara. laKl \'loxc lla trojtre [o
HaTpyrryBarse Ha cIIpoTIrBHu no.nHexl4 Ha C,1. J.Kplcra r Hn xBafu
oflpcaeneHo pacTojaHne oKoJIy MecToTo Ha
HapyrxyBa16ero. r'IJru. TaKarrapeqeH Aa,reqeH
aaJre.rr.rHa
IlopeAoK;
. aMop$Hule ltarcpujalu (na np. crar,rarer);
. re'rHocrlT( tuK,ry'tyBtjxti ja rt auarrra-
Hlc\uJHa te'lltocl rir r\IrcToiyBa$e Ha
)KuBoror Ha 3eujala);
. TCIIHIITCKPI,ICTAJ]U;
. 6uolournre cTpyKTypll Kou B]-lelyBaar Bo
cocraBor Ha xuBlITc opraHLr3Mu (6eJrKoBuHu.
HyKr're[HcKit KItccJrIlHLI).
Karo ronller:upaHa cpeluHa ce rper]rpaar r

Cn. 2. flna3Ma: no,'rapHa cllefJrt{Ha.

Moge,r na KoHAeH3I,IpaHa Mareplja

Co lcx:lyvor Ha Bo3Ayxor, cure lpyru

Irarepufl Ha 3eujara ce saoiaal Bo
KoH[eH3[pana cocroj6a. Crpyrrypara Bo
KOHIeH3rlpaHaTa CpCJ]IrHa e raKBa IXTO .rec'.rrullTc
na rpag6ara ce pac[opeAeHn ro;rry 6rucry, lxro
Hr.iBHrlTe eJreKTpogcrn o6,raqlI ce npeKJro[yBaar,
IIa llopaArl Toa BaJICHTHXTe e.JreKTpOHX C[r'1HO
3aeMHO Cr4 AeC'fByBaaT.
Crpyxrypara u cnojcrnara Ha KoHAen3uparlara Cn.4. Kpncrar o[ cHery"'rKa co raKaHapeqeua
rfpar ra,ruo reoverpxja
cpc/.l Ha reluKo Moxlr na cc o6jacuar u par6cprr
6c: Aa ce [cKopucrar 3aKoH[Te Ha KBaHTHara
MEXAHITKA. Teqnocrn
Bo xougen:rpanr.r cpelrHn cnaiaar:
. Kpr4cranxre ror ce naj[o6po nPoyrreHxor TeqHocra e arperarHa uefycocroj6a nouefy
o6,rfix Ha KoHAeH rxpaHa vrrcpt,lja co facHara u qBpcrara Qa:a. Og rtre npxallrHrl
npaBrlnHo rroApeleHu rpaAxBHu .tecrnllr4 (cr. TeqHocra rrMa HeKoIt cBojcrBa e[HaKBu co rrre Ha
3 n 4) u raj xou nocror noApegeHocr Ha racoBlrre, no lr cnojcrea Kou ce clrrrr{Hlr co
 3. 1. Cutpy rcruy pa ua cy icmaHI4LIj suta 1',7',1

cnojcrnara Ha uBpcrrrre re:ra. Ha npunep, nosecro ja Hanyltlraar paMHorex<Hara ri6"1ox6a

TCI{HOCT , KAKO II IIBPCTOTO TEJIO, fiPU oro,'ry xoja ocunJrl,rpaar.
KoHcraHTHa reMreparypa x\4a nocrojaH BoryMeH. noABuxHocra Ha torre^yrure I' na
a cJrrrqHo Ha racoBrne ja uua Sopuara Ha cagor TeqHocra ce uaun$ecrupa nprl nojaaara
ao roj ce naofa. quQy:uja xJlH BrrcKo3Hocr Ha reqHocra.
Herou eKcneprrMeHTrr noKaxaJre AeKa Excnepr.rueurute yKax<yBaar Ha roa AeKa co
MOJTeKyJTI{Te Ha TeqHOCTa Ce TOCTaBeHI{ CIIOpeA 3roJreMyBarie Ha TeMneparyPaTa, flopaAlt
oApeAeH peA .roj ce eocnocraByBa caMo Bo rrorr3pa3eHo ronJII{HcKo ABIt;,Kelr'e, gn$ystjara ua
HenocpelHara 6nIruHa Ht Heroj vorely.n. TeqHocra e cd uo6psa. flpu :roreuyeane ua
AoAeKa rroflaJ]eKy og uero, roj ce ry6u. Taxnoro TeMnepaTypaTa, rr BrrcKo3HocTa Ha reqHocra,
cnojcreo na noApe1eHocr ce uapexysa 6,tuaor nopann cd noMaJrr{Te ueiyuolexy:rapnn apcxlr,
uopedorc,xoj e IIJIycrpllpaH Ha crura'ra 5. cTaHyBa noMaJIa.
llplr gonoluo BrrcoKa reMrleparypa,
KHHerrgKara eHepruja Ha Mo.'rcKy,'l{Te re
rropacHe, (e ro uapyruu 6nucxuot nopelloK Ha
rlogpeleHocr n (e nolltrne Bo facHa coceMa
HenolpeAeHa, xaouruHa cocroj6a.

06jacuere ur cneAlrtme norrMrr:

- arperarnlr cocroj6u ( Saau)

- MOAeJt Ea rac
- Moler'r Ha flJ'ta3Ma
- Moller Ha KorJAes3upaua lrarepuja
- TeIIHOCT
Cn. 5. E"r[3oK nopeAoK fla floApe,qcHocr'Ha - 6"'ru3oK [opeAoK
rvroJ'l e KyJ'l xre raj revnocrurc. - AareqeE flopeloK

Og c,rrrlra Moxc Aa ce Bll.q pexa raj

Te'rHocr re He nocrol4 qa,re.ren nope[ox xoj 6r
3Ha'ren noBlopyBatse rra \40reKlJlcxuor pel- xoi
c ceojcreen 3a IIeJIoro reno. Baxon nopeAoK e lpauran a, 3aAarr[ rl axTxBnocrlr
caojcraeu 3a IlRpcroro reJro.
I4HaKy, TonJIIIHcKoro ABIIXeII e Ha
MOJreKyJr[Te BO TeTIHOCTa MO)<e Aa Ce IIpeTCTaB[ L [a.nu ce pa:r:rnxyBa MoJIeKyJror Ha Mpa3 Ir
Co Ocq rr paft,e OKOJIy pa\{HoIeXHaTa IO,qOX6a. MOreKyroT Ha BoAa?
co rloBpeMeHo npecKoKHyBaH'e Ro HoBa 2. Kou ce ocHoBHr{Te pa3,ruKr.r Mery rpxre
paMHorexHa nolox6a
Ha HeKoe pacrojanue ulro arperarun cocroj6u Ha cyncranqlrjara?
e peA roJreMnHa Ha AuMeH3rrme Ha MoJleKyJIIlTe 3. 3ourro rIrragMara Moxe aa ce cMera 3a
Ha reqHocra. Ha roj uavnn MoJIeKyJIIrre MHory verapra arperarna Sa:a?
6aBHo ce npeMecryBaar I{ ce ABnxar HIt3 qeJII{or 4. Io6apajre Bo 6u6rtloreKa uexoja xuara.
BoJryMeH Ha reqHocra. BpeMerpaelsero Ha hJrrn Ha uHTepHer Be6 cTpaHl4qa. u npovl4rajre
ocIIItJIIIpaH,eTO Ha eAeH MOJreKyJr O[ TeqHOCTa no tupoKo 3a IrJra3MaTa Bo 3eMcKH ycJloBl.r u
oKoJIy paMHore)KHara IIoJox6a e pa3JIIrqHo It NN 3MATA BO BCCJIEH TA,
3aBI{CII OA COCTaBOT Ha reqHOCTa I{ OA
TeMrreparypara.
Co :roreuynane Ha reMneparypara * nnu"*u 1rp". nlo.opc) = c63g2sau, o6nu
MoJIeKyJII4Te oA TeqHocra Ao6nsaar rIoBI,IcoKa ryaau, o@opuyraM, yMerHI{qKo Aeno
KuHernqKa eneprlrja, craHyBaar nonoABItxHI{ na
178 3.2. ALuoMcKu u,no.aeKyJxapHu cpcKu

go6u.n enerrpon craHaJr ereKTpoHerar[BeH joH.

3.2. ATOMCKII II Ha roj uavl*r, oBr{e ABa aroMa ce Apxar 3ae[Ho
MOJIEKYJIAPHI,I BPCKI,I co rroMorrr Ha nprBreqHaTa ereKTpHqHa cI{JIa.
I,Inary, joncrara BpcKa o6uvno nacranyna
nol'reiy aroulr, oA KoIr eAHItor IIMa eAeH
eJre Kr poH Bo nocJrellHara e,'teKTpoHcKa o6er axa.
Ilpuponara Ha xeMrlcKrlre BpcKr{ a Apyfr.lor uMa pequcl4 IlerocHo IrcrIoJIHeTa
eJreKTpoHcKa o6BrrnKa. Taxa, ua lplruep,
Ocnonsme crrJrrr rrro ja onpegeryaaar aJrKaJrHr{Te Mera,'r[ KaKo tttro ce rallryuor (K) r.I

crpyKTypaTa Ha rlBpcTrrre Mareprr[ ce HarplryMor (Na) , Kou r.rMaar caMo eAeH BaJrgHTeH
eneKTpxgHt,rre ctJI14 Ha 3aeMHogejcreo noveiy ereKTpoH. recHo BJreryBaar eo joHcxa BpcKa co
BAJIEHTHITTE CJIEKTPOHI'T. xaroreHrrre eJreMeHTr{, Ha nprrMep xlopor (Cl )
HeKa BKynHr4or 6poj 'lecrr,rqr.r uro ja Lrru Sryopor (F) Kon nMaar rro eAHo
corrHHyBaar KoH[eH rupaHara varepaja ro HerrorroJrHero Mecro Bo nocre[HaTa eJreKTpoHcKa
o3Har{rrMe co N. Pa6orara ruro rpe6a ga ja :ryurna. Co:qageHlrrejonu no cryvajor ua NaCl
r.r3Bprxl4 uexoja naqeopeuua cala la [a ja ce [plrBJreKyBaar co Kynouoenre crrJru, ra
pa3fpaAr{ rleJraTa Taa KoHAeH3r{paHa cpeAI4Ha, T.e. noreuuuja,rrara eHeprujr t l'l, t ua :aelruogejcreo
fpall{BHl4Te rrecrl4qu Aa ce AoHecaT Ha ua joulrre nrmega KaKo Ha cruKara 1.
pacrojanuja sa xor nose(e HeMa 3aeMHo Aa cI,I
lejcraysa:rr. la ja orsa.rrve co A.
Toralr ce BoBeAyBa nouu euepruja aa
npcrara (I/) eAHaKBa Ha:

w=A (r )

Oeaa serfiq Ha ce uepu no eV/arov.

Bo 3aBucHocr oA BItAor Ha qecrrrqr.rre rxro
3aeMHo cu gejcreyraar Bo KoHAeH3r4pauara
cpegt*ra Qoru, HeyrpaJrHr{ aroMn r.r.rlr uorerynu),
a cro raKa x Bo |aB cHocr og roa garr cexoj
BaJreHTeH e,leKTpOH e CBp3aH CO eAeH, ABa r.Urrr
[oBe(e aroMli oA oKoJIItHara, Mo)<ar Aa ce
uojarar uero,rry erAa BpcKrl. Tlre epcru Bo qr4cra r
narepuja r{Jrrr Bo cMeca ja onpegerynaar
cTpyKTypaTa Ha KoH[eH3r4paHara cPelrrHa.
flocrojar rplr ocHoBHri MoAeJrr.r Ha Bp3yBaH,e Ha
aroMnre Bo @opulrpar+,ero Ha rrBpcrara
Cr. l. no'reHqrrjarHa eneprnja raj KynoHoBoro
uarepuja, u roa: joncxa, KoBaJreHTHa u MeraJrua :aeurolejcrso.
npcxa, floora6ure BpcKlr oA runor na Ban-gep
Ba"rc lr;ru aoAopoAHara Bpcxa, ce ucro raKa
BaxHr{, Ka[e [ITo MexaHrr3N[rre Ha qBpcro Ha c,rrrara I. r npercraByBa pacrojaHucro
Bp3yBarl'e He ce AoMITHaHTHI{. ueiy jagpara Ha ABara joua. Moxe Aa ce BriAr{
AeKa 3aBr.lCHOCTa rir{a MI{HIiMyM 3a BpeAHOCT Ha
JoHcra npcxa ueiyjoncxoro pacrojaune r0 npr,r Koe cr.rJrara Ha
:aeuuoqejcrso lreiy jouure craHyBa eArraKBa Ha
flpu Qopunpau,ero Ha HeKorl MoreKyJlr ITJILI Hy,{a (cn. l). Bo MHory cJryrrarr Mo)KeMe Aa
Kprlcrann goaia go xovn,rerHo lrpeorabe Hi clleH c\{craMc rcKa jorilrrc racvuo clr aejcrayoaar
rru noee(e eJreKTpoHt{ oq eAeH Ha Apyf aroM. KaKo rBpxr{ cQepu pacuopegeFrr roJrKy rycro
llpnroa, arouor ruro r,i:ry6urr e,'IeKTpoH craHaJI KOJTKy rrrTo oBo3Mo)KyBaaT HaABOpe[rH(Te
rro3r{Tr.rBHo HaereKTprr3xpaHj [oAeKa aToMoT uITo enerrponcxr,r o6enarr.
 3.2. Atuoucrcu u uo.leKynapHu spcKLt 179

Hacnuxara2eAaAeH eJreKTpoHor Moxe cro6oAHo Aa ce rprrABr.rr<r{ Hlr3

Mo[e.JroT Ha pacnopeaoT 'KoHAeH3upaHara cpeglrna. Mecroro oA KaAe rrlro
na jouure xaj rpucranor crr 3aMuHaJr eAeH eJIeKTpoH ce o[HecyBa KaKo
Ha NaCl. Kaj Hero Mecro rrrro Iaua norpe6a ga :aQarlr egeu
BaJreHTHlroT e,'IeKTpoH oA eJreKTpoH, T.e. KaKo IIo3I{TIiBeH nOJrHer< r,I Ce BrIKa
HaTpuyMoT KaKo Aa My rrryrrJrrrHa.
npunaia ua x,'ropHr.ror
Cr. 2. MoAen fla
jo".
NaCl.

Konanenrna npcxa

Hajruluvulrre
rIBpcToTeJ'rHu
cpeArrHn
KOBaJrer{THa BpCKa
ce oHlte urTo ce
I{3rpaAeHr,r oA C,r. 4. Cnapyoarre na ereKTpoHrrre o,q cocelHxTe Si -
TOMII.
aToMr.r oA qeTBp-
TaTa fpylla Ha
neprroAHr{oT cllc-
I4uaxy cure coennuenuja co go6po r.r3pa3en[
jarrepol (C),
rroJryclpoBoAHl{ cnojcrna ce Bp3aHlr co KoBa-
rerur:
neHrHa BpcKa: CaAs. lnSb r npyrr coeguHeuuja oq
clr,rnqlllyr'.r (Si) lr
repMaHlryrr (Ge). rpynara III-V oA rrper{oAHrror crlcreM Ha
C,'1. J. KoBaneHTsa BpcKa CJICMEHTI,ITE-
Bo rpucranure Ha noMeiy cllnuquyMoB aroM Bo
cnJrrrqr.ryMoT I{fep- KPfiCTarHaTa peuJeTKaIl
MaHr{yMoT, eAeH Meranna npcxa
uerupure naj6"'rrcxtt coceAu.
aroM ce,naoia so
tleHTapoT Ha eAeH Kaj t'lcraltre Iloara Ilo h.o,rexrreH rau'tja Ha
TCTpaeAap, a [pyrlr qeTfipl,I aToMI{ ce cMecreH14 Bo
ereKTpoHcKlme o6naqu oA BaJreHTHr{Te
ilrr'r re Ha rerpaetxpor {cr'r. 3). Kaj crnuquyvor u ereKTpoHI{, r.e. nepojaruocra :a naoiame ga
xaj gpyrr.rre npercraBHItur. cexoj oa Lrerhprre eaeH c,reKTpoH oKony onpe,leJreH jon e ncra ra
BaJTeHTH[ ereKTpoHI{ Ce CBp3yBa CO nO eAeH O[ cure jorul Bo MeraJror. fycrunara Ha ereK-
BaJTeHTH[Te e.J]eKTpoHII Ha cBolrre cocegn (c,r.4)
rpH(lHlor norHex e roJre\ra. ra jornre ce
n $opvlrpaar e,reKTpoHcKx flapoBr
Kaj oAHecyBaar KaKo Aa ce HypHarrr Bo "e,leKTpoHcKo
KoaaJIeHTHara BpcKa. BpcKfiTe cc jasyeaar xaxo
Mope". Ba,'IeHTHIrre eJIeKTpoHrr ce ABuxar
pe3yJrrar Ha cIrJrIr trITo r.rMaar e.lreKTpltqHa IIpII- cro6oAHo HIr3 ueJrlror BoJryMeH Ha Mera.Jror,
poAaj Ho rzMaar KBaHTeH KapaKTep. Cnapyname cJrlrqHo KaKo MoJTeKyJII{Te na egen rac. 3atoa
flo\1efy c,'leK'l poH14Te HacraHyBa cavo noveiy foBop[Me 3a e,'IeKTpoH[Te HI{3 MeraJror KaKo 3a
e]reKTpoHcKIi rac.
eJreKTpoHcKlI napoBII Kor{ r.rMaar cnpoTl{BHlr
clrnuoru (+l /2 u -l /2) . Ereprujara Ha BpcKara xaj vera,rure.
BcyrxHocT, npeTcTaByBa cyMa oA:
fycrl4Hara Ha ejreKTpoHcKrror o6raK e
uajro;reua HeKaAe Ha cpeal,rHara oA orcetlKara . eneprujara rllro ce ,qoJIxIr Ha eJIeKTpIIrrHoro
trrro rr.r cBp3yBa coceAHIITe aroMu. flpuBneKyBarhe lreiy no lurllaxure jouu r.r
Eueprnjara Ha KoBar'reHTHara BpcKa He ce eJleKTpoHcKr.ror rac xoj ro cortuHyBaar
a-
pa3JrxKyBa Mrofy oA eHeprrrJara Ha JoHcKaTa 3aeAHUqKIrTe BareHTHLr eJIeKTpOHX;
BpcKa. T.o. r4 Taa x3HecyBa uexolxy eV'arou. . eHepfxjara uro ce ao,t)Kx aa [ejcrsoro aa
I,h,reHo, rorxaea'e erprnjara uro rpe6a aa ce crurnre Ha 3aMeHa (xu6p[Au3aquja). Onoj nuq
npeAaae Ha eAeH ereKTpoH oA eJleKTpoHcKrror cl4Jtt4 uMa KBaHTHOMeXaHIIqKU KapaKTep Il
trap, 3a Aa ce pa3pylrn cnapyBalr'ero, a nporr3neryBa oA cflapyBabeTo Ha
180 3.2. Autoucrcu u uorleKyJ'IopHu apcKu

eJIeKTpOHUTe CO C pOTI{RHr{ CII'IHOBI{ BaKBure MoreKy.lru ce rroJrapHu, Kaj nlm

(xu6punn:laquja); Mo.rreKyJlor HeMa cl{MerpuqHa pacupege:r6a Ha
. KrrHeruqKara eneprnja na erexrpoume. noJrHe)KI,ITe, TyKy Ha eAHa cTpaHa npeoBJIaAyBa
llopaan cllre oetle Qaxroptl. eueprujara ua eqeH HeraTrrBeH, a Ha Apyfa TIo3IITLIBeH IOJIHe)K, na
clo6ogeg eJreKTpoH Bo MeraJror e HeKoJIKy MOJIeKyJTOT npeTcTaByBa eJreKTp[qeH Annor
eJIeKTpoHBonrta floMara o[ eHeprttjara ua eaeH (cn.5).
eJIeKTpoH Bo BaKyyM Bo 6rfi3uHara Ha Mera.Jror' OcHosHa HI{BHa KapaKTepucrrrKa e AIIIIoJTeH
Eneprujara Ixro My e norpe6ua Ha eJIeKTpoHor MoMeHr Ha MoJreKynor. IloJ rtroaeu uttutuut ce
ga ja nanyuru MeraJlHara noBprxl4ua I4 Aa ornAe uodpaa1upa oerctuop .tuja ,one,vLtHa e eduarca(t ua
Bo BaKyyM) ce BrrKa [3Jre3Ha pa6ora. Co onaa ipo!lJsoootu oo (oHItotu od edunrarrtuc iotntwtt
BeJrIq Ha ee(e ce raro']uaere laltnere notlaeje Hn oMloJlo|t t! HllaHt)ruo e?y&6Ho pacu-tojontr.e
<DoroeQexrt. flopagu roa co lonaBathe enepruja Ilfneetpiu cc uoKJlouy?a co Itlnqatiio Miuo ,It
oAHaABop (co ocneuysane [JrIt 3arpeBarLe Ha ttocpJy'n M,ttHL'.thtturc. HoCoKa[itt C od
l'reralor)" roja e egnaxea r{Jrrr [ofoJreMa oA He?afuu6Htloui KoH lio]ttMuqHttoiii io.IHQlt
Ll3re3Hara pa6ora na eJIeKTpoHor, Mo>Ke Aa ce F-ot
qo6ue euucuja na cno6olen elerrpon.
I4HaKy, [ocroe]+'ero cro6oAHu eJIeKTpoHI{ e
IprrqIIHa 3a roleMaTa eleKTprrrrHa I{ TorIJlllHcKa
cnpoaog:rmocr xaj MeraJII4Te.

Ban 4ep Balrcono BP3YBaIse

Cexog [Ba pa3ABoeHI't MoJreKyJIa ce
npI4BJreKyBaaT eneH co Apyf co noMoIrJ Ha
ereKTpocrarurrKlr cI,IJIIr, Haper{eHl.t Ban gep
Barcosu cnru. Taxa (e ce npltBre'{ar I't Kotl 6uro
Cn. 6. Meiyce6uo ep:yua*e ua 1ua H2O Iuoaery,'ra
ABa aroMa urro He Qopvtlpaar iolcxa tlrtl nopaAu 3aMuoaejcrBo Ha llirlollnltre N{oMeHTIr.
KOBaJT9HTHa npCra. Ban gep Balconnre npcrtl
[uflonrrure MoMeHTlr Ha ceKoj oA Mo'reKynure ce
lrro ce $opuupaar [oMeiy BaKBI'ITe aroMrr ce , orHa.ieqr'r co P.
uuory roc:ra6u oA oHI{e rltro perxoAHo rn
orrrrrlaBMe. flpu qoeo:ruo BIrcoKI'I TeMneparyprl Ha cluxara 6 e npt{KaxaHo KaKo ABa
oBlre crrJrr{ He ce AoBOJIHO foJreMrr 3a [a fo rro.JrapHn MoJreKyJIa (gnnort,r) co eAHaKBI'l
HaAMI{Har TOTIJITTHCKOTO ABrr)<elbe I'I pacTypabe ArrrroJrHII MOMeHTII (Ha rpuMep, [Ba MoJIeKyJIa Ha
Ha aroMI4Te. Ho, uplt BoAara) ce Bp3yBaar.
[oBoJIHO HTTCKII TeMne- Taxa, enertptlvnoro loJle oA eAHltor AIlrIoJl
paTypr{, cl{JrrrTe oA TeP- Ha eAeH MOIeKyJT rO OplIeHTXpa ApyfrloT MoJIeKyJr
MUqKOTO ABrrXelLe Ha Ha HaqnH 3a aa ce npI{BJreKyBaaT [BaTa MoJIeKyira.
aroMnre (MoreKyrltre) EAeH Helo,'rapeH MoJIeKyJI, lrcro raKa,
ce 3aHeMapJII{BO MaJIII BO rrpr{BJreKyBa Apyr HerlorapeH Mo.JreKyl co Bau nep
oAHoc Ha BaH Aep Ba,rcora cnla. I4aKo e.reKTpu'lHlror AI'tnoJIeH
Bancosute cr{Jrl.t. IIa roa MOMeHT Ha HeIIOJIapH[Te MO.JreKyJlU BO npOCeK e
oBo3MO)<yBa MOJTeKyJIIT- eAHaKOB Ha ny:ra, raj HdB, cerraK. ce cryqyBaaT
Te npu JIaAeIse Ha facoT HeKaKBrr BHaTpeIxHrr [poMeHlt Ha 3aeMHaTa
Aa KoHAeH3LlpaaT BO Mecrororo)K6a Ha rloJlHex(r{Te, IIa Bo [aAeH
HA BOAi
TETIHOCT A IIOTOA BO MOMCHT TI,IE. CEIIAK, IIMAAT AIIIO,'ICH MOMCHT
rlBpcro rero. BaH Aep pa3rrlqeH oA HyJIa. TaKa, Kofa [Ba HenoJrapnll
Barcoeure cLIJrrl [po- MoreKyrra (e gojlar 6rn:y elen qo gpyr,5p:trre
It3JreryBaaT oA 3aeMHo- rrpoMeHl{ Bo AIlrIOJrHLlre MOMeHTU Te>Kar Aa
[peTgTaByBaBe ua gejcrsoro Ha AurlolrHlrre rrpor{3BeAaT npr,lBJreqHo 3aMHOIIeJcTBO-
IIOJIaDeH MOJIeKVTI
MOMeHTI Ha MOreKy-
Cn 5- Jl I,lTe.
 3.2. AutoracKu u ttoJ,reKynapHL! apcrcLt l8t

<_ <_ -----t

n f,)
-----'
6\ a)
<_ -----|
s <_
-----)
in
\_/
ri f\\J
-----) +_ ---->
A
\/
f-l
\_t G o
<_ ;t
dn
\,
<_
\,/ \J t/
qg6urrq
upltll,ileqrIo Cr. 8. BoaopoaHa Bpcxa ooveiy crpaturtll{Te rpauKtr
Ha cnuparurc (ic-neBlr cnpe(IlHartr IIprrl.IKIl).

Cr. 7. BaH Aep BancoBo flpriBjreKyBa]be Ha MoJ'reKyr'rx rc

(oj IlMaar cpeAeE ffrrroreg MoMeHr eEHaKoE ]1a Hyna.

(ouarpeuxu) eJIeKTpoHII, ocBeH eAr{HcrBeHr,ror

Moxua e noBpcMeHa oplerraulja urr Bo e,'reKTpotlcKara O6BHBKa.
MoreKyr'rrrTe lIITo [oBeayBa [o [prrBJrerlHo
:aeuuogejcrao., Baxsme opr{eHraqfu 3a
rrpr.rBJrerrHo :aelluogejcrro ce cnyrlyBaar co
rrofoirelra oepojaruocr orKoJIKy oH[e 3a
oq6uennre, MoJIeKyJIIme ce npuBreKyBaar (c,'L 7). 06jacuere ru orequr{Be rrollMr.r:

- joncxa apcxa - Bau nep Balcoea npcra

- KOBaJTeHTHa BpCKa - ereKTprrreH Ar.rnor
. Boqopogna npcxa - rxynJlltHa - MoMeHT Ha AIIIOJTOT
- MeraJlHa BpcKa - nolopolna npcxA
Bogopoluara rpcxa e y[ITe eAeH MexaH[3aM - r.r r,le rHa paoorl - crcpruja Hr BpcKara
Ha Bp3yBalbe roj nva orpouuo snaveu,e. Toj
MeXaHr'I3aM 3a [p)KeHre Ha lpynu Mo.]IeKyJ'r[ BO
3ae,qHt{Ila HalqecTo e oAroBopeH 3a MefyceoHo
rIoBp3yBalLe Ha rr.lfaHTcKLr MoJreKyJrrI u rIoJ'luMepI,I
I
':a ga cu ja 3arIa3a']'cBojara Quxcua (ropua. Tara.
'ta [f nRu.uur"a. 3aaaq' r aKr'BHocrri
Bp ,aHocra Ha ,'lo6poIo iHarara aaojuo
cn[parHa crpyKTypa Ha r'roJreKyrara ua IHK e
oAroBopHa BonopolHara BpcKa nolreiy LKon ornu ce tlplreuHa :a xoja 6lrlo og
crpaHIlqHI,ITe fpaHKr.r Korl ce cocraBeH[ oA MO,'reKyrapHr.rTe BpcK[I'J
Har3MeHrItIHo HapeAeHr.rrejauexuqparu Ll
$oc$arurre rpynr roNrefy cnuparnre (c,r.8). 2. ,[arn egeu joucrn uo,rexy,r Moxe Aa ce cMera
BoaopogHara BpcKa ce $opunpa nopaArl roa 3A AUTIO]I.
lUrr' (ncH flpoTo (BoJoPorHoro jalpotrt, [e,rlr
naa a ror'Ia (o6tvHo 1aa KucJropoAHrl aroua). Oea 3. KonKaB e AurroJrHuor uollenr P,, Ha nrfroJror
aeJ'rerbe Ha cacH ricr nporoH e cJ'rrrrrHo KaKO TIITO fO [paBaT ABa [OJ]He)Ka CO foreMItHa
!e,'re6eTo Ha e,JeH ucr ereKTpoH nplr g: 0, 5l i0 '" C axo rrre ce Ha lreiyce6no
cfoplrupau,cro Ha KoBareHTHara epcra. Baruala pacr t.rjrune r' 0. ob l0 n rn"
EpcKa e oBo3r\,Io)KeHa lropaAr'I MaJraTa Maca Ita (Ogrorop : P.: 0, 48 l0 re Cm)
rrpol'oHoT r{ rlopaAx r{erocToebeTo Ha Apyfu
182 3. 2. Kpucwanuu u auopQuu uattepujaau

AKo ce o6e36e[ar noBoJrHB ycjroBn, npu

3.3. KPI{CTAJIHI,I U caMoTo c"BpllI]tsalLe Toraru Moxe Ba c€ Ao6ue
AMOPOHII MATEPIIJAJII{ ,toHoKpucfran

Kora Ha Hexoja cynaTaHuuja urjro._ ce Faora Bo

Ter{Ha cosroi6a r* ce cHrdKvBa'revneparyparh.
raa . (e noMr.rHe Bo qBpsqa' cocroj6a. flpx
JlaAersero floafa [o Qopvupa*e Ha Kpr{craJrHn
rlBpcrr.r rena urn auopQuq. TeJra r(oH cnopell
noHoBr.rre HayrrHu co3HaHnja noBe(e .JHe ce
cMeTaaT 3a uBpcTrr. TyKy 3a npeJ'raAeHn TeqHoc.rfi.
Irlveuo. npr paMHoMepHo, Jlallelbe. Kaj
HeKor{ Marepr{jaJrr.r reMneparypara rrr:r reqHocra
paMHoMepHo nafa go nexoja BpegHocr (rovrara
Ha rofleH,e -/,), Kora ce flojaB) Baar vanH
Kpr{craJrrr u 3anoqHyBa BTBpAHyBaH,ero. Tofalx
reMrleparypara rrpecraHyBa Aa naia, uaKo
Cn. 2. EAHaKBr.r Kpncranr og zcr llarepujaa.
raAelbeTo Ir noHaraMy npoAorxyBa (cr. l).
3agpnrara Ha reMneparypara Ha roqKara Ha orpaHr4rreH e co paMHrr 14 Ma3Hn cTpaHrt co paMHH
ToIIeBe (BTBpAHyBaH,e) ocraH}rBa Bo rpaHlrriHll pa6ou. MouotcpucraJrr,rre oA r.rcra
BpelreHcKr{or nepnoA noMefy // u 12, ce AoAeKa qmcraHqr.rja rrMaar cnI.t.IeH reoMerprrcKn o6rriK
qeJlara reqHoqr He ce nperBopr.r Bo rlBpra Koj e runrlqeH 3a raa cylrcranrgli4 [a roa rroMara
arperarua cocroj6a. Baxa ce ogHecyBaar 3a npeno3HaBarbe Ha cyrrcrarqujara (ca. 2). Bo
rcpacfioaufre.
AaAeHIi ycnoBlr Moxe egua cTPaHa 9A KpEcTaroT
Kaj HeKoft Apyrur Marepr.{jaJ'rlr. npu Hecpa3Mepuo no6p3o [a pacre orxory Apyrnre.
ce 3a6enexyBa KoHTI,rHynpaHo
BTBpAITy'Bartero Baxuo cnojcrro xaj uororpncra.ruTqJa roa [rro
rafarLe Ha reMneparypara (6e3 3acroj) a arJlHre noMery co@[HrrTe p3$ruun ce
eAHoBpeMeHo crBpAHyBar[,e sa reqsocra. Toa ce 3aflaiyBaar. Taxa arrrtre noMery_jrc*Egrffe A u
aMopOHnre Marepnjanu. A, B u B. u A u B ce cexoraur uciia (cI. 3).

rec) Bpo , oprora Ha

Qopua
HA HC
MOXe ctrypHo [a
cer t B? (OJa
.ce pa6orn
co ffa Meperbe
HA nouefv

nprMe[],] MoHoKpr{-
cTanoT oA roTBapcKaTa
coJr (NaCl) uajvecro
Cr. 3. arr[ nua Qopua Ha xoq(a,
Meiyce6snTe
Ha cocear paulll'gll xo ce jaryaa n no
Cn.'lr CrBpAEyBab€ xaj xpncrarur r "e
raj crre uonoxpncrann
aMopQrtr c}arcral{En. oA ncra c)'rrcraursrj a ce Qopua ga npaBoarorxrt
elHar3ll. napanetom eAH. Kaj
Kphcraruarre reJra
MOnOI(FgEDAJII| .ErE
|roxe
nOJtIlKpr{CTtrl[.
Aa ..6"s* eesg=qyr,ers#rryie""*#:i:ff:ftTT-"
coce$rn crpar
(90). e npan ,lloccra xaxanmo
;i
 3. 2. KpucfrianHu u auop@uu uautepttjaau 183

e oAHecyBa caMo Ha npr{pogHlr neo6pa6orenu KpBquba Ha cJrrrKara 5(a)). OA HuBi no HeKoe

MoHoKprrcraru. co pa3Hrr rrocrarrKl{ Ha BpeMe, ce $opr'llrpaar MaJrri oABoeHtl xfMc-
o6p36orxd, Ha Kpncraror Moxe Aa My ce AaAe Tarqulla co [paBr{JrHa Qopua, a ucroBpel{€fio ce
roja 6uro Sopua. Sopunpaar x HoBrr rleHrpr.r (c,r. 56). Bo rexor Ha
pacrelr,ero rne Ao6lreaar ronraalt g[MeH3xtr Iuro
noqHyBaaT [a ce AorrupaaT eAHn co ApyrII, oo lnTo
e nocMeTaH HI,IBHr.ror npaBrueH pacTex, rla
noqHyBaar rwefyce6uo Aa cpacHyBaar. Ha xpajor
oll crBp[HyBarbcro ce [06tlBa no,rnrplrcra,r roj ce
coclon on vHofy Mar . rreryce6uo cnoeun.
Kpucrarq[]ba co HerrpaBuJrHa +opMa (c,r. 5r).
-b- KpIlcrarql{I5ara ce HapeKyBaar KpI{craJIHII
rpuqa. 14Haxy, rIoJILrKpr{craJlIraIHIr ce Mpa3or,
Cr. 4. Mouoxpucra"r oq Mera,'rrnTe Il JIetypl{Te, rToJrycnpoBoAHrrqlrre x Ap.
(reBo) II oa

x+
cr-rJrr4rluyM
Eero upeceqeH
MOHOl<puCTa".tCH AttCK
(AecHo) rtlro c"'ryxu KaKo )< * @'"8
ocHoBa 3a rlpaBeH,e Ha
rrHTefpIIpaHu Kojra
(.runoBll). OA oBoi IucK
Iie ce Sa6prKyBaar 20-25
TITNOBI',
txt
/-X e^* *
(a)
flocranrara 3a rlpou3BoAcrBo
r.rHTer-pupaHn Ko,'la (qtlnoBu), I4HaKy, 3anoqHyBa
co IrpaBelbe Hil MOHOKpfiCTan o,1 cr,rrqryv rOi.
Ha
x+8
rroroa, co ce.ret6e ce AoBelIyBa eo ftopua na
Kpy)KHr.r [.rorrK! (cr.4). Ha HriB ce HaHecyBaar
Apyf nTe noJrycnpoBo[HI.I cJIoeBu.
ARE
-F x
Baxna og,rlrra Ha MoHoKplrcrarlnre e roa (s)
ruro creAHr{Be slr:uvrlr cBojcTBa ce MeHyBaar Bo
3aBXCHOCT OA rlpaBeIIOT BO KpTTCTaJIOT: Cn. 5. Ooplruparle ua rrolr[rKptcra:I
- roe$nqueur na rorlJrItHcKo rxxperr'e, (3aMp3HyBal6e Ha BoAa)
- [r.reJreKTprrqHa rrepMea6I{JIHocT,
- TOn.lrrrHcKa cIpoBoAHocT,
- rBpnocr, Zaro ce cocraBeHri og roleu 6poj
- cnequ$n.ren ereKTp[.{eH orfiop, MoHoKprrcrar'rHrr 3pHua, I{ ceKoe 3ace6Ho
- [HAeKc Ha rrpeKpuyBa]r,e u [p. noha)hlaa aurrorponlja. io.utKput titttrluut, Ht fi
Toa rua.ru AeKa oBIIe $u:uvxtt Be.JrrlqHLrHLr oHrao-upoiHLt KoKo,r4oHoKpLtcu-antLtue. Eunejku
rroKa)KyBaaT pa3rxqHa roJIeMI{Ha Bo pa3Jrr{tlHlt 6pojor na oBrre 3pHqa e orpoMeH, a rfie ce
rlpaBrlx. HeeAHaKBocra Ha Qrl:uvrr.rre pacnopeAeHn u opxeHTupaHlt xaoTnr{Ho, Tofaul
KapaKTeprrcrr.rKlr Bo pa3JIIiqHI,ITe rlpaBrIn ce Qu:r.r.r<ure BeJrrr(rr.rHlr ro ceroj rIpaBeII ltMaar
Hapexyna auu:orponuja. eAHaKBa BpenHocTj na rroJlrlKpnc'tall,ITe ce
n3oTporrHlr.
Ilonurcpucutarutue HacraHyBaar Kota
npe\lriHor ot teqHa Bo uBpcra cocruJ6a ce A.uopfunufie freaa ce, ucro raKa, x3olpo[-
cryrryBa co lojasa na raKaHaperleHrl qeHTprr Ha HIl. UaKO OA COCeMa rIOIHaKBtl Irpl{(ttIHtI.
rpncra,rlr:aquja Bo TearHocra (o3Ha.reH[ co
184 3. 2. Kpucuttt,,tHu u u,uopbHu.+rawepuj a./Lu

Kpucra,rna pe[rerKa
(qaneuen [opeAoK)

3a6e:rexano 6uro AeKa xora (e ce cKprxx

MOHOKpIICTaJT, HaCTaHaTIrre Aerr{u}ba, traKo
r{MaaT pa3JlrrqHa roJIeMI4Ha, UMaaT CJIUqeH
npaBItJIeH o6llrt. Toa rlr HaBeJIo HayrrHlrlrrrre Ha
M[CraTa AeKa MoHoKpI{cTaJror e cocTaBeH oA
MHOXeCTBO IrpaBrIJlHO pacnpeAeJreHIl KpI{CTaJrHIl
xlerxlr. Bp: ocHoBa Ha Hayr{Hnre xcrpax<yBarba
co clfypHocT ce roBopII 3a Toa AeKa KpIrcTaJr[Te
ce lr3rpaAeHr.r og jonu, aroult rrJl{ MoJIeKyn[ Kotr
ce rrpaBr{-rrHo pacnpeAeJleHLr Bo rlpocTopor tr
3a3eMaar HerrpoMeH,'rItBIr llefyce6uu nolox6r.r,
unr<ejfua ce Bo cure rplr [pocropHl{ [paBlrrr.
Ceaxynuocra oA rue norox6u ce HapeKyBa
Kpucrarna peurerKa. Mecrata KaAe ruro ce
cMecrelrlr arollll'te (onure) Ha Kp[craror ce Cn. 7. Co rpancnaqrja Ha er'IeMe[ITapHara
HapeKyBaar jatau aa xpucfuaanarua petuefrxa. K,'rL rKa ao rpr,r npocrrrpHti nPaBUr ce tro6 Ba
OcnosHlror fpaAnBeH eJIeMeHT Ha (pl{craJlHara MOHOKpI{CTanOT.

crpyKTypa rrrTo fo noIIoJrHyBa npocTopoT Ha 1]oro.dry e rro3Hara no,{ox6ara Ha eAHa qecrllua

Kp cranor e e,teueufiapnatua xpuctuaaua (Ha flpriMep r{ecrurlara I og pauunucruor npecex
xnefirca xola Mo),Ke [a ce rotr{ecrl'I Bo cltre rpII Ha Kp cranor- c.1. 8 r. Tofau pacrojaruero ao 5-
npocropHrr npanqu. Ha c,rurata 6 ce AaAeHII rara, lO-rara r{,r 14 clorara vecrltua eo Heroj
e,'IeMeHTapH[Te (JrerKr{ oA cleq,t$llvuu eunoaa npaBel{oll KP[craroT qeJlocHo e oflpeneJreHa co
xy6Hu peruerrlt. pacrojanuero Ao coceAHara (Ha nplrMep
rrecrnrlara 6p. 2). Tara, Ha nprrMep,
pacrojanuero oA qecrlrllara I [o.{ecrfiqara 3 Bo
npaneqor A ll:uecyBa 34. A pacrojaHuero Ao 999-
Tara.recruua, Bo rrcrrroar IIpaBeIL 6u I{3HecyBaJIa
999 a.

Cr. 6. E.reMeHTapga KrerKa oA clleq{+u(Isll Bl.IAoBu o]1

Ky6HII peurerKg.

Co cro;rysarse Ha eJreMeHTapHI{Te KrerKI{

Bo crrre rpn npocropHt{ npaBIrI{ ce Ao6tma qe,rara
Kprrcra.JrHa pe rerKa (cr. 7). ftasHata oco6nHa Ha
TaKBaTa crpyKTypa e npocropHaTa rleprroArrqHocT
roja ja rpaau rrogpeAeHocra Ha Aa:reqrura
(Aare{eH [opeAo() ua xpucra,ror.
flo go:rxunara ua xoj 6utro npaBeq rrrro e
rroBJreqeH HIr3 rIeHTapoT Ha eAHa qecTl{qa ce
cMecreHl{ ueHTpr.rre Ha Apyll{ qecrl Ju Ha eAHa-
rrn pacrojanlrja. 3a parnlrre npaequ A, B, C, D, C,'r- 8. EAEa(Br.rMeiyqecru.rHlr pacrojaEllja no
oane pacrojanuja ce pa3rurlul,t: .1, b, c, d. Aor)K[Eara fla cltre rIpaBlr[ (A, B, C x D).
 3.2. KpuctuanHu u auopSnu uautepuja,:tu 185

Cera uoxe ga cb xaxe xoja e cylrrltrcrara crpyKrypa Kor{ ce HapeKyBaar deQ*fru xa

oAJrrrKa Ha clrre rpnbra:rr (uouo u nolu). Toa, cfi a na afra p e ut euae a.
rcp u
ceKrKo. He Mo)he Aa 6lle aurrorponujata lr flocrojar HeKoJrKy rrrna [e4eKru (cr. 10)
IIPABIiJIHATA $opua, :alrro oea e Kox Moxar Aa ce x:racuQuqupaar KaKo ror{Kecrlt
olJIIiKa caMo iHa MOHOKpI4CTaJILTTe. lr rrt4Hl4cKn ge@exru, KoIt 3HaqureJrHo Mo)<ar Aa
Kapaxrepucruxara roja rplrcrarure ce nnujaar rp: Suslrqxlrre oco6uslr sa Kpr.rcraror.
pa3nrrKyBaar oA uBpcTrr TeJra e Toa
IIITO HI,IBHIITE (onu, arolor, MoreKy:rli)
NDABU]THO NCDI.I o ce paclpeAeJreHrr Bo BAKAHIII4JA
npoclropor, ra r TpoaI4MeH3r{OHaJrHa
roApeAeHocr Bo HIrBHara crpyKTypa (cr. 9). Kora IIprrMeca
npocropHara nolpeAeHocr ro :aQa(a qeroro
TeJIo, Toran ce pa6orli 3a MoHoKplrcrarn.
[lorpe,neHocra xaj voloxplcra,ror coceva ja 14HTCDCTHIINIA
o6jacnyaa HeroBara anu:orponrzja. TaKa, Ha
npuMep, pa3ruqHara qBpcTuHa Bo pa3rur{Hu caMo-
NPABUI{ C OC]IEAIIU HA TOA TITO BO AAACH TIPABEq
Ha enHaKBr.r pacrojauaja ce pacropeAeHlr eAHaKoB r.rHTepcTr.rqrlj a
6poj ,1qqtrrr. pa rrhqeH oA 6pojor eo Hrroi qp1 r
Cn. 10. HeKory Br{Aa rosKecrll [e+eKTr Bo
npaaeq. Monoxpncra,ror e uajqspcr Bo rlpaBeIIor
KplrcTarEaTa peuJeTKa.
co najroleua rycruua.
Ilo:saro e neKa npl{ o4peneHlt ycJroBLI Ha
.'raAerr,e npr{ crBpAHyBarr,ero Moxe Aa ce [o6ne II Toqrecrure geQerru rrpercraByBaar
rlBpcra Qa:a 6e3 HITKaKBa rlpocropHa JIOKaJIHI,I HapyuyBaria BO npaBfiJlHOCTa Ha
no[fcleHocr {cJ'1. 9ur. r.c. aMop$cH varepu.ja,r . pacnpege.r6ara Ha aroMI4Te (jonure :unrr
MoreKyrl,rl'e) Bo KpncraJrHara pe[rerxa. Egen urg
rovxecr ge@err ce aaxan4uufie (cr. l0)-Mecra
ao ja:,urre Ha peulerKara Kane HeAocrHraar
arouu (oHu rlrr,r MoJreKy.rtl). Meiyja3orHure l.r.ru
TaKaHapeqeHlire untuepculu4ujann qecrr4rl[ ce
TolrKecrn ge$erru ITo ra coqrrHyBaar
IIorloJrHr.rreJrHlrre (BurxoKor) rrecrItIIIt Kon ce
cMecreHrl noueiy ja::rnre Ha rlecrrlql.rre.
(a) (6) tr4nrepcruqnja.nme Moxar Ia 6uAar oA rrcruor
BrrA aroMl4 KaKO OHIIe OA KOI{ e U3fPaneHa
Cr. 9. noapeaeHocr Ha aroMme (joHure) Bo eaHo
pelrerKara (ca,vounfi.epcfru4ujatu) nru oE gpyr
KpucrarHo (a) u aMopSao (6) re"ro.
BuA aroN{r{ (uHtuepcfruqujanu). Tpernor BLIA
Bo noHoeo BpeMe aMopOHfiTe varepujarn geQerrn ce frpuuecuute, T.e. qecrnrlxre ltrro
nose(e He ce xracu$uqnpaar KaKo uBpcro reJro, 3AMEHI IC CAHA qECTIiITA OA MATUTTHTTE ATOMII BO
TyKy KaKo penadeua .Aeqaocru. Cueraj(u rn pelxerKara t]l ce Brpa[IIJIe Bo Hea Ha Toa Mecro.
auop$nure lrarepujaru 3a reqHocrlr co MHory To.rKecrure qe$exru [rpaar orpoMua
ro,reu xoe$rqreHT Ha BncKolHocr. xaj ura yJrofa Bo npoMeHaTa Ha orITLrrIKrrTe Lr
Moxar na ce o6jacHar \a Hory OIi |r,rKl.r caojcrea. ereKTpnqHure cnojcrra na uarepnjanor, 6ngejful
ceroj og nna Moxe Aa ce o[HecyBa KaKo BInxoK
ITJII{ HeAOCTXT Ha eJIeKTpOH UJIIT KaKO CTanr.IIIa 3a
,(eQerrn no xpucranHara pelrerKa
lllynjjrrHa rrJrIl eJIeKTpoIJ.
Coceu npaaluen pacnopeA Ha rpaAlITenlrre ,Uunucxufre deferfru, 3a pa3JII{Ka ol
Ha Kp CTaJIOT rrOCTOn BO nO|OJIeMI,I IiJIIi IIOMaTII TOqKeCTI{Te, He Ce JroKaJr[3fipaHII Ha eAHO MeCTO,
o6,recru. Ho Bo MoHoKpncralror, KaKo uerlrHa, TyKy ce npocr paar no Ao,rxuHara Ha uexoja
nocrojar orcranyBarr,a oA II[eaJIHara nepuoAllrrHa HerrpeKrrHara ruunja u ce HapeKyBaar
186 3. 2. Kp uctua,tuu u auop QutL uautep uj anu

JluHlrjara no vuja {Pnxr{Ha HacraHyBa

gc$opuaurjara Ha peuerdCra e suxa taeputna
ducaoxa4uja.

O6jacnere ru c"regutrBe rronM[:

- MorroKplrcTan - FpqKecru aeOeKTL
- rroJrrrKPgcTan - nPriMeclr
- KpnJrfanHa peuerKa - unrepcrnqlria
- iaufu na peruerra'ra - BA(AHIIIII
- auep$nu rera - 3aBojHa Anc.roKalr[ja
- ere{,leETapHa l<JIerKa - pa6Ha A[croKarrrja

Cn. I l. JflH[cKa: pa6Ha allcro(aqlrja

ducnoxaquu. AncroKauul4Te t'loxar ga 6Ilgar l. Bo enua rerJra,. HanpaBere ,KoHIrQHTpItpaH , ..

pa6rlr tt,rr iaaprun. pacrBop oA TonJIa noAa u oSrqua rorBapcKa coJr.

Ha c,rllxara ll e aaaeH tpuxaz ua pa6na flo Aor>runara Ha ocKara Ha rerrara, Bo
ducnorcaquja. Karo urro Mo>Ke Aa ce BITAII, paCTBOpoT llOl'OIIeTe eAeH:BepTI'IKaJIHO IIOCTaBeH
rrAeaJrHaTa cTpyKTypa e HaPyueHa IIopaAI{ xoneq (rpoopere ro Hn3 KdlaKor 3a [a ce Apx ).
nocToerbero Ha BMeTHaTaTa [oJIypaMHIrHa Ocrasere ro raKa HeKoJlKy flefia LI Ha6r,yAyBajTe
noneiy qee paMHI,rHr.r. Kaj osoj erg guc,roxaqtlja KaKo Ha KoHeuor ce ra$a*aar u ceroiAeHsuo
aeQoprrarlajara Ha crpyKTypara e uajroleva ao pacTaT KPrrcTaJIwILa.
6llt:unata Ha ror{eroKor Ha noJrypaMHl{Hara, na 2. AKo caKare tra ce yBepI{Te no autlrorponltjara
3aroa pa6Hara gucloxaqlrja ce cMera aeKa e, xa nexoj MoHoKp[cra-rr [tro ro uMare (Ha
ncyurnocra ruulrja no AoJlxrrHara Ha raa npr.rMep, KBapuHo craKreHue), HanpaBere ro
noJrypaMlt Ha. cJIeAHI{OB eKCIIepIrMeHT.
flpeuavrajre ja eguara o[ paMHnHr{Te Ha
3anpnata gucnoraquja (cr. 12) Bo [pocro- KpucraJror co BocoK oA crolreHa cee(a. Kora (e
por [aBa Sopua xoja HacraHyBa co 3aceKyBarbe ce oJra[u, ra6ogere Bo cpeAIIHaTa eAHa AoJIra
na neroj npanoaroJrHltK, a rloroa co rpl{TricKathe
ur:ra. fipyruor xpaj og Ir:rara :arpeeajre ro (ua
Ha ABeTe CnpoTrrBHII CTpaHrr Ha 3aCeKOT BO
nprrMep co rerKyM). Ke :a6e.nex<lrre gexa
cnporr-rBHu HacoKH. flapaJrer'ruo co 't.aa ,rltHtlia.
Tollelbero 3anoqHyBa oKory [fraTa Ll ce ur[pl{ Bo
'
t r,::r it trtt t,ltt,1:i).:, jii:!'!.).. Sopua na elnnca. Toa 3HaqI{ AeKa rorlll{HcKara
cllpoBoAJrrrBor Ha MoHoKprrcTaJroT He e eAHaKBa
BO CI{Te trpaBqrl.

#f ".yrtutos
(rpv.)::reg, :re4oo6pa:en
amorfos (rpu.):6e:o6luqen

ooiCIo
CIoi@o
ooio@ http ://www. uta.edu/optics/sudduth/crystals/
Pa:rreAajre HeKoKy MoAeJur Ha HeKoJIKy
KapaKTepucrltqHl,l Kpr{crarHlr peIIeTKII oA
HeKon rro3Harlt Marepuja:rn.
Cn. 12. JIqHLrcKa: 3aBprHa AIrcJIoKaIrI{a.
 3.4. Tevuu Kpucm.rnu 187

no paecer pa3Jrr.rrrHrl rolrnonenrn), co rleJr Aa ce

3. 4, TEIIHII KP4CTAJII,I Ao6rjar ruro nonoroAHr4 KapaKTepucrrzKri 3a

nn8lla np[MeHa Bo rexuonorujara.
Co orlre[ Ha Hr{BHara r norolleMa
[paKTItrHa npr4MeHa, Bo noHoBo BpeMe ce
Tewufre xpucfranu ce ipucyrunu ao I{HTeH3nBIipaaT Il rrcTpa)<yBarbaTa Ha HfiBHuTe
naurefro cercojdneauc, fiounyaajftu od ducu,teufiie
na patuufie qacoaHuqu, ra"oxyaafropufre, {u:rnru caojcraa, ce gueajtilrpaar HoBn
xoll6lruaqlrr.r oA noJrrrMepHll .cyrrcraHr(uu.
*onfrjyfrepufre, xarnepurue, fia ci do Teunure <pucranrr Aocera ce He3aMeHrr4Bl{ Bo
noaufiopufre co olpounu luueutuu, nlrcllej-rexuo;rornj ara.
xo*aadnufie fradap Kaj naeulaquoautue
cucfie"tu u tnoly dpylu ypedu.
I
Iloge,r6a Ha reqHxre Kpr{cral t

Bo npnponara nocrojar opraHcKr4 Mareprr[ Kolr {,

He IrpeMrrHyBaaT Ha KJrac[qeH HarrrrH oA rIBpcTa
Bo reqHa cocroj6a. TyKy Mr'rHlBaar Hftr noee(e
$a:u ua npel'run. Bo oeue Sa:u rr.le LIMaar Me-
xaHr.r,{Kr'r r.r ereKTpo\{arHerHh ceojcroa rot ce
HeKaAe noMefy qBpcrara KpncrarHa u reqHara
cocrojOa. flopaau roa. osr.re vareprja,ru ce
HapeqeHll TeqHr4 Kpucrarr,t a rue Qasu rexHrrrrKr-r
ce HapeKyBaar ueroSarn
Tevnure xpncraru, o6n.{Ho, ce apoMarltqHlt
opfaHcKr4 cylcraHqxfi co MoJreKyJrr{ u rpynr{ Kor4
rrMaaT rr3AoJr)<eHa, nparrKecTa riru qliII.IHApHr{Ha
{opua lr ce ognecyBaar KaKo Ar.inoJrn.
Te,rxre Kpxcra:rr,{ xon ce cocrojar on qucrr4
opraHcKn MoreKy:ru, raj xolr @a:nlror npeMnH oA
rrBpcra Bo revua cocroj6a HacraHyBa co npoMeHa
Ha TeMrrepaTypaTa, ce HaperreHr4 T€pMorPorrHrr
TeqHl| Kp[cTarll.
flocrojar Ir HeKoII BrrAoBrr ruoJreKyJrr{ co
npaqKecTa cTpyKTypa Korr ce Haoraar Bo HeKoJ
pacrBop rr rou ne npojaaynaar reMneparypHa
Kaj Hlm Qa:nuor npeMuH rracraHyBa
saBrrcHocr.
co npoMeHa ua rouqeurpaqujara. Oalre, nax,
uorexyrn cnaiaar Bo rpynara rllorponun TeqHll
Te.{Hrare Kpr.rcraru ce cpe(aaaar q Bo
Kpllcrajrfi.
6uororrxuor cger. fir HMa, Ha npnMep, Bo Kaj TepMorponHr.rre reqHrr KpucraJrr.{,
xonecTePltHoT I-I HefoBIrTe ecTplr Bo xHBI-loT
npeMrrHoT oA rIBpcTa Bo TeqHa KpncTaJrHa
opraH[34M, Bo MycKyJrHr.rTe BJraKHa r.r Apyro.
cocroj6a nacrauyBa flpu roqHo onpeAereHa
Mnory ce :navajnr.r .[cnnryBarbara Ha reqrrnre TeMnepaTypa Ha ToneBe, IrrTo e
HItBHa BaxHa
Kplrcrallu Bo 6nonorfijara n MeAr{qr{Hara rropaAlr
KapaxTepr.rcrr{Ka. I4cro raxa, oco6eno e :uavajua
HrrBHara yJrora Bo pa3MeHara ua uareplrja'ra no
xIlBIrTe opraHll3Mlt.
rr reMnepaTypaTa Ha npeMuH oA TeqHo-
Kpllcra:rHa Bo reqHa (n3orporIHa) cocroj6a lrrlr
Bo conpeuenara HayKa nHTeH3I.IBHo ce TaKaHapeqeHa,,TeMneparypa Ha ocBernyBarle".
pa6oru xa crrHTern3uparse HoBIt BIIAoBH TeqHH flocroerrero Ha pa3JrurrHr.rre uefycocroj6lr
(pncranu, a oco6eHo ruaxo xou6uuupane no (ve3ooa3fi) IIoBeJro Ao x,raflrQlrraqrja Ha reqHl{-
:-TeqHoKpHcrarHH cMecn (Kou Moxe Aa coApxar H Te KpucTaJrr.r Bo ABe ocHoBH[ rpynu:
188 3.4. Tequu KPtlcito'1u

. HeMaTCKll. r{cKopl{creHo 3a HtrBflara rlpr'IMeHa, oco6eHo so

. CMEKTI,ITIKI,I. TCXHT,IKATA H AI,ICNJIEI,ITC.
Onurro geueno, raj revuure KpIlcraJII{ ce
I4cro raxa, locrojar u jarynaar e$exru KapaKrePncrltr{Hu 3a uBpcro
. XOJICCTCPIqHI TEqHI{ KP'ICTAJIII, rero (xaxo auu:otponujara), no n eQexru
xou ce r,racnStlu Paar KaKo cneltuia,reH anq KapaKTepxcr IJqHt{ ra rcLlHocr}'l xotl ce ;1o6pt't
HeMarcKI{ KpI,ICTa,'Ill. ereKTpllr{Hr4 LI3OJraTOpU. HO, Tlle noceAyBaaT
firaeHo, Her4atcxlrre rerIHtI KprrcraJlr rl neror cneqr,l@uvuu crojcraa KoII He Moxar Aa ce
Hl4BHure c\1ecl.t ce yrlo] pcaiyBall Bo Hao,'by.flyBaa r Hurr xaj ttapcrtrc re,ra uury xaj
rexHonornjara Ha AIlcrlJreIrre. TeqHr'lTe cyrIcTaHqun.
CNrertlt.rrrlre rerlH[ Kpl'IcraJIIl EeNfaar levunre xprcra.T u rre jl arcopdupaa r
no:uarajla xouepuujarua yJIora [opaAI'I Toa [ITo cBerjrl{Hara oE BIAJTIIBLIOT Aer Ha CneKTapor. nil
HLIBHnT9 MOneKy,'lIl Bo eJleKTprI(lHo rroJre He ce rroroJ'IeM AeJ'r oA rlp[MepoKoT 3ueAa r'ljleqHo
opr.reHrupaar yHtIQoputro. 6en. Toa ce janyra 3apanrr cBerJrrrHcKo Pa-
Heuatcxnre I'r cMeKTrrqKI'ITe rer{Hx cejyra*e Ha rpaHI{qI'ITe Ha MaJIIlre
KpHCTaJrrri rloHaraMy ce Aera'r Ha rloAfpyllu ,,MuKpoperuoHrl". r.e. o6.tacru co MHory Ao6pa
Crlerrn.lrure ce jarysaar Bo noArpyalr, I4 noApeaeHocT Ha MOJIeKyJIIITe, AO[eKa
Toa: cMeKTI-rK-A: cuerrlrr-B; clle<urr-! noape[eHocra o,[ e[Ha Acr apyra o6,ract ce
(Sepoenerrpr.rven cMeKTuK) II Apyr[. pa3rfiKyBa.
Ha c,r. 1. e AaJleH eAHocraBeH rxeMarcKl'l 3a Aa ce xa6:r'ygyraar oApeAeHII ue:o@a:n
rrp[Ka3 Ha noApe[eHocra Ha MoreKy]rrrre Bo Kai TeqHrrre KprrcraJII'I, ce yuorpe6yBa
pa3IItrlHrr TI{IIOBLT TeqHrr KplIcTanw rroJrapIr3aIIrroHeH MrrKpocKorl flpmoa, uoxe ga
ce Bri4li AeKa TIOCTOI{ nOApeAeHOCT Ha
MoJreKyJILlTe BO /Ia[eH IIpaBeIL BO oApeAeHl{
perrroHlr. Tne opuenraqlllr Ha MoJIeKyJrnre rlo
pefuoHr.I ce HapeqeHrI TeKcTyptr.

a)I,I3orporlHa 6) HeMarcKa o) Xo:recreplvra

(He[oApeEeHa $a3a +a3a (noEpeAeHr
ciroeBI,t)
Qulu)
'' .l

'i

r) CMeKrlrK A A) CMeKTBK-E i) Cucx rur-ll

MoreKy"lfire Bo pa3n['IHL Cn. 2. fcKc'rypa Ha re{rrltlor Kpllcrar Ha6,6yAyBaE ro/l

Cr. l.llolpeAeHocr Ha
lro"lap!I3alIroHcH M!lKpocKoIt
TrnoBll TeqHll KpllcTa.IlIt

Kaj ueuarcrl're re(IrIlI Kp[cra:rr;I NIo)Ke

1a ce Ha6rygysaar o6nacur IIa lo,]peAeHocr Hil Kaxo ce [oApeAyBaar MoreKyrrlre Ha
l\'roJreKyJruTe Bo,qaIeH IlpaBeIl. HO He TIOCTOTT nOA- Teqrrrrre KpIrcra,lII
peAeHocr Bo oJlHoc tla re)Kntl]rara (cr. I6).
Ilopaqr eaxeara rloApe;Ieuocr rla Mor'IeKynI{Te, flpea :uavajttit rrprlMcHa Ha rerlHl'lre
HeMaTCKLITe rCr{HIl KpI'IcTaJ'Irl IIoKaXyBaaT TH (T$'istcd Nematic) (e.rtlja ra
KpucraJrlr 6ra:ra
anu:ro'r ponuja (rtpocropHa rleclHaKaocr) Bo rnja pa6ora ce 3acuola Ha TBI4CT (twist)
IvtexaHUtIKI{Te, CJIeKTp[rIHI'ITe. \tafHeIIl[ITe U ccperro l xai HeMarcK!'I TetlHIr Kp[craJIti.
nnr u,rKlre cuoicta,r foK\ty loa ceoicr no .
 3.1. TequtL KpLLcno t r89

(a) (b) cerax, rie Ha6nylyna cue rauua (BK,TIYtIEHO).

Co gouecyran ero Ha HarroH tr/ noMcfy
c,lllKlpoar1rf rc.r. lJ)- vo,rexlrr4Te (e cc cTp(\4ar
Aa ce opueHTupaaT ro AoJr)KuHaTa Ha crrJroBuTe
nItHLtI{ Hit ereKTprrrruoro no,re. Ha roj HaquH
lrolerylrme Ha rcqHlior
BaKtsara oprlgHTarJnja ua
(pl.rcra,! i oBo3Mo)KyBa Ha rronapr'i3upaHara
ynaAlta cBeTrrIHa Aa rroMlHc HIi3 reyHltoT
Kpr.rcTaJ'r HenpoNreHeTa, rra TaKa cBe'fJI{HaTa Hn3
BKpCTeHTTOT aHaJrr{3aTop HeMa Aa rrol\'rrrHe
(t4cKJtvrIEHo).
Ma,ra [poMeHa Bo afo,.tor Ha
MoneKyn re uu r (errjlrr. T.c. \raJ,ta aapr,rjarlr,rja
BO rpr.rJro)KeHnoT HarIoH, co3Aatsa ofpoMHa
rrpoMeHa Bo rpaHcltlcnjara. t,t Mo){e Aa AaAe qeJra
nalera nnjancl og cocer{'reMHo Ao coceM cBerJro.

C.n. 2. l4cru lyearle ua Toucr-e$error Kaj HeNrarcxl,

Te'reH xptrcra.] rHTKt.: rr TH-K(nxif, Bo orcycrBo H!
TeqHlrre Kpltcra,rl,t ao rexHo,rornjara Ha
ereKTpxrrHo no"'re. P u A ce B(pcreHr.J. a cBerjruHara LCD-TFT qucnaetre
IIolrrr.ryBa sr3 (enrjara (BKJIYHEHO): 6) TH-ieruja
rlolHanbH. P r A ce BKpcleHu, u cBer]'rrrrrara rre
nouunyna nur ie,rnjaTg (14CKJIyr{EHO). Expauurc co leqHU \pucrarx cera ec(c ct
pean Hoc r. Ene KTpoonuJKIlr e gucn,rej cucrevu
Teugr-.Hevercxara rTH, Ke,'luja ce coclul.r ol KOpr.rcTaT pa3JII'IqeH cocTaB Ha TerrHoKpxcTaJIHI,I
ABe nposrrpHr.l ereKTpoAu (MHofy TeHoK cMecl{, a ce pa3JIIlKyBaaT Irt Io HaqllHoT Ha
cnpoBoArrrrK HaHeceH Ha cTaKro) npeMaqKaHx co
aApecrrparbe (ylaryBal;e ua uapeg6ara :a
reuor croj og cyncranqzjara nolllauug. Onoj BKryrreHo uru l{cK,'IyqeHo) Ha oAAeJrHr.rre rrI,IKceJrI,t
croj cnyxu Aa HarrpaBu rroqerHo noApeAyBarie tr on Al{cnre[Te. Bo no.reroxo,r ce nojaBlr,re TN
opneuraqtrja. Ha MoJleKyrure napaJrerHo co LCD rou ce 3acHoBaHlr Ha Twist - eoeKror Bo
eJreKTpoAr.ire. llpane{or Ha rroyerHara HeMarcKrr reqHlt KpLIcrar'IIr. Tlte pa6orar raxo
opueHraunja e onpeAeneH co npaseuor ua npeKJronHr.rK Koj ja nponyura rrJrr.r 3arrupa
rroJrr.rpabe Ha op[eHTr.rpar{Kuor c,roj. Taxa,
rrpaBur{Te Ha rroJrxparie cc HopMarHx eAeH Ha
cBeTJIIIHaTa, 3aBLICHO OI TOIeMIIHaTa Ha
rrpl{MeHeToTo IroJIe.
trpyf fla nopa!x Toa x voJleKyJlttTe cc ,aBprlBaal EgeH vouoxpouarcru LCD lficrrJrej ce
:a 90" ao npocropor noueiy e,rexrpogure. cocroll oA N{arpuqa on sarsu (erru ([LIKceru)
, Og ropuara,
(eruJara
u o7i go.rnara crpaHa Ha
ce rlqcraBeHx fiorapr.r3arop (P) n
rou ce uanojyeaar noce6uo :a ;1a ri ce oao:noxu
aHaru3arop ($), n roa Bo npaBerlor Ha )lrpaB)Bart,e co rpaHcuucrjarl Ha cexoja ul tua.
Tara. c,rnxara raj oelre lncl:lcu ce dlopM[pa oA
noqeTHaTa opueHTarlr.rja Ha ccKoJa oA plr rrrure uujaucr rxro r rpox rBeJ) Baa r (e,.lrrre.
e1exrpogur9,.,, Bo flpocropor nolreiy
e,leKTpoAI{Te. .e cMecTeH HeMaTcKuoT feqeH Koj coBpeMeHrrrc A[IcIl,'re[ ce
npuNreHyBa
KpI{CTa.r. aKTUBHO \faTIlrrrIHO itApec[pan]e Koe ce Bprrrn co
Kora ce BKpcrcHrr norapu3aropor (P) r'l flor\{orrl Ha lpeKuHyBa.r[ oA TFT (rcHKoc,tojHu
aHaJrr{3aropor(A) (cr.2a), Kox ce, rrHaKy, [apa- rpaH:ucropu). Tara. ceroja retrHo-KpllctarHit
JTerHrr H.a npaBeuoT Ha aoJrxpaH'e Ha (c.rrjlr cu urrir cnoi rpaurrcrop xoj ,to rs,,,ryurr ;rr
e.rexrpoqure (O), TorauJ ?eqHl{or Kpncra,r ao TH HCa Ila cTuflte HaIIoHoT IIIII Jla CC npCK[]le
KennlaTa Ja BpTIt IIoJIapl,r3!rpaHATa cBer.rrrrHa rTTTo Hallorror'. TFT-LCD cc Kopr.tc r ilr 3a TB
\{uHYBa HI,{3 HCa. IIa HaMeCTO TeNIHO IIOJTe aIlIllKaIII'Ilt. Ho TIIe Ce I,I IOCKaIIH OA KiiTOAHXTe
(I'ICKXyYEFIO). Ha6.'bygyBa.rol rr: (e.rujara. qeBKu (()6u,rHrre NroHuTopr.r) rJ tlcHiltit oA fonfiHa
t90 3. 4. Te,ntr rcpuciiuLttt

BO fOAUHa Ce [pl6,1fi)KyBa AO OHaa Ha ro[. oA

KoMeprll{ianHure KaroAHI,I ueBKLI. Marctllarsara
MO)KHa foJrel\,ItIHa ll tlcHara ce eallHcrBeHu
rparlopu rou ja orpanuvyaaar HuBualra nprNIeHa.
(loBpeMeHure lrcrlxryBilrl,ii Ha reqHo-
oA 145"C , Ho.ilte craiiyBa alucra rer{Hocr, TyKy rlrla
KplrcIaJ'rHIJTe CMeCU U HtlBHUTe eJIe K f pOOrITIltlKl,I
ru:reueu o6niak.'fiypll Ha reMneparypa oA 1790 C
KapaKTepucrr.rKr{ ogo:Nloxnia npr.INIelit Ha reqHr't
Teqr{ocra craHyBarai nposl{pna u 6ucrpa. Bo 1904
co HeraTlrr]Ha )IIreJIeKTplltlHa aHLl-
KpncTilJ'r1I
fo,qIIHa 3altor{Ha.ro clrHTeTr{3l,IparbeTo Ha reqH]l
:orporurja 3a rlpaBerbe IIrcrIJ'reu Bo KoIr ce KpxcTaJrn 3a HayqHu xcTpa)KyBaH,a. Ho llyp[ Ha
npfi\lcHlBil,llAll crfer.r,rr. Koi np(tcrilBlBrr Kpaior oll lreecerrl{Te roruHn Uejlrc @cpracon
leojuo rrpc<pruyeaHre Ila cBcrJluHara [rro t\{o)Ke orKplril AeKa xoJlec'fepllqHure rerlHo-KpucranHx
Aa ce KoHTponlrpa co eJ'lcKTllI{rIHo llo,'rc. (lo npfi-
clncraHql4fi ce l4.[et,tHo nototHl4 til ynorl)criil h rKu
\tcHa lil oB;tit rexHolut ljl ce luJttent xo,rop
TeMneparypHr.r rrHArIKaropIr. Bo roa spcrte 5u,r
Altcrurer,r co Bpcr're Ha oA3rB IIoN{a.[o oA 100 ms .
KoHcrp)hpaH 14 npBllrrl l,rrflulrtcptl'txtt nucn.rcj
'fcqurre xpnctarr craHaa Ircpa3,leneH AeJt co rerrnu Kp cranlr. no cd yrutc 5c: xolreputrja,tHa
rlpr.rMeHa. Bo no.Ie roKo'f Ha ceJl!'Nt/lccerrrre rolllJ-
o-l Hrlttttlot q.'K,rjJtHt at H xllBul. Illr'f,r L,cLr,rlliil H o! XX BcK \'ritHir,to jtcH'r l(hir ua.il,r.tcrtrltrt
\'u( t,)T Hl c,t<KlPr)Hl,lKillil tt plrrHltjl u-J'lll (JHil I<'lllllIi Klt4cTilIl.i . tl,I |( \Hrrr'lofllilrIil
oprlNICHa Ha
rH/lycrllrja 3a HfiBHo [por3Boac'r'Bo LI rrpaKrltrlHa
Hil r'lllcnIc14lC. olKilKrr llP( l\r)r'lHo 6tt.tt
npr.rNreHa. Totr cc ltareprja,rr{ Ha /'lcHe[rHlllrilr'll l]
cllHTeTn3r,rpilHu TctrHI,r Kprjcl ilJ'r [1 Kolr ce Bo lerlHo-
Hil I{aHI,tHil t il.
KpI,IcraJrHil cocroj5a u ua co6ul t'cltleparvpa.

*rro (Liquid Crustal Display) (anr.) :

TeqHo-KpxcTareH eKpaH

Ilo6apajre na rurepner ne6 crpaHllqa :

O6jacuere rn cJeAH[Be IlonMtt http://physics.about.com/cs/liquidcrystals/

- Te.rHo-Kp[craJrHa oa3a - HeMaTCKl,l KpIrCTaJIll

Oq6epere eAeH oA rloHyAeHu're
- Me3o$a3x - cMeKTULIKU KpItCTarIt
eKclrepuMeHTLI:
- TepMoTponnI,1 - xoJIecTepx.rHu Kp11cTar'l
Ha npnuep:
- JIITOTpOTIHt4 - Taucr ecferr
Phase Changes in Liquid Crystals
KpncTa"ll' - LCD
(+a3HlI npoMeHt{ Kaj reqHltre Kpxcranu)
- TFT-LCD
r{,rr{ HeKoJ [pyr. Ha'iJr,] [\ Bail ( t r nojaotlre eo
rlrpryeruara ra6oparopuja.
 3.5. Meulantr t9r

3a ceKoj MeraJr e Ba)KHo Aa ce rro3HaBa

3. 5. METAJIHI4 CTPYKTYPI4 HeroBara rotrKa Ha ronen e. To.xara Ha rorlelLe
e reM[eparypa ua xoja uera;ror ct: ronn npr.t
HopMareu aruoc@epcxn lplrrr.tcoK. Ce
oIIpeAeIyBa co Mepclbe Ha rrpoMeHaTa Ha
TeMnepaTypaTa Ha MeTaJroT rrpll HefoBoTo
locrojaHo 3arpeBame. llplnoa, unov lpuoro
KpI-tcraJIge oA NreraJlor (e ce lperropn ao
Te,rHocr. Torau re\{neptrypara Ha riera,to.t geva
Aa pacre ((e ocraHe KoHcraHrHa), ce Ao[eKa r
IlocJreAHoTo. Kpr{cTaj-Iqe He rroMr4He Bo TerrHa

$a:ra, ncro KaKo rrrro ce olHecyBaar crrre

KpncraJrHr.r cyrrcraHrlrl{ (nouanje 3.3). Bo
Ta6e,laBa ce
Aa,qeHn ToqKr.rTe
Bo fiercofr na ucuropujawa, etua,,rurue Meran ?i cc) HA TOI]EHrE HA
odu?paae u fte ulpaaru inacna y"oola ao Sn 232 HeKOt{ MeTa.nw
ouwfrecfreeuuout pa3soj, ftpeK! paasojotu Ha Au 1063 3a rpeuero ua
utexnuxafia u undycfrpujafra, 3a da ce Cu 1083 TeMnepaTypHr{oT
yfrofrpedyeaaru e.ua"lufre na najdoSap uowen Fe 1s39 :acroj (nnaroro),
aauuu, iotupedno e da ce Ja oJnqe nuenafra TeMnepaTypaTa Ha
uuxpo-crupyrfrypa, fuutuuxuute u xeuucrufre MeraJror He Mo)Ke IIa nopacue 6ugej(n cera
ceojctuea. noBeAeHa TonJrrrHa ce TpoIxIt 3a pacKrrHyBa}be Ha
Hayxara xoja ce :autruaaa co lpoyqyBaH,e BpcK[Te co Apyrr.rre KptlcraJrqrlrr'a. Osaa
HJ veroq re uro ce hopxcrar 3a fio6rBatue enepnrja ce KapaKTepll3rlpa co cneqnQuvxa
TorrJrnHa Ha rorreu,e. Toa e eHepZuja ioutpeSua do
Merarr{ Kon ce ynorpe6ynaar Bo HayKara u
TexH[KaTa, KaKO LI CO npoyyyBarse Ha HI4BHUTe ce dqde uo edttutt4n uaco uct doc)eu,ueiian Ha
cBojcrBa rlrro ce Bo 3aBr.rcHocr oA HaqIIHor Ha n(ui(portlypo n H noieH,cluo Jr aa cocc n
Oa ce cutoLLLL.
no6n ea ft,cro. ce HapeKyBa uera.ryprl.ja.
Toqxara na rorreme e eAHaKBa co roqKara
Ha BTBpnHyBaH,e.
Ocnonnu cBojcrBa Ha Merar[Te
Mera,ror noceAyBa Ao6pu MexaHxrrK[
llon Mera,'ru ce noqpa:6l.rpa rpyna oco6[Hu (Mox<Hocr 3a Balrarr'e. KoBerbe rr
cyrrcraHrlull (xeMtcKx e;reLrenru) KoIl Mo)<ar Aa
r.i3BJleKyBar-I,e Bo )KI{Ua) Bo 3aBl{cHocr oA
ce oflt,tu]ar co cJ,relruae caojctea; MefyaToMcKr.rTe BpcKIt. flp" nracrr qHa
. Ha o6xqHa reMneparypa ce qapcrn (ocnen Ae@opMauuja Ha MeraJror, loaia qo Hapuruyeatse
xnBara) ; Ha KprlcTaJrHaTa pellleTKa, rra MeTaJIoT cTaHyBa
. ja 3ana3yBaar cnojara Qopua. lloro,reulror rIorBpA x rorpr. 3aroa MeraJrure rpe6a Aa ce
o6pa6oryeaar ua noBucoKa reMrreparypa 3a Aa crr
6poj MeTaJILI noKa)KyBaar LI r{3BecHa ja :a4p>rar ceojara rlpBo6nrHa crpyKTypa.
rrJ.racTrrrrHocT I{ IIBpcTrrHa, rxTo e oA.foJreMo
TexHLIr{KO 3Haqe}6e:
Kpcra,rHara pcuet Ka e pa rllr.rHa xaj
. XEMI'CKIi CE AOCTA AKTI,IBHII, J1CCHO OAIABAAT
Ce pa:,rlrryeaar rpll fJraBHr.r
pa3HIITe Mera.rru.
ereKTpoHLl x npaBaT xevltcxl,t coequuetrja
TIIIIa peuerKr: xy6na, TerpafoHaJrHa v
xeKcaroHaJrHa. Axo so ereMeHtapHara KJrerKa e
. Henposr{pH14 ce u co ro.rev cjaj:
cMecreH no e[eH aroM eo cexoj aro:r oA KouKara,
. noceAyBaaT roleMa eJreKTpxqHa cnpoBoAjrr{- Tofau perxerKara e ry6ua. Axo ron oea ce
BOCT:
lontlle ro elcH Lr Ha cpe! Hata ua cexoja
. eJreKTpLIr{Hara cnpoBoAJlltBocr r,ru onaia co crptHa Ha KouKara. Tolau peuerKala e xy6uo-
rropacToT H:l I c\lnepaTypaTa: rnocKo [eHrp14paHr. AoKonKy. nlr. noxpaj
. noKa)KyBaarAo6paro[rocnpoBoAJrI,1Bocr. aToMI{Te BO afJrr.rTe uMa r.r eAeH aToM Bo qeHTapoT
192 3.5. MeurantL

Ha KOqKaTa, TOra[ pe[IerKara ce HapeKyBa KaKo ce o6jacHyBaar ocHoBHttre cBojcrBa Ha

Ky6Ho-rrpocropHo qeHTpI,IpaHa (c,1. l). Meranor'l

ffiffi
C:ro6oguure e.JreKTpoun Qopuupaar
TaKaHaperreH ere(TpoHcKlrrac. 14uaxy, oelre
eJ'reKTpoHL ue npunaiaar noae(e Ha HxeAeH oII
aroMrrre, ryKy noAeAHaKBo Ha qeJrara KpIrcTaJIHa
peuerKa. Kora Bo MeraJlor He rroc'rotl
eneKTpr.rqHo Ilore, c.[o6oAHure eJreKTpoH[ cc
# o-:4 ABr.r)Kar xaoTl{rrHo, [prl llrTo rprlar cyAt'lp[ co
joHlrre na KpllcraJrHara pe[erKa u ueiy ce6e.
llopagu rne cyAlrpt,l, ro,'IeMltHara na 6p:una ra n
Hejrlrulror npaBeq I HacoKa Ha ceroj oa.rc"'teH
C,r.l. Ky6Ha pelllc rKa cneKTpoH rocrojano ce MeHyBaar (c.n.2a). Ce
rIoKa)KyBa AeKa cpeAHara 6p3t{Ha oBa Ha
Moqe.n Ha "elexrponcxn rac" HCHaCOqeHO, XaOTIFIHO, TOrl,'ll{HCKO ABU)KeH'e Hil
clo6oAuure er'reKrpoHr{ npu co6Hu reNlneparypx
Heron og caojcraara Ha NfcraJll,tre ce e oA pcAor Ha foJreNlI,IHa l()s n'/s ru:to c oro,ry
noBp r) Baar co fiocroert'e ru Ha c,ro6o.1ttlt 1000 narr.r roroJ'renil 6p:uua ol cpeAHara 6p3LIHa
ereKTpoHx Bo Kpucra.JroT. Ha MOJrCKyJrnre Ha racoT IIpLI Txe reN{IIeparypx.
Kora ce Bo IIBpcra cocroj6a. Merar[Te
I{NIaaT KpIIcTaIHa CTpyKTypa. T.e. HI{BHI'ITe aTOI\'IrI
ce paclopeAeHr'l Bo npocropHo fcoMerpucKa ,J'lr. 5\rJ1
;.
Nrpe)Ka -KpncrarHa peurerKa. Ceroj ltera,r ulta
csoja xaparrepucrlrqHa KprlcrarHa crpyKrypa. '< /.. -'€ lpv
a)
I4Haxy, cu,rnre ITo ruI Ap)Kar aroMure Ha
r{eTaJroT Bo Kpl{craJIoT ce AoJ'r)<aT Ha NIeTaJIHa'la
:-aa
BpcKa oA napoT cnpoBoAH[ cJIeKTpoHr'I ruTo cc
rpoprrr,rpa roueiy ccxor IBa cocc1Hn a rova tt xoi ;;.? i+
Ioqc,[HaKBo e rpxBJ'ru'reH otr ceKoj o[ joHtl rc Kol.i .>
ce uaoiaar eo ja:,rrlrc Ha KpncrrtitHara perrre'lKa. 6)
Ha roj Harrr{H BaJIeHTHnle (nepn$eptu) CJr.2. Xaorr'r.rro r.r HacoqcHo IlBI,rxerbe ira
e,'reKTpoHr.r He ce cTpofo Bp3aHIl 3a oApeAeHI'I eneKTpoHuTc Bo MeTanor.
aroMLI,TyKyce "Ko,TcKT[Br3upaHIt" 3aeAH[qKI'I
3a c[Te no:ulunHr.r jouu Ha MeraJllrlror Tpe6a ga ce [oABne(Ie AeKa oBa HcHacoqeHo
cIIpoBoAHr{K. Tre clo6ogu<t cc /IBx)Kar no cflor ABr.l)KcHre Ha c,lo6oAHLITe eJreKTpoHlI (cJL 2a) He
BO,'IyMCH Ha CIrpOBOIHUKOT r'l paNIHONtepHO Ce npercraByBa ereKTpI,IqHa crpyja. Toa fiocrol'I 11

pac op(iryBaar Bo rrpocToPol ttoi!tiy iar,rlte na KOfa N{eTaJror e HaABop oA ereKTptrqHoTo noJIe
petuerKara. KoHqeurpaqlrjara ua clo6o4nnre Aro uera,ror ce /IoBeAe Bo eJIeKTpIrqHo
eJ'IeKTpoEIl 3aBI4Cn OA BaJIeHTHOCTa Ha NleTaro'f, none (c,r.25) eJreKTpoHlre eo Hero (e no'Irrar
Konry e roroleua BaJreHTHocra. [ororeMa e I{ HacoqeHo aa ce ABrlxar. Tue go6uaaar gonarna
ronqenrpaqujara sa c,'to6oAHure eJreKTpoHIt. 6psltra xoja e Hacoqena crIporI,IBHo oA HacoKara
Taxa, na ceroj elnosaneu.tcH aroM oAroBapa [o Ha ereKTp[qnoro lo:re. Tpe6a Aa ce tlcraKHe
clen c,ro6o,r1en eneKTpon, Ha ,qBoBa.reH'reH rlo ABa gera 6p:uuara Ha oBa HacoqeHo ABt{xeH,e Ha
lrH. KoHuertpatlltiara nrr c,ro6oltt tc ercKTlo- erelrpoHlire. Aypx I npfi rrHory iuru crp1r. e
Ht4 Bo \{( tar'l Te c LU pcl Ha lu,'l(Ml4Hl l0-' MHOfy MaJra, peA Ha foJreMtiHa oA HeKoJlKy
c,ro6ogur ereK'rpoHlr ua egcu xy6eu llerap. Ce MuJlrN{e'rpu Bo ceKyHAa. Meiyroa. nopaAlr MHory
Irc,Klx)Bl JeKa KoHueHlpruljara Ha c,ro60gttltre roreMara xonqeurpaqnja Ha eJreKTpoHI,{Te, ItaKo
cncKTpuHI Hr' cc vcHyuJ xola rtetS,to,I (e ce rxc 6prllH ce Marr. cc aoohBaar MHory jakh
Haj[e Bo ereKTpnqHo tto,tc. I'Icro raKa, KoH- crpyn. Manrme BpeAHocrI,I Ha HacoqeHoro
rleurpaqujara Ha cro6ogHllTe eJIeKTpoHI'I, npaK- ABI|)K($e ua c,ro6oattllte eJIeKTPOHll Bo MeTa,lol
TI,ITIHO, HE 3ABI,TCI{ OA TEMI]CPATYPATA HA METAJTOT. ne rpe6a la ce ueuraat co 6p:uHara Ha rerlelsero
 3.5. Meuta"xLt 193

Ha crpyjara. Haco.reso'ro' ABrDKeIse Ha cIITe HeAOCTaTOq[ Ha KJIaCIrqHaTa reopfila ce

c;to6oAuure eJIeKTpoHn ga xoe.6uno Mecro Bo HaAMIIHaTu co KBanrna reopuja na uera:lne.
MeT4JIHT{OT CnpOBOAHLIK 3arIOFI{yBa BO OHOJ l\{Ur 14 yurre e4en HeAocraroK Ha KJrac rJHara
KOfa Ha Toa I'recro (e ce BocnocTaBrr reopnja: axo Hoclrrerfi ua crpyjara Bo MeraJrrrre
ereKTpr'rrrHoro rroJle. A 6p3LIHara Ha ce cro6oAHlrre eJIeKTpoHtr, KoIi, cnopeA
BOCIIOCTaByBaI6e Ha ereKTpl,rqHoro rloJre e KracrrlrHara reopuja, co:qanaar "erextponcxu
eqHaKBa Ha 6p:uHara Ha llpocrIpa$ero Ha rac", Toraur cpe[Hara exeprlrja na eJIeKTpoHor
BaKyyM, 3 l0'n-l/s. Toa iHlqr
cBerr'rlHaTa Bo (qecrlrqa co 3 creleHu na cno6oga) 6u Suta E",. :
neKa u eJleKTplrvuara crpyja Bo MeraJror ce 312 kT. OBEe t e 6o,'IIIN{aHoBa roncranra. Ho raj
BocrrocraByBa co raKBa 6p3uHa. r{erarLITe eKcnepur{eHTIlTe rIoKaxaJIe aeKa BaKBa
EreKTpoclpoBoArHBocra ce HaMaJryBa co 3aBxcHocr oA Ter{neparypara He fiocroli. TaKa,
3roJreMyBarhe Ha reMrleparaypara. llopaAu cpeAHara eueprr.rja Ha eJIeKTpoHure Aypu rr Ha
rrororeMa cpeAHa 6p3IIHa Ha aroMure (TonrxHcKo TeMrreparypa oA 0 K ue e egnaraa ua nyla.
gruxerse) goaia qo [oalecro cy[pyBan'e ltefy flocron Kp Ba xoja Htl ja aasa
cJreKTpoHIITe u jonure Ha KpucraJlHara peuerKa. pacnpege.n6ara Ha ereKTpoHr,Ire rlo eHeprlu, lI
llopaar rol rar. [cJt oq enepruja ra ur raa ce HapeKyBa KpxBa HJ pacnpeae.n6r. cnopeg
HacoqeHoTo ABrDKebe Ha eJIeKTpoHI'ITe Ce @epuu-flIlpaxoaara crarucrlrKa 3a cro6oAHl'Ire
flperBop:l Bo BHarpeuHa eHeprria Ha Met aJ'tor. eJreKTpoHI{ BO Nrera,'1IrTe.
Oruopor Ha Nlera.Jror ce 3fo.JreNlyBa, a HeroBara
TeNltreparypa ce noKar{yBa. Teuneparypnara 6poj
3aBr'rcHocr Ha orrlopor (R) xaj uera,rure e gageu
co pe:raqujara:

R=Ro(l+ar),
Kaae luro Rp e ornopor Ha lllera.Jror aa 00C, I e
le\lnepaTlpaTa Hl MCTa,lol. a q e KoHcTaHTa 3a
ceroj uerar, roja ce uapexyBa repr'1l{r{Kll
Koe@lurlcHT Ha ornopor u roia ia roKaxyBa
peJraTIIBHara rrpoMeHa Ha orflopoT Ha MeTaJroT o E=Et eHeprr{a
lpn npoMeHa Ha HefoBara reM[eparypa 3a eAeH
cTeIeH. C,r. 3a.3asucHocr Ha 6pojor ua ererrpouure og
I4Haxy, co KJlac[rrHuor MoneJr Ha eHeprrjara raj lleran Ha anco"'ry rHa Hy,ra.
"e.JreKTpoHcKrr fac" Mo>Kar ga ce o6jacnar
OMoBnor :aron, IJy:r-JleuqoBnor 3aKoH, KaKo Il Ha crnxara 3a e qageno raro Qaxruvru
Hr.r3a Apyrt,t nojaon ceojcreeufi Ha Mera,'II{Te. lt3rreAa pac[peAeJr6ara Ha ereKTpoHltTe rlo
Tarsrt ce rojarure Ha repMoeJ]eKTPoHcKara eHeprur{ Kofa MeTaJIoT e Ha TeMrleparypa
errucrja. nojaanre Hl KoHTaKTHr4or noreuutja,r ancoJ,rlrHa Hyna tf-0 Kt. Bo roj rpaluleH c,r1'taj
veiy lna pa:luvulr MeraJIa tI Hx3a Apyrn. IIOCTOT.TeAHa OCTpa rpaHuua 3a MaKcllNIaJrHaTa
euepruja uro \roxar tra ja nocel1eaar
He.qocraroun Ha Moae,ror eJIeKTpOHr,lTe BO eAeH MeTaJI Ha TeM[epaTypa oA
Ha "ereKTpoHcK[ rac" ny,ra. Tara, OepMLr-A[paKoBara
arrco.JryrHa
crarucruKl Ktxyaa aeKa uajaucoxara eteprtja
Teopujara roja ce 6a:upa rla llo[elor ulro Moxar qa ja uvaar ereKTpoH[]e Bo BaKBa
"ereKTpoHcKu rac" ttlla MHot-y HeAocraroIIlr. Ha cocroj6a na 3ar'Ip3Haroc'r na lrarepujara (7=0 K)
rlpuNrep, oBaa reopuja He Mo)Ke KBaHTIrrartrBHo e e^HaK8a Ha To'rHo ol]pelleneH SHoc
ga ja o6jacun 3aBl{cHocra Ha crIpoBoAJIIrBocra Ha KapaKTep[crltr{eH :a ceroj vet.an, eAHaKoB Ha
I{eTaJruTe oa TeMnepaTypaTa. @eplrn-eueprujara (tr) oA c,'IuKara 3a.
Hec,roxyearuero Ha K,racfi,rHart rcopnja ua ,[a ce 3anpalltaMe cera, KaKo c.tto6onHnre
Merarrre eKcnepx\{eHTor noce6Ho loflra qo e.JreKTpoHI,I BO eAHO napqe Merar uJTo ce 3afPa,'Io
np[ HIrcKrl TeMneparypn. Celar, genec
r,r3pa3 Ha Heroja reMneparypa I1>0, (e or ja
194 3.5. Mema,xL!

pacnpeAeJryBaar Meiy ce6e BKyIIHara eHepfllja florpaj roa, nocrojar I,I KplrcraJrlr oA Merarlr KoI{
uro e .uoHeceHa oAHa[Bop? Oaroeop (e H laae Mo)Kar Bo ce6e ga nrpagyeaar rr raKBrl eJIeMeHTI,I,
o6[uKor Ha Kpr.lBara [ITo cooABercrByBa Ha KaKo uro e. Ha npr{Mep. eoqopogor. jar,repo4or lr
uexoja reuneparypara Z1 IloroJreMa oA HyJIa. a3oror Bo @oplra na rurrepcurqnja,rxu geQexrr
(c,rura 36). Og rpnoara Moxe [a ce BrrAIr AeKa (nornarje 3. 3). tr'Iuaxy, Bo ocHoBara Ha
roreu 6poj eJreKTpoHIr IrMaar cpeAHo-roJIeMII nporr3BoAcrBoTo Ha r{eJlr{Kor cror{ BfpaAyBaILe Ha
eHeprrl . [eKa coceM Ma,r 6poj eJIeKTpoHl.{ jar;repogrur aroun Bo )KeJre3oro.
noceIyBaaT roJreMu eHepfuIl. Jlerypnre, r{HaKy, HarxJre MHory ur{poKa
nprrMeHa so uunycrpujara. Pequctl He rocrou
6poj MerareH npo[3BoA HanpaBeH oA xeMrrcKl{ qIIcT
MeraJr, ryKy Hajroreuror 6poj r'.reralxll npoll:-
BoA ce cocraBeHlt o[ ABa. rpr rlu noee(e
CIICMEHTI;I.

Cunrepynauu uarepr.rj aJlr

flocron rpyna uareplrja:rn urro ce go6una
a E:E, eHepruJa oA Meralrr.r lrJrrr,'Ieryp[ Bo npaB. llocranKara
nopattfi roa ce HapeKyBa npauoeHa ivera,rl pt ria.
C.r. 36. 3aBr.rcEocr Ha 6pojor Ha eneKTpoHlrre oA flpaeor uru xoMofeHli3llpaHara cMeca oA
eneprrjara raj Mera,! HaA aflco.]ryrnara Hy"la. MeTaJrHrroT rrpaB noToa ce npecyBa co rIoMolII Ha
xorpaynx'lHa \{exaHrl,tKa IIpeca Bo 6pureru.
14 y[rre Herxro MHory IrHTepecHo: oA t,tJ,] 14
KOI'I rrOTOa Ce 3afpeBaaT Ha BUCOKa reMrreparypa
cruKara 36 ce rJreAa AeKa cl{poMauHr{Te
go6ujar pevuclt Bo ereKTpx,rH nevxu. 3arpeaarsero uaj,tecro ce
eJreKTpoHH co eHepruja ueua ga
(e clr ja u3BeayBa ao aruoc$epa Ha Hcxoj rac xoi na
Hmrrro, rra HoBoAoBeAeHara enepnrja
BI,iCOKT{ TeMnepaTypI,I He peafnpa co MeTaJ'ItlTe.
noge:rar lrefy ce6e no6orarure ereKTpoHLI (oHtte
co eHeprnu so 6ru:uHara na E1 Oaa 6tl:Ha.{ero Moxe ga ce Kop[crII, Ha rIpLIMep, BoAopoA 3a Aa
ce cnpeqr.l orcugaquja nplt :arpeaau,ero. flpra
neKa "60rartrre" e,teKTpoHl.l ie craHar caMo
cr{HTepyBariero goaia go cIiJIHo IIoBp3yBaIre Ha
yure no6orarn, na (e ce npecenar Bo AeJIor oA
3pHrlara oA rrpaBor rro nar na gu$y:rlja. flpIrroa,
rpaQlrxor co yrrrre rroBrrcoKn eHerpnu (po3oBo
He [oafa Ao crolyBarle, 6lr4ejlin rervrneparypata
nole). Engejfu.r BKynHr.ror 6poj ua e:rerrpoulrre
Ha cr,rHTepyBame rpe6a cexoraur ga 6uge rog
He ce MehyBa, Torau rrJrorrrrfiHara IrITo TogKara Ha ronebe Ha fraBHara cocrojra oa
cooABercTByBa Ha rlpeceJreHure eJIKTpOHI,I KoH
cMecara.
rIoBI4coKr4 eneprnlr rpe6a ga ocraHe rlcra (ctlHtlor
I,I po3oBnor AeJI ce co I{cra n.rorxruHa).
Kaj caurepyaanur e uarepuja,rr nocrojar
14 na xpajor, aKo ce trpecMera reopIIcKI4 Aa.reKy oBe(e Mo)KHocrIr :a rou6tttrparre ua
MeraJII{Te n coegnlennjara orKoJrKy [pu
cpeAHara euepruja Ha eJreKTpon[re npLI
arconyrHa HyJ'Ia. cnopetr oaaa reopnja (e ce MellarieTo npfi To[er6e.
Ao6ne flera E,. = 3/5 86, nro e pa:luqHo oA Hyra.

Jleruparre 06jacnere ru creAHEBe rrolrMlt:

.[,oaaearuero aroMr4 ol ueroj ap1r e.neveur - TOqKA HA TQIICt6C
(Mera.[ r.u]r{ HeMerar) Bo KpncraJrHara penerKa - MoAen sa "e.fieKTposcr<lr rac"
Ha rjlicrr.ror MeTa,'I ce HapeKyBa lefrrparse. Bo - ronqenrpaquja ua c,'to6ogtr enerrpour,t
texHolorrljara Ha ref[par6e oA foJreMo 3Haqetle - @epur'r-,[uparona crar].IcrrKa
- Jrefypx
e roa llrro KpI{cTaJIHara PelxerKa Ha eaHI,Ior
- cr4H1'epyBaEu Merarnu uarepnjaalt
\'tcrar \'roxc tra fI{ Bfpatrx so ce6e a ror\4 lc ol
Apyrrror Mera:l (B[Aere rerupabe raj geSexrure
Ha KpucraJrnara peurerKa eo nouanjero 3.3).
 3.6. ITonuuepu 195

rrrro ce: noJrI{eTLlJreHoT, noJrxnpollllJreHoT'

3.5. TIOJII,IMEPtrI rrolrrrBuHLIJIxJroptlAor (PVC), Haj;ronr,rre (a:ru$a-
TrrqHtl noJrI{aMlIAn), rIoruyperaH[Te. llocrojar n
nprrpoAHl,I rroJr[Meplr KaKo lTo ce qe,lyJlo3ara I{
rroJrncaxaplrAlrTe, HeKoII OEJIKOBIIHXTC
(norrrflenrIaAlI), IIoJILIHyKJ]eorIIAIlre (PHK I
[HK), [pupoAHara ryMa, naNlyKor t'r Ap.

Ilpouaeodu xou ce cocfrqeenu 4enocHo u'ltt

iery.uHo od uonu.tepuu uaruepujatu ce
cocfraeen den na qoeercoeotuo cexojdueeue, roe
co iipaao ce HapeKys.t spere Hq "tauuuxaifra.
Iltact uxatua, lynafia, Heqou 6ou ce Muory rexHolonlKu. eHeprercKl4 I'I Apyrx
uo,nunepunu cyiic[ianquu. I4axo nayxarua ta npo6reMlt HeMa Aa Mo>Ke Aa 6uAar pertIeHI'I 6e3
iio"nu.uepufie e pe"aatuueno .u'tada, ce qK Co3AaBaEte HoBx NIaTepI'lJarI , MeIy KOII, lI
oi xpuifrjaiua u unoaa4uui e 6ply eneiyaaara co IroJr r.r N{ e p H I,lTe .

uacoana iipu.ueua u eo cexoidneaueifro.

Ihacruxara oKoJry Hac
X[lore3ara 3a IlocroeHrero Ha ullHoBcKrl
r\{o,'reKyJru (MaKpoMo,teKy,'II,I) ja ga,r repuaucruor CospeveHoro fipoIr3BoAcrBo Ha norllMepHlI
HayqHlrK XeplvlaH Crpogl'tnrep (Hennann uarepuja:rn AeHec BJIeryBa Bo eAHa coceM HoBa
Straudinger, l88l-1965) caMo rlpeA oKoJIy ruecr erarra Ha pa:eoj roja ce KapaKrePx3llpa co
AerleHnu, :a uro lo6tu u Ho6eJoBa RarpaAa Bo IIOpaCT Ha IIpOT.I3BOACTBOTO U nOTpOIXyBaqKaTa Ir
1953 ro[uHa. xoja 6apa rloBltcoKo HtrBo Ha 3Haelre. Cauo no
,[euec ne(e ce 3Hae AeKa nose(eto xeM[cxl't CA,[ roguruuoro [pou3Bo,qcrBo Ha ryMa lr
cyrIcTaHqIM rlpeKy xeMrrcKI'I peaKqllu, rIoA rrJracr[qHl.I uacn ja Haglr.tltryBa 6pojKara oA l0
flOTOIIHI,I yCJIOBII, IlIO)KaT Aa Ce IIOJII{Mep[3I{paaT Il r'fiunjapgu KlrnorpaMI'I. AeKa HaBHcrlrHa Ara6oKo
Aa ce Ao6[jar MaKpoMoJIeKyJIl{ (nonI'lMep[t). cl\'Ie HaBJIeTJIe BO BpeMeTO Ha nJIaCT[KaTa
Iloluuepure npercraBuBaar AoJIrIt JIaHIJTI yKaxyBa OaKror AeKa Bo replloAor oA 1950 Ao
oa uBpcro ep:anu jar,repogntl MoreKyru (o6u'IHo 1980 roAfisa roAlrlllHoro npor{3BoAcrBo Ha ryMa I'I
sal 1000) co KoBaJIeHTHa epcra. O[AerHure nJracr[Ka Bo cBeror flopacHa;Io sa 8,9 narfi, a Ha
crHquprl lrefyce6e ce Apx(ar co noMoul Ha uetanu cauo:a 3,2 natu.
nocla6Il Qlr:trrxfi BpcKr{, lrlTo oBo3Mox<yBa Bo HayKara nocrojano pacre xHTepecor 3a
rroJruMepure JrecHo ga ce {a6ptryraar. cJroxeH[, xotu6uHupaNlr r'rarepuja;ru. Ttlnuqnu
flo.nlruepure nocrojar caMo Bo qBpcra It npercraBHlrtlr.r Ha raxBxre ltareprjalll ce
TeqHa, Ho He Ir Bo racoBlrra cocroj6a- noae(ecrojunre uarepr!alu KoIr BKJIyqyBaar
floroneuuot 6poj oA HI'IB ce opraHcKl{ opraHcKr, [onr{Mepu, MeraJll,t rl xepauuxu. Onge
cyncTaHII[LI, WAKO Ce nO3HaTIr lI MHOIy cnafaar apultpanltre IIJIacrIrKLI, crrHTer[qKI'ITe
HeopraHcKLI IIOJIttMepH. neuu n uarepuja,ru, noroa 6uoxollnaru6u.nslrre
Hajnoruarnre nonr'rMepHI.t uarepnja,lrl ce noJII-IMepII OA KOU Ce [PaBaT BeIrTaq(I{Te KOCKrl,
cr4HTeTlrqKI{Te LIHAyCTpI{CKII IIpol.I3BoAII, KaKO KpBHUTe CaAOBn I{ CprIeBIrTe 3:UITICTOqH II Ap.
 196 3.6. [Ioauuepu

tr4cro rara,
IIoJILTMep[Te craHaa flepcneKTrrBHn Ae6eruHara uojxe Aa ce MeHyBa oA 2 mm Ao caMo
uarepuja:ru Bo eJreKTpoHlrKara Il llu@opllaru- 5 pm, noreceH e,. cta6llleu e r.I Bo eJIeKrpI'ItIHn
KaTa 3a IpoLI3BOACTBO Ha OTflOpHI',IUIT 3a rroJruna HaA 1000 kV/crr, ur{a [oAo6pli
ItHTefpaJrHrr MIrKpoeJreKTpoHcK[ ureMfi, FET MexaHr.rqKli cnojcrea. 14, To e naj6uruo uHory e
TpaH3r{croplt, unnnjaryputt cen:opu, $oroqllogn IIOEBTIIH,
n [p.
Meiy uo.:rlrlreplrre KoI{ ce cocraBeH AeJI Ha F FF FF F F FF FF F
r opeHaBeAeHxre Iuareprja,rlt cnaraar :
CCC \,/ \/ \,/
. cnpoBoAHure, CCC
. CC ,/\ ,/\ ,/\
.
IIU3OEIEKTPUI{HIITE
,/\ ,/\
CC
NIIPOEJIEKTPIIqHITTENOJII,IMEPITITAPYIII,
lloce6na rnaca noJrltMeprr ce H HH H , H HH H
o 6uonoruuepnre.
(a)
(6)
flre:oe.rex, pu.ruu n
IIrrpoeJreKTpI{qHl| noJruMeplt HTI H

ce HeKoI{ KpLrcraJIII, KaKo rrro ce

flo:narlr lll
ccc
Ha rrprlMep, KBapqor, cerHeroBara cor (BaTiOt LI ,/ \\ ,/\\ ,/ \\
cccc
lp. xaj rou nol nP Tt'IcoK ce jaeyea ereKTpxtlHo ttl
HHH
no;re, e$exror ce HapeKyBa ntte3oeJreKTpl'IqeH
rauau nor.raaje 1.9). Kaj ncruae uarepujaln
rlocTorr u o6paTHIlor eSerr, no elerrplrqHo IIoJIe (B ) (r) (A)
cII rr.r MeHyBaar ALrMeH3ItIrre (ce u3Ao.'lxyBaaT Bo
eAeH, a ce cKparyBaar Bo Apyr npaBeI0. CiL l.TI,lIIrI.rHI,t noJItrMep[ co rure3oereKTp[rtHtt lt
Cllrqso xaxo raj nne:oerexrpruunuor nupoereKTpr.rrrHlt trnr.r cnpoeognr.r cnojcrBa: a) PVDF: 6)
eQexr. nocror a e$err raj roi noaia ao norucyr$ypntmpllr; B) PPP; r) nonIraqerlrreH, (A)
eJreKTpr{3lIpabe Ha floBpIIJI,lHaTa Ha KpI{CTaJTOT vole,r Ha e[eH noJurvep,
aKo ce [poMeHI{ HeroBara reMneParypa. OBaa
nojara ce HapeKyBa nltpoereKTpl{qeu eQexr. Bo PVDF ce Koplrcrrl KaKo cocraBeH Aer Ha
peAor Ha najAo6pure lrre3oeJleKrp[qf t4 cJryrrraJrKrrre Ir 3ByqHxqrrre (nog qejireo ua
I xpoe,r e KTpl,lux cnaiaa.t lt uerotl noltvepu 'tltj ereKTpuqHI,l IrMIIyJrcx Ce MeHyBa paAlrycoT Ha
npercraBHI4K co uajurparertl caojcrea e HIlBHara KoHBeKcira ueu6paua Ii ce reHePllpaar
.qeJrItBLIHIrJreHAl'IoJryopuAor (PVDF), AaAeH Ha c$epnu :eyvuu 6pauoer-r), xaj anaparure :a
- -' MepeH,e nprrrucor, unrpoQonure. HeroBure
c,tltxara la.
AKo PVDF Su:ruor ce 3arpeBa o[ 100 Ao tlllaar npr,tvena xaj
n!tpoereKTp14qHlt ceojcraa
l50oC n noroa ce raAI{ Bo curHo ereKTpI'IqHo TonrorHrre ceH3oprl co vuja noMottl ce
noJre co BpeAHocr oa 1000 kv/crn (KaKo AereKrrrpa rpucycrBo Ha ryfe (uH$paqpBeHu
eJreKTpoArr MoxaT [a nocryxaT MeraJrHrr croeBI'I lereK toplr - night vision t tz 4p.
oA aJIyMr.rHrryM, 3Jlaroi xLIBa I'I HrrKe,'l-XpONI, '
HaHeceH[ alE ABere crpaHrI Ha IroJIrrMepHl{or Cnponoqnu noirllMepll
Stt:ru), ce Ao6uBa rIoJtI{MepeH rILIe3o Il
nrrpoeJreKTprrK, cta6nnen ua coSHa reN{rleparypa Ce 3alo.rHaro cb uayvnara pa6ora ua B. A.
nose(e togunu. ,qur,r. oojaBeHa eo lab4 rollHa. no xoja roi
tr4axo nnsHllol n[e3oeJ]eKTpIIqeH e$err e npeaBr,rAyBa B[coKoTeNInepalypHa cynepcnpo-
Aecer Ha flarr noMar oq oHoj xaj uajao6purc Bo,qJIItBocr raj .nuHeapuure opfaHcKLI BeprIrrr.
HeopraHcKII uareptlja:rlr. a r[pociteKTpLIrtHI.tor 14n rcpccor Hil lrcr pax) Bilqt4Tc npocrL)
ABarart,t! cenaK PVDF Ma IoJ']<\4 npcllHocl14. (KcnrotllplLxc ra ieoj r utt norr{\rePI Bu
Toj uoxe Aa lIMa lpol,I3Borna $oplta (errty- Hape/IHlrre roqnuu 6ea cunrer43IIpaHLI tr IIetr'Ioctlo
.{t'Baj(tl x TeHKLI OIL'Ir'IoBu co fo,'reN{a roBl]urtrHa), 14clrrraH llccc Ir.IHa. flparo r cynepcnpoaoaltlr
 3.6. Ifonu.vepu 197

Meiy oB[e Marepr.tanu e orKpr.reH AypH Bo 1977 nateHTu 6a3upaHI.I Ha cnpoBo[Hu nojrr,rMeplt KoIr
roAnHa, aroa e nonrrcyJroypHr.rrpr.rr (cn. 16), Koj ce KopLIcTa:r 3a rIpon3BoAcTBo Ha IaROBI,I l<ol4
Ha co6Ha TeMnepaTypa e MeTaJr co npoceqHa 3a[TnTyBaaT o[ cTaTurrKu eJreKTpl,lqrrTeT,
eneKTpurrHa cnpoBoAJrr,rBocT, a Ha TeMnepaTypa coH'reBt,t (e].ru.i 1r. eneKTpoHcK14 xovnoueulu (n-p
IIoA 0,3 K craHyBa cy epcnpoBoEHrrK. nuogr u Soroquogu), e;relleuru KorI cMeraar Ha
pa6orara Ha paAaprrre. I4cro raxa 3arlorlHa I{
Cru.{Ha lpacrr.rtrHa rrpoMeHa Ha
rrpox3BoAcTBo Ha ceH3opr.r u [peKuHyBar]u Kou
cnpoBoAJII{BOCTa nOKaXaJI Lt IIOJIIIaqeTI'tiIeHOT.
peafupaaT Ha rrp[cycTBo Ha Bo]IaJ Bo3Ayx'
Meiyroa, BpeMero Ha cnpoBoAHrrTe oApeAeHr{ racoBrr, Ha lpoMeHa Ha eJIeKTpIirlHoTo
ryKyrxro Aoaia.
flo,'rnMepr.r rroJre, KaKo r{ Ha HeJrLrHeapHIi cJIeMeHTII Bo
I4nrepecuu ce noJraMeprrre rrrro Mor<ar Aa ereKTpoHcKr.rTe Kona Bp3 ocHoBa Ha ItoJII{MepHI{
cc qonxHryaaar nplToa ce [o6uea npo\{eHa Ha cyrrcTaHr{uu.
uexoe Su:uvxo caojcrro. Tara co nouoru ua Bo noc:regnara AeueHnja oA XX BeK
Aorrr.rHfyBalr,e Mo>Ke Aa BaplrpaaT ereKTpIrrHuTe npoHaoraquTe, KoHcTpyKTopfiTe fi cTparesr.rre Ha
ceojcreara Bo onpeAeJreHr{ pa3Mepr4. IIHAyCTpXCKOTO IIpOLI3BOACTBO CO fOJIeM yCIIex
Cnponol:runocra na norlrnapaQenllreHor (PPP), pa6orar Ha AoO Barhc vareplja,ru co rore\{a
c,rnra lr, no noflI{HryBarrero co AsF5 ce MeHyBa crlpoBoArIxBocT, eJ'racTrrrrHocT r,r rr.JracTrrqHocT 3a
ra l8 pegoar Ha roJleMrHa tx l0i8). Kpajuara ue,r Aa Mo)Kar Aa ce pa3BreKyBaar Bo reurn Qllruoeu
BO xCTpaX) BaH,aTil e [a Ce [OOxe nO"|rllMep co ron (e 6lrgar BoAoornopur.r, HeoKcr.rAnpaqKr.r r.r) ce
foJrgMa crrpoBoAJrr.rBocT, Ho r4cToBpeMeHo x pa36npa, [porl3BeAeHrr oA eBT[Ha cypoBuHa, co
xeM[cKr1 cra6ureH, co . go6plr MexaHlrrrKrr Mara lorporlryBayra na eneprlrja r.r Kolr HeMa Aa
ceojcroa. ,lecHo o6pa6orruB x. ce pa36 pa. Aa ja saragyaaar xnaorHara oKoJrlrHa.
6rIAe eBTr.rH. Croj npnnonec Bo r{crpa)KyBalLara Ha
Kol'repqnjaluoro 3Har{erse Ha oBue r.H. copoBoAHxre noJ'r MepHI rrarepuja,rl eo oeoj
j,rulacruqHl{ Merarr" e foreMo. MoMeH r aaBa r ,rl a 6oparop ujara ra
Corpeuenara nayrd ra rroJrrrMepure creAu ereKTpoonT[Ka Ha Arlcl]ep3Hr.r crrcTeMrr Irpll
HeKoJ'rKy opaau Bo r4crpa)K) BaHrara o[ oeoj rrn: tr{ucruryror 3a Sn:lnra Ha flpt,tpoAHo-
o go6neame AorrrrHryBaHn noJrr.rMepr{, MareMarr4qKr{or $ary,rrer eo Cxonje. Zueuo,
o qo6lrnane rroJrrrMepr{ Kaj Kor.r Moxe [a ce nocJre[HaTa roArHa ce BprxaT LrcIItTyBaISa Ha
MeHyBaaT eracTugHxre ceojcrBa: otr eAeH oA HaJaTpaKTr,rBHr.rTe cnpoBolHlt noJIIIMepII,
rlracTl{r{Ha Ao eracT qHa, Bo 3aBlrcHocr oA no,uruapafienlr;reHor Ha MoJreKyJrapHo HLIBo.
rrpaKTuqHrme noTpe6u; firarna qen Ha oBne rrclriryBalla (e 6llge
. Aa ce parelrjar reopucru MoAeJrrr 3a go6uaan ero Ha HefoBn renru cloenlr (@u:ruowr)
on xtrtyBarbe Ha oBre noJ,r r4 \repHu vareprja,r lr. KOII ItMaaT fOJIeMa CnpOBOAJtI,IBOCT.
fo.nella nage;r< Ha HayqHurlure e [eKa cefa
flpnuenara Ha cnpoBoAHnre rroJlrrMepr.r Bo KOfa BJrefyBaMe Bo HoBrrIoT MI{JIeHIIyM MOXaT Aa
cerojqueeuror xxBor oAAeH uageu nocrojaHo ce AaAar 6e:6poj oqroeopu u Aa ce peuar
pacre. Co eJreKTpoxcMrrcKoro p rr n AorrrrHryBalse npo6neuure 3a rrpor.I3Bol[crBo Ha oBLIe
Ha TIOJI'TaIIeTIiJIeHCKI{Te 0I IMOBI4 Ce OBO3MO)Kr1 uarepujalu 6e3 KoIt .loBeqK[or xlrBor He Mo)Ke
nporr3BoAcTBo Ha 6arepnlr co rrJracTr{r{Hrr Aa ce 3aMrrcJrlr_
eJreKTpoAr{ Kolr Mox<aT noBe(eKpaTHo Aa ce
ronsar. Ma:rara rycrrlna (0,4 g/cml) n roreuara
ooBpuruHa ua rfn,rvcrarre tHeKoJ'rKy u,rjaqa narr
3roreMeH 6poj uocnreln na e,rerrplr.recrroro), 6nono.nulrepu
fr,t npaBr;r rr.JracrrrrrHr.rre 6arepr.ru unory [ocr.rJrHu rr
IIOJIeCHtll O[ KOHBeHUIOHa]rHrrTe. Euoronulrepure ce IIOJILIMepI{ IrITo ce
Kol'repulrja,ruoro npolr3Bo1crBo Ha oBr{e qo6nenn oA x<J,IBI,Ior cBer I{JII{,
rlaKj
6arepun roura Bo Ja[oHuja u ne(e ce :6opyna ra ra6oparopucKu cnHTeru3l,IpaHu IIoJIIrMepr KotI
H BHa npu\{(Ha. KaKU ioopr ra eHepruja xaj MorKar Aa epurar Qyurqnr Ha no[lpx<yBan,e Ha
Jr<clr re \{o lopr'l.r ooru,rl. B<(e ce nojaauja r )KLIBOTOT BO )KI{BLITe OnfaHX3\'III.
198 3.6. [7o'tutapu

Kage ce rrpu ucnyeaar 6uotto.rlruepnre? cyrreprlopHr'r e]racrr.rrrfll.r oco6rlsu. lllupoxara

rrp[Nrena rrrro ia ulra, coolaercrByBa roK]\ry Ha
. Euorrolrnuepure. 6,'lafolapeH[e Ha
roa $u:rv<o ceojcrco. fyltara e eA[lrcrBcHa I{
le Kor,r HrrBHr'r ceH:lopHLI caojclua. Halnre nprlN{eHa Hell\lcHJlllBit Bo ilal(rl\t()6tircKara uttllcrpnjl tt
Il
u' \ \rcillru rrHil rr rfrlrrraunjir'r l' xlxo rta repujl,'ru.
Apyfo.
Ha ICKapCTBa. CO qCJI Aa Ce IIOCTI{fHe
HOCr.rTeJrU fr lrr rir r' nllcrcr irBHl.lt. Hl rlJ lrr ra rrr tcpujl,'ru co
rrpoAon)KeHo AejcrBo Ha ,'IcKOT (3a6aBeuil lI rrerrtrpuj:t ul rpopurr lir. Korl ie it ct ,t;lle
paN{HoMepHit pecoprIlluja). HeKirKots fco\terp cK o,jtttK ti Klrrfl (e
. Briono,rxMcpurc ce Kopr,icrar 3a npaBe$c rroArerHe Ha pa3Hu o6,tut1u na ge$opuuparue.
6uo,torrrrlr lreu6paHtr LI Be rarIKI{ oprtltt KaKO [rt o ce: npu tucKarhc. IrcTerlyBaBc.
(3iurrrcrorlu 3a cptlc. KllBHu ctlIloBll. creH'rotlll. rolrrujlr. cyxttujr r c,r.. rirl troBToPHo c< upl(l no
rJetrraqKr'r KocKr,l. BcrIITa(rKa Ko)Ka x l]ll). rpeoSnlHara cocroj6a.
fipyroro cylurecreeno caojc'rno. nopilAlr KOc raa
HaruJ.ra [r14poKa rlprNreHa. e HcnPoflycT,ruBocTa Ha
Bo/Iara. lil raa ce jaryua KaKo oarttlcH
xr.rIPox3oJ'ra lop.
flocrojar ryr{t,t o/l 6tt,tt<tttto notexlo Kotl cc
)Io6rrBaar oA cny3Ta rrrro jit
tt:tra.tYeaar lreKoll
clequ$u.rHl.l 6n,rxu. rpupolluo I,rJ'ut Kora ce
orrrrereHrl. EKcrpaKTLITe ce pilcrBop.lrrlBLt 8o tsoIa
l,r llBnrlt Kor'lofinHa lL'lHocT Bo r.ojl
na6aSpyraar-. Xeltrcrr rJIc/IaHo. rylttl'rc
IlpcTcTaByBilill coeAIHeHulil cnI'tlHL IIil
jartle xrgparu lc. Haino:ualu IrprIpoIIHx ryllu cc
aparrcKiiTa. rlllcrroBaTa Ij Ap.
. Euolo,tl.tveprlre BO nlHuua 'rpeba 1a Hajnony,raprra tt najltacortttt KopllcreHa 3il
71o5ujar urnpoxa eKoJ'IotrKa tttl)1/Ipura. 6ltAci(tt x'\\renuljit,,rH ll(,1fi e tlNlillil ullo ce [uJllBil co
'frle rpe5a Aa ru 3ar\{era'f ,locefalrH Te nylxauu:aqrja, Ha .rareKcol o71 Kay(ryKor'. co
lJ.llcr14'rH14 \ril tcpr.rirn ra rrvtil,'rlxrt. taplItt HcKor.r AoAilrorlx- Co lpttltcHara Ha raAHa
lte IoKcl,t'tHil I a 6l rara lcrpllauuja Bo ny,rranu:aqnjit 6c:l goqaroqu. ce go6neaar reHrlt
rpI,lpo,IlaTa. fylrcHu rrpeAMeTI,I Kor.I He rlporyr1ITaaT BoAa. KaKO
uro ce fyNreHLITe paKaBxrllr. flpeocraHarure
trI ry*rara e [oJrlrMep ryMcHri npe[Nre rll ce r-rpaSoryrit;tt o)I KayqyK. co
pa3H[ AoAa'ro]ll,l. KaKo [rro e cyrQypor. Bo
3aBr.rcHocr oA Ko,'ItlqecrBoro ua cylcpypor, ce
no6nna ryua co pa3rLIqHa e,rac l'IHocr (TBpAa
[,'rr'l McKa fyNra).
Mexara rylu ce oAJrrrKyBa co eJlac-
TIlrIHocT. HenpOIIyCTnIIBocT, e.leKTpOIl3oJIal]uoHa
cloco6nocr tl Apyf[ tloroAHu cBqcrBa. OA sea ce
u:pa6oryaaar BHarperrtHure LI HaABoperxHnre
aarouo6uncru ryMrl. fyMcHLITe \eBJ'Ifl.
paKaBLIq[Te, cIIOpTCKI'ITe qeBJ'In U lpyl-o.
Tnplara ryua (c6ouur) e rBpaa po)Kecra
vlreprja. rojr xerrucr.r.r c ltuory cra6nlu:t tt
JrecHo ce o6pa6oryra, a cc ylorPe6yBa 3a
fi3pa60 rKJ Hl eneKrporexHltvxu varepnjr,rl.
caAoBn 3a oJloBHr.rre aKyMyJIaropI{, qeU]rfi u ap.
Ce ropltcrn rI 3a o6,1ox<yBa}Ie Ha xeMI{cKa
fyllara e crreqrQuru Tr{ fl rIoJI[Mep, ll aflapilrypr 3apa[H raurllrr oq xoporrja.
[peTcTaByBa eAeH oA uarcpujanuri| co
 3.6. Ilonuueprr 199

llocrou n cyHfepecra ryua roja ce Kop[crx 3a npoAyKT He e BeKe .JrerrJrrB, KaKo tIJTo e cypoBa1a
HeKOlr rpor,l3BOA11 CO CyHfepeCTa CTpyKTypa, KaKO fyMa, He ce crBpAHyBa (Kpxcraru3r.rpa) Ha JraAHo
tx lo cL cl Hl cpll ta NticlLe. rs1 'tua u to,raUltjl- u He oMeKHyBa Ha TorrJro, rroeJlacT[rIHa e 11
ilr'ropTn3epu Ha yAapr,l, cyHfepfi Bo IoornopHa Ha opraHcKx \e\r Krn u (6cH 14H.
$rcry,r'rypnnre caJru r.i 3a trfpa(rKu 3a AerJa. na$ra ri gp.). ue ancop6lrpa BoAa l,t e oAJrriqeH
Cyurepecrara fyNra rrHaKy ce goSnoa. rora eo TepMT.IYKLI I,t TOIIJILIHCKIT I{3OnaTOp.
c\tccatil iil npol4tBullc]ao Ha rlva (c cc loaaae
ueroja lrarepnja nro oc,ro6ogyra rac.
lylrara 3a uBaKarle e eJracrr{rreH
HeroKcurreH lrarepuja,r roja ce rogroreyea og
ray'r)lol 6orar cu cvo,rn. r,rr oq o6r'reu xay'ryx
ua roj lry ce AoAaBaar cMoJ'rn co rroMoru Ha
fN{e(reHrc co eTepr.rrrHr'l Nrac]ra r{ Apyfu
cyncTaHrlrII,1.
14Ha11 . 'rr.rc ra rr ry\ra Korr (e ce o,ra!r.
craHyBa KpuJ'rrlBa. Bareara [po]\'reHa ce cnyrryBa
nopagu cpopuupaH,ero Ha Aorro.lrHrlrerHu BpcKr{ 06jacuere rH cneAfltlae [otlMx:
nouerl jar,repoau re cxHUrlprl urro jr nprerr - noJll,tNICplt
fyNrara Aa goSne <pucrarua crpyKTypa. Tara, ua - nre3oeneKl pr'rrrHu roJ'rrlne pu
rrpr4Nrep. eAHa fyNreHa paKaBxrla rroTorreHa Bo nupoeneKl purlHll l()nfi Nrep!r
TerreH a3or (77 K), craHyBa rlBpcra r{ KprxJrlrBa. - 6uononuNrepx
fylrure ruro ce ynorpe6yeaar Ha Hr{cKr.r - fyNra
- crapeerLe (Kpucra"rr raqnja) ua ryuara
Te\,rIIeparypr{ (Bo ceBepHxre flpelenx) NrHory
- ay,,txituu:aquja ua rylrara
no6pry crapear u ce rpourar.

Byrxauu:aquja Ha ryMara

ByrxaHu:aquja npercraByBa c[cU[OuqeH

rpcrvaH xoj nolo6pyea olpcAcHr'r cBojcrBa Hil
fyNraTa, KaKo rrrTo e cjracTl4rlHocTa, oTIIopHocTa
KoH xeMnKaJrr.t{, lr rlr y6laxyna poMeHurc Ha l. Co orreg Ha ce floro,'rcMara yflorpe6a Ha
ceojcreara trpu roJre]\,rl,t TeMrreparypHu nporreHrr. rrJracrrtrHara aNI6araxa, [o ynorpe6ara, KaKo
flpr npoqecor ua eynraul.r:aqnja Aoaia Ao ognag. ccrojlnenuo jacpe(analre Bo Harur.rre
BOCIrOCTaByBarse Ha AOrronHr{TeJTHLI XCMUCKU peKr.r, Ha Ha[rrTe yJrr,rrllr, tIapKoBLl, oAMaparlltxTa
BpcKlr loMefy noJrr.rMe pHr,rre cuHur.{pr oA u urparlrrtrra cexojlneeHo. tr4vaj(n npegnuq gera
\{oneKyn re Ha ry\tara. By,rxaulraqujl rl ua ronfi\'rcpHl4Tc cyncrilHur414 rpajHo ja rara[]Baar
r-yMara ce [3BeIIyBa co 3ar-pcBar6e Bo npr4cycTBo Hlurirrr xl.tBorHl oKoJruHa. opraHurrrpa.ire
ur cy,r@yp. flocrorl r'r JrilllHr By,rKaHx,auuja npu arqrja:a co6r.tpamc Ha IL'Iac'r[rleH orrraA.
roia ryuara ce rpe'nrpa Bo 6ama urro coAp)Ku 2. Kaxo (e cfi ro o6jacH['re {rarcor gera ryuure
napx co coeAuHeuuja ua cy,'rQyp. Pe.rt,tcu 3a Ha HcynoTp('6yBilH ilBrov06rrn- no noee(e
cexoja nalrena ryMara ce ByJ'rKaHLt3Ltpa. ocBcH r-oArrHrr, He e npeIIopaqJ'IuBo Aa ce Kop[cTaT.
oHaa 3a fyMeHr{oT rleMeHT, 3a r'tCIIJ'ILtBI4Te IcHTU r'l
HeKox llpyrr{ nauenu. 14Haxy, McKr.tre ryr{rl ".tqr"- rrrgep '
coAp)Kar oKoJry 5% cy,r+yp, a rBpAaTa ryNra ce Hecne*ara Ha Cncic g;1a-ffiJt[e,r
r:r k' cc
cny'r na xaxn nocrerl lla Ha , JHd t yM( Hu npcTcH,]l.
ByrrKaHr3r{pa co 30% to 50% cy$yp. flpoqecol Ha
3a AuxTyHr rrJTo cTaHa.no KpyTo ll rryKHa.'ro Rci
ey,rraHlr:aquja ce cocror ol1 BHecyBarbc Ha ,raluara no( npeA JraHcxparbero. Karo noc,relurlal
cyncfypor Bo ry\,reHara rvaca. Ha clrecara li cc HU3 rry(HaTlrHaTa rcTeKr'ro Bollopo[HoTo paKeTrro
lollaBa u cVrrcraHrlujara aul,'l,lu Koja ro 3a6p3yBa fopllBo. u ce caMo3anaJIILno.
trporlecor ua ny,r<ann:arlujara. flo'roa cl\tcca'ra ce
craBa Bo Ka.Jrarlr lr ce 3arpeBa. TaKir. OtHarHl4ol'
 200 3.7. Cu.tarc.no u rcepauurca

. rro AoJrxrrHaTa Ha rleJrr.toT uatepujal. ona

3. 7. CTAKJIO I,I KEPAMHKA IIIIIpeIbe He Moxe [a ce conpe Ha BHaTpeIIIHaTa
rpaunqa noMeiy jpHuara. KaKo xaj rpucranunre
cyncraHqr,ru (Merarrlre). Kplre*ero Ha sraK;rara
Crixro e nocJreArrqa Ha cr{Jrara ua lrcrerHyaan e; 6lrgejfur
qBpcrr.rHara npfi e l0 narr.r noroJreMa
npr4Tr.rcoK
nprr r{cTerHyBarbe.
OTKOJTKy rIBpCTr.rHaTa
@n:u.rKlre caojcrna urro ro npaBar craKJroro
He3aMeHJrrrB uarepr.rjal 3a HaMeHfiTe irro frI
CIIOMT]ABMC CC:
. nposllpHocT; cTaKJIoTo r4Ma fo.lreMa
nponycrJlrBocr Ha BI{AJrItBara cBerluHa (foreM
xoeSlrqneur na rpaHcMficuja), na nopaArr roa ce
Koprrqrr.r 3a [3pa6orKa Ha npo3opq ri
3acraKJryBaIbe go craH6eHrite Ll AeJtoBHlrre
Od cfraxno ce naupaeeuu ftpoaopquruq wuutu- o6jerru, ll KaKo o6Br.tBKa Ha ereKTpr.rqHure
toaiio, uatuufre, aeutouoduactutu? ciarra u CBCTIIJIKII;
nuoiy dpyiu ltpodyrfru. . He ja npony[Ta BoAara. Toa e alcolyruo
najTlo6puor x[Apor.r3oJrarop, trrro e yrxre eAeH
Crar,roro e HajlrnuvHuor [percraBHuK rra KBanrITeT IIIyC BO llpr.rMeHaTa 3a npo3opqu;
allop{ruure lrarcplja:ru, KOr.r Bo rroHoBo Bper{e ce . 06 gtrolo cl4r,r KarHo ltpo{opcKo craK,tu jil
AeQxHxpaH[ KaKo IrperaAeHr{ Ter{Hocrll co pe$.!eKTupa r.rHOpaUpBeHara cBerJ.rnHa, [a
eKcrpeNrHo BrlcoK ar{cKo3lrrer. Cta<,roro ce 3acTaKJreH[Te IIpOCTOpXI t-O 3acfiIyBaaT
!o5una on crorlcHa N{aca oA HeopraHcKa rlpxpoAa, eQeKror Ha craKJrcHara 6aB.ra. Ce y[orpe6yBa
Koja npt,r,'raAeric Ha co6nil reNrneparypa crarryBa 3a llpaBeH,e cTaKrreHlI fpaAI,rHI,l 3a o[f]leAyr]aH,e
'rBpAa, Kpra r.r flpeunHyearlero
Hc Kpficrar.rr.l3xpa. Ha paHorpaArrHapcKx KyJl'l'ypx;
ul re'rHa Bo uBpclil cucr ojol cc oqelua .ornopHo c ua uljru,rcrrrror
KotlTrlHyr.rpaHo, a He KaKo Kaj N{era.Jrr{Te Ha roqHo 'iloj K cer Hl tr
6a':u, ce ynorpe6yga raro av6alaxa 3a yyBamc
onpeAeJreHa KapaKTeplcTrr(rHa ToqKa Ha ToneHre HA XCMUKAJIIIII II KAKO 3AIITIiTA:
u geQrnuupana rolJrtlHa Ha Kpxcranu3arluja).
l,lcro KaKo tl rrpeocraHarrrre auop$uu
narepujanr, craK:lofo ce oAJrr{KyBa co MHofy
lll.l tOK CTeflCH Hil llo/peAeHOCT ti rlc\lHl nO,rr-rX6a
rroueiy arouute. Crar.roro e r,r3fpaAeHo oA
flgrpaB[JrHa TpoIur,reH3r]loHaJrHa Mpc)Ka oll
Kr.lcJropo,lHrl aroMrr Korr ce I'reiycc6uo IIoBp3aHx
co JoHu.
Kai oor,l.rHoro c Jl KatHo craxlo najuaxeu
ornfiuriy\lut oo r paqdara Ha Mp(xa rt.
cr.lc\rcHT e
flpyrrre joHn Bo craKJroro, KaKo Ha [puMep, ChHoornopHo (tr,lpcKc) craKno 3a
KanrtuyMor (Ca), MarHe3uyN{or (Mg), Harpr.ryMor ,ra6oparopr.rcxu e<cncprtueETr.
(Na) u la,rrlvor tKr. cc cucctyuaar so jar,rltrc
Ha Mpexara Koja cc coctol oa coegtueulja u:t . He lpoflytrrra Bo3Ayx. Ce Kopr.rcrri 3a
ounquyMor (SiOz). I4uaj(n ro [pc[Br.rA BaKBr.ror xepMeT[qKo 3aTBopa]6e I{ 3a BaKyyMupaHrr
cocTaB, cnHo Ilero cTaKJro rIJII{ cTaKIeHo napqe cleKTpuqHu ypeAr.I KaKo lllto ce eJIeKTpLITIHITe
MO)Ke Aa Ce Tpetupa KaKo eAeH foJIeM MoJreKyJr. cBeTIl.JlKU. peHfeHCKIme qeBKIt rr ApyIO.
Ha oeoj Havta ce o6jacuyaaar ceojcroar a ua Co npoueuara Ha cocraBor, uoxe na ce go6ujar
foJreMF qBpcrl{Ha Ha craKJroro. floxo:rxy rra eguo craKJIa co najpa:llr.rua uauega. Bo cJIeAHara
cna6o uecto Ha craKJreHa noBprrIIIHa ce HanpaBu ra6ela ce HaBeAeHII HeKoJrKy BnAa craKJIo I,1

.rryKHarrrHKa, Torau raa ua6pry (e ce npotrrnpn HTIBHI,IOT COCTAB:

 3.7 . Cu,taKlo u Kepa uKa 201

Bur cT ar.no ffpruuena Cocrau Cyposrlnu

o6l-r.rlra craxra lpo3oprllr, aM6araxa, uarpryu-rap6onar, KBapIIeH necoK, BaPoBHUK rr
EaTpynM- goudiuncrno, ereKTpr.rtrHr-r BapoBHuK n clrJrllKaT ranqlr$uqupaua coga
rap6onarno CBETUJIKII.
cTaKll0
6opcruuraruo orHooTlopFr caaoBII 3a rrecoK, 6opaKc, 6opEa
cTal<no. ra6ciparopuja u gouariuncreo Krcerrd{a, $enrcnar It
(rora ro,reMa orrropr{ocr Ha AIYMIII IYM XI]IAPAT
xeMItKaIIrI X TeMfieparypr r
rrpoMeHr.r Bo otrDetreHq rDaHulIIr).
KBapqHo cTaKno onTIfllKn rHcTyMeHTu 99,5% SiO, KBaprleH necoK
(r.rMa I roreM Koe+rqrreHT Ha
TDAHCMIIC'IiA 3 YB CBCTJII,IHA')
Kp'lcTaJrI{o yMeTrI[qKo CTaKJIO LIJ I CTaKJIO 3a NOTAIIIA. MCII'TC U KalrltyM, BapoBHuK LI cl:lJurKarj
CTAKJIO r:pa(orra ua xpucraJIHLI qallIu. necoK

MypaHo cTaKJro yKpacuo craK.[o co crlua 6oja caMo ce aoaaBaaT oKc[An rra
Konia ce r3Da6orvBa Bo BeHeIIrda Ko6anr

flpon:no,qcrno Ha craKJro r{3BeAyBa Ha reMrreparypa oA 1400 Ao 1550 0C.

Bo nooreqnata Sa:a og roreu,ero, Macara ce
r.r36ucrpyBa (ce ocro6oAyBa oA Bo3AyrrJHr.r
Meypu) co AoAaBaH,e Ha HeKou xeMuKa.lrlttl.
flpa ,raaeruero craKrreHara Maca craHlBa ce
rlorycra r,t [aBa loee(e Mo)KHocrII 3a
rrpofi3BoAcrBo u o6pa6orxa: [r3BJreKyBaH,e
(lpo3opcKo craKro), nyBarre (qauu u
urrflxxtba). BaJraEe u parrHa o6pa6orKa.

Boex,e lta craxrroro

Co gogarane MaJro Ko.luqecrBo o[ HeKou

cyIIcTaHIII{rl KOH CTOrreHaTa CMeCa, CTaKJIOTO
Moxe Aa ce o6ou:

Boia ,[oqarox
6e:6ojno IiI,ICTI1 XCMUKAIUI4

upBeHo iar:reH n HaronvMcvrdar

3CJIEHO )KeJre30
CIIHO 6arapoxcul uru ro6art

Eoeme ce npaBu 3apaA[ cneqr.rja;rulr nauenu

BllTpax oA 6oeHo crauo Kaj aM6arf,xxpaH,ero Ha HeKor nujalauu. :a
rrpori3BoAcrBo Ha pa3Hr{ Qurrpu :a orrrr{qKrme
Meuame Ha cypoBr{Hl{Te. flpoqecor ua IIHCTpyMeHTX XJrU 3a yMeTHL|{KII HaMeHII,
TOrIebe ce oABItBa KoHT[HyItpaHo vru IlI3pa6oTKa Ha Bnrpa)K[.
ArrcKoHTr{HyrrpaHo (raj npou:nogcrBoTo Ha
cneqlrjaluu lr o6oeHlr, yMerHnr{Krr craKJra. Crax.renu BnaKHa (craKreua ro,rna). Ce
Ctar;roto ce rorIII Bo caAoBIt o,q orHoornopHa rIpoI{3BeAyBa TaKa IIITO OA CTOrreHaTa MaCa Ce
rJruHa Bo IIJIaMeHa neqKa. Torebero ce r43BJIeKyBaaT TeHKLt MJIa3OBI.I 3a Aa Ce OIaAaT
202 3.7. Cruarto u Kepa,vttKLt

5e3 rrpcrxo1Ho 06r[KyBaH'e. OA onue srarHa ocTaHyBaaT Iloaonro BpeMe l'onJrLI

ce npofisBeayBa craKreHa atl,rnl xoja ce OTKOJTKy KOra Ce BO NIeTaJIHr'l CaAOBLL
Kopllcru KaKo rep\4ol.tJonru oHeH vrrupuian 3aror caAoBl.ITc Bo qo\4at. I HcrBoro
BOfpale)KHr{rxTBoTo., noee(ero ce n:paSoreuu og noprleraH;
u.icoKa ro,rKa Ha roncHre. Oea coojc'r'uo
Hajcrapnre peAMertt oA craKJro 6[re AaBa AOnO.JrHr4TeIeH KBaJI[TeT BO
HajAeHrr Bo Meconoraulrja (AeHeueH tr4paK) u Ilp14N{eHaTa KaKO eIeKTpOl{3o,rarop. Bo
Erlrner. HaoAme KDKyBaar AeKa rorarxHx'fe c,ry,raj ua roreK) BArbc cu,rHr crpyia- acrirt rr
craKlra r{MaJIe r:uueuo jagpo. Ce npaeene ua AO 3arpeBa6e Ho He ll IIO CTOrIyBaHre Uil
cJre[H[oB HaqI,IH: pacToneHa cTaKJIeHa NIaca ce oroj uarepujar;
cTaBara Bp3 cMeca oA fJrr.IHeH IIpaB rr cTaKr'IeCT He e 3alitrrlIB. Yune egen KBaJrrrer Bo
necor. Otraxo craKJreHtra vaca (e cc nprlr'rof Ha rrpuN,reHara KilKo He3aMeHJILtB
oJraAera, rJIIrHeHoro jagpo ce orcrPaHyBaJ'lo. ereKTpuqeH u3onaTop:
Ha naxoe HaqI{H ce npourregyaa:ro cd qo orrropeH e Ha BoAa, rlrcerlrsu u 6a:;lt.
noqeToKor Ha Ha[IaTa epa, Kora Bo ucJroro He:aMeH,rue ua repujal Bo npox3BoAcrBo-
Pulrcro I{apcreo 6una ycBoeHa HoBara to ua (eplvrrir rJ 6a$1l. xljuu u
TexHuKa Ha [poI43BOACTBO. ,'ra6oparopI{cKa orrpeMa.

Kepauuxa
flopuelaHor rI KapaMlIriKure npolt3Bont{ ce
Ao6[eaar co o6u.{Ho rleqetre Ha o6r[KyBaHa
ltaca xoja ce cocroll oA fJ'rnHa, KaBpII r.I
Selrcnar. Bo Heron cryga[, Kofa ce
u tpa6orlBaar fpa^exHI Mal(p jantl- KaKL)
trlTo ce 'fy.'lll tI
KepaMuAr.r. Tolau
MacaTa ce cocToI,I
CAMO OA |JIIIHA. ero [optleJraHcKr{ npo[3Boglt
llttctara r,ruua .(o6uran
ce
3a[o.{HyBa co [peqrlc'fyBa]6e Ha cypoBllHxre,
HapeKyBa KaoJrI{H, u unen e. 6oeme LI Me[rabe, cd Ao,qcKa He ce
roj ce ueve cnopeg go6ue lraca rrorolna :a o6nuryaame.
creneHor Ha qucrorara, go 6e,r npot:eog. O6rlrryrarsero uoxe
Onoj ce ynorpe6yBa 3a nopueJlaH Bo /la 6uAe paeHo r{Jrr,r
goua(nncreara v 3a caHlITapHLI ypeAlr. Ma[r[HcKo 3a IIpoI{3-
Heqllc'lr.rre fJlnHl ce Kopxcrar 3a fpa[e)KHI{ BOIICTBO HA OBAJIHI{
llarepr.rjalu tl <16[.{Ha KepaMI,IKa. IlpeANrerr.r. Ha onoj
llpttNlcHara Ha noplleJraHor eo AoNta(fiHcrnara Haqr.rH ce q)opMr.Ipaaar
rr TexHnKaTa npoll3JrefyBa oA HeroBuTe ,rr.rHurr, $rugaHu,
rroeolau Qn:n.rru cnojcraa: caKcr{[ x e,leKTpo-
. OAJII{'{eH eJIeKTpIlqeH I'I3oJ'Ia top 3OJraTOpr.r.
flopagn oea Heroao crojctso roj e ne'.ralIeu,tlla flpecyeau,e e rocrarrKa co roja ce $optnupaar
er c KTpotl3o,rr u 14oH( H r'llrcp ja.r rai rpr- suAHr.rTe r{ [onHIlTe KepaMuqKu nJIotIKI4.
Qocraurqurc. AareKyBoAllrc. eJIeKTpoueH- flpuropneHara Maca ce npecyra nouciy
Tpal,llre. lc ItcHTpll rr rli
[xcfle'repcKx Iro/lB[>KeH ua6,rog n tlepcra nog,rora. 14nary,
ocxrypyBarlKllTe ra6.ru eo cralr6euure n Tynrrre x (epaltulrme ce lpou3tseAyBaar co
AerosHt.rrc o6ierrtr; trpecyBarr'e Bo (bopMa Ha Bo"'IyN'lxlto3Ho llapqe-
. oAJrlrrreH TorllrlrHcKr,r uso,rarop. flopagn Cxyllrl'prre o,q rnHHa ce rpo[3Be,qyBaar co
oBa Hefotso ceojcrro. jaqctucro u ltuen,ero
 3.7 . Cut(rrcao rr Kepa LrKs 201

lpoqegypara HapeareHa reeu,e. flrnHeHa xaura cnafaar lrarepnjaJllrre urro ce ornopH[ Ha

ce HaJreBa Bo Ka,ranr4 og uarepuja xoja uoxe BrrcoKr{ TeMneparyprr (orHoornopHx
ga ja co6epe Bonara (Ha npnuep, nrnc). Ha roj llarepnja,ru). Toa ce, Ha rrprrMep:
HJTJUH TeqHocra xcreKyBa. a ocraHyra cloj xoj a.rryMrrHrryNloKcnAoT, TOprryNroKcrrAoT,
ce ua$a(a Ha slrAoBrlre l.r xoj ruloxe 4a ce MarHe3r{yMoKcrrAor r{ 6epn'ruyMoKcr,rAor.
HarrpaBu AoBoJrHo Ae6er 3a Aa ce orcrpaHrr floc:re4ulros, a n qrrpKoHnyMoKcrr[or, ce
KAJIAIIOT. ynorpe6yBaar Bo HyKreapHnre peaKToprr
Cyuren e. llpequernre ce ocraBaar Ha 6lrgejfur l.Ilraar BncoKa roqKa Ha roner6e (2570
oC
crroHraHo (npnpoAHo) cynIeH.e. n nose(e).
Ile.rene. 3a pa3Hu HaMeHx ce nplrMeHyBa
pa3.JrrrrrHa Ter'r[epaTypa Ha rreqer6e, [rTo Mo)Ke Cnequjalrun xepauuxu
na ce augr.r ao ra6erara noAoJry.
Eapnyu, crpoHrrr{yM, oaKap oKcr{AoT e
(epauuvxn uarepuja:r co cyfiepcnpoBoAHr.r
IIpolr:noq Teuneparypa (oC) cnojcrea.

fJIl{HEHtll IIDOIl3BOtr11 700- 1000 Kepalrrvxu uarueru

Kepar,fI,l.rKu 1200-1250
NDCIIMETII Eapnyuor u:rrr crpoHrlrryNr (repnror Mo)<ar Aa
erKTpoIl3oJIaIII{CKI{ t 400 ce ynorpe6ar :a urpa6orra Ha KepaMr.rqK[Te
uareDnia;l uarepnjaru co caojcraa Ha nepMaHeHTHr.r
I\'I A IHCTII.
f,ra:upau,e. Ha neron oA rrporr3Bogrrre rro
[pBoTo IIeqe}}e r{M cJre[yBa yujTe eAHo neqelLe !Depoenexrpuvuu KepaMI|Krt
,aroa uro r4M ce HaHecyBa ropeu cjaeu
nposr{peH r4Jr r HenposxpeH c,roj uapeveH Ce rrpa6orl eaar o,q BaTiO,. uarepnja,r co
r:ra:ypa. Ylorara Ha rJra3ypara ce cocrorr Bo MHOfy Br.rcoKa [ueJreKTprrqHa KoHcTaHTa,
TOa, 3a nopqeJraHcKuoT rrpou3Boa Aa He Qepoe.nexrpnuen uarepujar, cJrr{qeH Ha
fipo[ylxTa BoAa rrJrrr eAHocTaBHo oA ecTeTcKa Qepol'raruerunre. Ce ynorpe6yea Bo
rreaHa TortKa. rrpu3BogcrBoro na uuxpoQonn, 3ByriHHrIu u
Hajnaxnure cocrojxu oA Korr ce npaBrr ypeAn 3a rrpeTBopaH,e Ha ereKTprrtrHr,r Bo
rra3ypaTa ce: [ecoK, KBaprL cTaKJro, fJruHa, MexaHr{lrKrr ocrloJraqu[ (rraBara Ha
Se,rrcnar, 6opaxc u Apyro, Korr ce Merlaar Ha yrrpa3By.rHara coHAa).
pa3rurJHu HaquHIi, Bo 3aBI{cHocT o[ HaMeHaTa. flocrojar u (epaulrvru uareplrjalu co raKBa
lleqersero 3a rJra3rrparse ce u3BeAyBa Ha TBpaocr r,r eJracrr.rqHn cnojcrna uro ce roroAHrr
reMneparypa oA 700 Ao 900 oC. :a lr:pa6orxa Ha AeJroBrr oA Morop[ rr
Ornoornopnu xepauuxu MexaHuqKu ypeAri.
EgHa noce6ua rpyrra KepaMr{qKrr nporr3BoArr ce
cocrorr oA o[AeJrHrr oKcr,rAr.r. Bo onaa rpyna

:q€
'*'{,- \:
8:.. : .*
204 j. 8. fp ad ercuu uarue p uj a'tu

eneprercKa eQrlKacHocr rr exonorlrKa

3. 8. TPAAEXHI{ MATEPI4JAJIII uc[paBHocr; ruarepujarure rpe6a \a
noMafaaT nplr 3a[TeAa Ha TonJrItHcKaTa ]n
e,reKTpr4qHara erepruja. Aa 6r.nar
eKoJrorrrKrr rrcnpaBHn; Aa He coAp)KaT
paAI-toaKTI4BHI{ eJIeMeHTI4.

Bo geneuruoro rpaAcx<HurxrBo ce Koprrcru rle:ra

nancra o! trpr'rpo]lH14 r.r BcuratlKI,t uarept,tjallr
Kor.r rr.r 3a/IoBoJryeaar ropena6pojanure 6aparla.
Hexou ce 1o6po no:aarn lr o6pa6orenu no
lperxolnure norlanja.
fpagexur re varepnja,ru- cropeA
y,rorara ruro ja rlfpaar, Mo)Kar Aa ce noAeJrar Ha
ABe fpyrrx:
Kauenure srlglrHn ua Mavy lhvy (flepy) . Bo lpBara rpyna cnaiaar varepuja,rure uro
Co eexoeu ce ipadene ttueeaauutfra. patnu cc rorolH14 3a ocHoBHa xoHclpyxqrja so
rpaAersero. Tyxa cnafaar npupoAHrror ri
ofjenfiu u cfio.ttenu4u. I:I da ne 6ewe nuanafia
BcLrragKror xauen (6croHr. vrrepnja,rrlre urro
utpajnoc u ofiiopaocfr nq riuuufic,<ufre ce go6unaar co rexHoJrorrrKa o6pa6orKa Ha
lc,roau He a.ue da ja uo:tnaaaue ceojauta nplrpoAHr{ Mr,rHepaJrr{, KoHcTpyKrIr{oHr{Te r racTIlrF
ucutopuja u o6uvautue. Co eexoeu ce utettuee da
Hrr Mac[, ApBoTo u Ap.;
celpadu sa unoiy lenepaquu, na nanunu sa da ce
fiofedu aedofr rua epe,xefro. Mafrepujanuiue
. Bo BTopara rplna craiaar rpaAexH!1
tufio ce rcopucfrafr ao ipademauufraofro uarepujalu og cneqr{alen aug xor.r ce HeonxoAHr{
aaeucqfr xarco od frpupodafra na pede,tofr ra 'raurrra Ha rpaAexHrre varepllja,ru o.l
npBara rpyfla: oa arvocQepcru e,rujaurja. aa rv
fiarca od nuenafra aucfis euocfr u od ja rrorevar rpajuocra. varepuja,ru llro
rcynfiypo,coutnuofi nafipedon,\onunanfieu
lpadetren natuepuja,c ao paauuute upede,tu e uo
novaraar 3aurela Ha euepruja. vareptja,ru la
co3AaBarse y1o6Hocr u :a gexopaquja. Tyxa
paeuto onoj wfio aecHo ce ruaoia unu
pouaaedyaa eo nefiocpednafra orconuna, Tara, cnaiaar varepnjature za: rcpvolrro,ra unja.
oua utfro 6un rcu eaofi aa Etufifcanufie, fioa e
xuapouro,raunja- aKycrxqHa u:olauuja.
dpaofio aa Kauaiaaufre, caeiofi aa Ecruuufie.
aHTr.rKopo3rrBHrrTe cpeAcTBa u JJeKopaTLtBHLITe
6olr, naxoeu u lnacrurrHr.t Marepltu.
llpu n36opor Ha rpaAexHnre uarepflja:u rpe6a flpupognlrre uarepuja;ru ce xopucrar 6e:
ceKofalx Aa ce 3ana3yBaaT TpIrTe ocHoBHI.I 3Har{[Te.rHa rexHoJror]rKa o6pa6orra. Og
TIPIIHIIrlN14: l'rarepujarlrre uno ce no6neaar co oApeAeHa
. 6s6eAnocr; uarepujalure rpe6a qa 6ngar rexnonoruja ce: xeJre3oro, Koe ce Kopl{crlr 3a
6e:6eaHr fa )KrlBoror u :apaajero Ha apMarypa (:ajaxnyean e) Ha 6eronor,
:ryfero. Ha npnuep, uarepuja:rure rpe6a ga (rynu u (epallunn), craKJroro
KepaMr4Kara
ce ornopH14 Ha aruoc@epcrlr a,rlrjaHrzja. (lpo3opcKo 3acraKJryBal{,e r.r ocHoBHHor
oTnopHI{ Ha rloTpeclr - acel-t3Ml{qKH, uarepujar urro ro 6ere><u fpaAex<HltllrrBoro Ha
orHooTnopHI.I HaIIrlroB BeK - IIeMeHTOT.
IJelreuror e Quuo coueleno cBp3HBHo cpeAcrBo
. rpajHocr; uarepnjalr.rre rpe6a qa 6lrgar xoe uajlruory colp>Klr KaJnIrryM u aJryMrrHuyM
cl.rr'trKar. Ileverrror x BoAara AaBaar Ir.ta,rrep xoj
rpajuu u BpeMeHcKu [a He ce
Brttorl rveHyBaar r Aa He rh ry6rr no cyuenero AaBa rIeMeHTeH xauen. Kora Ha
nor{erHure csojcraa nopagu xou 6rle MaJITepor (e uy ce Aolale necoK ItJIIt rIaKaJI,
npr.rMeHeTrr.
roraur ce go6uaa 6eron.
 3. 8. I-p u de.n m r ntt me p I tj lltu 205

3a go6noau,e Ha ucNIeHTor ce Kopltcrar rycTrrHa cpeAHa rropo3-

(uuo cove,reHu BilpoBHuK l,r frLIHa. MeloaH'cro MaTeprrJaJr (g/cm3) rycTrrHa HOCT
co IlpaBU co cyBa IrJ'rIr g,taxna nocraltx;t. BO (s/cm3) ("h'l
oApencH[ cJrytral Mo)Ke Aa c(] AoAaBaar l]I apyfr{ 'fex<oK oeroH 2.6 2.4 l0
to\tlloHcHTll ullo l\( ro noloSpar x(l\tl.lcKlioT fpaHuT 2,7 2,67 1.4
COCTAB I'I iC AAAAT NOIIOBOJIHI,I +I,I3I,I'IKO-XCMI,ICKI,I CTAKJIO 2.65 2.6s 0
cBojcTBa 3a [PnN{eHa r]o fpaAe xHl,IlxrBoro. IIJ] E KCT,I|JIAC 2.0 2.0 0

Xlrqpo{n:uuxr.r cBoj crBa

@u:raqxu cBojcrBa Ha MareprriaJlrre
Bar{Hr4 3a f paAex(HI{rxTBoTo XnrpocnonuvHocr ce HapeKyBa caojcreoro
Ha llareplrjanor Aa BrILrBa BoAeHa rlapa o,l
BJlax<Hr.ror ro:gyx. flpoqecor ce coc'tol{ oA
Ilapauerpu aa cocroj6a arcopnqlrja Ha BoqeHara rlapa Ha rloBpruIHCKIIor
vo,'rcKynapeH c,rcri o! varcpuja,ror o!
KarruJrapHa xougeu:aquja.
fycruna Ha uarepnja.ror. fycrmara uoxe
Aa ce onpeAeJrn on KoJrxqHI{Kor Ha Macara (r?) u
BonlMeHor (,1 Ha aflconyrHo tepluor vareprja,r. Ka[[.'IapHo Brr[Barbe HacraHyBa Kofa AeJI oA
T.e
roncrpyxqujara e HaroneHa eo noqa. Tara, co
KanfinapHo BnfiBarbc \roxe [a aojle qo
P:n/V' HaBJra)KHyBalj)e I,I Ha TIOBITCOKUTe AeJIOBI,I Oll
rlcrnra. Pc,raruaHara rlcruHa ia
Pe,'rarlreua xoncrpyrqujara.
AaBa fycrl{Hara na uareplrja:ror Bo oAHoc Ha
rycruHara Ha BoAara. Kaj none(ero rpaAe)KHr'l Ancopnqnja Ha Brara,3a onpeneryeau'e ua
uarepuja:ru ue.Jrnor BoJryMeH ce cocron oA oeoj napaverap raj 6erounre ce Koplrcrlr
BoJryMeH Ha uBpcrlror lel (4) n BoJryMeHor Ha \reroaor Ha noronyBarue eo go,[l Ha co6Ha
Uopr4Te Bo Heto \Vp).'t.e. V-v -V,. re\4neparlpa. Ce lpecveryeaar lncopnuriara Ha
Cpeqrra rycruua. Cpeguara tycrlrHa e BOAa nO eArrHnrla BOJIyMeH I{ nO eALrH[qa Maca.
rycrltHara Bo BIlcrI,IHcKara cocroj6a Ha
uarepnjalor (r'lepeHa 3aeaHo co noptlre)
IlpollycrrfiBocr Ha BoAa e cBolcrBo H?;
TaKa, Ha rIpI{Mep cpeAHara rycrltHa Ha JrecHxor
l'rarepujaror ga ja npolyurra Bo[ara rrpr,r
6eroH e 500-1800 kg/mr a BI{crI,IHcKa
^ueroaara rroronyBarie. Ce 4e$lrnupa roe$uqueuror HA
rlcrxHa fi3HecyBa 2600 kg rn'.
$ulrpaquja [rTo yKa)KyBa HA
Crpyxrypuu rapaKreprrcrr{Krl BOAOnpOnyCTJTTIBOCTa Ha MaTepI!anor-

flopo3Hocr. floposuocra (P). e I'repra :]a

crerreHoT Ha IrcrroJrHerocTa Ha BoJryMeHor Ha ,fieSopuauru on Brara. Hexou ttareptriarr
uarepuja:ror, a ce npecMeryBa oA oAHocror Ha KaKo urro ce 6erogor r.r ApBoro nprr npoMeHa Ha
BoJryMeHor Ha noplrre (trt) L BKyIHLIoT BoJIyMeHT BJra)KHOOTa CII fI'I MeHyBaar Ar.IMeH3I,lLITe LI
Ha Mareprjaror (,4, r.e. BonyveHor . r.e. ua6a6pyeaar.
p= r/p/I/

Ornopnocra Ha upaf Ha eneH varcpuja,r ce

Bo raoeraBa rroAoJry ce AaABeHI;I HeKoJIKy lxro HacraHyBaaT
Mepr.l npeKy npoMeHIITe Bo
rpaAexHrr uarepuja:ru HI{BHIrre fycrtrtHlr I{
lrarepujaror rtpfi noee(e uxKJrycl{ Ha
nopo3HocTa.
3aMp3HyBatl)e rl CTOIIyBa]be.
206 3. 8. lp ad ettt uu uatuep uj a.au

Tepuo$n:uuxn cBojcrna TepM[qKu roeQuquenr Ha mHeapHa

,qe{opuaqnja (o.) e MepKa 3a pelrarrrBHoro
TonnocnponogruBocr ce HapeKyBa cnojcrso- n3goJrxyBarle na uarepujalor npl4 3arpeBalr.e 3a
ro na lrarepujaror ga ja npenece roIIJIIIHara oA l0C. Herosara BpeaHocr ra HeKoJ'rK) varepuja.rn
eAHa noBprxr4Ha Ilo lpyra. Oaa ceojcrao e vHory e laaeH Bo cileaHara ra6era.
aa)KHo nprr [36opor Ha ltareprja,T 3a
repuon:o.naqnja ulu uarepujan sa noxplm. Marepujar a (oc-r-)
Tonnuncru xanaqmet e Slt:uvxa ae,rltvltua 6eros 10.10'6
rojr ro r:paryea caojcreoro ua uarepuja"ror ga fpaHHT 8-10.10'6
aKlMy,r pa ronnxHa npx rarpesa*e. u 1a ja APBO 6
l0-20.0
ocro6oAyBa rrpr.r JraAeme. Ce uepn co roIIJrr;IHara
urro e norpe6ua 3a 3arpeBarie ua I kg gageu
uarepr.rja,r 3a loc. OA ra6enara noAoJry Moxe Aa
ce Br.uu [eKa HafoJIeM ToIIJrr,IHcKr,I KanaIII4TeT IlMa
BO'Jara.

Marepuja:r TolruHcrs.! Kanaq[Ter

(kJ/ke K)
BOAA 4,19
APBO 1 \q-) '7)
6eron 0.7 5 - 0.92

14rro (Mpa3or e Ao6ap repMolr3oJlarop IIa l'toxe Aa ce

Kopr'rc1'It KaKo apaAexen trareplrjan).

Mexanuvru cnojcrna

BeroucKa uyHr,ra Bo ILyjopK- fpagexcr4Te uarepr{aru ce u3roxeHll He caMo

Ha BHarpelrrHlrre curu (oA crarl4Kara Ha
IpaA6ara) TyKy r{ Ha HaABopeIIrHI{Te cI{JIIr:
BETPOBII, CI,IJIHII AO)KAOBI,I, TEKTOHCKI{ IIOMECTY-
Ornocra6lunocr e cBojcrBoro Ha nana, :e(orpecv u \p. flopagu roa, rpe6a
lrarepujalor [a He ce BuAoII3MeHyBa rr Aa He ce r'rarepnja.rure Aa noce[yBaar coo[BerHl{ Maxa-
geQoplrlpa nog gejcrro Ha BLrcoKIr reMneparyrrl nlruru crojcrra xou (e ul'r oBo3Moxar Ea ce
(og l580oC lr noae(e). crrpornBcTaBaT Ha BHarperxHr.rre I-t HaABopeIrHLI-
Te crrJrrr rr 4a o6e:6e4ar cra6ulna u 6e:6egna
rpag6a.
OrnoornopHocr e ceojcreo na uarepuja,ror
3a HeKOe [3BeCHO BpeMe Aa Ce CnpOTr4BCTaByBa Ha Eracrr.t'tHocr e cnojcrro Ha r{Bpcroro re:ro
gejcreoro ua oruor no cryvaj Ha Iro)<ap. Aa ce Bparu Bo crapara @opua no npecra-
 3.8. lpadeNuu uautepLianLr 20'7

HyBariero Ha AelcTBoTo Ha HaABoperIHaTa cI{JIa. Tnpqocr e cBojcrBo Ha MareprrjaJror na ce

flopaAu nofollHara eJracrr,rrrHocr, xeJle3oro ce capoTr{BcTaByBa Ha pa3pyrxyBaHreTo (AecTpyKIIn-
KOp[CTr.r BO rpaAexHI{tTITBOTO BO KOHC'fpyKIIIrI{Te jara) nog gejcreo ua BHarpenHI{Te cIrJII,r.
IIOIJIOXeHI{ Ha |OJIeMII Ha[BopeuHIl HaIIpefaE a. TBpAocra 3aBricrr KaKo on Sopuara Ha reJloro
14ua11. roa cc kopl4crl4 l1 KaKo ap\rarypa Koja rr'l raKa u o[ npaBeuor Ha aejcrBoro Ha
notrooplBa c.'lacrtqH Te cBojcrBa Ha 6eroHUTe. HatrBopeuHara cu,ra. Tap,rocra rra va repujl,rure
fl,racruqnor:r ce HrpcKyBr cBojcrBoro Ha e npe4MeT Ha oltcexHu ncrpaxluan a xaj
r(r.loIo [a clr jMrveH sopvara np [ejcTBoro rpanexuure uarepujallr.
Ha c[JIa [a cn ja 3ana3r.r [o [pec'raHyBa]5eTo Ha
Hej3r,lHo'r'o AcjcrBo. TpaiHara npoMeHa ce Hape-
KyBa ocrarorrHa r{Jrr.r nlracrrrqHa Ae{roplraquja. Enepnercxu e+I4KacHo rpaAeIr,e

3a :aurre[a ua eueprujara e [orpe6Ho aa cc

fpaAr.r Bo cofJracHocr co Qu:urrure 3aKoH[ 14 ilil
ce IcKop14]ar varcpu.ia.rrre co Hajnotoaunte
cnojcrra :a raa Har'JeHa. Eee egen npxNlep Ha
rpaaerhe st,tt ulro MirKc varHo ja ra'tyoysa
'l o[J.r Ha]t tso BHilTPUIrHocra Ha rpaa6ara. u ia
HaNraJ'ryBa rloTpoIIyBaqKara Ha eJ'reKTprrrrHa r4
TorrJrr.lHcKa erepruja.

On uagnopeunara crpaHa Ha slrgor oA IIr,Irra

ce HaHecyBa cnoj og ua:nep,3apaArr ecrercKo
r.l3paMHyBaHre n 3apaAIt AorIoJIHlITeJrHa uBpcrr.rHa,
r.r croj og nonnl'rep-6oja roja naaa, pevlrcr.r 100 %
xulponrolaquja.
MocroBfiTe ce rpaAar o/I Lre,ruK nopaA HeroBtrre
CJ'IACTXTIHI'I CBOJCTBA EAABOp€lull&
efpatlr

Kpyrocr Ha rBpAoro reJro ce HapeKyBa

l IIoJrrrMepHa

HefoBara cloco6HocT Aa ce cKprxr,r 6e: npl[oa ga 1r' 6oja

ce:go6ue co r,racrflrrHn ,qe +opMautri.r.
l

Hanperane e MepKa 3a BHarpeuHlrre cxJrx

rl

I
MaJITep

lxro ce jaByBaar eo gecpopuupaHoro TeJIo [o[ qurJra

AejcrBo Ha Ha/IBoperxHr.r ct,r.rr{. JyHroB[or MoAyr
Ha eracTltrtHocr E rlr noapryna peraTIIBHaTa (ADTOH
eJracrrrqHa AeoopMaqrrja (a) n coogaeruoro
npo+x,t Ha eAeI{ srg xoj narcnua,rno urregu
Halperan e (o), T.e. rouuncxa encprrja.
t:o/E Og enarpeuuara crpaHa ce craBa repMo-
r,r:o,raqlrja (roa e ne6el c;roj og raueua I,I:rn
E,racrrquure cBojcrBa Ha varepuja,rrte ce cTaKJIeHa BOJIHa CO MHOfy BO3AyX; BO3AyXOT e
MeHyBaaT BO 3aBICHOCT OA TeMnepaTypaTa,
Ao6ap repMor,r3orarop). lloroa cJIeAyBa aJIyMx-
rropaAn Toa [rro Jyuroeuor MoAyJI Ha nlryucxa Qonuja Koja urpa yJlora Ha pe$rexrop
eJracr[qHocTa [oKa)KyBa reMnepal'ypHa Ha r.rH+par{pBeHr.rre 3paur rr rrr 3a[pxyBa Aa
3aBXCHOCT.
ocraHar Bo BHarpe[rHocra Ha o6ieKTor. Ha
xpajor cnegyaa croj o[ rtpon3Bollor HapeqeH
208 3.8 fpl,)0h tru nltutlttlln a,

ru[c-KapToH, Koj ja AaBa QuHarHara par,lH[fla Hit

eHreplcpor x Koj noroa cc 6ou eo caraHara 6oia.
flocrojar ll NlHory /U]yr[ TexuutrKU
perl]eHr4ja 3a 3aureAa nar cncprujara.

l. flouegHere ja c:rr<ara Ha rorlr'urHcKrl't'c

Jilryox Kai rlult l1(1. Parrtuctete luj tle.r or
MHory BeKoBr,r, Bo rlofoJreM Ae,rr on ry(ara rpe6a Aa 6uAe o6Jro)KeH co uajqe6e,r c,roj
rIxBrlJIII3IlpaHr{OT CBer, OCHOBHTTOT fpaAe)KeH :a repuou:olaqrja?
MareprrjaJr 6u.lr np[poAHlror xalleH. 3alncnrc
Ka)KyBaaT gera Keoncona'La [].rpaMuAa 6[,]a
r.r3rpa[eHa Bo 2500 ro[LlHI,I [p(]/] Hauara epa.
Taa ce cocrox oA 2,5 MfiroHtr xy6uu uerpr
AerKaHIl KaMeHU 6.'TOKOB[, KplUeHrI Ll
A
o6pa6oryBaHr.r Bo KaMeHoJIoMLITe, KaKo !l
foreMlt KOJII{rJecrBa rpaHrl'|, Koj co 6po[oBx 6xr
npeHeceH npeKy peKara Hu:r. Cropeq
rlcrop ,rapoT Xepoaor. ouaa nnpartupa jrr
rpaAere oKoJry 100 000 ,'Iyie, Ue,'Iu 20 T0ALIHI'I.

Ton,qrHcKrrc laryaJx Kai egna ry(a.

. ErunercKu nrrpaMx,qx

O6jacnere ru cre,qHrne nouMIl:

- 6e36eAHocr
- rpajuocr
- eHeprercKa e@ll<acnocr
- eKoJrotrlKa IrcnpaBHocr
- Su':nvrlr cnojcrna na l'rarepnja.rlrre
 28

ITHAEKC - 6era (P)-rpary, I,Sl -BnBuxcn(UbWl3|,

- 6e"a nJlYc ( P+)- P,ac[afirc. lal tra-rtll} rol
- 6t{onoulxx Oaxmp ua - [rorrRl al
A Bno rerc, l0l
rsanr{TeT, 165 -
- il BToocqrlJtaTqPIIo KoJro. 43 - 6roltontlr{epx, 197 - tropro effiTlnro ro!c, '44
aroJI Ira EeBf,jaqlia, 63 - 6rxror nopcqor, l?? - xcua re mrqr , 34
- itfoJI Ha rrpe(plllyBalbe, 16 - 6oia na tcao, 64 - rfpcflsa lofodr f,r
- ilron IIil pa3)teryBilllc, 30 .
- 6oia Ea t4 tronrpr3ri:oP r efttl3aroP, 59
' - Bonqxaf,"orqr,
,Iyfrrr (Lrdri! - arynna aIrcopqiolr xo(, 100
afoir lJa pedlrcKcrja (oA6urase), f.trrrrn ,ltl+it36) , 103 - Exyn[a errlctrona ro( na rcao, 99
I6 - Bop HEnc (Niclr Hclrik Bohr),
- lrperarua q)croj6a,(Qa3a). 175 I tE
- anarpcuex Qorocdcxr, 108
- Eopol uogen rra arovor, I l3 - BoAopoAHa Bpcra, l78,l8l
- AirIIIlais Arr6elyr (Albert
- Fopo! paAEyc, I 15 - Bo36yAeHu coglor6r, l16
Itinttein , 1875 -lt!ts), 107
- EoporE lroclynarx,l l3 - rorgyutrru ct'ojnr 6pasorr, 24
- Ajrurrajnora parcnxa :a
- Epar BBnrjax X. (Willirn H. - ByJrKaEE3arIrja Ha ryrara, 199
Ooroeqrerr, lot Brsta,1'6.2-19121, 126
- aKTHBHa Cperuff{a, 123 - Epar Bf,nEjaM JL (Willirm L.
- axrrrn cpe4nru, 127 Brl!8, lt90-t971), 126
T
- axTrDnocT Ha paaEoal(r'It]ir() - 6paH, 6paHoR rpoqec, I
- rajrb'f Xiiifiibi drfr$,Ifft-
iagpo, l,l4 - 6paxor 6poj,, 6
l9l5), 152
- ar+a -( cr)- 3par{u, l4l - 6pafioa MoAcn rra aToxoT, I 13
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saspueHo Bo oKroMBp 2018 ro4una O6eu: 220 cl'paluqu. OopMar: 20 x 25,5 cm'
Tlpax: 250 np rrepol{t4. Knrrara e orneqareHa Bo ne'{arH[qa ,,HanpeAox'
- TeroBo.
CllP - KaranorusaL{xja Bo ny6nhKaq[ja
HapoAHa I yH!,1Bep3!4TercKa 6l,6nfioreKa "CB. Knr,lerir OxpnAcrut".
CKonje

5l(075.1)

AHAOHOBCKA, HeBeHKa
Or4sl4Ka:3a III roA[Ha Ha pe$opMflpaHoro Tl4MHa3ucKo
06pa3oBaHue / HeBeHKa AHAoHoBcKa, l\,4rpiaHa JoHocKa, lMltMo3a
PlacroBa. - CKonje : ilpocBerHo Aeno, 2003. - 208 crp. : finycrp ;

25 cnr

lSll\ 9989-0-0i+l-u
1 JoHocKa, M!apjaHa 2. PrcroBa, lvlt4r4o3a

( oBrss \,tK- ) 5+057182

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