NETWORK MODELS

Protocol Layering, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, OSI Model

NETWORK MODELS
Network Model
• Networks require a combination of hardware and software to send data
from one location to another
• To make communication efficient, many components are involved, each
with a specific function or service
PROTOCOL LAYERING
Protocol
• Defines the rules that both the sender and receiver and all
intermediate devices need to follow
Protocol Layering
• Enable to divide a complex task into several smaller and simpler
task
Hierarchy
• Complex task is broken into smaller subtasks
PROTOCOL LAYERING
First Scenario

Protocols in the scenario:

1. Maria and Ann know that they should greet each other
2. They should confine their vocabulary to the level of friendship
3. Each party refrain speaking when the other party is speaking
4. Both party have opportunity to talk
PROTOCOL LAYERING
Second Scenario
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
• Protocol suit used in the Internet today
• Hierarchical protocol made up of interactive layers, each of which
provides a specific functionality.
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
TCP/IP Protocol Suite Layers
Layer Function Example
5. Application • Provides user interface, data encoding HTTP & FTP (Web-
and data translation, send and receive based), E-mail, DHCP,
files DNS etc.
• Message
4. Transport • Data formatting, control transmission TCP and UDP
speed, check for errors, etc.
• Segment(User Datagram)
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
TCP/IP Protocol Suite Layers
Layer Function Example
3. Network • Route data between networks IP, ICMP, IGMP
• Transports data packets across network
boundaries
• Datagram (Data Packets)
2. Data Link • Route data within local area network LAN, WLAN, wired WAN
• Frames or wireless WAN
1. Physical • Specify medium interconnects two port
nodes in a network
• Bits (binary 0s and 1s)
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
THE OSI MODEL
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
• Established in 1947 by ISO
• One of the ISO standards the covers all aspects of network
communications
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Multi-national body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards
THE OSI MODEL
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Multi-national body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
• Established in 1947 by ISO
• One of the ISO standards the covers all aspects of network
communications
Open Systems
• Set of protocols that allows any two different systems to
communicate regardless of their underlying architecture
THE OSI MODEL
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
• model for understanding and designing a network architecture that
is flexible, robust, and interoperable
• layered framework for the design of network systems that allows
communication between all types of computer systems
• consists of seven separate but related layers, each of which
defines a part of the process of moving information across a
network
THE OSI MODEL
OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
THE OSI MODEL
OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
OSI Model TCP/IP Protocol Suite
7 layers 5 layers
OSI does not support internet working TCP/IP supports internet working
Strict Layered Loosely Layered
Support connectionless and connection- Support only connection oriented
oriented communication in the network communication in the transport layer
layer
Separate session layer and presentation Session layer are provided by transport
layer exist and presentation layer are provided by
application layer
THE OSI MODEL
OSI Model Layer
Layer Function
7. Application Specifies how application programs interface to the network and
provides service to them
6. Presentation Specifies data representation to applications
5. Session Creates, manage and terminates network connections
4. Transport delivery of message from one process to another
Process-to-process delivery
Port addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Handles error control and sequence checking
THE OSI MODEL
OSI Model Layer
Layer Function
3. Network delivery of packets from the original source to the final destination
host-to-host delivery
logical addressing
Data addressing and routing
2. Data Link transmitting frames from one node to the next
Node-to-node delivery
Link-layer addressing
access control
1. Physical transmitting individual bits from one node to the next
End-to-end delivery
synchronization of bits
THE OSI MODEL
THE OSI MODEL
THE OSI MODEL
Lack of OSI Model’s Success
• OSI was completed when TCP/IP was fully in place and a lot of time
and money had been spent on the suite.
• Some layers in the OSI model were never fully defined (services
provided by the presentation and the session layers were listed in
the document, actual protocols for these two layers were not fully
defined)
• OSI was implemented by an organization in a different application, it
did not show a high enough level of performance to entice the
Internet authority to switch from the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI
model.