PROPOSED DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR CONCRETE

DRAINAGE CANAL WITH PRECAST CONCRETE COVER

AT SITIO MAGMAGALING, BARANGAY BUYACAOAN,

BUGUIAS MUNICIPALITY, PROVINCE

OF BENGUET

Mohammed Abidan

Marissa P. Balabal

School of Engineering and Architecture

INTRODUCTION

Earth's water is almost everywhere above the Earth in the air and clouds, on the
surface of the Earth in rivers, oceans, ice, plants, living organisms, and inside the Earth in
the top few miles of the ground. About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered,
and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water. Life on Earth cannot survive
without water. It is a precious natural resource. Water supports all human, plant, and
animal life. We use it to produce food, manufacture goods, and sustain health.

Water has many advantages in life on Earth, but it has also some disadvantages
like flooding caused by climate change in this generation and even human factors which
increase flood risks urbanization that has more impermeable surface and removing trees
that reduce the of water intercepted and increasing run-offs.
 Flooding is an overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry. Floods can
happen during heavy rains, when ocean waves come onshore, when the snow melts
quickly, or when dams or dikes break or if there is no drainage system to control surface
runoffs. Damaging flooding may happen with only a few inches of water, or it may cover
a house to the rooftop.

Floods can occur within minutes or over a long period and may last days, weeks,
or longer. Floods are the most common and widespread of all weather-related natural
disasters, it has a large impact on communities and individuals, the immediate impacts of
flooding include loss of human life, damage to property, destruction of crops, loss of live
stocks, and deterioration of health conditions owing to water-borne diseases. Aside from
flooding one thing we consider is that the wants of the residents to have a drainage
system in their place for better living.

Brgy. Buyacaoan is one of the Barangay in the Municipality of Buguias, in the

Province of Benguet situated at approximately 16.7791, 120.8215 (16° 47' North, 120°
49' East) on the island of Luzon. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 1793.3
meters or 5883.5 feet above sea level. It has a population of 3884 (2020 Phil Atlas).

Barangay Buyacaoan is one of the Barangay in Buguias, Benguet which commits

flood during rainfall due to lack of drainage canal system. Aside from flooding one thing
we consider is that the wants of the residents to have a drainage system in their place for
better living.

Last November year of 2013 Buguias, Benguet was affected by flood due to
heavy rains brought by super typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), it brought a lot of rain which
caused widespread flooding and one of the most affected places was Sitio Magmagaling
and Barangay Loo, and it causes many damages to some part of the flooded sitio
especially since the place is surrounded by mountains, and it takes days to subside due to
lack of drainage canal system. And it takes a considerable impact in the people daily
living especially in agricultural factor most of the crops was destroyed and even
transportation. Aside from flooding one thing we consider is that the wants of the
residents to have a drainage system in their place for better living.
 This project will be likely the key to preventing flooding problems in the area of
Barangay. It aims to keep the residence safe especially at the time of rainy seasons where
flooding most likely occurs furthermore, this project has its main purpose of constructing
a rectangular concrete canal with a precast concrete cover that would provide a safe route
onto the creek for runoff water to prevent flooding. To summarize, this project intends to
prevent flooding on the low-lying area of Barangay and to provide a proper waterway
canal and improve the area and provide the water a proper flow on it by constructing this
project.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Agno River, or Pangasinan River is a river in the island of Luzon, in the

Philippines. traversing the provinces of Benguet and Pangasinan, it is one of the largest
river systems in the country, with a drainage area of 5,952 square kilometers (2,298 sq.
mi). The river originates in the Cordillera Mountains and empties into the South China
Sea via the Lingayen Gulf. The river is 248 kilometers (154 mi) long, making it the sixth
longest river in the country.

The headwaters of Agno River are at the slopes of Mount Data in the Cordillera
Mountains at an elevation of 2,090 meters (6,860 ft), where it drains Cretaceous to
Paleocene igneous basement rocks, and marine siliciclastic and carbonate rocks. Of its
total length, about 90 kilometers (56 mi) runs through mountains terrain and canyons. As
the river descends following a southerly course, it exhibits a braided channel pattern. It
then transforms into a southwest-directed meandering river as it crosses the Central
Luzon Plain.

After passing through mountains at an average elevation of some 2,000 feet (610
m) ASL, the Agno River forms a vast alluvial fan and delta called the Pangasinan Plain, a
historically vital economic hub on Luzon Island. The river’s headwaters and upstream
basin in the Cordillera Central range are designated conservation areas that lie within the
Mount Data National Park, the Upper Agno River Basin Resource Reserve and the Lower
Agno Watershed Forest Reserve.
 One of the places that is around Agno River is the Sitio of Magmagaling. Sitio
Magmagaling is one of the Sitio’s that compose the Barangay of Buyacaoan,
Municipality of Buguias, Province of Benguet. It is situated at approximately
16.7791,120.8215, in the island of Luzon. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at
1,793.3 meters or 5,883.5 feet above mean sea level. Sitio Magmagaling is one of the
sitio in Barangay Buyacaoan, which commits flood during rainfall specially since it is
located near Agno River and due to the lack of drainage canal system.

Drainage the Effects of Bad Drainage System on Roads has damage and loss in serviceability
of both rigid and flexible types of pavements much greater when structural section contains free
water. The Quality of drainage is an important parameter which affects the performance of the
highway pavement. Poor drainage quality on roads leads to a large amount of costly repairs or
replacements long before reaching their design life. The gradation and properties of layer materials
seldom permit the layer to be an effective drainage layer, leading to entrapment of water within
the pavement causing a "bathtub" condition, resulting in premature failures and chronic pavement
distresses (Michael Toryila Tiza, August 2016).

According to (Magdi, 2014) studied the impacts of poor drainage on road

performance in Khartoum, a city in Sudan with two case studies; attempts were made to
find out the reasons for road failure within the first five years as a result of poor
drainage. In this quest, it was discovered that four basic reasons lead to early
deterioration of road pavements in the study, these factors according to the
research includes, Poor drainage design and construction, poor maintenance structure,
use of low-quality materials and no local standard of practice .It was concluded that if
these factors are put into consideration in planning and execution and if improved on
pavement structures would serve within its expected design life.
 Rectangular drainage the U-frame structure is basically a U-shaped, open-top
concrete section in which the walls and base slab of the structure are monolithic. U-frame
structures may sometimes be more economical or functionally desirable than individual
retaining walls and separate channel invert slabs.

U-frame channel structures may be designed for any type of foundation,

provided the material strength is sufficient to provide adequate frictional and bearing
resistance for structural stability. Pile foundations are sometimes used for localized
sections founded on weak foundations.

Precast concrete is a form of concrete that is prepared, cast and cured off-site,
usually in a controlled factory environment, using reusable moulds. Precast concrete
elements can be joined to other elements to form a complete structure. It is typically used
for structural components such as; wall panels, beams, columns, floors, staircases, pipes,
tunnels, and so on.

According to (Ali Najafi, Robert L. K. Tiong, 2012 ), management in construction

perspective, these productivity measures can be used by construction managers and
general estimators for more accurate planning of PC installation process. As a result, a
better resource scheduling will be achieved that will lead to more efficient resource
utilization which will in urn reduce the overall project cost.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework is a written or visual representation of an expected relationship

between variables with several variations and contexts. It can be applied in different categories
of work where an overall picture is needed. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and
organize ideas.

Due to the problem that exists in Barangay Buyacaoan, we decided to conduct this study
entitled "Proposed design of Rectangular Concrete Drainage Canal with Precast Concrete Cover
at Barangay Buyacaoan in the Municipality of Buguias " composing a concrete drainage canal that
will serve as a solution to the barangays flood problem during heavy rainfall. This project is
located at Barangay Buyacaoan in the Municipality of Buguias , and is intended to solve and prevent
the flooding problem in the area by creating and building a proper rainwater channel that drains
off rainwater into the nearby river or creek that prevents water accumulation (flooding), reduce
soil erosion, removes toxic materials and waterborne disease organisms that will give the
Residents of the barangay a safe and better living, the Business and Livelihood in the area of
productivity, economic growth, and satisfaction and the Motorists fast transportation and
serviceability of road networks.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

All the gathered data for the study will be significant to the following individuals.

● Residents of Barangay in Benguet Province

This study will surely help the residence in that particular barangay and they will
be the main beneficiaries of this study. This research focuses on how to improve the
water flooding problem in their area for safety and better living.

● Barangay Officials

This research will help the Barangay Officials of Sitio Magmagaling, Barangay
Buyacaoan, Buguias Municipality with their problem every year in flooding. By doing
this
research we will help them to make their work easy to reduce their problem of flooding so
that they can focus more on other components to improve their barangay.

● Business

This research will greatly help the businesses and economic growth around the
area as we all know if there is a flood, therefore, businesses deficit in that particular area.

● Motorist

This research will also help private or public motorists who pass through this area
where they pass through the area to deliver passengers or go home to their respective
houses in its neighboring barangays or in the sitio of Magmagaling, Buguias itself or
otherwise just passing by to go to its neighboring barangays so if the drainage of the
barangay is good, fast transportation and serviceability of road networks will not be
difficult for drivers and passengers especially for the drivers who may damage their
vehicle's engine if they pass through a flooded area.

● Researcher

In this study, the researcher will apply what they learn in the past years in taking
civil engineering courses.

● Future Researcher

This study will help the other researchers by gaining some knowledge, ideas, or
data that they can add to their research studies.

Local Government Unit Development Agenda:

1.Peace, Security and Public Safety

-The establishment of drainage canal can be an effective disaster response
system and improvement of security and public safety.
-It will help the residence in the particular barangay and they will be the main
beneficiaries of the propose project. The research will be focus on how to improve the
water flooding problem in their area for safety and better living.
-It will help the Barangay Officials of Sitio Magmagaling, Barangay
Buyacaoan with their problem every year in flooding. By doing this research it will
help them to make their work easy to reduce their problem of flooding so that they can
focus more on other components to improve their barangay safety.
-It can be of help to other researchers by gaining some knowledge, ideas, or
data that they can add to their research studies on how to ensure the security and public
safety of a place.
-It can be of help in alleviating damage and its adverse impact on the
community, which can damage properties, loss of life, and may cause water-borne
diseases whenever there is flooding in the area.

2.Infrastructure Development
-Construction, rehabilitation and improvement of drainage facilities and flood
control can be of help in preventing flooding that can destroy the livelihood of the
people.
-Improve access of water supply that leads to the farmer’s field/garden.
- Construction of drainage canal and flood control can be of help in controlling
the water flow and flooding in and from the river that control of soil erosion on the
bank of the river.
-It can help private or public motorists who pass through this area where they
pass through the area to deliver passengers or go home to their respective houses in its
neighboring barangays or in the sitio of Magmagaling itself or otherwise just passing
by to go to its neighboring barangays so if the drainage of the barangay is good, fast
transportation and serviceability of road networks will not be difficult for drivers and
passengers especially for the drivers who may damage their vehicle's engine if they
pass through a flooded area.

3.Environment Management Protection and Rehabilitation

-Intensify information on the protection of the place and other environmental
issues with emphasis on climate change.
-Enforcement of project (drainage canals) to protect and rehabilitate the
barangay’s natural resources- calls for the formulation of watershed management plan
and waste management plan at local levels.
-Advocate for the meaningful inclusion of disaster risk reduction and
management and climate change mitigation in the respective barangay.
4.Agriculture Development
-Increase the agricultural sector’s resilience to climate change risks.
-Develop initiatives to sustain availability of the services of agricultural in the
barangay for assistance towards improve d value chain of products to increase
production efficiency and ensure food security.
-Provide enabling environment through the implementation of water drainage
canal for optimal yet responsible utilization of farm lands.
-I will greatly help the businesses and economic growth around the area as we
all know if there is a flood, therefore, businesses deficit in that particular area.
5.Good Governance
-Strengthen government processes that ensure and reinforce transparency and
accountability.
-Strengthen coordination with the national offices, LGU’s and private sector in
the identification, funding, implementation, and monitoring of programs and projects
in the barangay.
-Incorporating of programs, projects and activities with consideration for the
communities.
-Consistent government policies to create a conductive climate for investment.

OBJECTIVIES OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this project is to propose a rectangular concrete drainage canal
with precast concrete cover at Sito Magmagaling, Barangay Buyacaoan, which will emerge and
flow into the river to prevent flooding in the barangay caused by rainwater and to alleviate
damage and its adverse impact on the community, which can damage properties, loss of life,
and may cause water-borne diseases whenever there is flooding in the area.
Specifically, the study also aims to reach the following minor objectives:

1. To determine the appropriate requisites and features in constructing the proposed project.
2. To be able to design an efficient drainage canal.
3. To calculate the total cost, duration, and benefit of the project.
 METHODOLOGY

This study used a descriptive research design using the observation method, internet
method, interview method, and consultation method. Descriptive Research design helps the
researchers to construct answers to the questions of who, what, when, where, and how it deals with
the problem of research. Since our study is concerned with the design and construction of a drainage
system at Sito Magmagaling, Barangay Buyacaoan. This research method was the most applicable
method to use because of the limited resources we have and because of the covid 19 pandemic
situation. For the plan and design, we will use computer-aided designing tools or software such as
AutoCAD and SketchUp to manifest the design, layout, and expected image of our proposed project.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study is to focus on the design and construction of rectangular concrete drainage
canal with precast concrete cover at Sito Magmagaling, Barangay Buyacaoan to prevent flooding at
the said barangay. it also includes the structural design, analysis, cost of the project, estimates, and
scheduling of the project. this study is proposed to improve the barangays environment and
resident’s safety that is always affected by the flood and also one of thing that we consider is the
desire of the residents at the said barangay to have a drainage system in their place for their better
and safe living and for the improvement of their community and barangay.

The construction of the proposed project structure will provide great assurance and
safety for the residents and the barangay. For the limitation of the study, we admit that we just have
limited knowledge and information of the site. It is not possible for us to conduct surveying of the
site due to lack of technology, resources, and time constraints. The suggested drainage max length is
around 160 meters and has a max depth of 0.60 meters. Thus, the site's distance and areas considered
are based on the data.
 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

This study aims to construct a drainage canal along the road of Barangay Buyacaoan in
the Municipality of Buguias, to resolve the Barangay’s flood problems during rainfall.
The proposed drainage canal's design for this project is a rectangular concrete drainage canal
with a precast concrete cover.

This study will provide solutions to the problem in this Barangay by building a drainage
canal to provide proper waterways that will prevent flooding caused by rainfall in the
community.

The formulas that will be use in designing the drainage canal:

 Rational Method
The Rational Method is widely used to estimate the peak surface runoff rate for the
design of a variety of drainage structures.

This is the simplest method to determine the peak discharge from catchments, and this
formula is important because it will be used to determine the dimensions of the design canal.

Formula:

Q=0.27CiA

Where:

Q= Peak Discharge

C= Rational Method Runoff Coefficient

i=Rational Intensity

A=Drainage Area

3
 Volume of Water Flow in m /sec

The formula of Volume of Water Flow will be used in the drainage area to investigate if
the assumed dimensions are qualified to use.

Formula:

V= iA
And beneath are some reinforced concrete design formulas to be used in designing the proposed
concrete drainage canal:

 Design Constant

Stresses:

Compressive strength Tensile strength

'
f c=27 Mpa fy=276 Mpa

Unit Weight:

Specific Weight of Concrete (γ) = 23.54 kN/m³

Design Load Combination:

Mu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

● Design Method Using USD

Ultimate Stress Design:

WL 2
M max=
8
mu
Rn=
0 . 90 bd 2

Area of Tension Reinforcement:

As = pbd

The Maximum and Minimum Ratio of Reinforcement:

p=
0 . 85 f ' c
fy [ √
1− 1−
2 Rn
0 . 85 f ' c ]
 1.4
P min=
fy

P max=0. 75(0.85)ß 1
[
f ' c 600
fy 600+fy ]

REFERENCE

 ABS-CBN News (2009). The Agno River Basin. Retrieve from:

https://we.archive.org/web//20131203192616/https://www.abscbnnews.com/
resea rch/10/23/09/agno-river-basin.
 Ilog Itaas ng Agno. Retrieve from: https://hywr.kuciv.kyoto-
u.ac.jp/ihp/riverCatalogue/Vol_02/11_Philippines-3.pdf
The Effects Of Poor Drainage System On Road Pavement
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
307167618_THE_EFFECTS_OF_POOR_DRAINAGE_SYSTEM_ON_ROAD_PAVEMENT_A_REVIEW

 PhilAtlas (2015). Buyacaoan Municipality of Buguias Province of Benguet.

https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/car/benguet/buguias/buyacaoan.html
 Philippines-3. (2010). Ilog Itaas ng Agno-Hydrology and Water.
https://hywr.kuciv.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ihp/riverCatalogue/Vol_02/11_Philippines-3.pdf

 Engineering and Design STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE LINED FLOOD

CONTROL CHANNELS
cedengineering.com/userfiles/Structural%20Design%20of%20Concrete%20Lined
%20Flood%20Control%20Channels-R1.pdf

 Ali Najafi, Robert L. K. Tiong (2012). A study of productivity of precast concrete
installation
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
270454237_A_Study_of_Productivity_of_Precast_Concrete_Installation