JDBC ARCHITECTURE

Java application calls the JDBC library. JDBC loads a driver which talks to the database.

JDBC contains three components: Application, Driver Manager, Driver.

The user application invokes JDBC methods to send SQL statements to the database and retrieves results. JDBC driver manager is used to
connect Java applications to the correct JDBC driver . JDBC driver test suite is used to ensure that the installed JDBC driver is JDBC Compliant.

JDBC ARCHITECTURE/JDBC Driver Types

•Type 1

• JDBC-ODBC Bridge

•Type 2

•Native API, partially java driver

•Type 3

•JDBC Network Driver, partially java

•Type 4

•Native-protocol pure Java driver (100% Java )

Which Driver should be Used?

If you are accessing one type of database, such as Oracle, Sybase, or IBM, the preferred driver type is 4.

If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3 is the preferred driver.

Type 2 drivers are useful in situations, where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available yet for your database.

The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment-level driver, and is typically used for development and testing purposes only.

Java Database Connectivity with 5 Steps

There are 5 steps to connect any java application with the database using JDBC. These steps are as follows:

 Register the Driver class

 Create connection
 Create statement
 Execute queries
 Close connection
 1) Register the driver class

The forName() method of Class class is used to register the driver class. This method is used to dynamically load the driver class.

Syntax of forName() method

1. public static void forName(String className)throws ClassNotFoundException  
Example to register the OracleDriver class

Here, Java program is loading oracle driver to esteblish database connection.

Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  

2) Create the connection object

The getConnection() method of DriverManager class is used to establish connection with the database.

Syntax of getConnection() method

1. public static Connection getConnection(String url) throws SQLException  
2. public static Connection getConnection(String url,String name,String password)  throws SQLException  
Example to establish connection with the Oracle database

Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","password");  

3) Create the Statement object

 The createStatement() method of Connection interface is used to create statement. The object of statement is responsible to execute queries with
the database.

Syntax of createStatement() method

1. public Statement createStatement()throws SQLException  
Example to create the statement object

Statement stmt=con.createStatement();  

4) Execute the query

The executeQuery() method of Statement interface is used to execute queries to the database. This method returns the object of ResultSet that can
be used to get all the records of a table.

Syntax of executeQuery() method

1. public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)throws SQLException  
Example to execute query

ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");  

while(rs.next()){  

System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));  

}  

5) Close the connection object

By closing connection object statement and ResultSet will be closed automatically. The close() method of Connection interface is used to close
the connection.

Syntax of close() method

1. public void close()throws SQLException  
Example to close connection
con.close();  

Note: Since Java 7, JDBC has ability to use try-with-resources statement to automatically close
resources of type Connection, ResultSet, and Statement.

It avoids explicit connection closing step.

 Java Database Connectivity with Oracle

To connect java application with the oracle database, we need to follow 5 following steps.

In this example, we are using Oracle 10g as the database. So we need to know following information for the oracle database:

Driver class: The driver class for the oracle database is oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver.

Connection URL: The connection URL for the oracle10G database is jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe where jdbc is the API, oracle is the
database, thin is the driver, localhost is the server name on which oracle is running, we may also use IP address, 1521 is the port number and XE
is the Oracle service name. You may get all these information from the tnsnames.ora file.

Username: The default username for the oracle database is system.

Password: It is the password given by the user at the time of installing the oracle database.

Create a TableBefore establishing connection, let's first create a table in oracle database. Following is the SQL query to create a table.

1. create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(40),age number(3));  

Example to Connect Java Application with Oracle database

In this example, we are connecting to an Oracle database and getting data from emp table. Here, system and oracle are the username and
password of the Oracle database.

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. class OracleCon{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. try{  
5. //step1 load the driver class  
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
7.   
8. //step2 create  the connection object  
9. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  
10. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
11.   
12. //step3 create the statement object  
13. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();  
14.   
15. //step4 execute query  
16. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");  
17. while(rs.next())  
18. System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+"  "+rs.getString(2)+"  "+rs.getString(3));  
19.   
20. //step5 close the connection object  
21. con.close();  
22.   
23. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}  
24.   
25. }  
26. }  
 The above example will fetch all the records of emp table.

To connect java application with the Oracle database ojdbc14.jar file is required to be loaded.

Link:: https://static.javatpoint.com/src/jdbc/ojdbc14.jar

Two ways to load the jar file:

1. paste the ojdbc14.jar file in jre/lib/ext folder
2. set classpath
1) paste the ojdbc14.jar file in JRE/lib/ext folder:

Firstly, search the ojdbc14.jar file then go to JRE/lib/ext folder and paste the jar file here.

2) set classpath:

There are two ways to set the classpath:

temporary

permanent

How to set the temporary classpath:

Firstly, search the ojdbc14.jar file then open command prompt and write:

1. C:>set classpath=c:\folder\ojdbc14.jar;.;  

How to set the permanent classpath:

Go to environment variable then click on new tab. In variable name write classpath and in variable value paste the path to ojdbc14.jar by
appending ojdbc14.jar;.; as C:\oraclexe\app\oracle\product\10.2.0\server\jdbc\lib\ojdbc14.jar;.;

Statement interface

The Statement interface provides methods to execute queries with the database. The statement interface is a factory of ResultSet i.e. it provides
factory method to get the object of ResultSet.

Commonly used methods of Statement interface:

The important methods of Statement interface are as follows:

1) public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql): is used to execute SELECT query. It returns the object of ResultSet.

2) public int executeUpdate(String sql): is used to execute specified query, it may be create, drop, insert, update, delete etc.

3) public boolean execute(String sql): is used to execute queries that may return multiple results.

4) public int[] executeBatch(): is used to execute batch of commands.

 Example of Statement interface

Let’s see the simple example of Statement interface to insert, update and delete the record.

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. class FetchRecord{  
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{  
4. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
6. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();  
7.   
8. //stmt.executeUpdate("insert into emp765 values(33,'Irfan',50000)");  
9. //int result=stmt.executeUpdate("update emp765 set name='Vimal',salary=10000 where id=33");  
10. int result=stmt.executeUpdate("delete from emp765 where id=33");  
11. System.out.println(result+" records affected");  
12. con.close();  
13. }}  

PreparedStatement interface

The PreparedStatement interface is a subinterface of Statement. It is used to execute parameterized query.

Let's see the example of parameterized query:

1. String sql="insert into emp values(?,?,?)";  

As you can see, we are passing parameter (?) for the values. Its value will be set by calling the setter methods of PreparedStatement.

Why use PreparedStatement?

Improves performance: The performance of the application will be faster if you use PreparedStatement interface because query is compiled
only once.

How to get the instance of PreparedStatement?

The prepareStatement() method of Connection interface is used to return the object of PreparedStatement. Syntax:

1. public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String query)throws SQLException{}  

Methods of PreparedStatement interface

 The important methods of PreparedStatement interface are given below:

Example of PreparedStatement interface that inserts the record

First of all create table as given below:

1. create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(50));  

Now insert records in this table by the code given below:

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. class InsertPrepared{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. try{  
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
6.   
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
8.   
9. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("insert into Emp values(?,?)");  
10. stmt.setInt(1,101);//1 specifies the first parameter in the query  
11. stmt.setString(2,"Ratan");  
12.   
13. int i=stmt.executeUpdate();  
14. System.out.println(i+" records inserted");  
15.   
16. con.close();  
17.   
18. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}  
19.   
20. }  
21. }

Example of PreparedStatement interface that updates the record

1. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("update emp set name=? where id=?");  
2. stmt.setString(1,"Sonoo");//1 specifies the first parameter in the query i.e. name  
3. stmt.setInt(2,101);  
4.   
5. int i=stmt.executeUpdate();  
6. System.out.println(i+" records updated");  

Example of PreparedStatement interface that deletes the record

1. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("delete from emp where id=?");  
2. stmt.setInt(1,101);  
3.
4. int i=stmt.executeUpdate();  
5. System.out.println(i+" records deleted");  

Example of PreparedStatement interface that retrieve the records of a table

1. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("select * from emp");  
2. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery();  
3. while(rs.next()){  
4. System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));  
5. }  

Example of PreparedStatement to insert records until user press n

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. import java.io.*;  
3. class RS{  
4. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{  
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
7.   
8. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into emp130 values(?,?,?)");  
9.   
10. BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));  
11.   
12. do{  
13. System.out.println("enter id:");  
14. int id=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());  
15. System.out.println("enter name:");  
16. String name=br.readLine();  
17. System.out.println("enter salary:");  
18. float salary=Float.parseFloat(br.readLine());  
19.   
20. ps.setInt(1,id);  
21. ps.setString(2,name);  
22. ps.setFloat(3,salary);  
23. int i=ps.executeUpdate();  
24. System.out.println(i+" records affected");  
25.   
26. System.out.println("Do you want to continue: y/n");  
27. String s=br.readLine();  
28. if(s.startsWith("n")){  
29. break;  
30. }  
31. }while(true);  
32.   
33. con.close();  
34. }}  

Java CallableStatement Interface

CallableStatement interface is used to call the stored procedures and functions.

We can have business logic on the database by the use of stored procedures and functions that will make the performance better because these are
precompiled.
 Suppose you need the get the age of the employee based on the date of birth, you may create a function that receives date as the input and returns
age of the employee as the output.

What is the difference between stored procedures and functions.

The differences between stored procedures and functions are given below:

How to get the instance of CallableStatement?

The prepareCall() method of Connection interface returns the instance of CallableStatement. Syntax is given below:

1. public CallableStatement prepareCall("{ call procedurename(?,?...?)}");  

The example to get the instance of CallableStatement is given below:

CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call myprocedure(?,?)}");  

It calls the procedure myprocedure that receives 2 arguments.

Full example to call the stored procedure using JDBC

To call the stored procedure, you need to create it in the database. Here, we are assuming that stored procedure looks like this.

1. create or replace procedure "INSERTR"  
2. (id IN NUMBER,  
3. name IN VARCHAR2)  
4. is  
5. begin  
6. insert into user12 values(id,name);  
7. end;  
8. /     

The table structure is given below:

create table user12(id number(10), name varchar2(200));  

In this example, we are going to call the stored procedure INSERTR that receives id and name as the parameter and inserts it into the table
user12. Note that you need to create the user12 table as well to run this application.
1. import java.sql.*;  
2. public class Proc {  
3. public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{  
4.   
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
7.   
8. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call insertR(?,?)}");  
9. stmt.setInt(1,1011);  
10. stmt.setString(2,"Amit");  
11. stmt.execute();  
12.   
13. System.out.println("success");  
14. }  
15. }  

Now check the table in the database, value is inserted in the user12 table.

Reference Links:

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/jdbc/jdbc-statements.htm

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jdbc/basics/processingsqlstatements.html

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/sql/Statement.html

https://www.javatpoint.com/Statement-interface

https://www.javatpoint.com/PreparedStatement-interface

https://www.javatpoint.com/CallableStatement-interface

Video Link:

https://youtu.be/eEqPrlu28Sc

https://youtu.be/v5vLuCBv8vg