A SURVEY STUDY OF RICE FARMERS IN BARANGAY CADAPDAPAN, CANDIJAY,

BOHOL

RATIONALE

As a cereal grain, domesticated rice is the most widely consumed staple food for

over half of the world's human population especially in Asia and Africa. It is the
agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production,
after sugarcane and maize. Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are
used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important food crop
with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of
the calories consumed worldwide by humans. There are many varieties of rice and
culinary preferences tend to vary regionally.
Tropical and semi-tropical Asia contributed 90% of the global rice production. In
spite of being produced on small and marginal farms in many of these countries, the
production of rice has increased faster than population over the last three decades
(Pate and Tan-cruz, 2007; Hossain 2004; Khai and Yabe, 2011). According to Nathan et
al; (2013), Southeast Asia produces about 25 percent of global rice output. Rice
production has increased by about 18 percent between 2000 and 2010, which is 1.6
percent increase in every year.
And rice is the last frontier of the Philippines’ agricultural protection strategy
relative to international trade. In spite of the country’s accession to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) in 1995, rice remains in its list of highly sensitive commodities. And
it is the staple food for about 80% of Filipinos, which accounts for 46% and 35% of their
caloric intake and protein consumption, respectively.
Rice is the single most important agricultural crop in the Philippines and a major
source of income for millions of Filipino farmers (Bordey, 2010). The country rank 8th
among producers of rice in the world and also the world’s top rice importer as well. Rice
production in the Philippines has increased from 1.16 tons per hectare in 1960 to 3.59
tons per hectare in 2009, which is lower than the previous two years (2007 & 2008) due
to damage done by two tropical storms-- namely Ondoy and Pepeng. Typhoons, floods,
and droughts caused 82.4% of the total Philippine rice losses from 1970 to 1990
(Lansigan et al. 2000). Fluctuation in domestic rice production has a direct impact on
food security, especially for the poorest people of Philippines (Koide et al., 2012).
Philippines’s high dependence on rice imports exposes the country to international
market shocks and many have serious risk for food security (Dawe et al., 2006; Timmer,
2010).
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Philippines has reached to its food self-sufficiency goal in 1978, however, it

turned into a net importer of rice in 1984 (Umetsu et al. 2003). Achieving self-sufficiency
in food grain production is a key development objective in developing countries due to
lack of foreign exchange to finance major international purchases. Self-sufficiency in
rice is the primary goal of agricultural policy in the Philippines and achieving rice
security is directly related to the nation’s struggle in eliminating extreme hunger and
poverty. An increase in international rice prices, world food crisis in 2008, high prices of
agricultural inputs, rising population, natural disasters, increased urbanization, industrial
land-use, and decreasing land area in rice been key factors in setting the nation back in
its rice-self-sufficiency efforts (Dianne et al., 2013; Pate & Cruz, 2007; Rola, 1990;
Timmer, 2010). With a 2% annual population growth rate and a steady increase in per
capita rice consumption, imports will likely continue to play an important role in meeting
the domestic demand for rice. The Philippine government in 2010 implemented program
to support 3 rice self- sufficiency, which mandates to reduce its import by 70% from 2.3
million tons in 2010 to 707 thousand tons in 2011.

On the production side growth and development of rice production have become
completely dependent on yield improvements. To meet demand, rice production can be
increased either by increasing rice growing area or by improving the efficiency of
existing resources allocated to rice production. Yield improvement is governed mainly in
two ways; either shifting the yield frontier or by developing and promoting yield-
enhancing technologies. Improving rice productivity can contribute to higher yield and in
reducing poverty especially in rural areas, increased productivity may also help in
increasing the income and food security of small farmers, who depend on rice
production for a living. Irrigation, adoption of hybrid and third generation modern inbred
rice varieties, training at farmer’s level, use of high-quality seeds, and use of modern
agricultural tools that can boost Philippine rice productions (Bordey, 2010).

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 This situation raises the question of how technically efficient rice production in
the Philippines, how much production improvement can be made through increased
technical efficiency (Pate and Tan-cruz, 2007). To address these questions we analyze
the major underlying dimensions of rice productivity and technical efficiency in Central
Luzon, district of Philippines, major rice producing area, and evaluate a set of variables
that are associated with the productivity. Improving rice productivity can contribute
higher production, higher income for farmers, and reduces poverty especially in rural
areas. The major objective of this study is to analyze the factor associated with rice
production and factors affecting technical efficiency of rice producers in the Philippines.
The production factors are aggregated into six categories, i.e. land, labor, seed,
fertilizers, herbicides, and services. The technical efficiency variables are mostly related
to managerial and socio-economic 4 characteristics such as farm size, seed cost, fuel
cost, fertilizer cost, pesticides cost, operational cost, land rent, irrigation cost, and total
labor costs.

Farmers plays important role in the country and most important necessity of the society.
They provide food to eat, and as the result, the entire population depends upon the
farmers. Farmers classified into three types: First, the Marginal farmers which have less
than a hectare of land being farmed. Second, the small farmers which have 1 to 2
hectare of land being farmed, and Lastly, the Semi-medium farmers which have 2 to 4
hectares of land being farmed.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Throughout this publication, the Farm Survey census on agriculture of Barangay

Cadapdapan is emphasized as part of the system of integrated agricultural censuses
and surveys. The agricultural census provides structural data on agriculture, along with
basic data collected in the core module, and more detailed items collected in the
sample-based supplementary module (s). Under the integrated system, a program of
agricultural surveys should also be conducted, based on the agricultural census, to
provide the current operational and performance data necessary to complement the
structural data from the agricultural census. Previous chapters have devoted to the
census of agriculture; in this chapter, the program of agricultural surveys is examined.
Agricultural censuses include the collection of data from agricultural properties,
which can provide the basis for the establishment of sampling frames for agricultural
survey samples. For example, the agricultural census might provide a frame of cassava
growing properties for use in a cassava production survey, or a frame of properties with
pigs for a cassava production survey. Breeding pig. In the context of the agricultural
census, the program of agricultural surveys refers to surveys of agricultural assets
based on the agricultural consensus.
Other types of surveys are related to agriculture, not based on the agricultural
handling unit. Is not considered in this chapter. Surveys on food consumption, income
and expenditure, rural labor force, and household food security provide important data
related to agriculture, but often have a broader scope than just assets. Typically, they
cover all rural households. Some agriculture-related surveys cover other types of units
altogether — for example, a survey of agricultural service establishments — and these
are also not discussed here.
The program of agricultural surveys outlined in this chapter is extensive, and
includes periodic surveys on agricultural production, as well as in-depth surveys such as
production cost and time use. It is not possible in this volume to give a detailed
description of all possible agricultural surveys. Instead, the most important types of
agricultural surveys are highlighted.
The purpose is not to recommend surveys that should be conducted by each
country. Each country has its own way of organizing the national survey program for
agriculture and other statistics. Most countries conduct periodic surveys on agricultural
production, but other agricultural surveys are conducted according to national priorities
and data requirements, taking into account cost and other constraints. Countries are
encouraged to plan the program of agricultural surveys prior to the agricultural census
to
ensure that the census is integrated into the agricultural statistical system and that the
census meets the requirements of the agricultural surveys program.
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The agricultural census provides data on the structure and population dynamics of
herds, while the program of agricultural surveys includes data on the production and
sale of animals, as well as detailed data on feeds and animal breeds. Other agricultural
survey topics, such as “time use” and “production costs”, are not covered by the
agricultural census.
The boundary between a “census supplementary module” and an “agricultural
survey” is often blurred. A country may not be able to conduct a particular census
supplementary module in conjunction with the core census module, but may include
data from that module in a survey conducted several hours after the agricultural census.
Also, a survey conducted several months after the agricultural census can be
considered as an additional census module or part of the agricultural surveys program.
Crops
The agricultural census provides data on the availability of each temporary and
permanent crop (core module), and the area and production of each crop, fertilizer use,
and source and type of seed inputs (supplementary module). Different crop surveys are
usually needed to complement this data.The main requirement is for annual or seasonal
production data of major crops. This may require a crop production survey or, more
commonly, a series of surveys. For example, a country may need to conduct a semi-
annual survey on grain production, as well as annual surveys on cassava and coffee
production, with each survey timed to correspond to crop yield. A particular crop
production survey may have several elements, for example, an interview with producers
to collect information such as area planted, varieties used and inputs, and a crop-cutting
component to estimate. The yield based on the sample plots.
Crop production surveys can be part of a comprehensive crop forecasting system. This
may involve, for example: (1) a survey of planting intentions conducted prior to planting:
(i) a survey of planting intentions taken just after planting, (ii) an investigation of crop
conditions conducted before harvest, and (iv) a survey on crop production conducted
after harvest.
Other types of crop surveys, based on agricultural properties, may be needed from time
to time:
Survey of losses after harvest. A survey of post-harvest losses for grain producers, for
example, measures losses during harvesting, farm processing, transportation and
storage. Such surveys are important to measure the impact of post -harvest losses on
food supplies survey of farm food stocks. It looks at the quantity of, for example, corn
held
by maize producers, and is important for the assessment of household food
security in countries where farmers produce primarily for their own consumption.
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Crop marketing survey. A survey of wheat producers, for example, could be run to
understand how farmers sell their surplus. Special survey of a particular crop. An in-
depth survey of, for example, fruit growers can highlight the problems faced in the
further development of the fruit production industry animals.

In the agricultural census, the core module provides data on the number of animals by
type of cattle, while the livestock supplementary module includes data on the structure
of herds (age, sex and purpose), population dynamics of animals (births, deaths, etc.),
and feed types.
The main requirement for additional animal data is for periodic reviews of animal
production. Usually, a series of specific surveys are needed. For example, quarterly
surveys of assets with cattle can provide data on cow’s milk production, while annual
surveys of assets with sheep can provide data on wool production. . Often, data from
these surveys are supplemented by information from other sources such as livestock –
marketing boards, or abattoir surveys, meat packing plants, butchers or dairies – to
provide a comprehensive picture of the production of livestock. Animal.
Regular surveys for feed statistics may be needed to measure feed quantity and
composition for different species, and the seasonality of feed availability. Surveys can
also be used to estimate the production of fodder crops, often using crop cutting
experiments to measure nutrient values. Data on stocking rates are also often collected
as a means of assessing fodder utilization.
Other types of in -depth animal investigations include: surveys of the structure of
herds, especially specific breeds of animals; and sales value surveys for each type of
animal product.

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 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Drought, which is expected to occur more frequently under the climate change
regime, is a major challenge in rice cultivation. This paper aims to unpack the decision-
making processes of rice farmers when faced with drought. The study was conducted in
two drought-prone rice-farming communities in the Philippines, with 87 rice
farmers as the main participants. A range of qualitative methods including in-depth
interviews, focus groups, and windshield surveys were used to collect data. The study
combined insights from Protection Motivation Theory and the Social Identity Approach
in interpreting the findings. Past experiences of farmers of natural disasters influence
their perception that drought is real and that they should take action. Farmers employ
adaptive mechanisms that they have easy access to. If there are issues securing an
adaptive mechanism, decision-making gravitates around farmers’ commitment to their
social identity as rice farmers. ( Manalo et. al 2020 ).

A SURVEY STUDY OF RICE FAMERS IN BARANGAY CADAPDAPAN

THE RICE THEORY OF CULTURE

( TALHELM, T. IN UNIVERSITY OF ARTICLE VII, VOLUME 4 OF THE 2020

CHICAGO BOOTH SCHOOL OF UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

BUSINESS )

COMMON PROBLEMS OF RICE FAMERS

• HIGH PRIZE OF FERTILIZER

• HIGH RENT CHARGES OF AGRICULTURAL

MACHINERY

• PEST AND DISEASES AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM

• LACK OF CONSULTANCY FACILITIES AND LACK

OF CREDIT/ FINANCE

FARMERS
 THE PROBLEM

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Generally, the study aims to determine what are the effects or problems encountered by the
farm workers.

Specially , it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. The common problems of rice farmers;

2. The challenges do rice farmers face;

3. The kind of measure use in pest and weeds control;

4. The variety of crops do you use;

5. The type of pest and weeds control use;

Significance of Study

Although the study focuses on maize production and the adoption behaviour of maize Farmers, the
significance of the study goes well beyond it. In Tanzania’s quest for Food self-sufficiency and
improved production efficiency, the behaviour insights Gained from this study can prove useful not
only for maize production but for extension in all fields of agriculture. Regarding maize production,
the recommended Production packages can be assessed in terms of their appropriateness regarding
the Production and economic performance as well as in terms of their acceptability by Farmers
(farmers adoption behaviour).

The results of this study can, therefore, provide a useful guide for policy formulation,
identification of research priorities and for improving extension approaches, strategies and
programs.This will enhance adoption of recommended packages and subsequently increase agricultural
production efficiency, which is the primary objective of the country.
The results of this study can, therefore, provide a useful guide for policy formulation,
identification of research priorities and for improving extension approaches, strategies and programs.,
This will enhance adoption of recommended packages and subsequently increase agricultural
production efficiency.
Farmer. Is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials.[1] The
term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards,
poultry, or other livestock. A farmer might own the farm land or might work as a laborer on land owned
by others. In most developed economies, a “farmer” is usually a farm owner (landowner), while
employees of the farm are known as farm workers (or farmhands).

Students. Entertaining educational methods are preferred by students. This includes field tours or
exposure trips, agri-games, and training on the basics of farming. Experiential learning can also be
facilitated by establishing a rice garden that can give students hands on experience in farming right in
their schools.

Community. Farmers markets reconnect communities to their food system. They create an opportunity
where farmers can simultaneously sell fresh, local food and serve as food educators, revitalizing the way
consumers shop and eat.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

ENVIRONMENT AND PARTICIPANTS

This study was conducted at Cadapdapan, Candijay, Bohol where the respondents were coming
from the said Barangay. The researchers choose it as the locale of the study because it is suitable for the
study. It is not also a burden for the researchers since they are also living in the said Barangay.
RESEARCH DESIGN

This study is qualitative in nature employing an survey method. The survier will gather data by
questioning based on actual interviewing the common effects of farmers.
Research Instruments
A. Preparation of Questionnaire
In this study, the tool used for gathering data was survey questionnaire.The
questions were formulated based on the issue being discussed, the survey study of rice
farmers in barangay Cadapdapan, Candijay, Bohol. Survey questionnaires composed of
7 items were individually given to the people living of the said institution .
B. Validation of Test Questionnaire

To validate the questionnaires, it was referred to the research adviser for

checking. After checking and gathering data, item analysis followed by determining the
validity of the test items. Finally, the valid items were retained to compose the final test
items.

Data Gathering Procedure

1.Securing Permission to Conduct the Study

The researchers asked permission from the Barangay captain to conduct study.
2.Administration of the Test
Given the favor, the interview was carried out at Cadapdapan Candijay, Bohol.
The data were collected through interviews. Consequently, interviews were conducted
to 10 respondents. Ten farmers of the said barangay. The following are the interview
questions that will be asked to the respondents.

Potential Ethical Issues