MATHS IN FOCUS 11

MATHEMATICS ADVANCED
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 6: Introduction to calculus

Exercise 6.01 Gradient of a curve

Question 1

Decreases rapidly, then slows down and turns around at minimum turning point. It then
increases, becoming rapid and then slows down to maximum turning point. It then decreases,
becoming more rapid.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 1

Question 2

Increases rapidly then slows down and turns around at maximum point, then decreases,
becoming more rapid, then slows down and turns around at minimum turning point. It then
increases, becoming rapid and then slowing down to maximum turning point. It then
decreases, becoming more rapid.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 2

Question 3

Increases rapidly then slows down and turns around at maximum point, then decreases,
becoming rapid, then slows down and turns around at minimum turning point. It then
increases, becoming rapid and then slowing down to maximum turning point. It then
decreases, becoming more rapid then slows down to minimum turning point, then increases
and becomes more rapid.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 3

Question 4

Decreases rapidly then slows down and turns around at minimum point, then increases,
becoming more rapid, then slows down and turns around at maximum turning point. It then
decreases to minimum turning point, increases to Maximum turning point, decreases to
minimum turning point, then increases, becoming more rapid.

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Question 5

Increases rapidly then slows down and turns around at maximum point, then decreases slowly
at first and becomes more rapid.

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Question 6

Decreases rapidly then slows down and turns around at minimum point, then increases slowly
at first and becomes more rapid.

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Question 7

The curve is always increasing. However, it starts increasing slowly and the increase
becomes more rapid.

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Question 8

Increases rapidly then slows down and turns around at maximum point, then decreases,
becoming more rapid, then slows down and turns around at minimum turning point. It then
increases, speeding up, then the whole shape repeats after x = 0.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 8

Question 9

Increases rapidly then slows down and turns around at maximum point, then decreases,
becoming more rapid, then slows down and turns around at minimum turning point. It then
increases, speeding up, then slows down and turns at a maximum turning point. It then
decreases, speeding up. The shape starts to repeat after the 3rd x-intercept.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 9

Question 10

The curve is always increasing, but it starts steeply then slows down.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 10

Exercise 6.02 Differentiability

Question 1

Not differentiable at x = 0.

Question 2

Not differentiable at x = x1.

Question 3

No points.

Question 4

Not differentiable at x = 0.

Question 5

Not differentiable at x = x1, x2.

Question 6

Not differentiable at x = 0.

Question 7

Not differentiable at x = –3.

Question 8

Not differentiable at x = 2.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 11

Question 9

Not differentiable at x = –2, 3.

Question 10

Not differentiable [–1, 0].

Question 11

Not differentiable at x = 0.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 12

Exercise 6.03 Differentiation from first principles

Question 1

y = x4 + 1

y(1.01) = 1.014 + 1

= 1.0406 + 1

= 2.0406

y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
2.04060401 − 2
=
1.01 − 1
≈ 4.06

y(0.999) = 1.996

y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
1.996 − 2
=
0.999 − 1
= 3.994

c The gradient is 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 13

Question 2

f(x) = x3 + x

a x = 2.1

f(2.1) = 2.13 + 2.1 = 11.361

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
h
11.361 − 10
=
0.1
= 13.61

b f(2.01) = 2.013 + 2.01 = 10.130601

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
h
10.130601 − 10
=
0.01
= 13.0601

c f(1.99) = 9.87

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
h
9.87 − 10
=
−0.01
= 12.9401

Tangent at point (2, 10) = 13

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 14

Question 3

f(x) = x2 – 4

f(3) = 5

Point (3, 5)

f(3.01) = 5.0601

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
h
5.0601 − 5
=
0.01
= 6.01

f(2.99) = 4.9401

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
h
4.9401 − 5
=
−0.01
= 5.99

Gradient = 6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 15

Question 4

f(x) = x2 + x + 5

a f(2) = 22 + 2 + 5 = 11

b f(2 + h) = (2 + h)2 + (2 + h) + 5

= 4 + 4h + h2 + 2 + h + 5

= h2 + 5h + 11

c f(2 + h) – f(2)

= 11 + 5h + h2 – 11

= h2 + 5h

f ( 2 + h) − f ( 2)
h
5h + h 2
=
h
= 5+ h

e f ′ (2) = lim ( 5 + h )
h →0

=5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 16

Question 5

f(x) = 4x2 – 3

a f(–1) = 4(–1)2– 3 = 1

b f(–1 + h) – f(–1) = 4(–1 + h)2 – 3 – 1

= 4 – 8h + 4h2 – 4

= –8h + 4h2

f ( −1 + h ) − f ( −1)
lim
h →0 h
−8h + 4h 2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim − 8 + 4h
h →0

= –8

Question 6

y = x2 – 1

a f(3) = 32 – 1 = 8

b f(3 + h) – f(3)

= (3 + h)2 – 1 – 8

= 9 + 6h + h2 – 9

= 6h + h2

6h + h 2
f ′ ( 3) = lim
h →0 h
= lim 6 + h
h →0

=6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 17

Question 7

f(x) = 4 – 3x – 5x2

a f(1) = –4

f (1 + h ) − f (1)
f ′ (1) = lim
h →0 h
4 − 3(1 + h) − 5 (1 + h ) − ( −4 )
2

= lim
h →0 h
4 − 3 − 3h − 5 (1 + 2h + h 2 ) + 4
= lim
h →0 h
4 − 3 − 3h − 5 − 10h − 5h 2 + 4
= lim
h →0 h
−13h − 5h 2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( −13 − 5h )
h →0

= −13

b f(–2) = –10

f ( −2 + h ) − f ( −2 )
f ′ ( −2 ) =
lim
h →0 h
4 − 3(−2 + h) − 5 ( −2 + h ) − ( −10 )
2

= lim
h →0 h
4 + 6 − 3h − 5 ( 4 − 4h + h 2 ) + 10
= lim
h →0 h
4 + 6 − 3h − 20 + 20h − 5h 2 + 10
= lim
h →0 h
17 h − 5h 2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim (17 − 5h )
h →0

= 17

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 18

Question 8

f(x) = x2

a f(x + h) = x2 + 2xh + h2

b f(x + h) – f(x) = x2 + 2xh + h2 – x2

= 2xh + h2

f ( x + h ) − f ( x ) 2 xh + h 2
=
h h
= 2x + h

f ′ ( x ) lim ( 2 x + h )
=
h →0

= 2x

Question 9

f(x) = 2x2 – 7x + 3

a f(x + h) = 2(x + h)2 – 7(x + h) + 3

= 2(x2 + 2xh + h2) – 7x – 7h + 3

2x2 + 4xh + 2h2 – 7x – 7h + 3

b f(x + h) – f(x) = 2x2 + 4xh + 2h2 – 7x – 7h + 3 – (2x2 – 7x + 3)

= 4xh + 2h2 – 7h

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
h
4 xh + 2h 2 – 7 h
=
h
= 4 x + 2h − 7

f ′ (=
x ) lim ( 4 x − 2h − 7 )
h →0

= 4x − 7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 19

Question 10

a f(x) = x2

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h) − x2
2

= lim
h →0h
x + 2 xh + h 2 − x 2
2
= lim
h →0 h
2 xh + h 2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h )
h →0

= 2x

When x = 1, f ′ (x) = 2

b f(x) = x2 + x

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h ) + ( x + h ) − ( x2 + x )
2

= lim
h →0 h
x + 2 xh + h + x + h − x 2 − x
2 2
= lim
h →0 h
2 xh + h + h
2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h + 1)
h →0

= 2x +1

When x = 2, f ′ (x) = 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 20

c f(x) = 2x2 – 5

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
2 ( x + h ) − 5 − ( x 2 − 5)
2

= lim
h →0 h
2 x + 4 xh + 2h 2 − 5 − x 2 + 5
2
= lim
h →0 h
4 xh + 2h 2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 4 x + 2h )
h →0

= 4x

When x = –3, f ′ (x) = –12

d f(x) = 3x2 + 3x + 1

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
3 ( x + h ) + 3 ( x + h ) + 1 − ( 3 x 2 + 3 x + 1)
2

= lim
h →0 h
3 x + 6 xh + 3h + 3 x + 3h + 1 − 3 x 2 − 3 x − 1
2 2
= lim
h →0 h
6 xh + 3h + 3h
2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 6 x + 3h + 3)
h →0

= 6x + 3

When x = 2, f ′ (x) = 15

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 21

e f(x) = x2 – 7x – 4

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h) − 7 ( x + h ) − 4 − ( x2 − 7 x − 4)
2

= lim
h →0 h
x + 2 xh + h − 7 x − 7 h − 4 − x 2 + 7 x + 4
2 2
= lim
h →0 h
2 xh + h − 7 h
2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h − 7 )
h →0

= 2x − 7

When x = –1, f ′ (x) = –9

Question 11

a f(x) = x2

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h) − x2
2

= lim
h →0h
x + 2 xh + h 2 − x 2
2
= lim
h →0 h
2 xh + h 2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h )
h →0

= 2x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 22

b f(x) = x2 + 5x

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h) + 5 ( x + h ) − ( x2 + 5x )
2

= lim
h →0 h
x + 2 xh + h + 5 x + 5h − x 2 − 5 x
2 2
= lim
h →0 h
2 xh + h + 5h
2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h + 5 )
h →0

= 2x + 5

c f(x) = 4x2 – 4x – 3

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
4 ( x + h ) − 4 ( x + h ) − 3 − ( 4 x 2 − 4 x − 3)
2

= lim
h →0 h
4 x + 8 xh + 4h − 4 x − 4h − 3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x + 3
2 2
= lim
h →0 h
8 xh + 4h − 4h
2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 8 x + 4h − 4 )
h →0

= 8x − 4

d f(x) = 5x2 – x – 1

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
5 ( x + h ) − ( x + h ) − 1 − ( 5 x 2 − x − 1)
2

= lim
h →0 h
5 x + 10 xh + 5h − x − h − 1 − 5 x 2 + x + 1
2 2
= lim
h →0 h
10 xh + 5h − h
2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim (10 x + 5h − 1)
h →0

= 10 x − 1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 23

Exercise 6.04 Short methods of differentiation

Question 1

d
a ( x + 4) =
1
dx

d
b (5x − 9) =
5
dx

c
d 2
dx
( x + 3x + 4 ) = 2 x + 3

d
d
dx
( 5 x 2 − x − 8 )= 10 x − 1

e
d 3
dx
( x + 2 x 2 − 7 x − 3)= 3 x 2 + 4 x − 7

f
d
dx
( 2 x 3 − 7 x 2 + 7 x − 1)= 6 x 2 − 14 x + 7

g
d
dx
( 3x 4 − 2 x 2 + 5x )= 12 x3 − 4 x + 5

h
d 6
dx
( x − 5 x 5 − 2 x 4 ) = 6 x 5 − 25 x 4 − 8 x3

i
d
dx
( 2 x 5 − 4 x 3 + x 2 − 2 x + 4=) 10 x 4 − 12 x 2 + 2 x − 2

j
d
dx
( 4 x10 − 7 x9 ) = 40 x9 − 63x8

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 24

Question 2

a x(2x + 1) = 2x2 + x

d
dx
( 2x2 + x ) = 4x + 1
b (2x – 3)2 = 4x2 – 12x + 9

d
dx
( 4 x 2 − 12 x + 9 ) = 8 x − 12

c (x + 4)(x – 4) = x2 – 16

d 2
dx
( x − 16 ) =
2x

d (2x2 – 3)2 = 4x4 – 12x2 + 9

d
dx
( 4 x 4 − 12 x 2 + 9=) 16 x 3 − 24 x

e (2x + 5)(x2 – x + 1) = 2x3 – 2x2 + 2x + 5x2 – 5x + 5

= 2x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5

d
dx
( 5) 6 x 2 + 6 x − 3
2 x3 + 3x 2 – 3x + =

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 25

Question 3

d  x2  x
a  − x  = −1
dx  6  3

d  x 4 x3 
 − + 4  = 2x − x
3 2
b
dx  2 3 

x6 2 x8
3
( x − 3) =
3
− x6

d  x8 6 8x7
 − x = − 6 x5
dx  3  3

2 x3 + 5 x
= 2x2 + 5
x
d
dx
( 2 x 2 + 5) =
4x

x2 + 2x x 1
= +
4x 4 2
d  x 1 1
 + =
dx  4 2  4

2 x5 − 3x 4 + 6 x3 − 2 x 2 2 3 2 2
2
= x − x + 2x −
3x 3 3
d 2 3 2 2
 x − x + 2x −  = 2x − 2x + 2
2

dx  3 3

Question 4

f(x) = 8x2 – 7x + 4

f ′ (x) = 16x – 7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 26

Question 5

y = x4 – 2x3 + 5

dy
= 4 x3 − 6 x 2
dx

dy
( −2 ) = 4 ( −2 ) − 6 ( −2 )
3 2

dx
= −56

Question 6

y = 6x10 – 5x8 + 7x5 – 3x + 8

dy
= 60 x 9 − 40 x 7 + 35 x 4 − 3
dx

Question 7

S = 5t2 – 20t

ds
= 10t − 20
dt

Question 8

g(x) =5x4

g ′ (x) = 20x3

Question 9

V = 15t2 – 9

dv
= 30t
dt

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 27

Question 10

h = 40t – 2t2

dh
= 40 − 4t
dt

Question 11

4 3
V= πr
3
dV
= 4πr 2
dr

Question 12

f(x) = 2x3 – 3x + 4

f ′ (x) = 6x2 – 3

f ′ (1) = 6 – 3 = 3

Question 13

f(x) = x2 – x + 5

f ′ (x) = 2x – 1

a f ′ (3) = 2 × 3 – 1 = 5

b f ′ (–2) = 2 × (–2) – 1 = –5

c f ′ (x) = 7

⇒ 7 = 2x – 1

8 = 2x

x=4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 28

Question 14

y = x3 – 7

dy
= 3x 2
dx

dy
a ( 2 ) =3 × 22 =12
dx

dy
= 12
dx
3 x 2 = 12
x2 = 4
x = ±2

Question 15

g(t) = 3t3 – 4t2 – 2t + 1

g ′ (t) = 9t2 – 8t – 2

g ′ (2) = 9(2)2 – 8(2) – 2 = 36 – 16 – 2 = 18

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 29

Exercise 6.05 Derivatives and indices

Question 1

a
dx
(
d −3
x )=
− 3 x −3 − 1 =
−3 x −4

b =
dx
(
d 1.4
x ) 1.4
= x1.4 − 1 1.4 x 0.4

c
d
dx
( 6 x0.2 ) =
6 × 0.2 x 0.2 − 1 =
1.2 x −0.8

d  12  1 12 − 1 1 − 12
d =
x  = x x
dx   2 2

d  12 −1  1 12 − 1 −
1
e  2 x − 3 x  = 2 × x − 3 × ( −1) x −1 − 1
= x 2
+ 3 x −2
dx   2

d  13  1 13 − 1 −
2

 3x  =
3× x = 3
f x
dx   3

d  34  3 34 − 1 −
1
g  8 x  =
8 × x =
6 x 4
dx   4

d  − 
1
 1  −2−1
1
−
3
h  −2 x 2
 =− 2 ×  −  x =x 2
dx    2 

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 30

Question 2

1
a = x −1
x

dx
(
d −1
x )=
− x −2 =
1
− 2
x
1
b 5 x = 5x 2

d  12  5 − 12 5
 5=
x  = x
dx   2 2 x

1
c 6
x=x 6

d  16  1 − 56 1
=
x  = x
dx   6 6
6 x5

2
d 5
= 2x −5
x

d
dx
( 2 x −5 ) =
−10 x −6 =
10
− 6
x

5
e − − 5x −3
=
x3

d
dx
( −5 x −3 ) = 15 x −4 = 4
15
x
1
1 −
F =x 2
x

d  − 12  1 −3 1
x  = − x 2 =
−
dx   2 2 x3

1 1 −6
g = x
2 x6 2

d  1 −6  3
 x = −3 x −7 =
− 7
dx  2  x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 31

 3
h x x=x 2

d  32  3 12 3 x
=
x  = x
dx   2 2

2 2 −1
i = x
3x 3

d  2 −1  2 2
 x = − x −2 =
− 2
dx  3  3 3x

1 3 1 −2
j 2
+ 4= x + 3 x −4
4x x 4

d  1 −2 −4  1
 x + 3x  = − x −3 − 12 x −5
dx  4  2
1 12
= − 3− 5
2x x
x2 24
= − 5− 5
2x 2x
x 2 + 24
= −
2 x5

Question 3
1
=
y =
3
x x 3

1 − 23
′
y = x
3
2
1
y′ ( 27 ) = ( 27 ) 3
−

3
1 1
= ×
3 9
1
=
27

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 32

Question 4

12
=
x = 12t −1
t
dx
= −12t −2
dt
dx
( 2 ) = −12 ( 2 )
−2

dt
= −3

Question 5
1
f (=
x) =
4
x x 4

1 − 34
f ′( x) = x
4
2
1
f ′ (16 ) = (16 ) 3
−

4
1 1
= ×
4 8
1
=
32

Question 6

3 3 −2
=y = 2
x
2x 2
dy
= −3 x −2
dx
dy
(1) = −3 (1)
−2

dx
= −3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 33

Question 7

( ) =x + 2 x
2
y =x + x 2
x+x
3
=x 2 + 2 x 2 + x
1
dy
=2 x + 3 x 2 + 1
dx
=2 x + 3 x + 1

Question 8

x 1 12
f (=x) = x
2 2
1 −1
f ′( x) = x 2
4
1 −1
f ′(4) = (4) 2
4
1
=
8

Question 9
1
x −
a =x 2
x

d  − 12  1 − 32 1
 x  =
− x = −
dx   2 2 x3

1
y′ = −
2 x3
1
y′ ( 4 ) = −
( 4)
3
2
1
= −
16

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 34

 Question 10
1
f=
( x) 3=x 3x 2
3 − 12 3
f ′( x) = x = −
2 2 x
3
Let f ′(a ) =
4
3 3
= −
4 2 a
2= a
a=4

Question 11

2
y= = 2 x −1
x
y′ = −2 x −2
2
Let y′ = −
25
2
− = −2 x −2
25
1 1
= 2
25 x
x = ±5
2
=x 5,= y
5
2
x=
−5, y =
−
5
 2  2
∴ The points of contact are  5,  ,  −5, −  .
 5  5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 35

Exercise 6.06 Tangents and normals

Question 1

a y = x3 – 3x

y ′ = 3x2 – 3

y ′ (5) = 3 × 52 – 3 = 72

b f(x) = x2 + x – 4

f ′ (x) = 2x + 1

f ′ (–7) = 2 × (–7) + 1 = –13

c f(x) = 5x3 – 4x – 1

f ′ (x) = 15x2 – 4

f ′ (–1) = 15 × (–1)2 – 4 = 11

d y = 5x2 + 2x + 3

y ′ = 10x + 2

y ′ (–2) = 10 × (–2) + 2 = –18

e y = 2x9

y ′ = 18x8

y ′ (1) = 18

f f(x) = x3 – 7

f ′ (x) = 3x2

f ′ (3) = 27

g v = 2t2 + 3t – 5

dv
= 4t + 3
dt
dv
( 2=) 4 ( 2 ) +=3 11
dt

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 36

h Q = 3r3 – 2r2 + 8r – 4

dQ
= 9r 2 − 4r + 8
dr
dQ
(=
4 ) 9 ( 4 ) − 4 ( 4 ) +=
2
8 136
dr

i h = t4 – 4t

dh
= 4t 3 − 4
dt
dh
( 0 ) =4 ( 0 ) − 4 =−4
3

dt

j f(t) =3t5 – 8t3 + 5t

f ′ (t) = 15t4 – 24t2 + 5

f ′ (2) = 15(2)4 – 24(2)2 + 5 = 149

Question 2

a f(x) = 2x3 + 2x – 1

f ′(=
x) 6 x 2 + 2
f ′(−2) = 6(−2) 2 + 2 = 26
1
mn = −
26

b y = 3x2 + 5x – 2

y=′ 6 x + 5
y′(−5) =6(−5) + 5 =−25
1
mn =
25

c f(x) = x2 – 2x – 7

f ′( x=
) 2x − 2
f ′(−9) =2(−2) − 2 =−20
1
mn =
20

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 37

d y = x3 + x2 + 3x – 2

y′ = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 3
y′(−4) = 3(−4) 2 + 2(−4) + 3 = 43
1
mn = −
43

e f(x) = x10

f ′( x) = 10 x9
f ′(−1) =10(−1)9 =−10
1
mn =
10

f y = x2 + 7x – 5

y=′ 2 x + 7
y′(−7) =2(−7) + 7 =−7
1
mn =
7

g A = 2x3 + 3x2 – x + 1

dA
= 6x2 + 6x −1
dx
dA
(=3) 6 ( 3) + 6 ( 3)=
− 1 71
2

dx
1
mn = −
71

h f(a) = 3a2 – 2a – 6

f ′(a=
) 6a − 2
f ′(−3) =6(−3) − 2 =−20
1
mn =
20

i V = h3 – 4h + 9

dv
= 3h 2 − 4
dh
dv
(=
2) 3( 2) −=
2
4 8
dh
1
mn = −
8

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 38

j g(x) = x4 – 2x2 + 5x – 3

g ′( x) = 4 x3 − 4 x + 5
g ′(−1) = 4(−1)3 − 4(−1) + 5 = 5
1
mn = −
5

Question 3

a y = x2 + 1

y ′ = 2x

i y ′ (3) = 6

mt = 6

1
ii mn = −
6

b f(x) = 5 – x2

f ′ (x) = –2x

i f ′ (–4) = 8

mt = 8

1
ii mn = −
8

c y = 2x5 – 7x2 + 4

y ′ = 10x4 – 14x

i y ′ (–1) = 24

mt = 24

1
ii mn = −
24

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 39

d p(x) = x6 – 3x4 – 2x + 8

p ′ (x) = 6x5 – 12x3 – 2

i p ′ (–1) = –8

mt = −8

1
ii mn =
8

e f(x) = 4 – x – x2

f ′ (x) = –1 – 2x

i f ′ (–6) = 11

mt = 11

1
ii mn = −
11

Question 4

a y = x4 – 5x + 1

y ′ = 4x3 – 5

y ′ (2) = 4(2)3 – 5 = 27

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 7 = 27(x – 2)

y – 7 = 27x – 54

27x – y – 47 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 40

b f(x) = 5x3 – 3x2 – 2x + 6

f ′ (x) = 15x2 – 6x – 2

f ′ (1) = 15(1)2 – 6(1) – 2 = 7

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 6 = 7(x – 1)

y – 6 = 7x – 7

7x – y – 1 = 0

c y = x2 + 2x – 8

y ′ = 2x + 2

y ′ (–3) = 2(–3) + 2 = –4

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y + 5 = –4(x + 3)

y + 5 = –4x – 12

4x + y + 17 = 0

d y = 3x3 + 1

y(2) = 3(2)3 + 1 = 25

y ′ = 9x2

y ′ (2) = 9(2)2 = 36

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 25 = 36(x – 2)

y – 25 = 36x – 72

36x – y – 47 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 41

e v = 4t4 – 7t3 – 2

v(2) = 4(2)4 – 7(2)3 – 2 = 6

v ′ = 16t3 – 21t2

v ′ (2) = 16(2)3 – 21(2)2 = 44

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

v – 6 = 44(t – 2)

v – 6 = 44t – 88

44t – v – 82 = 0

Question 5

a f(x) = x3 – 3x + 5

f ′ (x) = 3x2 – 3

f ′ (3) = 3(3)2– 3 = 24

1
mt = 24, mn = −
24

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

1
y – 23 = − ( x – 3)
24
 24 y – 552 =− x + 3
x + 24 y – 555 =
0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 42

b y = x2 – 4x – 5

y ′ = 2x – 4

y ′ (–2) = 2(–2) – 4 = –8

1
mt =
− 8, mn =
8

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

1
y=
–7 ( x + 2)
8
 8 y – 56= x + 2
x − 8 y + 58 = 0

c f(x) = 7x – 2x2

f(6) = 7(6) – 2(6)2 = –30

f ′ (x) = 7 – 4x

f ′ (6) = 7 – 4(6) = –17

1
mt =
− 17, mn =
17

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

1
y + 30 =( x – 6 )
17
1 7 y + 510 =− x 6
x − 17 y – 516 =0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 43

d y = 7x2 – 3x – 3

y ′ = 14x – 3

y ′ (–3) = 14(–3) – 3 = –45

1
mt =
− 45, mn =
45

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

1
y=
– 69 ( x + 3)
45
 45 y – 3105= x + 3
x − 45 y + 3108 = 0

e y = x4 – 2x3 + 4x + 1

y(1) = 1 – 2 + 4 + 1 = 4

y ′ = 4x3 – 6x2 + 4

y ′ (1) = 4(1)3 – 6(1)2 + 4 = 2

1
mt = 2, mn = −
2

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

1
y–4= − ( x − 1)
2
 2 y – 8 =− x + 1
x + 2y −9 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 44

Question 6

a f(x) = 4x2 – x + 8

f ′ (x) = 8x – 1

i f ′ (1) = 8(1) – 1 = 7

mt = 7

y − y=
1 mt ( x − x1 )

y – 11 = 7(x – 1)

y – 11 = 7x – 7

7x – y + 4 = 0

1
ii mn = −
7

y − y=
1 mn ( x − x1 )

1
y –11 = − ( x − 1)
7
 7 y – 77 =− x + 1
x + 7 y − 78 =
0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 45

b y = x3 – 2x2 – 5x

y ′ = 3x2 – 4x – 5

i y ′ (–3) = 3(–3)2 – 4(–3) – 5 = 34

mt = 34

y − y=
1 mt ( x − x1 )

y + 30 = 34(x + 3)

y + 30 = 34x + 102

34x – y + 72 = 0

1
ii mn = −
34

y − y=
1 mn ( x − x1 )

1
y + 30 = − ( x + 3)
34
 34 y + 1020 =− x − 3
x + 34 y + 1023 =0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 46

c F(x) = x5 – 5x3

F(1) = 15 – 5(1)3 = 1 – 5 = –4

F ′ (x) = 5x4 – 15x2

i F ′ (1) = 5(1)4 – 15(1)2 = –10

mt = –10

y − y=
1 mt ( x − x1 )

y + 4 = –10(x – 1)

y + 4 = –10x + 10

10x + y – 6 = 0

1
ii mn =
10

y − y=
1 mn ( x − x1 )

1
y + 4 =− ( x − 1)
10
1 0 y + 40 =x − 1
x − 10 y − 41 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 47

d y = x2 – 8x + 7

y ′ = 2x – 8

i y ′ (3) = 2(3) – 8 = –2

mt = –2

y − y=
1 mt ( x − x1 )

y + 8 = –2(x – 3)

y + 8 = –2x + 6

2x + y + 2 = 0

1
ii mn =
2

y − y=
1 mn ( x − x1 )

1
y + 8= ( x − 3)
2
 2 y + 16 =x − 3
x − 2 y − 19 = 0

Question 7

y = x3 – 27x – 5

dy
= 3 x 2 − 27
dx
=
0 3 x 2 − 27
3 x 2 = 27
x2 = 9
x = ±3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 48

Question 8

y = x3 + 1

y ′ = 3x2

Let y ′ = 3

3 = 3x2

x2 = 1

x = ±1

y(1) = 1 + 1 = 2

y(–1) = –1 + 1 = 0

Coordinates are (–1, 0), (1, 2)

Question 9

f(x) = x2 + 4x – 12

f ′ (x) = 2x + 4

Let f ′ (x) = –6

–6 = 2x + 4

2x = –10

x = –5

f(–5) = (–5)2 + 4(–5) – 12 = 25 – 20 – 12 = –7

P = (–5, –7)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 49

Question 10

y = 4x2 + 1

y ′ = 8x

Tangent to x-axis, y ′ = 0

0 = 8x

x=0

y(0) = 1

P = (0, 1)

Question 11

y = 5x2 – 3x

y ′ = 10x – 3

Line 7x – y + 3 = 0

y = 7x + 3

m=7

y′=7

7 = 10x – 3

10x = 10

x=1

y(1) = 5 – 3 = 2

Q = (1, 2)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 50

Question 12

y = x2 + 4x – 1

y ′ = 2x + 4

Line 4x + 2y + 7 = 0

2y = –4x – 7

−4 x − 7
y=
2

m = –2

1
mn =
2

1
y′=
2

1
= 2x + 4
2

7
2x = −
2

7
x= −
4

7 7 7 79
y( − ) = ( − )2 + 4( − ) – 1 = −
4 4 4 16

7 79
S = (− ,− )
4 16

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 51

Question 13

a y = 3x2 – 4

y ′ = 6x

Let y ′ = 6

6 = 6x

x=1

y(1) = 3 – 4 = –1

A = (1, –1)

b y − y=
1 mt ( x − x1 )

y + 1 = 6(x – 1)

y + 1 = 6x – 6

6x – y – 7 = 0

Question 14

h = 3t2 – 2t + 5

h ′ = 6t – 2

h ′ (2) = 6(2) – 2 = 10

h − h1= m ( t − t1 )

h(2) = 3(2)2 – 2(2) + 5 = 12 – 4 + 5 = 13

h – 13 = 10(t – 2)

h – 13 = 10t – 20

10t – h – 7 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 52

Question 15

f(x) = 2x2 – 8x + 3

f ′ (x) = 4x – 8

Line 4x – 2y + 1 = 0

2y = 4x + 1

4x +1
y=
2

m=2

f ′ (x) = 2

2 = 4x – 8

4x = 10

5
x=
2
2
5 5 5 9
f   =2   – 8   + 3 =−
2 2 2 2

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

9  5
y+ = 2 x – 
2  2
9
y + = 2x − 5
 
2
9
2x − y − − 5 = 0
2
19
2x − y − = 0
2
4 x − 2 y − 19 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 53

Question 16

1
y=
x3
y = x −3

y ′ = –3x–4

3
y ′ (2) = –3(2)–4 = −
16

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
1 3
y− = − ( x − 2)
8 16
16 y − 2 =−3 x + 6
3 x + 16 y − 8 =0

Question 17

f ( x) = 6 x
1
f ( x) = 6 x 2
1
−
f ′( x) = 3 x 2

1
= =
f (9) 6(9) 2
18
1
−
f ′(9) 3(9)
= = 2
1

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
y − 18 = 1( x − 9 )
y − 18 =x − 9
x− y+9 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 54

Question 18

4
y=
x
y = 4 x −1

y ′ = –4x–2

4 1
y ′ (8) = − =−
64 16

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
1 1
y− = − ( x − 8)
2 16
16 y − 8 =− x + 8
x + 16 y − 16 =0

Question 19

y= x
1
y=x 2

1 − 12
y′ = x
2
1
y′ =
6
1 1 − 12
= x
6 2
1 1
=
3 x
x =3
x=9
1
y= = 3
(9) (9) 2

A = (9, 3)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 55

 Exercise 6.07 Chain rule

Question 1

= ( x + 3)
4
y
u= x+3 y= u4
du dy
= 1= 4u 3
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1× 4 ( x + 3 )
=
3

= 4 ( x + 3)
3

= ( 2 x − 1)
3
y
u= 2x −1 y= u3
du dy
= 2= 3u 2
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
2 × 3 ( 2 x − 1)
=
2

= 6 ( 2 x − 1)
2

(5x − 4)
7
=y 2

u=
5x2 − 4 y=
u7
du dy
= 10 =x 7u 6
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
10 x × 7 ( 5 x 2 − 4 )
6
=

= 70 x ( 5 x 2 − 4 )
6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 56

 d

= ( 8 x + 3)
6
y
u= 8x + 3 y=u6
du dy
= 8= 6u 5
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
8 × 6 ( 8 x + 3)
=
5

= 48 ( 8 x + 3)
5

y= (1 − x )
5

u= 1− x y= u5
du dy
=−1 = 5u 4
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
=−1× 5 (1 − x )
4

−5 (1 − x )
=
4

=y 3(5x + 9)
9

u= 5x + 9 y=3u 9
du dy
= 5= 27u 8
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
5 × 27 ( 5 x + 9 )
=
8

= 135 ( 5 x + 9 )
8

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 57

 g

y 2 ( x − 4)
=
2

u=
x−4 y=
2u 2
du dy
= 1= 4u
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
=1× 4 ( x − 4 )
= 4 ( x − 4)

( 2x + 3x )
4
=y 3

u= 2 x3 + 3x y=u4
du dy
= 6x2 + 3 =
4u 3
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
( 6 x + 3) × 4 ( 2 x + 3 x )
3
= 2 3

=4 ( 6 x + 3)( 2 x + 3 x )
2 3 3

(x + 5 x − 1)
8
y= 2

u = x2 + 5x −1 y = u8
du dy
= 2x + 5 = 8u 7
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
( 2 x + 5) × 8 ( x 2 + 5 x − 1)
7
=

= 8 ( 2 x + 5 ) ( x 2 + 5 x − 1)
7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 58

 j

y = ( x 6 − 2 x 2 + 3)
8

u =x 6 − 2 x 2 + 3 y =u 6
du dy
= 6 x5 − 4 x = 6u 5
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
( 6 x − 4 x ) × 6 ( x − 2 x + 3)
5
= 5 6 2

6 ( 6 x − 4 x )( x − 2 x + 3)
5
= 5 6 2

12 x ( 3 x − 2 )( x − 2 x + 3)
5
= 4 6 2

k
1
=
y ( 3x − 1) 2
1
u=
3x − 1 y=
u2
du dy 1 − 12
= 3= u
dx du 2
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
1
3 × ( 3 x − 1) 2
−
=
2
3
=
2 3x − 1

(4 − x)
−2
=
y
u= 4− x y= u −2
du dy
=−1 = −2u −3
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
=−1× ( −2 )( 4 − x )
−3

= 2(4 − x)
−3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 59

 m

(x − 9)
−3
=
y 2

u= x2 − 9 y= u −3
du dy
= 2x = −3u −4
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
= 2 x × ( −3) ( x 2 − 9 )
−4

−6 x ( x 2 − 9 )
−4
=

n
1
=
y (5x + 4)3
1
u=
5x + 4 y=
u3
du dy 1 − 2
= 5= u 3
dx du 3
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
2
1
5 × (5x + 4) 3
−
=
3
2
5
= (5x + 4) 3
−

o
3
y = ( x3 − 7 x 2 + x ) 4
3
u =x 3 − 7 x 2 + x y =u 4
du dy 3 − 14
= 3 x 2 − 14 x + 1 = u
dx du 4
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1

( 3x − 14 x + 1) × (
3 3
x − 7 x2 + x ) 4
−
= 2

4
1
3
( )( )
−
= 3 x 2
− 14 x + 1 x 3
− 7 x 2
+ x 4
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 60

 p

=y 3x + 4
1
=
y ( 3x + 4 ) 2
1
u=
3x + 4 y=
u2
du dy 1 − 12
= 3= u
dx du 2
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
1
3 × ( 3x + 4 ) 2
−
=
2
3
=
2 3x + 4

1
y=
5x − 2
(5x − 2)
−1
=
y
u=
5x − 2 u −1
y=
du dy
= 5 = −u −2
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
= 5 × ( −1)( 5 x − 2 )
−2

−5 ( 5 x − 2 )
−2
=
−5
=
(5x − 2)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 61

r

1
y=
(x + 1)
2 4

(x + 1)
−4
=
y 2

u= x2 + 1 y= u −4
du dy
= 2x = −4u −5
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
= 2 x × ( −4 ) ( x 2 + 1)
−5

−8 x ( x 2 + 1)
−5
=
−8 x
=
(x + 1)
2 5

= ( 7 − 3x )
3 2
y
2
=
y ( 7 − 3x ) 3
2
u=
7 − 3x y=
u 3

du dy 2 − 13
= −3 = u
dx du 3
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
2
=−3 × ( 7 − 3 x ) 3
−

3
1
−2 ( 7 − 3 x )
−
= 3

−2
= 3
7 − 3x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 62

t

5
y=
4+ x
1
(4 + x)
−
=
y 2

1
−
u=
4+ x y=
5u 2
du dy 5 −3
=1 = − u 2
dx du 2
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
 5 3
= 1×  −  ( 4 + x ) 2
−

 2
−5
=
2 (4 + x)
3

1
y=
2 3x − 1
1
1
( 3x − 1) 2
−
=y
2
1 − 12
u=
3x − 1 y= u
2
du dy 1 −3
= 3 = − u 2
dx du 4
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
 1 3
= 3 ×  −  ( 3 x − 1) 2
−

 4
−3
=
4 ( 3 x − 1)
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 63

v

3
y=
4( 2x + 7)
9

( 2x + 7)
−9
=
y
3 −9
u=
2x + 7 y= u
4
du dy 27
= 2 = − u −10
dx du 4
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
 27 
= 2 ×  −  ( 2x + 7)
−10

 4 
27
− ( 2x + 7)
−10
=
2
−27
=
2( 2x + 7)
10

1
y=
x − 3x3 + 3x
4

y = ( x 4 − 3x3 + 3x )
−1

u =x 4 − 3 x 3 + 3 x y =u −1
du dy
= 4 x3 − 9 x 2 + 3 = −u −2
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
( 4 x − 9 x + 3) × ( −1) ( x − 3x + 3x )
−2
= 3 2 4 3

− ( 4 x − 9 x + 3)( x − 3 x + 3 x )
−2
= 3 2 4 3

4 x3 − 9 x 2 + 3
= −
(x − 3x3 + 3x )
4 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 64

 x

= ( 4 x + 1)
3 4
y
4
=
y ( 4 x + 1) 3
4
u=
4x +1 y=
u 3

du dy 4 13
= 4= u
dx du 3
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
4
=4 × ( 4 x + 1) 3
3
1
16
= ( 4 x + 1) 3
3
16 3
= 4x +1
3

1
y=
(7 − x)
5
4

5
(7 − x)
−
=
y 4

5
−
u=
7−x y=
u 4

du dy 5 − 94
= −1 =
− u
dx du 4
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
 5 9
=−1×  −  ( 7 − x ) 4
−

 4
5
=
4 4 (7 − x)
9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 65

 Question 2

= ( 3x − 2 )
3
y
u= 3x − 2 y=u3
du dy
3= 3u 2
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
3 × 3 ( 3x − 2 )
=
2

= 9 ( 3x − 2 )
2

dy
(1)= 9 ( 3(1) − 2 )= 9
2

dx
m=9

Question 3

( x) 2 ( x 2 − 3)
5
f=

y 2 ( x 2 − 3)
5
=
u= x2 − 3 y= 2u 5
du dy
2=
x 10u 4
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
2 x ×10 ( x 2 − 3)
4
=

= 20 x ( x 2 − 3)
4

f ′( x) 20 x ( x 2 − 3)
4
=

f ′(2) 20(2) ( (2)= − 3) 40

4
= 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 66

Question 4

=
y x −3
1
=
y ( x − 3) 2
1
u=
x −3 y=
u2
du dy 1 − 12
1= u
dx du 2
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
1
1× ( x − 3 ) 2
−
=
2
1
=
2 x −3
dy 1
=
dx 2
1 1
=
2 2 x −3
2 x −3 =2
x −3 =
1
x −3 =
1
x=4
y ( 4 )= 4 − 3= 1
N = ( 4, 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 67

Question 5

1
f ( x) =
4x −1
1
y=
4x −1
( 4 x − 1)
−1
=
y
u= 4x −1 y= u −1
du dy
= 4 = −u −2
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
= 4 × ( −1)( 4 x − 1)
−2

−4 ( 4 x − 1)
−2
=
−4
=
( 4 x − 1)
2

−4
f ′( x) =
( 4 x − 1)
2

−4
f ′( x) =
49
−4 −4
=
49 ( 4 x − 1)2

( 4 x − 1) =
2
49
4 x − 1 =±7
4 x − 1 =7
4x = 8
x=2
4 x − 1 =−7
4 x = −6
3
x= −
2
3
x= − ,2
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 68

 Question 6

= ( 2 x + 1)
4
y
u= 2x +1 y= u4
du dy
2= 4u 3
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
2 × 4 ( 2 x + 1)
=
3

= 8 ( 2 x + 1)
3

dy
(−1) =8 ( 2(−1) + 1) =−8
3

dx
m = −8
y (−1) = ( 2(−1) + 1) = 1
4

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 1 = –8(x + 1)

y – 1 = –8x – 8

8x + y + 7 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 69

 Question 7

= ( 2 x − 1)
8
y
u= 2x −1 y= u8
du dy
2= 8u 7
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
2 × 8 ( 2 x − 1)
=
7

= 16 ( 2 x − 1)
7

dy
(1) 16 ( 2(1) − =
= 1) 16
7

dx
m = 16

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 1 = 16(x – 1)

y – 1 = 16x – 16

16x – y – 15 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 70

 Question 8

= ( 3x − 4 )
3
y
u= 3x − 4 y= u3
du dy
3= 3u 2
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
3 × 3 ( 3x − 4 )
=
2

= 9 ( 3x − 4 )
2

dy
(1)= 9 ( 3(1) − 4 )= 9
2

dx
mt = 9
1
mn = −
9

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
1
y + 1 =− ( x − 1)
9
9 y + 9 =− x + 1
9y +8+ x = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 71

 Question 9

(x + 1)
4
=
y 2

u=
x2 + 1 y=
u4
du dy
2=
x 4u 3
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
2 x × 4 ( x 2 + 1)
3
=

= 8 x ( x 2 + 1)
3

(1) 8(1) ( (1) 2 +=

1) 64
dy 3
=
dx
mt = 64
1
mn = −
64

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
1
y − 16 = − ( x − 1)
64
64 y − 1024 =− x + 1
x + 64 y − 1025 =0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 72

Question 10

1
( 2 x + 3)
−1
a f(x) = =
2x + 3

f ′ (x) = –1(2x + 3)–2 × 2

−2
=
( 2 x + 3)
2

1 1
f(–1) = = =1 (–1, 1)
2 ( −1) + 3 1

−2 −2
f ′ (–1) = = = –2
 2 ( −1) + 3
2
12

Equation of tangent

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
y − 1 = −2 ( x − −1)
−2 ( x + 1)
=
= −2 x − 2
2 x + y + 1 =0

−1
b Gradient of normal = =2
−2

Equation of normal

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
1
y=
−1 ( x − −1)
2
2 ( y − 1) = x + 1
2 y − 2 = x +1
0 =x − 2 y + 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 73

 Exercise 6.08 Product rule

Question 1

=y x 3 ( 2 x + 3)
=
u x3 =
v 2x + 3
=u′ 3=
x2 v′ 2

y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 3 x 2 × ( 2 x + 3) + 2 × x 3
2 x 3 + 3 x 2 ( 2 x + 3)
=
= x 2 ( 2 x + 3[ 2 x + 3])
= x2 ( 2x + 6x + 9)
= x2 (8x + 9 )
= 8 x3 + 9 x 2

( 3x − 2 )( 2 x + 1)
y=
u= 3x − 2 v= 2x +1
=u′ 3= v′ 2
y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 3 × ( 2 x + 1) + 2 × ( 3 x − 2 )
= 6x + 3 + 6x − 4
= 12 x − 1

=y 3x ( 5 x + 7 )
=
u 3x =
v 5x + 7
=u′ 3= v′ 5
y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 3× ( 5 x + 7 ) + 5 × 3 x
= 15 x + 21 +15 x
= 30 x + 21

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 74

 d

=y 4 x 4 ( 3 x 2 − 1)
=
u 4x4 =
v 3x 2 − 1
=u′ 16
= x3 v′ 6 x
y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 16 x 3 × ( 3 x 2 − 1) + 6 x × 4 x 4
= 48 x 5 − 16 x3 + 24 x5
= 72 x 5 − 16 x3

=y 2 x ( 3 x 4 − 1)
=
u 2x =
v 3x 4 − x
u′ 2
= v′ 12 x 3 − 1
=
y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 2 × ( 3 x 4 − x ) + (12 x 3 − 1) × 2 x
= 6 x 4 − 2 x + 24 x 4 − 2 x
= 30 x 4 − 4 x

=y x 2 ( x + 1)
3

u= x 2 = ( x + 1)
3
v
u′ 2 x
= v′
= 3 ( x + 1)
2

y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 2 x × ( x + 1) + 3 ( x + 1) × x 2
3 2

= ( x + 1) ( 2 x ( x + 1) + 3 x 2 )
2

=( x +1) ( 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3 x 2 )
2

( x + 1) ( 5 x 2 + 2 x )
=
2

=x ( x + 1) ( 5 x + 2 )
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 75

g

=y 4 x ( 3x − 2 )
5

= = ( 3x − 2 )
5
u 4x
=u′ 4 =v′ 15 ( 3 x − 2 )
4

y′ u′v + v′u
=
=4 × ( 3 x − 2 ) +15 ( 3 x − 2 ) × 4 x
5 4

= 4 ( 3 x − 2 ) + 60 x ( 3 x − 2 )
5 4

( 3x − 2 ) ( 4 ( 3x − 2 ) + 60 x )
=
4

= ( 3 x − 2 ) (12 x − 8 + 60 x )
4

=( 72 x − 8 )( 3 x − 2 )
4

=8 ( 9 x − 1)( 3 x − 2 )
4

=y 3x 4 ( 4 − x )
3

u= 3 x 4 = (4 − x)
3
v
u′ = v′ =−3 ( 4 − x )
2
12 x 3
y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 12 x 3 × ( 4 − x ) + − 3 ( 4 − x ) × 3 x 4
3 2

= 12 x 3 ( 4 − x ) − 9 x 4 ( 4 − x )
3 2

= 3x3 ( 4 − x ) ( 4 ( 4 − x ) − 3x )
2

= 3 x 3 ( 4 − x ) (16 − 4 x − 3 x )
2

= 3 x 3 (16 − 7 x )( 4 − x )
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 76

 i

( x 1)( 2 x + 5)
y =+
4

u=
x +1 ( 2 x + 5)
v=
4

u′ 1
= =v′ 8 ( 2 x + 5 )
3

y′ u′v + v′u
=
=1 × ( 2 x + 5 ) + 8 ( 2 x + 5 ) × ( x +1)
4 3

= ( 2 x + 5 ) + 8 ( x + 1)( 2 x + 5 )
4 3

= ( 2 x + 5) ([ 2 x + 5] + 8[ x +1])
3

= ( 2 x + 5) ( 2 x + 5 + 8x + 8)
3

=(10 x + 13)( 2 x + 5)
3

Question 2

=y 2 x ( 3x − 2 )
4

= = ( 3x − 2 )
4
u 2x v
=u′ 2 =v′ 12 ( 3 x − 2 )
3

y′ u′v + v′u
=
=2 × ( 3 x − 2 ) +12 ( 3 x − 2 ) × 2 x
4 3

= 2 ( 3 x − 2 ) + 24 x ( 3 x − 2 )
4 3

= ( 3x − 2 ) ( 2 ( 3x − 2 ) + 24 x )
3

= ( 3 x − 2 ) ( 6 x − 4 + 24 x )
4

=( 30 x − 4 )( 3 x − 2 )
4

) ( 30 (1) − 4 ) ( 3 (1) − 2 )=
y′ (1=
4
26

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 77

 Question 3

f ( x) =( 2 x + 3)( 3x − 1)
5

y=( 2 x + 3)( 3x − 1)
4

u=
2x + 3 ( 3x − 1)
v=
5

=u′ 2 =v′ 15 ( 3 x − 1)
4

y′ u′v + v′u
=
=2 × ( 3 x − 1) +15 ( 3 x − 1) × ( 2 x + 3)
5 4

= ( 3x − 1) ( 2 [3x −1] +15[ 2 x + 3])

4

= ( 3 x − 1) ( 6 x − 2 + 30 x + 45 )
4

=−( 3x 1) ( 36 x + 43)
4

f ′( x) =−( 3x 1) ( 36 x + 43)
4

f ′(1) = ( 3(1) − 1) ( 36(1) + 43) = 1264

4

Question 4

=y x 2x + 5
1
=y x ( 2 x + 5) 2
1
=
u x =
v ( 2 x + 5) 2
1 1
1
( 2 x + 5) 2 × 2= ( 2 x + 5)
− −
u′= 1 v′= 2
2
y′ u′v + v′u
=
1 1
1 ( 2 x + 5) 2 + ( 2 x + 5) 2 × x
−
=×
x
= 2x + 5 +
2x + 5
1
y′ (=
1) + 2(1) + 5
2(1) + 5
1
= + 7
7
7 7 7
= +
7 7
8 7
=
7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 78

 Question 5

x =( 2t − 5 )( t + 1)
3

u=
2t − 5 ( t + 1)
v=
3

u′ 2
= v′ 3 ( t + 1)
=
2

x′ u′v + v′u
=
= 2 × ( t + 1) + 3 ( t + 1) × ( 2t − 5 )
3 2

= ( t + 1) ( 2 [t +1] + 3[ 2t − 5])
2

= ( t + 1) ( 2t + 2 + 6t −15 )
2

( t + 1) (8t − 13)
=
2

x′ ( 3) = ( ( 3) + 1) (8 ( 3) − 13) =
2
176

Question 6

=y x 2 ( 2 x − 1)
4

= = ( 2 x − 1)
4
u x2 v
u′ 2 x
= =v′ 8 ( 2 x − 1)
3

y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 2 x × ( 2 x − 1) + 8 ( 2 x − 1) × x 2
4 3

= ( 2 x ( 2 x −1) + 8 x )
( 2 x − 1)
3 2

= ( 2 x − 1) ( 4 x − 2 x + 8 x )
3 2 2

=−( 2 x 1) (12 x − 2 x )
3 2

= 2 x ( 2 x − 1) ( 6 x − 1)
3

y′ (1) 2 (1) ( 2 (1) − 1) ( 6 (=

1) − 1) 10
3
=
m = 10

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 1 = 10(x – 1)

y – 1 = 10x – 10

10x – y – 9 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 79

Question 7

( t 1) ( t − 1)
h =+
2 7

( t + 1)
u= ( t − 1)
v=
2 7

2 ( t + 1)
u′ = 7 ( t − 1)
v′ =
6

h′ u′v + v′u
=
= 2 ( t + 1) × ( t − 1) + 7 ( t − 1) × ( t + 1)
7 6 2

= ( t + 1)( t − 1) ( 2 [t −1] + 7 [t +1])

6

= ( t − 1) ( t + 1)( 2t − 2 + 7t + 7 )
6

( t 1) ( t + 1)( 9t + 5)
=−
6

h′ ( 2 )= ( ( 2 ) − 1) ( ( 2 ) + 1) ( 9 ( 2 ) + 5)=
6
69
m = 69

h − h1= m ( t − t1 )

h – 9 = 69(t – 2)

h – 9 = 69t – 138

69t – h – 129 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 80

 Question 8

=y 2 x ( x + 3)
2

u= 2 x = ( x + 3)
2
v
u′ 2
= v′
= 2 ( x + 3)
y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 2 × ( x + 3) + 2 ( x + 3) × 2 x
2

= 2 ( x + 3) + 4 x ( x + 3)
2

= 2 x 2 + 12 x + 18 + 4 x 2 + 12 x
= 6 x 2 + 24 x + 18
y′ (1) = 14
14 = 6 x 2 + 24 x + 18
6 x 2 + 24 x + 4 =0
3 x 2 + 12 x + 2 =0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
−12 ± 122 − 4 × 3 × 2
=
2×3
−12 ± 120
=
6
−12 ± 2 30
=
6
−6 ± 30
=
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 81

 Question 9

f ( x) =( 4 x − 1)( 3 x + 2 )
2

y =( 4 x − 1)( 3 x + 2 )
2

u=
4x −1 ( 3x + 2 )
v=
2

u′ 4
= =v′ 6 ( 3 x + 2 )
y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 4 × ( 3 x + 2 ) + 6 ( 3 x + 2 ) × ( 4 x − 1)
2

= 4 ( 3 x + 2 ) + 6 ( 4 x − 1)( 3 x + 2 )
2

= 2 ( 3 x + 2 )  2 ( 3 x + 2 ) + 3 ( 4 x −1) 
= 2 ( 3 x + 2 )( 6 x + 4 +12 x − 3)
2 ( 3 x + 2 )(18 x +1)
=
f ( −1) =( 4 ( −1) − 1) ( 3 ( −1) + 2 ) =−5
2

) 2 ( 3 ( −1) + 2 ) (18 ( −1) +1=) 34

f ′ ( −1=
m = 34

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y + 5 = 34(x + 1)

y + 5 = 34x + 34

34x – y + 29 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 82

 Exercise 6.09 Quotient rule

Question 1

1
y=
2x −1
=
u 1 =
v 2x −1
=u′ 0= v′ 2
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
0 × ( 2 x − 1) − 2 ×1
=
( 2 x − 1)
2

−2
=
( 2 x − 1)
2

3x
y=
x+5
u= 3 x v= x + 5
=u′ 3= v′ 1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
3 × ( x + 5 ) − 1× 3 x
=
( x + 5)
2

3 x + 15 − 3 x
=
( x + 5)
2

15
=
( x + 5)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 83

 c

x3
y=
x2 − 4
u= x 3 =
v x2 − 4
=u′ 3= x2 v′ 2 x
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
3x 2 × ( x 2 − 4 ) − 2 x × x3
=
( x2 − 4)
2

3 x 4 − 12 x 2 − 2 x 4
=
(x − 4)
2 2

x 4 − 12 x 2
=
( x − 4)
2 2

x ( x − 12 )
2 2

=
( x − 4) 2 2

x −3
y=
5x + 1
u= x −3 v= 5x + 1
=u′ 1= v′ 5
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1× ( 5 x + 1) − 5 × ( x − 3)
=
( 5 x + 1)
2

5 x + 1 − 5 x + 15
=
( 5 x + 1)
2

16
=
( 5 x + 1)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 84

 e

x−7
y=
x2
u= x−7 v= x2
=u′ 1= v′ 2 x
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1× x 2 − 2 x × ( x − 7 )
=
( x2 )
2

x 2 − 2 x 2 + 14 x
=
x4
14 x − x 2
=
x4
14 − x
=
x3

5x + 4
y=
x+3
u= 5x + 4 v= x+3
=u′ 5= v′ 1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
5 × ( x + 3) − 1× ( 5 x + 4 )
=
( x + 3)
2

5 x + 15 − 5 x − 4
=
( x + 3)
2

11
=
( x + 3)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 85

 g

x
y=
2x −1 2

=
u x =
v 2 x2 −1
=u′ 1= v′ 4 x
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1× ( 2 x 2 − 1) − 4 x × x
=
( 2 x 2 − 1)
2

2 x2 −1 − 4 x2
=
( 2x − 1)
2 2

−1 − 2 x 2
=
( 2x − 1)
2 2

x+4
y=
x−2
u= x+4 v= x−2
=u′ 1= v′ 1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1× ( x − 2 ) − 1× ( x + 4 )
=
( x − 2)
2

x − 2− x− 4
=
( x − 2)
2

−6
=
( x − 2)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 86

 i

2x + 7
y=
4x − 3
u= 2x + 7 v= 4x − 3
=u′ 2= v′ 4
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
2 × ( 4 x − 3) − 4 × ( 2 x + 7 )
=
( 4 x − 3)
2

8 x − 6 − 8 x − 28
=
( 4 x − 3)
2

−34
=
( 4 x − 3)
2

x+5
y=
3x + 1
u= x+5 v= 3x + 1
=u′ 1= v′ 3
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1× ( 3 x + 1) − 3× ( x + 5 )
=
( 3x + 1)
2

3 x + 1 − 3 x − 15
=
( 3x + 1)
2

−14
=
( 3x + 1)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 87

 k

x +1
y=
3x 2 − 7
u= x +1 v= 3x 2 − 7
=u′ 1= v′ 6 x
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1× ( 3 x 2 − 7 ) − 6 x × ( x + 1)
=
( 3x 2 − 7 )
2

3x 2 − 7 − 6 x 2 − 6 x
=
( 3x − 7)
2 2

−3 x 2 − 6 x − 7
=
( 3x − 7)
2 2

2x2
y=
2x − 3
=
u 2x2 =v 2x − 3
=u′ 4= x v′ 2
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
4 x × ( 2 x − 3) − 2 × 2 x 2
=
( 2 x − 3)
2

8 x 2 − 12 x − 4 x 2
=
( 2 x − 3)
2

4 x 2 − 12 x
=
( 2 x − 3)
2

4 x ( x − 3)
=
( 2 x − 3)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 88

 m

x2 + 4
y=
x2 − 5
u= x2 + 4 v= x2 − 5
u′ 2=x v′ 2 x
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
2 x × ( x 2 − 5) − 2 x × ( x 2 + 4 )
=
(x − 5)
2 2

2x ( x2 − 5 − x2 − 4)
=
(x − 5)
2 2

−18 x
=
(x − 5)
2 2

x3
y=
x+4
u= x 3 v= x + 4
=u′ 3= x 2
v′ 1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
3 x 2 × ( x + 4 ) − 1× x3
=
( x + 4)
2

3 x3 + 12 x 2 − x3
=
( x + 4)
2

2 x3 + 12 x 2
=
( x + 4)
2

2x2 ( x + 6)
=
( x + 4)
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 89

o

x3 + 2 x − 1
y=
x+3
u =x + 2 x − 1
3
v =x + 3
u′ = 3x + 2
2
v′ = 1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2

=
( 3 x 2 + 2 ) × ( x + 3) − 1× ( x 3 + 2 x − 1)
( x + 3)
2

3x3 + 9 x 2 + 2 x + 6 − x3 − 2 x + 1
=
( x + 3)
2

2 x3 + 9 x 2 + 7
=
( x + 3)
2

x2 − 2x −1
y=
3x + 4
u = x − 2x −1
2
v = 3x + 4
u′ = 2x − 2 v′ = 3
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
( 2 x − 2 ) × ( 3x + 4 ) − 3× ( x 2 − 2 x − 1)
=
( 3x + 4 )
2

6 x 2 + 2 x − 8 − 3x 2 + 6 x + 3
=
( 3x + 4 )
2

3x 2 + 8 x − 5
=
( 3x + 4 )
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 90

 q

2x
y= 1
( x + 5) 2
1
u= 2 x =
v ( x + 5) 2
1
=u′ 2=v′
2 x+5
1
Determining v′: let =
y ( x + 5) 2
1
u=
x+5 y=
u 2

du dy 1 − 12
= 1= u
dx du 2
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
1
1× ( x + 5 ) 2
−
=
2
1
=
2 x+5
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1
1
2× ( x + 5) 2 − × 2x
= 2 x + 5
( x + 5)
1 1
2 ( x + 5) 2 − x ( x + 5)
−
2
=
x+5

Can further be simplified by

2× ( x + 5) x
1 − 1

=
( x + 5) ( x + 5) 2
2

( x + 5)
2 x + 10 − x
1

=
( x + 5) 2
( x + 5)
x + 10
= 3
( x + 5) 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 91

r

x −1
y=
( 7 x + 2)
4

u=
x −1 ( 7 x + 2)
v=
4

=u′ 1 =v′ 28 ( 7 x + 2 )
3

u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1× ( 7 x + 2 ) − 28 ( 7 x + 2 ) × ( x −1)
4 3

=
(( 7 x + 2) )
4 2

( 7 x + 2 − 28 x + 28)( 7 x + 2 )
3

=
( 7 x + 2)
8

30 − 21x
=
( 7 x + 2)
5

3 (10 − 7 x )
=
( 7 x + 2)
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 92

 s

3x + 1
y=
x +1
3x + 1
y= 1
( x + 1) 2
1
u=
3x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
v=
1
=u′ 3=v′
2 x +1
1
Determining v ': let =
y ( x + 1) 2
1
u=
x +1 y=
u2
du dy 1 − 12
= 1= u
dx du 2
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
1
1× ( x + 1) 2
−
=
2
1
=
2 x +1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1
1
3× ( x + 1) 2 − × ( 3 x +1)
= 2 x + 1
( x + 1)
6 × ( x + 1) 3x + 1
1 − 1
2 ( x + 1) 2 2 ( x + 1) 2
=
( x + 1)
6 x + 6 − 3x − 1
1
2 ( x + 1) 2
=
( x + 1)
3x + 5
= 3
2 ( x + 1) 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 93

 t

x −1
y=
2x − 3
1

y=
( x − 1) 2
2x − 3
1
( x − 1) 2
u= v=
2x − 3
1
=u′ = 1
v′ 2
2 ( x − 1) 2
1
Determining u′ : let =
y ( x − 1) 2
1
u=
x −1 y=
u2
du dy 1 − 12
= 1= u
dx du 2
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
1
1× ( x − 1) 2
−
=
2
1
=
2 x −1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1
1
1 × ( 2 x − 3 ) − 2 × ( x − 1) 2

2 ( x − 1) 2
=
( 2 x − 3)
2

2x − 3 4x − 4
1 − 1
2 ( x − 1) 2 2 ( x − 1) 2
=
( 2 x − 3)
2

1− 2x
= 1
2 ( 2 x − 3) ( x − 1) 2
2

1− 2x
=
2 ( 2 x − 3) x −1
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 94

Question 2

2x
y=
3x + 1
=
u 2x =
v 3x + 1
u′ 2= v′ 3
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
2 × ( 3 x + 1) − 3× 2 x
=
( 3x + 1)
2

6x + 2 − 6x
=
( 3x + 1)
2

2
=
( 3x + 1)
2

2 2 1
y′ (1=
) = =
( 3 (1) + 1) 16 8
2

Question 3

4x + 5
f ( x) =
2x −1
4x + 5
y=
2x −1
u= 4x + 5 v= 2x −1
u′ 4= v′ 2
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
4 × ( 2 x − 1) − 2 × ( 4 x + 5 )
=
( 2 x − 1)
2

8 x − 4 − 8 x − 10
=
( 2 x − 1)
2

−14
=
( 2 x − 1)
2

−14
f ′( x) =
( 2 x − 1)
2

−14 14
f ′( 2) = = −
( 2 ( 2 ) − 1)
2
9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 95

Question 4

4x −1
y=
2x −1
u= 4x −1 v= 2x −1
u′ 4= v′ 2
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
4 × ( 2 x − 1) − 2 × ( 4 x − 1)
=
( 2 x − 1)
2

8x − 4 − 8x + 2
=
( 2 x − 1)
2

−2
=
( 2 x − 1)
2

y′ ( x ) = −2
−2
−2 =
( 2 x − 1)
2

= ( 2 x − 1)
2
1
2 x − 1 =±1
2x = 1±1
x = 0, 1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 96

Question 5

2x
f ( x) =
x+3
2x
y=
x+3
u= 2 x v= x + 3
u′ 2= v′ 1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
2 × ( x + 3) − 1× 2 x
=
( x + 3)
2

2x + 6 − 2x
=
( x + 3)
2

6
=
( x + 3)
2

6
f ′( x) =
( x + 3)
2

1
f ′( x) =
6
1 6
=
6 ( x + 3)2

( x + 3) =
2
36
x + 3 =±6
x =−3 ± 6
x = −9, 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 97

 Question 6

x
y=
x+2
u= x v= x + 2
u′ 1= v′ 1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
1× ( x + 2 ) − 1× ( x )
=
( x + 2)
2

2
=
( x − 2)
2

2 1
y′ ( 4 )
= =
( 4 − 2 ) 18
2

1
m=
18
y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
2 1
y−= ( x − 4)
3 18
18 y − 12 =x − 4
x − 18 y + 8 =0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 98

 Question 7

x2 −1
y=
x+3
u= x2 −1 v= x+3
u′ 2= x v′ 1
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
2 x × ( x + 3) − 1× ( x 2 − 1)
=
( x + 3)
2

2 x2 + 6 x − x2 + 1
=
( x + 3)
2

x2 + 6x + 1
=
( x + 3)
2

( 2) + 6 ( 2) + 1
2
17
=y′ ( 2 ) =
( ( 2 ) + 3)
2
25
17
m=
25
( 2) −1 3
2

y ( 2) =
=
( 2) + 3 5
y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
3 17
y −= ( x − 2)
5 25
25 y − 15 = 17 x − 34
17 x − 25 y − 19 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 99

Exercise 6.10 Rates of change

Question 1

=
h 20t − 4t 2
dh
= 20 − 8t
dt

D = 5t 3 + 2t 2 + 1
dD
= 15t 2 + 4t
dt

=
A 16 x − 2 x 2
dA
= 16 − 4 x
dx

x = 3t 5 − t 4 + 2t − 3
dx
= 15t 4 − 4t 3 + 2
dt

4 3
V= πr
3
dV
= 4πr 2
dr

50
=
S 2πr +
r2
S 2πr + 50r −2
=
dS
= 2π +50 × ( −2 ) r −2 −1
dr
dS
= 2π − 100r −3
dr
dS 100
= 2π − 3
dr r

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 100

 g

=
D x2 − 4
1
u=
x −4 2
D=
u 2

du dD 1 − 12
= 2= x u
dx du 2
dD du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
2 x × ( x2 − 4) 2
1 −
=
2
x
=
x2 − 4

400
=S 800r +
r
=S 800r + 400r −1
dS
= 800 + 400 × ( −1) r −1−1
dr
dS
= 800 − 400r −2
dr
dS 400
= 800 − 2
dr r

Question 2

a h(3) = 33 – 7(3) + 5 = 27 – 21 + 5 = 11

h(4) = 43 – 7(4) + 5 = 64 – 28 + 5 = 41

41 − 11 30
Average rate of change = = = 30
4−3 1

h = t 3 − 7t + 5
dh
= 3t 2 − 7
dt
dh
(=3) 3 ( 3) −=
2
7 20
dt

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 101

Question 3

V= t 2 + 3t
dV
= 2t + 3
dt
dV
( 5=) 2 ( 5) +=3 13 L/s
dt

Question 4

a i M(1) = 1 – 2(1)2 + 100 = 99

M(3) = 3 – 2(3)2 + 100 = 85

85 − 99 −14
Average rate of change = = = –7 g/min
3 −1 2

ii M(2) = 2 – 2(2)2 + 100 = 94

M(5) = 5 – 2(5)2 + 100 = 55

55 − 94 −39
Average rate of change = = = –13 g/min
5−2 3

M =−
t 2t 2 + 100
dM
= 1 − 4t
dt
dM
( 5) =1 − 4 ( 5) =
−19
dt

The ice block will be melting at 19 g/min.

Question 5

S = t 3 − t 2 + 5t + 1
dS
= 3t 2 − 2t + 5
dt
dS
(=8) 3(8) − 2 (8) + =5 181 cm 2s −1
2

dt

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 102

Question 6

=
A 4t 2 + t
dA
= 8t + 1
dt
dA
( 5=) 8 ( 5) +=1 41 cm 2 / min
dt

Question 7

d = 10t2 + 5t + 11

a i d0 = 11 km

ii d(3) = 10(3)2 + 5(3) + 11 = 116 km

iii d(5) = 10(5)2 + 5(5) + 11 = 286 km

dd
b =
v = 20t + 5
dt

i v(3) = 20(3) + 5 = 65 km/h

ii v(5) = 20(5) + 5 = 105 km/h

Question 8

P = 100V–1

dP
= −100V −2
dV
dP
( 20 ) = −100 ( 20 )
−2

dV
−100
=
400
1
= −
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 103

Question 9

dx
a v = = 3t 2 − 9
dt

v(3) = 3(32) – 9 = 18 cm s–1

dv
b a= = 6t
dt

a(2) = 6(2) = 12 cm s–2

c x(0) = 03 – 9(0) = 0

So when t = 0 (initially), x = 0 (at the origin).

Other times at the origin:

0 = t3 – 9t

0 = t(t2 – 9)

0 = t(t + 3)(t – 3)

t = 0, –3, 3

t = 3 s (t > 0)

d 6t = 30

t=5s

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 104

Question 10

ds
a v= = 4t − 8
dt

v(0) = 4(0) – 8 = –8 m s–1

dv
b a= = 4 , a constant
dt

Acceleration is 4 m s–2.

c s(5) = 2(5)2 – 8(5) + 3 = 13 m

d v=0

4t – 8 = 0

4t = 8

t=2s

e s(2) = 2(2)2 – 8(2) + 3

= –5 m

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 105

 Test yourself 6

Question 1

d  2 −4  2 8
 x  = × ( −4 ) x
−4 − 1
=− 5
dx  3  3 3x

Question 2

=y 3x ( x3 − 5)
u= 3 x =
v x3 − 5
=u′ 3= v′ 3 x 2
y′ u′v + v′u
=
=3 × ( x 3 − 5 ) + 3 x 2 × 3 x
= 3 x 3 − 15 + 9 x 3
= 12 x 3 − 15

Question 3

Question 4

B, C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 106

 Question 5

Question 6

y = 5 x 2 − 3x + 2
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
y′ = lim
h →0 h
5 ( x + h ) − 3 ( x + h ) + 2 − ( 5 x 2 − 3x + 2 )
2

= lim
h →0 h
5 x + 10 xh + 5h − 3 x − 3h + 2 − 5 x 2 + 3 x − 2
2 2
= lim
h →0 h
10 xh + 5h − 3h
2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim (10 x + 5h − 3)
h →0

= 10 x − 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 107

Question 7

d
dx
( 7 x 6 − 3x3 + x 2 − 8 x − 4 )
= 7 × 6 x 6 − 1 − 3 × 3 x 3 − 1 +1× 2 x 2 − 1 − 8 x1 − 1
= 42 x 5 − 9 x 2 + 2 x − 8

b
d
dx
( 3 x −4 ) =3 × ( −4 ) x −4 − 1 = − 12 x −5

2
y=
( x + 1)
4

y 2 ( x + 1)
−4
=
y′ = 2 × ( −4 )( x + 1) ×1
−4 − 1

− 8 ( x + 1)
−5
=
8
= −
( x + 1)
5

y = x2 x
5
=x 2

5 32
y′ = x
2
5x x
=
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 108

 e

y = ( x2 + 4x − 2)
9

u = x2 + 4x − 2 y = u9
du dy
= 2x + 4 = 9u 8
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
( 2x + 4) × 9 ( x2 + 4 x − 2)
8
=

= 9 ( 2 x + 4) ( x2 + 4 x − 2)
8

= 18 ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 x − 2 )
8

3x − 2
y=
2x +1
u= 3x − 2 v= 2x +1
=u′ 3= v′ 2
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
3 × ( 2 x + 1) − 2 × ( 3 x − 2 )
=
( 2 x + 1)
2

6x + 3 − 6x + 4
=
( 2 x + 1)
2

7
=
( 2 x + 1)
2

=y x 3 ( 3 x + 1)
6

= = ( 3x + 1)
6
u x3 v
=u′ 3 x 2 =v′ 18 ( 3 x + 1)
5

y′ u′v + v′u
=
= 3 x 2 × ( 3 x + 1) +18 ( 3 x + 1) × x3
6 5

= 3 x 2 ( 3 x + 1) +18 x3 ( 3 x + 1)
6 5

= 3 x 2 ( 3 x + 1) ( 3 x +1) + 6 x 
5

= 3 x 2 ( 3 x + 1) ( 9 x + 1)
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 109

Question 8

v = 2t 2 − 3t − 4
dv
= 4t − 3
dt

Question 9

y = x3 + 3x 2 + x − 5
y′ = 3 x 2 + 6 x + 1
y′(1)
= 3(1) 2 + 6(1) +=1 10

Question 10

=
h 60t − 3t 2
dh
= 60 − 6t
dt
dh
( 3) = 60 − 18 = 42
dt

Question 11

a Not differentiable at x = –2.

b Not differentiable at x = 1.

c Not differentiable at x = 2.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 110

 Question 12

4
y= = 4 x −1
x
4
y′ =
−4 x −2 =
− 2
x

b
1
f (=
x) =
5
x x5
1 − 54 1
′( x)
f= =x
5 5 5 x4

( x) 2 ( 4 x + 9 )
f=
4

=y 2 ( 4x + 9)
4

u= 4x + 9 y=2u 4
du dy
= 4= 8u 3
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
4 × 8( 4x + 9)
=
3

= 32 ( 4 x + 9 )
3

y =( 3 x + 2 )( x − 1)
3

u=
3x + 2 ( x − 1)
v=
3

u′ 3
= v′ 3 ( x − 1)
=
2

y′ u′v + v′u
=
=3 × ( x − 1) + 3 ( x − 1) × ( 3 x + 2 )
3 2

= 3 ( x − 1) ( x − 1 + 3 x + 2 )
2

3 ( x − 1) ( 4 x + 1)
=
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 111

 e

x3 − 3
y=
2x + 5
u=
x3 − 3 v=
2x + 5
=u′ 3= x 2
v′ 2
u′v − v′u
y′ =
v2
3 x 2 × ( 2 x + 5 ) − 2 × ( x 3 − 3)
=
( 2 x + 5)
2

6 x3 +15 x 2 − 2 x 3 + 6
=
( 2 x + 5)
2

4 x3 + 15 x 2 + 6
=
( 2 x + 5)
2

Question 13

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 112

Question 14

y = x2 + 5x – 3

y ′ = 2x + 5

y ′ (2) = 4 + 5 = 9

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 11 = 9(x – 2)

y – 11 = 9x – 18

9x – y –7 = 0

Question 15

y = x2 – x + 1

y ′ = 2x – 1

y′=3

3 = 2x – 1

2x = 4

x=2

y(2) = 4 – 2 + 1 = 3

(2, 3)

Question 16

S = 4πr 2
dS
= 8πr
dr

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 113

 Question 17

f(x) = x2 – 3x + 1

x=1

f(1) = 12 – 3(1) + 1 = 1 – 3 + 1 = –1

x = 1.1

f(1.1) = (1.1)2 – 3(1.1) + 1 = 1.21 – 3.3 + 1 = –1.09

f (1) − f (1.1)
m=
1 − 1.1
−1 + 1.09
=
1 − 1.1
= −0.9

Question 18

y = 2x3 – 9x2 – 60x + 3

y′ = 6 x 2 − 18 x − 60
=6 ( x − 5 )( x + 2 )
y′ = 0
=0 6 ( x − 5 )( x + 2 )
x = −2, 5
y ( −2 ) = 2 ( −2 ) – 9 ( −2 ) − 60 ( −2 ) + 3 =
3 2
71
( −2,71)
y ( 5 ) = 2 ( 5 ) – 9 ( 5 ) − 60 ( 5 ) + 3 =−272
3 2

( 5, −272 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 114

Question 19

y = x2 + 2x – 5

y ′ = 2x + 2

y′=4

4 = 2x + 2

2x = 2

x=1

y(1) = (1)2 + 2(1) – 5 = 1 + 2 – 5 = –2

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y + 2 = 4(x – 1)

y + 2 = 4x – 4

4x – y – 6 = 0

Question 20

1
=
s ut + at 2
2
ds
= u + at
dt

5= 7 − 10t
10t = 2
1
t=
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 115

Question 21

1 1 −1
=
y = x
3x 3
1 1
y′ =− x −2 =− 2
3 3x
1 1
y=
  = 2
 6  3 1 
 
6
−2
1 1 1 
y′   =
−   = −12
6 3 6 

y − y=
1 mt ( x − x1 )

1
y – 2 = –12(x – )
6

y – 2 = –12x + 2

12x + y – 4 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 116

Question 22

h = 4t – t2

a i h(0) = 0 m

ii h(2) = 4(2) – (2)2 = 8 – 4 = 4 m

iii h(3) = 4(3) – (3)2 = 12 – 9 = 3 m

iv h(3.5) = 4(3.5) – (3.5)2 = 14 – 12.25 = 1.75 m

b i h(1) = 4(1) – 12 = 4 – 1 = 3

h(2) = 4(2) – 22 = 8 – 4 = 4

4−3 1
Average rate of change = = = 1 m s–1
2 −1 1

ii h(2) = 4

h(3) = 4(3) – 32 = 12 – 9 = 3

3− 4 −1
Average rate of change = = = –1 m s–1
3− 2 1

c h′ = 4 – 2t

i h ′ (0) = 4 m/s

ii h ′ (2) = 4 – 2(2) = 0 m/s

iii h ′ (3) = 4 – 2(3) = –2 m/s

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 117

Question 23

f(x) = x2 – 3x + 5

a f(x + h) = (x + h)2 – 3(x + h) + 5

= x2 + 2xh + h2 – 3x – 3h + 5

b f(x + h) – f(x)

= x2 + 2xh + h2 – 3x – 3h + 5 – (x2 – 3x + 5)

= 2xh + h2 – 3h

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
2 xh + h − 3h
2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h − 3)
h →0

= 2x − 3

Question 24

a f(x) = (4x – 3)5

f(1) = (4(1) – 3)5 =1

b f ′ (x) = 20(4x – 3)4

f ′ (1) = 20(4(1) – 3)4 = 20

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 118

 Question 25

f ( x= ( x − 3)
9
)
= ( x − 3)
9
y
u= x−3 y= u9
du dy
1= 9u 8
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
= 9 ( x − 3)
8

x) 9 ( x − 3)
f ′(=
8

f ′(4)= 9 ( (4) − 3)= 9

8

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 119

Question 26

y= 3 ( x 2 − 6 x + 1)
4

u = x2 − 6 x + 1 y = 3u 4
du dy
= 2x − 6 = 12u 3
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
( 2 x − 6 ) ×12 ( x 2 − 6 x + 1)
3
=

= 12 ( 2 x − 6 ) ( x 2 − 6 x + 1)
3

= 24 ( x − 3) ( x 2 − 6 x + 1)
3

2
y=
3x − 1
1
( 3x − 1)
−
=
y 2

1
−
u=
3x − 1 y=
2u 2

3
du dy −
= 3 = −u 2
dx du
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
3
= 3 × − ( 3 x − 1)
−
2

−3
=
( 3x − 1)
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 120

Question 27

=
x 4t 2 − 5t 3

a x(0) = 0

 8t − 15t 2
x=
x ( 0 ) = 0

x= 8 − 30t
x ( 0) = 8


Initial displacement = 0 m

Initial velocity = 0 m/s

Initial acceleration = 8 m/s2

b Particle at the origin when x = 0.

=
0 4t 2 − 5t 3
=0 t 2 ( 4 − 5t )
4 − 5t =
0
5t = 4
4
t=
5

4
t = 0,
5

c x (2) = 8(2) – 15(4) = 16 – 60 = –44 m/s

x ( 2) =
 8 − 30 ( 2 ) =
−52 m/s2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 121

Challenge exercise 6

Question 1

y = x(x – 1)(x+ 2)

Cuts the x-axis when y = 0.

x = –2, 0, 1

y = x3 + x2 – 2x

y ′ = 3x2 + 2x – 2

y ′ (–2) = 3(–2)2 + 2(–2) – 2 = 12 – 4 – 2 = 6

m=6

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 0 = 6(x + 2)

y = 6x + 12

6x – y + 12 = 0

y ′ (0) = 3(0)2 + 2(0) – 2 = 0 + 0 – 2 = –2

m = –2

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 0 = –2(x – 0)

y = –2x

2x + y = 0

y ′ (1) = 3(1)2 + 2(1) – 2 = 3 + 2 – 2 = 3

m=3

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y – 0 = 3(x – 1)

y = 3x – 3

3x – y – 3 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 122

Question 2

a y = x3 – 6

y ′ = 3x2

y ′ = 12

12 = 3x2

x2 = 4

x = ±2

y(2) = (2)3 – 6 = 8 – 6 = 2

y(–2) = (–2)3 – 6 = –8 – 6 = = –14

(–2, –14), (2, 2)

mt = 12
1
mn = −
12

y − y=
1 mn ( x − x1 )

1
y − 2 =− ( x − 2)
12
− y + 24 =x − 2
 12
x + 12 y − 26 =
0

mt = 12
1
mn = −
12

y − y=
1 mn ( x − x1 )

1
y + 14 = − ( x + 2)
12
− y − 168 =+
 12 x 2
x + 12 y + 170 =0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 123

Question 3

y = x2 + 1

y(2) = (2)2 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5

y ′ = 2x

y ′ (2) = 2(2) = 4

mt = 4
1
mn = −
4

y − y=
1 mn ( x − x1 )

1
y − 5 =− ( x − 2)
4
− y + 20 =x − 2
 4
x + 4 y − 22 =
0

Solve x + 4y – 22 = 0 and y = x2 + 1 simultaneously.

x + 4(x2 + 1) – 22 = 0

4x2 + x – 18 = 0

(4x + 9)(x – 2) = 0

9
x = 2, −
4

9
We already have x = 2 as a solution so use x = −
4

9 9 1
y( − ) = ( − )2 + 1 = 6
4 4 16

 1 1
P =  −2 ,6 
 4 16 

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 124

Question 4

y = x4 – nx2 + 3x – 2

y ′ = 4x3 – 2nx + 3

when x = –2, y ′ = 3

3 = 4(–2)3 – 2n(–2) + 3

3 = –32 + 4n + 3

4n = 32

n=8

Question 5

π 3π
a Not differentiable at x = , .
2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 125

Question 6

=y x2 − 3
1
=
y (x 2
− 3) 2

1
u=
x2 − 3 y=
u2
du dy 1 − 12
2=
x u
dx du 2
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
2 x × ( x − 3) 2
1 2 −
=
2
x
=
x −3
2

dy ( 5)= 5 5 22
=( 5) =
dx ( 5) − 3 22
2
22

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 126

 Question 7

=y 3 x −1
1
y 3 ( x + 1) 2
=
1
y ( 8 )= 3 ( ( 8 ) + 1) 2 = 9
1
u=
x +1 y=
3u 2
du dy 3 − 12
1= u
dx du 2
dy du dy
= ×
dx dx du
1
3
1× ( x + 1) 2
−
=
2
3
=
2 x +1
dy 3 1
= (8) =
dx 2 (8) + 1 2

1
mt =
2
mn = −2
y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
y − 9 =−2 ( x − 8 )
y − 9 =−2 x + 16
2 x + y − 25 =0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 127

Question 8

a Solve 6x – 8y + 1 = 0 and y = 2x2 simultaneously.

6x – 8(2x2) + 1 = 0

6x – 16x2 + 1 = 0

16x2 – 6x – 1 = 0

(8x + 1)(2x – 1) = 0

8 x + 1 =0
8 x = −1
1
x= −
8
2 x − 1 =0
2x = 1
1
x=
2
8=
y 6x +1
6x +1
y=
8

 1
6 −  +1
 1  = 8 1
y=
− 
 8 8 32
Using y = 2x 2
y′ = 4 x
 1  1 1
y′  −  =
4 −  =
−
 8  8 2
1
m1 = −
2

y − y=
1 m1 ( x − x1 )
1 1 1
y− =− x+ 
32 2 8
1 1
2 y − =− x −
16 8
16 x + 32 y + 1 =0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 128

 1
6  +1
1 2 1
=
y  =
2 8 2
2
Using y = 2x
y′ = 4 x

′   4=
1
1
y=   2
2 2
m2 = 2

y − y=
1 m2 ( x − x1 )
1  1
y − = 2 x − 
2  2
1
y − = 2x −1
2
1
2x − y − = 0
2
4 x − 2 y − 1 =0

 1
b m1 × m2 =2 ×  −  =−1
 2

Therefore the 2 lines are perpendicular.

Question 9

2
f ( x) =
x − 8 x 2 + 12 x
3

2
f ( x) =
x ( x − 6 )( x − 2 )

f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0, 2, 6.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 129

Question 10

y = x2 – x – 4

y ′ = 2x – 1

y ′ (2) = 2(2) – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3

y(2) = (2)2 – (2) – 4 = 4 – 2 – 4 = –2

y ′ = –1

–1 = 2x – 1

x=0

y(0) = (0)2 – (0) – 4 = 0 – 0 – 4 = –4

rise −2 − ( −4 )
=
m = = 1
run 2−0

y − y1= m ( x − x1 )

y + 4 = 1(x – 0)

y+4=x

x–y–4=0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 130

Question 11

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

f(2) = 4 [1]

f ′ (1) = 0 [2]

f ′ (–3) = 8 [3]

f ′ (x) = 2ax + b [4]

0 = 2a + b [5] From [2] and [4]

8 = –6a + b [6] From [3] and [4]

–8 = 8a [5] – [6]

a = –1

b=2 Substituting into [5]

4 = –(2)2 + 2(2) + c From [1]

c=4

a = –1, b = 2, c = 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 131

Question 12

a f(x + h) = (x + h)3

= (x + h)(x + h)2

= (x + h)(x2 + 2xh + h2)

= x3 + 2x2h + xh2 + x2h + 2xh2 + h3

= x3 + 3x2h + 3xh2 + h3

OR

f(x + h) = (x + h)3

= 3C0 x3 + 3C1 x2h + 3C2 xh2 + 3C3 h3

= 1x3 + 3x2h + 3xh2 + 1h3

= x3 + 3x2h + 3xh2 + h3

f ( x) = x3
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
( x + h) − x3
3

= lim
h →0 h
x + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 − x 3
3
= lim
h →0 h
3 x h + 3 xh + h3
2 2
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 )
h →0

= 3x 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 132

Question 13

1
f ( x) =
x

a i

1
f ( x) (=
1.1) = 0.9091
(1.1)
y2 − y1
x2 − x1
0.9091 − 1
=
1.1 − 1
−0.0909
=
0.1
= −0.909

ii

1
f ( x) (=
1.01) = 0.990 099
(1.01)
y2 − y1
x2 − x1
0.990 099 − 1
=
1.01 − 1
−0.009 900 99
=
0.01
= −0.99

iii

1
f ( x) (=
0.99 ) = 1.0101
( 0.99 )
y2 − y1
x2 − x1
1.0101 − 1
=
0.99 − 1
0.0101
=
−0.01
= −1.01

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 133

b gradient = –1

1 1
−
x+h x
x x+h
= −
x ( x + h) x ( x + h)
x−x−h
=
x ( x + h)
−h
=
x ( x + h)

1
f ( x) =
x
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
−h
x ( x + h)
= lim
h →0 h
−1
= lim
h →0 x ( x + h )

1
= −
x2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 134

Question 14

x = (t3 + 1)6

a x(0) = [03 + 1]6 = (1)6 = 1 m

x 18t 2 ( t 3 + 1)
5
=

x ( 0 ) 18 ( 0 ) ( 0= +1) 0 m/s
5
=
2 3

x 18t 2 ( t 3 + 1)
5
=

(t + 1)
5
=
u 18t 2 =
v 3

v′ 15t 2 ( t 3 + 1)
4
=u′ 36t =
x u′v + v′u

=
= 36t × ( t 3 + 1) +15t 2 ( t 3 + 1) ×18t 2
5 4

= 36t ( t 3 + 1) + 270t 4 ( t 3 + 1)
5 4

(( 2) ) ( )
4 5
x ( 2 ) = 270 ( 2 )
 + 1 + 36 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) + 1 = 3.26 ×107 cm/s
4 3 3

c x = (t3 + 1)6

As t ≥ 0

t3 ≥ 0

t3 + 1 > 0

Therefore the particle can never be at the origin.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 135