MATHS IN FOCUS 12

MATHEMATICS ADVANCED
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 1: Sequences and series

Exercise 1.01 General sequences and series

Question 1

a 14, 17, 20 (add 3 to each term)

b 23, 28, 33 (add 5 to each term)

c 44, 55, 66 (add 11 to each term)

d 85, 80, 75 (subtract 5 from each term)

e 1, –1, –3 (subtract 2 from each term)

f –15, –24, –33 (subtract 9 from each term)

1 1
g 2, 2 , 3 (add to each term)
2 2

h 3.1, 3.7, 4.3 (add 0.6 to each term)

i 32, –64, 128 (multiply each term by –2)

27 81 243 3
j , , (multiply each term by )
320 1280 5120 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 1

Question 2
a 4 + 12 + 36 + 108 + 324 + 972 (multiply each term by 3)
Sum = 1456

b 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 (multiply each term by 2)

Sum = 63

c 3 + 7 + 11 + 15 + 19 + 23 (add 4 to each term)

Sum = 78

d –6 + 12 – 24 + 48 – 96 + 192 (multiply each term by –2)

Sum = 126

e 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 (the nth term is n2)

Sum = 91

f 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + 125 + 216 (the nth term is n3)

Sum = 441

Question 3
1 1 1 1
, , (multiply each term by ),
16 32 64 2

Question 4
38, 51, 66, 83

3 + 6 + 11 + 18 + 27 + 38 + 51 66 83

+3 +5 +7 +9 +11 +13 +15 +17

Question 5
21, 34, 55, 89, 144 (Each term is the sum of the two preceding terms)

Question 6
Each term is the sum of the two terms immediately above it in the preceding row)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 2

Exercise 1.02 Arithmetic sequences

Question 1

a d = 9−5 = 4 g 21 + 3
5k +=
2 = 12
y = 9 + d =13 2
5k = 10
b d =2 − 8 =−6 k =2
x=2+d =−4
h ( x + 3) − x= (2 x + 5) − ( x + 3)
c 45 + 99 3= x + 2
=x = 72
2
x =1
d 16 + 6
=b = 11 i 3t − (t − 5) = (3t + 1) − 3t
2
2t + 5 =
1
e x = 21 − 14 = 7 t = −2

f 32 + 50 j (3t + 1) − (2t − 3) = (5t + 2) − (3t + 1)

=
x −1 = 41
2 t + 4 = 2t + 1
x = 42 t =3

Question 2

a d = 7 − 4 = 3, a = 4 d d= 111 − 120 = −9, a = 120

T15 = 4 + (15 − 1) × 3 T=
15 120 + (15 − 1) × −9
T15 = 46 T15 = −6

b d = 13 − 8 = 5, a = 8 e d =2 − (−3) =5, a =−3

T15 = 8 + (15 − 1) × 5 T15 =−3 + (15 − 1) × 5
T15 = 78 T15 = 67

c d = 16 − 10 = 6, a = 10
T15 = 10 + (15 − 1) × 6
T15 = 94

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 3

 Question 3

a d =2 − (−4) =6, a =−4 d d = 140 − 125 = 15, a = 125

T100 =−4 + (100 − 1) × 6 T100 = 125 + (100 − 1) ×15
T100 = 590 T100 = 1610

b d=
32 − 41 =
−9, a =
41 e d =−5 − (−1) =−4, a =−1
T100= 41 + (100 − 1) × −9 T100 = −1 + (100 − 1) × −4
T100 = −850 T100 = −397

c d = 22 − 18 = 4, a = 18
T100 = 18 + (100 − 1) × 4
T100 = 414

Question 4

a d =−18 − (−14) =−4, a =−14 d 1 1

d= 2 − 1= 1 , a= 1
T25 = −14 + (25 − 1) × −4 2 2
T25 = −110 1
T25 =1 + (25 − 1) ×1
2
b d = 0.9 − 0.4 = 0.5, a = 0.4 T25 = 37
T25 = 0.4 + (25 − 1) × 0.5
e 2 3 2
T25 = 12.4 d =2 − 1 = , a =1
5 5 5
d= 0.9 − 1.3 =−0.4, a = 2 3
c 1.3 T25 = 1 + (25 − 1) ×
T25= 1.3 + (25 − 1) × −0.4 5 5
4
T25 = −8.3 T25 = 15
5

Question 5

T=
n 2n + 1

d = 5 − 3 = 2, a = 3
Tn = 3 + (n − 1) × 2
=3 + 2n − 2
= 2n + 1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 4

Question 6

a d = 17 − 9 = 8, a = 9 g 7 1 7
d =1 − = , a=
Tn = 9 + (n − 1) × 8 8 8 8
=9 + 8n − 8 7
Tn =+ (n − 1) ×
1
= 8n + 1 8 8
7 1 1
= + n−
b d = 102 − 100 = 2, a = 100 8 8 8
Tn = 100 + (n − 1) × 2 1 6
= n+
8 8
= 100 + 2n − 2
= 2n + 98 h d =−32 − (−30) =−2, a =−30

c d = 9 − 6 = 3, a = 6 Tn = −30 + (n − 1) × −2
=−30 − 2n + 2
Tn = 6 + (n − 1) × 3
=−2n − 28
=6 + 3n − 3
= 3n + 3 i d = 4.4 − 3.2 = 1.2, a = 3.2

d d = 86 − 80 = 6, a = 80 Tn = 3.2 + (n − 1) ×1.2
=3.2 + 1.2n − 1.2
Tn = 80 + (n − 1) × 6
= 1.2n + 2
= 80 + 6n − 6
= 6n + 74 j 1 1 3 1
d = 1 − = , a=
4 2 4 2
e d =−17 − (−21) =4, a =−21
1 3
Tn =−21 + (n − 1) × 4 Tn = + (n − 1) ×
2 4
=−21 + 4n − 4 1 3 3
= + n−
= 4n − 25 2 4 4
3 1
f d=
10 − 15 =
−5, a =
15 = n−
4 4
Tn= 15 + (n − 1) × −5
= 15 − 5n + 5
= 20 − 5n

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 5

Question 7

d = 7 − 3 = 4, a = 3
Tn = 3 + (n − 1) × 4
=3 + 4n − 4
= 4n − 1
Require n such that Tn = 111
4n − 1 =111
4n = 112
n = 28

28th term

Question 8

d = 5 − 1 = 4, a = 1
Tn =1 + (n − 1) × 4
= 4n − 3
Require n such that Tn = 213
4n − 3 =213
4n = 216
n = 54
54th term

Question 9

d = 24 − 15 = 9, a = 15
Tn = 15 + (n − 1) × 9
= 9n + 6
Require n such that Tn = 276
9n + 6 =276
9n = 270
n = 30
30th term

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 6

Question 10
d= 18 − 25 = −7, a = 25
T=
n 25 + (n − 1) × −7
= 32 − 7 n
Require n such that Tn = −73
32 − 7 n =
−73
−7 n =
−105
n = 15
15th term

Question 11
d= 45 − 48 = −3, a = 48
T=
n 48 + (n − 1) × −3
= 51 − 3n
Check to see if there is an n such that Tn = 0
51 − 3n =
0
n = 17
Yes, n = 17, 17th term

Question 12
d = 11 − 3 = 8, a = 3
Tn = 3 + (n − 1) × 8
= 8n − 5
Check to see if there is an n such that Tn = 270
8n − 5 = 270
8n = 275
3
n = 34
8
No, since n is not a positive whole number

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 7

Question 13
d = 3 − 0 = 3, a = 0
Tn = 0 + (n − 1) × 3
= 3n
Check to see if there is an n such that Tn = 405 .
3n = 405
n = 135
Yes, n = 135, 135th term

Question 14
d= 93 − 100 = −7, a = 100
=
Tn 100 + (n − 1) × −7
= 107 − 7 n
Want 107 − 7 n < 20
−7 n < −87
87
n>
7
3
n > 12
7
n = 13

Question 15
d =−83 − (−86) =3, a =−86
Tn =−86 + (n − 1) × 3
= 3n − 89
Want 3n − 89 > 0
3n > 89
2
n > 29
7
n ≥ 30 , n = 30, 31, 32 …

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 8

 Question 16

d= 50 − 54 = −4, a = 54
T=
n 54 + (n − 1) × −4
= 58 − 4n
Want 58 − 4n < 0
58 < 4n
1
n > 14
2
Take n = 15
T15 =58 − 4 ×15 =−2

Question 17

d = 7 − 3 = 4, a = 3
Tn = 3 + (n − 1) × 4
= 4n − 1
Want 4n − 1 > 100
4n > 101
1
n > 25
4
Take n = 26
T=
26 4(26) =
− 1 103

Question 18

a= −7, d = 8
Tn =−7 + (n − 1) × 8
= 8n − 15
=
T100 8(100) − 15
= 785

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 9

Question 19

a a = 15 b Tn = 15 + (n − 1) × 8
Tn = 15 + (n − 1)d = 8n + 7
T3 = 31 =
T10 8(10) + 7
31 = 15 + (3 − 1)d = 87
16 = 2d
d =8

Question 20

a=3
Tn =3 + (n − 1)d
T5 = 39
39 =3 + (5 − 1)d
36 = 4d
d =9

Question 21

T2 = 19 ⇒ a + d = 19 [1]
T7 = 54 ⇒ a + 6d = 54 [2]

Equation [2] – equation [1] gives

5d = 35
d =7

Substitute for d in [1]

a+7 = 19
a = 12

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 10

Question 22
T4 = 29 ⇒ a + 3d = 29 [1]
T10 = 83 ⇒ a + 9d = 83 [2]
Equation [2] – equation [1] gives
6d = 54
d =9
Substitute for d in [1]
a + 3 × 9 =29
a=2
Tn =a + (n − 1)d
= 2 + (n − 1) × 9
= 9n − 7
T20 = 9 × 20 − 7 =173

Question 23
d =6
T5 = 29 ⇒ a + 4d = 29
so a + 4(6) =
29
a=5

Question 24
T3 = 45 ⇒ a + 2d = 45 [1]
T9 = 75 ⇒ a + 8d = 75 [2]
Equation [2] – equation [1] gives
6d = 30
d =5
Substitute for d in [1]
a + 2(5) =
45
a = 35
Tn =a + (n − 1)d
= 35 + (n − 1) × 5
= 5n + 30
T50= 5(50) + 30= 280

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 11

 Question 25

T7 = 17 ⇒ a + 6d = 17 [1]
T10 = 53 ⇒ a + 9d = 53 [2]
Equation [2] – equation [1] gives
3d = 36
d = 12
Substitute for d in [1]
a + 6(12) =
17
a = −55
Tn =a + (n − 1)d
=−55 + (n − 1) ×12
= 12n − 67
=
T100 12(100) − 67
= 1133

Question 26

a T2 − T1 = log 5 x 2 − log 5 x = 2 log 5 x − log 5 x = log 5 x

T3 −=
T2 log 5 x 3 − log 5 =
x 2 3log 5 x − 2 log=
5 x log 5 x
The difference between each pair of consecutive terms is the same.

=
b =
a log 5 x, d log 5 x
=
Tn log 5 x + (n − 1) × log 5 x
= n log 5 x
T80 = 80 log 5 x

c = =
T10 10 log 5 4 8.6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 12

 Question 27
a T2 − T1= 12 − 3 b=a =
3, d 3
= 2 3− 3 Tn = 3 + (n − 1) × 3
= 3 =n 3
T3 − T2= 27 − 12 T50 = 50 3

= 3 3−2 3
= 3
The difference between each pair of
consecutive terms is the same.

Question 28
= =
a log 2 4 =
2, log 28 =
3, log 2 16 4
=
a 2,= d 1
Tn = 2 + (n − 1) ×1
= n +1
T25 = 25 + 1 = 26

Question 29
=a 5= b, d 3b
Tn = 5b + (n − 1) × 3b
= 3bn + 2b
T40 = 3b × 40 + 2b = 122b

Question 30
=a 28= y, d 5 y
Tn= 28 y + (n − 1) × 5 y
= 5 yn + 23 y
Want n such that Tn = 213 y
5 yn + 23 y =
213 y
5n + =
23 213, ( y ≠ 0)
5n = 190
n = 38
38th term

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 13

Exercise 1.03 Arithmetic series

Question 1

a =
a 4,= d 3,= n 15 c a= 60, d = −4, n = 15
15 15
S=
15 [2 × 4 + (15 − 1) × 3] =
S15 [2 × 60 + (15 − 1) × −4]
2 2
= 375 = 480

b =
a 2,= d 5,= n 15
15
S=
15 [2 × 2 + (15 − 1) × 5]
2
= 555

Question 2

a =
a 1,= d 6,= n 30 c a= 95, d = −6, n = 30
30 30
S=
30 [2 ×1 + (30 − 1) × 6] =
S30 [2 × 95 + (30 − 1) × −6]
2 2
= 2640 = 240

b =
a 15,= d 9,= n 30
30
=
S30 [2 ×15 + (30 − 1) × 9]
2
= 4365

Question 3

a a= −2, d = 7, n = 25 b a= 5, d = −9, n = 25
25 25
=
S30 [2 × −2 + (25 − 1) × 7] =
S30 [2 × 5 + (25 − 1) × −9]
2 2
= 2050 = −2575

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 14

Question 4

a a= 50, d = −6, n = 50 b =
a 11,= d 3,= n 50
50 50
=
S30 [2 × 50 + (50 − 1) × −6] =
S30 [2 ×11 + (50 − 1) × 3]
2 2
= −4850 = 4225

Question 5

a =
a 15,= d 5,= l 535 d =a 81,= d 11,= l 378
Tn = 15 + (n − 1) × 5 Tn = 81 + (n − 1) ×11
= 5n + 10 = 11n + 70
Tn = 535 Tn = 378
5n + 10 =
535 11n + 70 =
378
n = 105 n = 28
105 28
=
S105 (15 + 535) =
S 28 (81 + 378)
2 2
= 28 875 = 6426

b =
a 9,=
d 8,=l 225 e a= 229, d = −4, l = 25
Tn = 9 + (n − 1) × 8 =
Tn 229 + (n − 1) × −4
= 8n + 1 = −4n + 233
Tn = 225 Tn = 25
8n + 1 =225 −4n + 233 =
25
n = 28 n = 52
28 52
=
S 28 ( 9 + 225) =
S105 ( 229 + 25)
2 2
= 3276 = 6604

c a= 5, d = −3, l = −91 f a= −2, d =8, l = 94

Tn = 5 + (n − 1) × −3 Tn =−2 + (n − 1) × 8
= −3n + 8 = 8n − 10
Tn = −91 Tn = 94
−3n + 8 =−91 8n − 10 =
94
n = 33 n = 13
33 13
=
S33 ( 5 − 91) S13= ( −2 + 94 )
2 2
= −1419 = 598

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 15

g a= 0, d = −9, l = −216 i a= 14, d = −3, l = −43
Tn = 0 + (n − 1) × −9 Tn= 14 + (n − 1) × −3
= 9 − 9n = 17 − 3n
Tn = −216 Tn = −43
9 − 9n =
−216 17 − 3n =
−43
n = 25 n = 20
25 20
=
S 25 ( 0 − 216 ) =
S 20 (14 − 43)
2 2
= −2700 = −290

h =
a 79,= d 2,= l 229 j 1 1 1
=
a 1 = ,d = , l 25
Tn = 79 + (n − 1) × 2 2 4 4
= 2n + 77 1 1
Tn = 1 + (n − 1) ×
Tn = 229 2 4
1 1
2n + 77 =
229 = n +1
4 4
n = 76 1
76 Tn = 25
=
S76 ( 79 + 229 ) 4
2 1 1 1
= 11 704 n +1 = 25
4 4 4
n = 96
96  1 1
=
S96 1 + 25 
2  2 4
= 1284

Question 6

=
a 45,=d 2,=S 1365
n
1365= [2 × 45 + (n − 1) × 2]
2
= n[n + 44]
1365
n 2 + 44n − 1365 =0
(n − 21)(n + 65) =0
n = 21, n = −65 (or use quadratic formula)
Take n = 21

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 16

 Question 7

=
a 5,=
d 4,= S 152
n
152= [2 × 5 + (n − 1) × 4]
2
= n[2n + 3]
152
2n 2 + 3n − 152 =0
(n − 8)(2n + 19) =0
n = 8, n = −9.5 (or use quadratic formula)
Take n = 8

Question 8

a= 80, d = −7, S = 495

n
= [2 × 80 + (n − 1) × −7]
495
2
495 = n [−7 n + 167]
7 n 2 − 167 n + 990 =
0
(n − 11)(7 n + 90) =0
90
n = 11, n = − (or use quadratic formula)
7
Take n = 11

Question 9

a= 20, d =−2, S =
104
n
= [2 × 20 + (n − 1) × −2]
104
2
104 = n[−n + 21]
n 2 − 21n + 104 =
0
(n − 8)(n − 13) =
0
=
n 8,= n 13 (or use quadratic formula)

8 and 13 terms

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 17

Question 10

S5 = 110
5
[2a + (5 − 1)d ]= 110 ⇒ a + 2d= 22 [1]
2
S10 = 320
10
[2a + 9d ] = 320 ⇒ 2a + 9d = 64 [2]
2
[2] − 2 × [1]
5d = 20 ⇒ d = 4
Substitute for d in [1]
a + 8 = 22 ⇒ a = 14

Question 11

S5 = 35
5
[2a + (5 − 1)d ] = 35 ⇒ a + 2d = 7 [1]
2
S10 =35 + 160 =195
10
[2a + 9d ] = 195 ⇒ 2a + 9d = 39 [2]
2
[2] − 2 × [1]
5d = 25 ⇒ d = 5
Substitute for d in [1]
a + 10 = 7⇒a= −3

Question 12

T8 = 16
a + (8 − 1)d = 16 ⇒ a + 7 d = 16 [1]
T13 = 81
a + (13 − 1)d = 81 ⇒ a + 12d = 81 [2]
(n − 8)(n − 13) =0
[2] − [1]
5d = 65 ⇒ d = 13
Substitute for d in [1]
a + 7 ×13 =16 ⇒ a =−75
25
=
S 25 [2 × −75 + (25 − 1) ×=
13] 2025
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 18

Question 13

S12 = 186
12
[2a + (12 − 1)d ] =
186
2
2a + 11d = 31 [1]
T20 = 83
a + (20 − 1) × d =
83
a + 19d = 83 [2]
2 × [2] − [1]
27 d = 135 ⇒ d = 5
Substitute for d in [2]
a + 19 × 5 =83 ⇒ a =−12
40
=
S40 [2 × −12 + (40 − 1) =
× 5] 3420
2

Question 14

S 4 = 42
4
[2a + (4 − 1)d ] =
42
2
2a + 3d = 21 [1]
T3 + T7 =
46
[a + (3 − 1) × d ] + [a + (7 − 1) × d ] =46
2 a + 8d = 46 [2]
[2] − [1]
5d = 25 ⇒ d = 5
Substitute for d in [1]
2a + 3 × 5 = 21 ⇒ a = 3
20
S=
20 [2 × 3 + (20 − 1) × 5]
2
= 1010

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 19

Question 15

a T2 − T1 =(2 x + 4) − ( x + 1) =x + 3
T3 − T2 =(3 x + 7) − (2 x + 4) =x + 3
The difference between consecutive terms is the same.

b A = x + 1, d = x + 3, n = 50.

n
S=  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2
n

50
=
S50  2 ( x + 1) + ( 50 − 1)( x + 3) 
2 
= 25  2 x + 2 + 49 ( x + 3) 
= 25 ( 2 x + 2 + 49 x + 147 )
= 25 ( 51x + 149 )

Question 16

T20 = 131
a + (20 − 1)d ] =
131
a + 19d = 131 [1]
S10 − S5 = 235
10 5
[2a + (10 − 1)d ] − [2a + (5 − 1)d ] =
235
2 2
10(2a + 9d ) − 5(2a + 4d ) =470
a + 7d = 47 [2]
[1] − [2]
12d = 84 ⇒ d = 7
Substitute for d in [2]
a + 7 × 7 =47 ⇒ a =−2
20
=
S 20 [2 × −2 + (20 − 1) × 7] = 1290
2

Question 17

T=
50 S50 − S 49
= 249 − 233
= 16

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 20

Question 18

n n −1
S n − S n=
−1 [2a + (n − 1)d ] − [2a + ((n − 1) − 1)d ]
2 2

2( S n − S n −1=
) n[2a + (n − 1)d ] − n[2a + ((n − 1) − 1)d ] + [2a + ((n − 1) − 1)d ]
= 2an + n(n − 1)d − 2an − n((n − 1) − 1)d + 2a + ((n − 1) − 1)d
= n(n − 1)d − n(n − 1)d + nd + 2a + (n − 1)d − d
= nd + 2a + (n − 1)d − d
= nd + 2a + nd − 2d
= 2(a + nd − d )
2( S n − S n −1 ) =
2Tn
S n − S n −1 =
Tn

Question 19

a The arithmetic sequence is 6,12,18,....,

=
a 6,= d 6
Tn = 96
6 + (n − 1) × 6 =96
6n = 96
n = 16
So l = 16 × 6 = 96
16
S16 = ( 6 + 96 ) = 816
2

b Require the sum of all the integers from 1 to 100 less the sum of the multiples of 6
from 1 to 100.

The sum of all integers from 1 and 100.

=
a 1,= l 100,= n 100
100
S100 = (1 + 100 ) = 5050
2

Sum of multiples of 6 is 816 (from a).

Required sum is 5050 – 816 = 4234

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 21

 Exercise 1.04 Geometric sequences

Question 1

a No f No
T2 20 T2 8 1 2
= = 4 = ÷1 =
T1 5 T1 9 3 3
T3 60 T3 8 8 1
= = 3 = ÷ =
T2 20 T2 27 9 3
The ratios are not the same. The ratios are not the same.
b Yes g Yes
T2 3 T2 1.71
= − = = 0.3
T1 4 T1 5.7
T3 1 3 T3 0.513
=−2 ÷ 3 =− = = 0.3
T2 4 4 T2 1.71
3 The ratios are the same. r = 0.3
The ratios are the same. r = −
4 h Yes
c Yes T2 7 1 3
=−1 ÷ 2 =−
T2 3 3 2 T1 20 4 5
= ÷ =
T1 14 4 7 T3 81 7 3
= ÷ −1 = −
T3 3 3 2 T2 100 20 5
= ÷ =
T2 49 14 7 3
The ratios are the same. r = −
2 5
The ratios are the same. r =
7 i No
d No T2 9 1
= =
T2 5 5 T1 63 7
= 5 ÷ 7=
T1 6 6 T3 7 5
= 1 ÷9=
T3 1 5 4 T2 8 18
=3 ÷5 =
T2 3 6 7 The ratios are not the same.
The ratios are not the same. j Yes
e No T2 7
= 15 ÷ −1 = −8
T2 42 T1 8
= = −3
T1 −14 T3
= −120 ÷ 15 = −8
T3 −168 T2
= = −4
T2 42 The ratios are the same. r = −8
The ratios are not the same.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 22

Question 2
a x 28
=
f p=
± 5 × 20 =
±10
28 4
x = 196 g y=
± 7 × 63 =
±21

b y 12
= h m = ± −3 × −12 = ±6
12 −3
y = −48 i x − 4 =± 3 ×15
x= 4 ± 3 5
c a=
± 2 × 72 =
±12

d
j k − 1 =± 3 × 21
y 2
=
2 6 k = 1± 3 7
2
y= k 1 1 1
3 t=± × =±
4 9 6
e x 8
= l
8 32 1 4 2
t=± × =±
x=2 3 3 3

Question 3
a 5 f 16
a= 1, r= = 5 =
a 8,=
r = 2
1 8
1 × 5 n −1 =
Tn = 5 n −1 8 × 2n −1 =×
Tn = 2 3 2 n −1 =
2n + 2
b 1.02 g 1 1
=
a 1,=
r = 1.02 a = , r =1 ÷ =4
1 4 4
1×1.02n −1 =
Tn = 1.02n −1 1
Tn =× 4n −1 =4n − 2
c 9 4
a= 1, r= = 9
1 h 100
a= 1000, r =− =
−0.1
1 × 9 n −1 =
Tn = 9 n −1 1000
Tn 1000 × (−0.1) n −1
=
d 10
=
a 2,=
r = 5
2 i 9
n −1 a= −3, r = = −3
Tn = 2 × 5 −3
e 18 Tn =−3 × (−3) n −1 =(−3) n
=
a 6,=
r = 3
6 j 1 2 1 2
n −1 a= ,r = ÷ =
Tn = 6 × 3 3 15 3 5
n −1
1 2
Tn =  
3 5 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 23

Question 4

a 24 d 5
=
a 8,=
r = 3,=n 6 a= −1, r = = −5, n =
6
8 −1
8 × 36 −1 =
T6 = 1944 T6 =−1× (−5)6 −1 =3125

b 36 e 2 4 2 2
=
a 9,=
r = 4,=
n 6 a = ,r = ÷ = ,n = 6
9 3 9 3 3
6 −1
9 × 4 6 −1 =
T6 =
6
9216 2 2 2 64
T6 =×  =
  =
3 3  3  729
c −32
a= 8, r = = −4, n =
6
8
T6 =8 × (−4)6 −1 =−8192

Question 5

a =
a 1,=
r 2,=
n 9 d 6
a= −3, r = = −2, n =
9
T9 =
1× 2 9 −1
=
256 −3
T9 =−3 × (−2)9 −1 =−768
b =
a 4,=
r 3,=
n 9
4 39 −1 =
T9 =× 26 244 e 3 3 3 1
a = , r =− ÷ = , n =9
4 8 4 2
c 1.04 9 −1
=
a 1,=
r = 1.04,= n 9 3 1 3
1 T9 =×  =
4 2 1024
1×1.049 −1 ≈ 1.369
T9 =

Question 6

a =
a 3,=
r 5,=
n 8 d 1 3 1 3
8 −1
a = − ,r = ÷− = − ,n = 8
T8 =
3× 5 =
234375 2 10 2 5
8 −1
1  3 2187
b 4.2 T8 =− ×  −  =
=
a 2.1,=
r = 2,= n 8 2  5 156 250
2.1
T8 =2.1× 28 −1 =268.8 e 47 10 47 3
a=1 , r = 2 ÷1 = , n = 8
81 27 81 2
c −20 8 −1
a= 5, r = = −4, n =
8 47  3 
5 T8 =
1 ×  =
27
81  2 
T8 =5 × (−4)8 −1 =−81 920

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 24

Question 7

a 6
a = 3, r = = 2, n = 20
3
T20 = 3 × 220 – 1 = 3 × 219

b 7
a = 1, r = = 7, n = 20
1
T20 = 7 × 720 – 1 = 719

c a =1.04, r = 1.04, n = 20
T20 = 1.04 × 1.0420 – 1 = 1.04 × 1.0419 = 1.0420

d 1 1 1 1
a = , r = ÷ =, n = 20
4 8 4 2
20 −1 2 19 21
1 1 1 1 1 1
T20 = ×   =   ×   =   = 21
4 2 2 2 2 2

e 3 9 3 3
a= ,r= ÷ =, n = 20
4 16 4 4
20 −1 19 20
3 3 3 3 3
T20 = ×   =×  =
 
4 4 4 4 4

Question 8
=
a 1,=
r 11,=
n 50
1×1150 −1 =
T50 = 1149

Question 9
=
a 4,=
r 5,=
Tn 12500
4 × 5 n −1 =
12500
5n −1 = 3125
log10 ( 5n −1 ) = log10 ( 3125 )
(n − 1) log10 ( 5 ) =
log10 ( 3125 )
log10 ( 3125 )
n= 1+
log10 ( 5 )
n=6
6th term

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 25

Question 10

=
a 6,=
r 6,=
Tn 7776
6 × 6 n −1 =
7776
6n = 7776
log10 ( 6n ) = log10 ( 7776 )
n log10 ( 6 ) = log10 ( 7776 )
log10 ( 7776 )
n=
log10 ( 6 )
n=5
5th term

Question 11

=
a 2,=r 8
Assume Tn = 1200 is a term of the sequence
2 × 8 n −1 =
1200
8n −1 = 600
log10 ( 8n −1 ) = log10 ( 600 )
(n − 1) log10 ( 8 ) =
log10 ( 600 )
log10 ( 600 )
n= 1+
log10 ( 8 )
n ≈ 4.07
n is not a positive whole value, so 1200 is not a term of the sequence.

Question 12

=
a 3,=
r 7, =
Tn 352 947
3 × 7 n −1 =
352 947
7 n −1 = 117 649
log10 ( 7 n −1 ) = log10 (117 649 )
log10 (117 649 )
(n − 1) log10 ( 7 ) =
log10 (117 649 )
n= 1+
log10 ( 7 )
n=7
7th term

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 26

Question 13

−4 1 1
a=
8, r == − , Tn =
8 2 128
n −1
 1 1
8×  −  =
 2 128
n −1
 1 1
−  =
 2 1024
  1  n −1   1 
log10   −   = log10  
 2    1024 
 
 1  1 
(n − 1) log10  −  = log10  
 2  1024 
 1 
log10  
n= 1+  1024 
 1
log10  − 
 2
n = 11

11th term

Question 14

18 1 2
=
a 54,=
r = , T=
n
54 3 243
n −1
1 2
54 ×   =
3 243
n −1
1 1
  =
3 6561
  1  n −1   1 
log10     = log10  
 3    6561 
 
1  1 
(n − 1) log10   = log10  
3  6561 
 1 
log10  
n= 1+  6561 
1
log10  
3
n=9

9th term

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 27

 Question 15

1 3 81
a = −2, r = −1 ÷ −2 = − , Tn = −
2 4 128
n −1
 3 81
−2 ×  −  =−
 4 128
n −1
 3 81
−  =
 4 256
  3  n −1   81 
(n − 1) log10   −   = log10  
 4    256 
 
 81 
log10  
n= 1+  256  = 5
 3
log10  − 
 4

Question 16

a=7
T6 = 1701
7 r 6 −1 = 1701
r 5 = 243
1
= =
r 243 5
3

Question 17

a T4 =
−648 ⇒ ar 3 =
−648 [1] b ar 3 = −648
T5 = 3888 ⇒ ar 4 = 3888 [2] a (−6)3 =
−648
[2] ÷ [1] a=3
ar 4 3888 T2 =3 × (−6) 2 −1 =−18
=
ar 3 −648
r = −6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 28

 Question 18

2 2
T3 = ⇒ ar 2 = [1]
5 5
3 3
T5 =1 ⇒ ar 4 =1 [2]
5 5
[2] ÷ [1]
ar 4 3 2
=
2
1 ÷
ar 5 5
r =4
2

r = ±2
Substitute for r in equation [1].
2
a (2) 2 =
5
1
a=
10

Question 19

1000 1
= =
a 5000, r =
5000 5
n −1
1
=
Tn 5000 ×  
5
Require Tn < 1
n −1 n −1
1 1
Use 5000 ×   > 1, since   is a decreasing function
5 5
n −1
1 1
  >
5 5000
1  1 
(n − 1) log10   > log10  
5  5000 
 1 
log10  
n −1 >  5000 
1
log10  
5
n − 1 > 5.292
n > 6.292
Take n = 7

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 29

Question 20

2 6 2
a = ,r = ÷ = 3
7 7 7
2 n −1
Tn= ×3
7
Require Tn > 100
2 n −1
× 3 > 100
7
3n −1 > 350
(n − 1) log10 3 > log10 350
log10 350
n −1 >
log10 3
n − 1 > 5.33
n > 6.33
Take n = 7
2 2
T7 = × 37 −1 =208
7 7

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 30

 Exercise 1.05 Geometric series

Question 1
a 24 b 15
=
a 6,=
r = 4,= n 10 =
a 3,=
r = 5,= n 10
6 3
6(410 − 1) 3(510 − 1)
=S10 = 2 097150 =S10 = 7 324 218
4 −1 5 −1

Question 2
a 7 b 24
a= −1, r = = −7, n =
8 =
a 8,=
r = 3,=
n 8
−1 8
−1((−7)8 − 1) 8(38 − 1)
=S8 = 720 600 =S8 = 26 240
−7 − 1 3 −1

Question 3
a 8 b3 3 3 1
a= 4, r=
= 2, n= 15 a = , r =− ÷ =− , n = 15
4 4 8 4 2
4(215 − 1) 3  1 
15
=S15 = 131068  
1 − −  
2 −1 4   2  
=S15 = 0.5
1 − (−0.5)

Question 4
a =
a 2,= r 5 b =a 18, = r 0.5
Tn = 6250 9
Tn =
2 × 5 n −1 =
6250 64
9
5n −1 = 3125 18 × 0.5n −1 =
64
(n − 1) log10 5 =
log10 3125
1
log 3125 0.5n −1 =
n=
1 + 10 =
6 128
log10 5  1 
(n − 1) log10 0.5 = log10  
2(5 − 1)
6
 128 
=S6 = 7812
5 −1  1 
log10  
n= 1+  128 
=8
log10 0.5
18(1 − 0.58 ) 55
=S8 = 35
1 − 0.5 64

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 31

 c =
a 3,=
r 7 e a= −3, r =
−2
Tn = 7203 Tn = 384
3 × 7 n −1 =
7203 −3 × (−2) n −1 =384
7 n −1 = 2401 (−2) n −1 =
−128
(n − 1) log10 7 =
log10 2401 (n − 1) log10 −=
2 log10 −128

n=
log 2401
1 + 10 = log10 −128
5 n=
1+ =
8
log10 7 log10 −2

=S5
3(75 − 1)
= 8403 −3 ( (−2)8 − 1)
7 −1 =S8 = 255
−2 − 1
d 3 1 3
a= ,r = 2 ÷ = 3
4 4 4
1
Tn = 182
4
3 n −1 1
×3 = 182
4 4
n −1
3 = 243
(n − 1) log10 3 = log10 243
log10 243
n=
1+ =
6
log10 3

( 3 − 1)
3 6
4
=S6 = 273
3 −1

Question 5
a =
a 7,=
r 2,=
n 9 b 7(29 − 1)
=S9 = 3577
7 × 2 9 −1 =
T9 = 1792 2 −1

Question 6
= =
a 1.09, =
r 1.09, n 30
1.09(1.0930 − 1)
=S30 = 148.58
1.09 − 1

Question 7
=
a 1,=
r 1.12,=
n 25
1(1.1225 − 1)
=S25 = 133.33
1.12 − 1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 32

 Question 8

=a 11, = r 3
S n = 108 251
11(3n − 1)
= 108 251
3 −1
3n − 1 =19 682
3n = 19 683
n log10 3 = log10 19 682
log10 19 682
=n = 9
log10 3

Question 9

1 1
=
a =,r
2 2
1023
Sn =
1024
1 1 
n

1 −   
2   2   1023
=
1 1024
1−
2
n
 1  1023
1−   =
 2  1024
n
1 1
  =
 2  1024
1 1
n
=
2 1024
2n = 1024
n log10 2 = log10 1024
log10 1024
=n = 10
log10 2

10 terms

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 33

 Question 10

=r 4,=
S5 3069
a ( 45 − 1)
= 3069
4 −1
341a = 3069
a=9

Question 11

=
a 4,=
r 4, S n > 1 000 000
4 ( 4n − 1)
> 1 000 000
4 −1
4n > 750 001
n log10 4 > log10 750 001
log10 750 001
n>
log10 4
n > 9.758
Take n = 10
10 terms

Question 12

a =
a 2,=
r 2,=
n 10
2 ( 210 − 1)
=S10 = 2046
2 −1

b =
a 1,=
d 2,= n 10
10
S=
10 [2 ×1 + (10 − 1) × =
2] 100
2

c 3 + 7 + 13 + ... = (1 + 2) + (3 + 4) + (5 + 8) + ..

This is the sum of the first 10 terms of 2 + 4 + 8 + ... and 1 + 3 + 5 + ...

Therefore, the sum is 2046 + 100 =

2146 (using the answers from a and b).

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 34

Puzzles

Question 1

Choice 1 is an arithmetic series.

a = $1, d = $1, n = 30

n
S=  2a + ( n − 1) d 
2
n

30
S30 =  2 (1) + 29 (1)  = $465
2 

Choice 2 is a geometric series.

a = 1c, r = 2, n = 30

a (r n − 1)
Sn =
r −1
1(230 − 1)
S30 = = 1 073 741 823 c = $10 737 418.23
2 −1

Choice 2 is better

Question 2

Working backwards, if after the 7th gate he had 1 apple After gate Apples left
left, then after the 6th gate, add another apple and double,
so (1 + 1) × 2 = 4 apples. After the 5th gate, add another 7 1
apple and double, so (4 + 1) × 2 = 10 apples. So
following this rule: 6 4

The man originally had 382 apples. 5 10

(You can check this answer by halving and subtracting 1 4 22

each time).
3 46

2 94

1 190

0 382

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 35

Exercise 1.06 Limiting sum of an infinite geometric series

Question 1

a 3 1 f 1 5 1
r= = r= ÷ =
9 3 8 8 5
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum.
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum.
5
a=9 a=
8
9 1 5
=S = 13
1 2 25
1− =S =8
3 1 32
1−
5
b No g No
1 36
r =1 ÷ =2 r= = −6
2 −6
r > 1, so there is no limiting sum. r > 1, so there is no limiting sum.

c 2 1 h 7 1 5
r= = − r = 1 ÷ −2 = −
−4 2 8 4 6
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum. r < 1, so there is a limiting sum.
1
1 a = −2
a= − 4
4 1
16 4 −2
=S = 12 S= 4 = −1 5
 1 5  5 22
1−  −  1−  − 
 4  6

d No i No
1 1 1
7 2 1 r= ÷ =1
r = ÷ =1 6 9 2
9 3 6
r > 1, so there is no limiting sum.
r > 1, so there is no limiting sum.

e 2 j 4 2
r= r =− ÷ 2 =−
3 5 5
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum. r < 1, so there is a limiting sum.
a=2
a =1 2 3
1 =S = 1
= = 3  2 7
S
2 1−  − 
1−  5
3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 36

Question 2

a 40 + 20 + 10 + … d 1
6+3+1 +…
20 1 2
=
r =
40 2 3 1
r= =
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum. 6 2
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum.
a = 40
40 a=6
=S = 80
1 6
1− =S = 12
2 1
1−
2

b 320 + 80 + 20 + … e 2 6 18
+ + +
320 1 5 35 245
=r =
80 4 6
3
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum. r 35
= =
2 7
a = 320 5

=S
320
= 426
2 r < 1, so there is a limiting sum.
1 3
1− 2
4 a=
5
2
=
S 5 = 7= 0.7
3 10
1−
7

c 100 – 50 + 25 – … f 72 – 24 + 8 – …
−50 1 −24 1
r= = − r= = −
100 2 72 3
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum. r < 1, so there is a limiting sum.
a = 100 a = 72
100 2 72
=S = 66 =S = 54
 1 3  1
1−  −  1−  − 
 2  3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 37

g 1 i 3
–12 + 2 – +… 12 + 9 + 6 +…
3 4
2 1 9 3
r= = − =
r =
−12 6 12 4
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum. r < 1, so there is a limiting sum.
a = −12 a = 12
−12 72 2 12
S= =
− = − 10 =S = 48
 1 7 7 3
1−  −  1−
 6 4

h 3 1 1 j 2 5 25
− + − − + − +
4 2 3 3 12 96
1 5
−
2 5
r= 2 = − r = 12 = −
3 3 2 8
−
4 3
r < 1, so there is a limiting sum. r < 1, so there is a limiting sum.
3 2
a= a= −
4 3
3 2
−
=
S 4 = 9= 0.45 S= 3 =−
16
 2  20  5 39
1−  −  1−  − 
 3  8

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 38

 Question 3

a 1 d 1 1
a = 56, r = − =
a=,r
2 2 2
56 1 1
=S = 37
 1 3 =S = 2
1−  −  1
1
 2 1−
  1 6  2
56 1 −    1 1 
6
 2 
  36.75 1 −   
= S6 = 2   2  
 1 = S6 = 0.984375
1−  −  1
 2 1−
1 2
37 − 36.75 = 0.58 1 − 0.984375 = 0.016
3
(to 2 significant figures) (to 2 significant figures)

b 1 e 1 3
= =
a 72, r =a 1= ,r
3 4 4
72 1
=
= 108
S 1
1 4 5
1− =S =
3 3
1−
  1 6  4
72 1 −   
 3  1 3 
6

=   ≈ 107.852 1 1 −   
S6
1 4   4  
1− = S6 ≈ 4.1101
3 3
1−
108 − 107.852 = 0.15 4
5 − 4.1101 = 0.89
(to 2 significant figures)
(to 2 significant figures)

c 1
=
a 1,=
r
5
1
== 1.25
S
1
1−
5
  1 6 
1 1 −   
 5 
=S6 =   1.24992
1
1−
5
1.25 − 1.24992 = 0.000080

(to 2 significant figures)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 39

Question 4

1
= 6,=
LS r
3
a
=6
1
1−
3
a=4

Question 5

= 5,=
LS a 3
3
=5
1− r
5 − 5r =3
2
r=
5

Question 6

1 2
=
LS 9= ,r
3 5
a 1
=9
2 3
1−
5
1 2 3
a= 9 1 − = 5
3 5  5

Question 7

=
LS 40,= a 5
5
= 40
1− r
40 − 40r =5
7
r=
8

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 40

Question 8

2
LS = −6 , a =−8
5
−8 2
= −6
1− r 5
2 2
−6 + 6 r = −8
5 5
1
r= −
4

Question 9

3 1
LS = − ,a = −
10 2
1
−
2 = − 3
1− r 10
3 3 1
− + r= −
10 10 2
2
r= −
3

Question 10

ar 2−1 = 2
2
r=
a
LS = 9
a
=9
1− r
a
=9
2
1−
a
2
a
=9
a−2
a 2 − 9a − 18 =0
(a − 3)(a − 6) = 0
2 2
a= 3, r= =
a 3
2 1
a= 6, r= =
6 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 41

 Question 11
ar 2 = 12 [1]
ar = −3
3
[2]
equation [2] ÷ equation [1]
−3 1
r= = −
12 4
ar = 12
2

2
 1
a−  = 12
 4
a = 192
192 3
=S = 153
 1 5
1−  − 
 4

Question 12
2
ar = [1]
3
8
ar 3 = [2]
27
Equation [2] ÷ equation [1]
8 2 4
r2 = ÷ =
27 3 9
2
r= ±
3
2
ar =
3
2 2
± a=
3 3
a = ±1

2
=
a 1,=
r
3
a 1 1
S= = = = 3
1 − r 1 − 23 13
2
a= −1, r = −
3
a −1 −1 3
S= = = =−
1− r  2 5 5
1−  − 
 3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 42

 Question 13

ar 2 = 54 [1]
83
ar 5 = 11 [2]
125
Equation [2] ÷ equation [1]
83 27
r=
3
11 ÷ 54
=
125 125
1
 27  3 3
=r = 
 125  5
ar 2 = 54
2
3
  a = 54
5
a = 150

3
= =
a 150, r
5
a 150 150 5
S= = = = 150 × = 375
1− r 1− 3 2 2
5 5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 43

 Question 14

4
ar = [1]
15
32
ar 4 = [2]
405
Equation [2] ÷ equation [1]
32 4 8
r3 = ÷ =
405 15 27
1
 8 3 2
=r = 
 27  3
4
ar =
15
2 4
a=
3 15
2
a=
5
2
5 1
=S = 1
2 5
1−
3

Question 15

a
=5 [1]
1− r
1 6
ar= 1 ⇒= r [2]
5 5a
Substitute equation [2] in equation [1] for r
a
=5
6
1−
5a
5a 2
=5
5a − 6
a 2 − 5a + 6 = 0
(a − 2)(a − 3) = 0
=
a 2,= a 3
6 3
=
a 2,= r =
5× 2 5
6 2
=
a 3,= r =
5× 3 5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 44

Question 16

21
x=
32

1
=
a x=
,r
4
7
LS =
8
x 7
=
1 8
1−
4
4x 7
=
3 8
21
x=
32

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 45

Question 17

a Common ratio is k c k
=3
1− k
For a limiting sum, require k < 1 k= 3 − 3k
4k = 3
b a=k
3
2 k=
− 4
k 3 2
LS = = = −
1− k  2 5
1−  − 
 3

Question 18

a a (1 − r n ) a − a (1 − r n ) a − a + ar n ar n
S – Sn = − = = =
1− r 1− r 1− r 1− r 1− r

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 46

Test yourself 1

Question 1

A and D are for arithmetic sequences, and B is for the limiting sum of a geometric sequence.

Question 2

The limiting sum only exists when the magnitude of the common ratio is less than 1.

Question 3

a = 12, d = −3
Tn =a + (n − 1)d
= 12 + (n − 1) × −3
= 15 − 3n

Question 4

a =
a 9,= d 4 d 50 1
= =
a 200, r =
Tn = 9 + (n − 1) × 4 200 4
n −1
= 4n + 5 1
=
Tn 200 ×  
4
b a = 7, d = −7
Tn = 7 + (n − 1) × −7 e a=
−2, r =
−2
Tn =−2 × ( −2 )
n −1
= 14 − 7 n
= ( −2 )
n
c =
a 2,=
r 3
Tn = 2 × 3n −1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 47

Question 5

a a=
156, d =
145 − 156 =
−11, n =
15
T=
15 156 + (15 − 1) × −11
= 2

b 15
=
S15 [2 ×156 + (15 − 1) × −=
11] 1185
2

c 14
=
S14 [2 ×156 + (14 − 1) × −=
11] 1183
2

d T=
15 S15 − S14

e 156 + (n − 1) × −11 < 0

167 − 11n < 0
n > 15.18

Take n = 16

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 48

Question 6

a T2 − T1 =−4 
i,  common difference
T3 − T2 =−4 
T2 
≈ 0.9587 
T1 
 no common ratio
T3
≈ 0.9570 
T2 

b 1
T2 − T1 = − 
6  no common difference
ii, 
1
T3 − T2 = − 
8
T2 3 
=
T1 4 
 common ratio
T3 3 
=
T2 4 
c T2 − T1 = 20 − 5 = 2 5 − 5 = 5 

i,  common difference
T3 − T2 = 45 − 20= 3 5 − 2 5= 
5
T2 20 
= = 2 
T1 5 
 no common ratio
= = 1.5
T3 45
T2 20 
d T2 − T1 =−0.4 − (−1.6) =1.2 
iii,  no common difference
T3 − T2= 0.6 − (−0.4)= 1 
T2 −0.4 1 
= =
T1 −1.6 4 
 no common ratio
T3 0.6 3
= = −
T2 −0.4 2 
e T2 − T1 = 7.5 − 3.4 = 4.1 
i,  common difference
T3 − T2 = 11.6 − 7.5= 4.1
T2 7.5 
= ≈ 2.206 
T1 3.4 
 no common ratio
T3 11.6
= ≈ 1.547 
T2 7.5 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 49

f T2 − T1 =24 − 48 =−24 
ii,  no common difference
T3 − T2 =12 − 24 =−12 
T2 24 1 
= =
T1 48 2  
 common ratio
T3 12 1 
= =
T2 24 2  
g  1  1
T2 − T1 = 1 −  −  = 1 
ii,  5  5  no common difference
T3 − T2 =−5 − 1 =−6 
T2 1 
= 1 ÷ − = −5
T1 5 
 common ratio
T3 −5
= = −5 
T2 1 

h T2 − T1 =
100 − 105 = −5
i,  common difference
T3 − T2 =95 − 100 = −5 
T2 100 
= ≈ 0.9524 
T1 105 
 common ratio
T3 95
= = 0.95 
T2 100 

i 1 1 1
T2 − T1 =
1 −1 = − 
4 2 4  common difference
i, 
1 1 
T3 − T2 =1 −1 =−
4 4 
T2 1 1 5
= 1 ÷1 = 
T1 4 2 6
 no common ratio
T3 1 4 
=÷1 1 =
T2 4 5 

j 
T2 − T1 = log x 2 − log x = 2 log x − log x = log x
i,  common difference
T3 − T=
2 log x 3 − log x=
2
3log x − 2 log=
x log x 

T2 2 log x 
= = 2
T1 log x 
 no common ratio
T3 3log x
= = 3
T2 log x 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 50

Question 7
=
a 8,=
d 5,=
Tn 543
8 + (n − 1) × 5 =543
5n + 3 = 543
n = 108

Question 8
T11 = 97
a + 10d =
97 [1]
T6 = 32
a + 5d = 32 [2]
[1] − [2]
5d = 65 ⇒ d = 13
Substitute for d in [2].
a + 65 =32 ⇒ a = −33

Question 9
a T4 = 43 − 5 = 59 c n3 − 5 =5827
b T1 =13 − 5 =−4 n3 = 5832
n = 18
S1 =13 − 5 =−4
18th term
S 2 = 23 − 5 = 3
S3 = 33 − 5 = 22
S 4 = 43 − 5 = 59 (or from b)
Sum is − 4 + 3 + 22 + 59 =80

Question 10

a If the sequence is arithmetic, b If the sequence is geometric,

d = x – 5 = 45 – x x 45
r= =
2x = 50 5 x
x = 25 x2 = 225
x = ±15

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 51

Question 11
T2 − T1 = T3 − T2
(2 x + 3) − x = 5 x − (2 x + 3)
x + 3 = 3x − 3
2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3

Question 12
a =
a 3,=
d 7,=
n 20 c =a 0.3,= d 0.3,= n 20
T20 = 3 + (20 − 1) × 7 = 136 T20 = 0.3 + (20 − 1) × 0.3 = 6

b a= 101, d =−3, n = 20
T=
20 101 + (20 − 1) × −=
3 44

Question 13
9 1
=
a 81,=
r =
27 3
81
=
LS = 121.5
1
1−
3

Question 14
a =
a 5,=
d 4 b =
a 1,=
r 1.07
n 1(1.07 n − 1)
S n=
[2 × 5 + (n − 1) × 4] Sn =
2 1.07 − 1
n
= [4n + 6] 100(1.07 n − 1)
=
2 7
= 2n 2 + 3n

Question 15
a Common ratio r = x c 1
= 1.5
For limiting sum, r < 1 . 1− x
1.5(1 − x) =1
Hence require x < 1 . 1.5 − 1.5 x =
1
1 − 1.5 1
b 3 =x =
a= 1, r= x= −1.5 3
5
1
=S = 2.5
3
1−
5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 52

 Question 16

=a 4,=
S10 265
10
[2 × 4 + (10 − 1)d ] =265
2
5(8 + 9d ) = 265
8 + 9d =
53
d =5

Question 17

(7 x − 2) 2 =( x + 2)(15 x + 6)
49 x 2 − 28 x + 4 = 15 x 2 + 36 x + 12
17 x 2 − 32 x − 4 =0
(17 x + 2)( x − 2) =0
2
17 x + 2 =0 ⇒ x =−
17
x−2= 0⇒ x = 2

Question 18

=
a 8,= d 6
Tn = 122
8 + (n − 1) × 6 =
122
6n + 2 = 122
n = 20
20
S=
20 [2 × 8 + (20 − 1) × =
6] 1300
2
or
20
S 20 = [8 + 122] = 1300
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 53

 Question 19

a Sequence is 7,14, 21,....98

=
a 7,= d 7
Tn = 98
7 + (n − 1) × 7 = 98
7 n = 98
n = 14
14
S=
14 [2 × 7 + (14 − 1) × 7]
= 735
2
or
14
S14 = [7 + 98] = 735
2

b First consider sum of all integers from 1 to 100.

a = 1, d = 1, l = 100, n = 100.

n
Sn = (a + l )
2

100
S100 = (1 + 101) = 5050
2

Sum of integers that are not multiples of 7 = 5050 – 735 (from a)

= 4315

Question 20

a = 214, d = −8
Tn = 2760
n
[2 × 214 + (n − 1) × −8] = 2760
2
n(218 − 4n) = 2760
2n 2 − 109n + 1380 =0
(n − 20)(2n − 69) =0
= =
n 20, n 34.5 (not possible)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 54

 Question 21
=
a 4,= r 3
Tn = 236 196
4 × 3n −1 =
236 196
3n = 177 147
log10 177 147
=n = 11
log10 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 55

Challenge exercise 1

Question 1

a n=9
92
=
T9 = 8.1
9 +1

b n2
= 18.05
n +1
n 2 − 18.05n − 18.05 =
0
20n 2 − 361n − 361 =0
(n − 19)(20n + 19) =0
n − 19 = 0 ⇒ n = 19
20
20n + 19 =0⇒n=− (not a valid solution)
19
So take n = 19

19th term

Question 2

a 3π π c 3π π
π− = =a =
,d = ,n 6
4 4 4 4
6  3π π  33π
b 3π π S6=  2 × + (6 − 1) × =
=a =,d = ,n 7 2 4 4 4
4 4
3π π 9π
T7 = + (7 − 1) × =
4 4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 56

Question 3

a T2 − T1 = 2 = 21
T3 − T2 =4 =22
T4 − T3 =8 =23
T5 − T4 = 16 = 24
2 n −1
Tn − Tn −1 =

Hence

(T2 + T3 + T4 + ... + Tn ) − (T1 + T2 + T3 + ... + Tn −1 ) = 21 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2n −1

2(2n −1 − 1)
21 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2n −1 = = 2n − 2
2 −1

Tn − T1 = 2n − 2
T=
n 2n + 1

Let S be the sum of n terms

S = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + ...Tn
= (21 + 1) + (22 + 1) + ... + (2n + 1)
= (21 + 22 + ... + 2n ) + n ×1
= 2 n +1 − 2 + n

S 20 = 221 − 2 + 20
= 2 097170

b n = 10 for each series below.

5n(n + 1)
T1 + T3 + T5 + ... =5 + 10 + 15 + ... = =275 (n =10)
2

T2 + T4 + T6 + ... =−2 − 8 − 32 − ...

−2(4n − 1)
=
4 −1
−2(4n − 1)
=
3
= −699 050 (n =
10)

Total sum is 275 + [ −699 050] =−698775

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 57

Question 4

7 2 224
=
a =,r =
, Tn
9 5 28 125

n −1
7 2 224
×  =
9 5 28 125
n −1
2 32
  =
5 3125
 32 
log10  
n=
1+  3125 
=
6
2
log10  
5

6th term

Question 5

Find the difference between the sum of the first 200 terms of 1, 2, 3, . and the multiples of 9
between 1 and 200.

For multiples of 9, Tn = 9n

9n > 200
n > 22.22

There are 22 terms between 1 and 200 that are multiples of 9.

=
a 9,=d 9,= n 22
22
S=
n [2 × 9 + (22 − 1) × =
9] 2277
2

200
The sum of the sequence 1, 2, 3, …, 200 is [2 ×1 + (200 − 1) ×1] =20 100
2

The required sum is 20 100 − 2277 =

17 823 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 58

Question 6
1
= =
a 20, r
5
Require S n > 24.99

(
20 1 − ( 15 )
n
) > 24.99
1 − 15
n
1
1 −   > 0.9996
5
n
1
  < 0.0004
5
log10 0.0004
n>
1
log10  
5
n > 4.86
So n ≥ 5.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 59

Question 7
a
S5 = 77
a (r 5 − 1) a 77
=77 ⇒ =5
r −1 r −1 r −1
S10 =77 + (−2464) =−2387
a (r10 − 1) a 2387
=−2387 ⇒ =
− 10
r −1 r −1 r −1
77 2387
= − 10
r −1
5
r −1
r + 31r − 32 =
10 5
0
(r 5 + 32)(r 5 − 1) =
0
r 5 + 32 =0 ⇒ r =−2
r 5 − 1 = 0 ⇒ r = 1 (not acceptable)

a ((−2)5 − 1)
= 77
−2 − 1
−33a
= 77
−3
a=7

b T4 = ar3 = 7 × (–2)3 = –56

Question 8

a =
a 1,=
r cos 2 x
1 1
=
LS = = cosec 2 x
1 − cos x sin x
2 2

b For there to be a limiting sum, the magnitude of the common ratio must be
less than 1.
So we require cos 2 x < 1 .

This is always true because for all x, cos 2 x = cos 2 x and cos x < 1 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 60