MATHS IN FOCUS 12

MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 15: Binomial distributions

Exercise 15.01 Bernoulli distribution

Question 1

a Yes

b Yes

c No

d No

e Yes

f Yes

g No

h Yes

i No

j Yes

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 1

Question 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 2

Question 3

X 0 1

P(X = x)

X 0 1

P(X = x)

X 0 1

P(X = x)

X 0 1

P(X = x) 3 2
5 5

X 0 1

P(X = x)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 3

Question 4

a i

ii

b i Is uniform

ii Is not uniform

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 4

Question 5

i p = 0.7

E(X) = 0.7

ii Var(X) = p(1 – p)

= 0.7 × 0.3

= 0.21

i p=

E(X) =

ii Var(X) = p(1 – p)

14  14 
= 1 − 
15  15 

14
=
225

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 5

c p(x) = for x = 0, 1

2
i p=
3

2
E(X) =
3

ii Var(X) = p(1 – p)

2 2
= 1 − 
3 3

2
=
9

X 0 1

P(X = x) 48% 52%

52
i p=
100

13
E(X) = = 0.52 = 52%
25

ii Var(X) = p(1 – p)

13  13 
= 1 − 
25  25 

156
= = 0.2496 = 24.96%
625

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 6

e

X 0 1

P(X = x)

1
i p=
100

1
E(X) =
100

ii Var(X) = p(1 – p)

1  1 
= 1 − 
100  100 

1  99 
=  
100  100 

99
=
10 000

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 7

Question 6

3
b i p=
4

3
E(X) =
4

ii Var(X) = p(1 – p)

3 3
= 1 − 
4 4

3
=
16

Question 7

p = 8%

E(X) = 8%

Var(X) = p(1 – p)

= 0.08 × 0.92 × 100

= 7.36%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 8

Question 8

9
a p=
13

9
E(X) =
13

b Var(X) = p(1 – p)

9 9
= 1 − 
13  13 

36
=
169

σ( X ) =Var ( X )
36
=
169
6
=
13

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 9

Question 9

1
b i p=
6

1
E(X) =
6

ii Var(X) = p(1 – p)

1 1
= 1 − 
6 6

5
=
36

iii

σ( X ) =Var ( X )
5
=
36
5
=
6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 10

Question 10

9
E(X) =
10

9
p=
10

a Var(X) = p(1 – p)

9 9
= 1 − 
10  10 

9
=
100

X 0 1

P(X = x) 1 9
10 10

Question 11

2
p (1 − p ) =
9
2
p − p2 =
9
9p −9p + 2 =
2
0
( 3 p − 1)( 3 p − 2 ) =
0
1 2
p= ,
3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 11

Question 12

Var ( X ) = 0.2464
p (1 − p ) =
0.2464
p − p2 =
0.2464
p 2 − p + 0.2464 =0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
p=
2a
1± ( −1) − 4 ×1× 0.2464
2

=
2
1 ± 0.0144
=
2
1 ± 0.12
=
2
11 14
p= ,
25 25

or

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 12

Exercise 15.02 Binomial distribution

Question 1

a Yes

b Yes

c No

d Yes

e No

Question 2

10 
P ( X= 6=
)   ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
6 4

6 
210
=
1024
105
=
512

10 
)   ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
P ( X= 3=
3 7

3 
120
=
1024
15
=
128

10 
P ( X= 8=
)   ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
8 2

8 
45
=
1024

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 13

d

10 
P ( X= 1=
)   ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
1 9

1 
10
=
1024
5
=
512

P ( X ≥ 9 ) = P ( X = 9 ) + P ( X = 10 )
10 
)   ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
P ( X= 9=
9 1

9 
10
=
1024
5
=
512
10 
P (= =)   ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
10 0
X 10
10 
1
=
1024
10 1
P ( X ≥ 9=
) +
1024 1024
11
=
1024

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 14

Question 3

7
P ( X= 1=
)   ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
1 6

1 
7
=
128

b P(6 heads) = P(1 tail)

7
=
128

P ( X ≥ 5) =
P ( X =+
5 ) P ( X =+
6) P ( X =
7)
7
P ( X= 5=
)   ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
5 2

5
21
=
128
7
P ( X= 6=
) from part a
128
7
P ( X= 7=
)   ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
7 0

7
1
=
128
21 7 1
P ( X ≥ 5) = + +
128 128 128
29
=
128

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 15

Question 4

1
X ~ Bi(8, )
6

8  1
2 6

)      
5
P ( X= 2=
 2 6   6 
437500
=
1679616
109375
=
419904

8 1
5 3

)      
5
P ( X= 5=
5 6   6 
7000
=
1679616
875
=
209952

8  1
6 2

)      
5
P ( X= 6=
6 6   6 
700
=
1679616
175
=
419904

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 16

d

P ( X ≥ 7 ) = P ( X = 7 ) + P ( X = 8)
8  1
7 1

)      
5
P ( X= 7=
7 6   6 
40
=
1679616
8 1   5 
8 0

P ( X= 8=)     
8 6   6 
1
=
1679616
40 1
P( X =≥ 7) +
1679616 1679616
41
=
1679616

P ( X < 2 ) = P ( X = 0 ) + P ( X = 1)
8  1
0 8

)      
5
P ( X= 0=
0 6   6 
390625
=
1679616
8 1   5 
1 7

P ( X= 1=)     
1   6   6 
625000
=
1679616
390625 625000
P( X =≥ 7) +
1679616 1679616
1015625
=
1679616

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 17

Question 5

 4 1
2 2

)      
5
P ( X= 2=
 2 6   6 
150
=
1296
25
=
216

 4 1
3 1

)      
5
P ( X= 3=
3  6   6 
20
=
1296
5
=
324

 4 1
1 3

)      
5
P ( X= 1=
1   6   6 
500
=
1296
125
=
324

P ( X < 3) =
P ( X =+
0) P ( X =
1) + P ( X =
2)
 4 1
0 4

)      =
5 625
P ( X= 0=
 0   6   6  1296
500
P ( X= 1=) from part c
1296
150
P ( X= 2= ) from part a
1296
625 500 150
P ( X < 3=
) + +
1296 1296 1296
1275
=
1296
425
=
432

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 18

e

P ( X ≥ 3) = P ( X = 3) + P ( X = 4 )
5
P ( X= 7=
) from part b
324
 4 1   5 
4 0

P ( X= 4=)     
 4 6   6 
1
=
1296
5 1
P ( X ≥ 3) = +
324 1296
7
=
432

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 19

Question 6

X ~ Bi(8, 0.7 )

8
P ( X= 5=
)   ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
5 3

5
= 0.254

8 
P ( X= 2=
)   ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
2 6

 2
= 0.01

8
P ( X= 3=)   ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
3 5

 3
= 0.0467

8 
P ( X= 7=
)   ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
7 1

7
= 0.198

P ( X ≥ 6) =
P ( X =+ 7) P ( X =
6 ) P ( X =+ 8)
8 
)   ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
P ( X= 6=
6 2

6
= 0.296
P ( X= 6=
) 0.198 from part d
8
P ( X= 8=)   ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
8 0

8
= 0.0576
P ( X ≥ 5=
) 0.296 + 0.198 + 0.0576
= 0.552

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 20

Question 7

2
X ~ Bi(5, )
5

5 2
3 2

)      
3
P ( X= 3=
3 5   5 
720
=
3125
144
=
625

5 2
0 5

)      
3
P ( X= 0=
0 5   5 
243
=
3125

5 2
4 1

)     
3
P ( X= 4=
 4 5   5 
240
=
3125
48
=
625

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 21

d

P ( X ≥ 3) =
P ( X =+
3) P ( X =+ 5)
4) P ( X =
720
)
P ( X= 3= from part a
3125
240
P ( X= 4=
) from part c
3125
5 2   3 
5 0

P ( X= 5=
)     
5 5   5 
32
=
3125
720 240 32
)
P ( X ≥ 3= + +
3125 3125 3125
992
=
3125

P ( X < 3) =1 − P ( X ≥ 3)
992
= 1−
3125
2133
=
3125

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 22

Question 8

X ~ Bi(8, 0.013 )

8 
P ( X= 0=)   ( 0.013) ( 0.987 )
0 8

0
= 0.9006
= 90.1%

8 
P ( X= 4=
)   ( 0.013) ( 0.987 )
4 4

 4
= 0.004
= 0.4%

P ( X ≤ 1) = P ( X = 0 ) + P ( X = 1)
P ( X= 0=
) 0.9006
8
P ( X= 1=
)   ( 0.013) ( 0.987 )
1 7

1 
= 0.095
P ( X ≤=
1) 0.9006 + 0.095
= 0.9955
= 99.6%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 23

Question 9

X ~ Bi(20, 0.7 )

 20 
P (= =)   ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
12 8
X 12
12 
= 0.114
= 11.4%

 20 
P (= =)   ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
13 7
X 13
13 
= 0.164
= 16.4%

 20 
P ( X= 9=
)   ( 0.7 ) ( 0.3)
9 11

9 
= 0.012
= 1.2%

Question 10

3
X ~ Bi(8, )
7

8  3
7 1

)      
4
P ( X= 7=
7 7   7 
69984
=
5764801

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 24

b

8  3
6 2

)      
4
P ( X= 6=
6 7   7 
326592
=
5764801
46656
=
823543

P ( X > 5) =
P ( X =+
6 ) P ( X =+
7) P ( X =
8)
326592
P ( X= 6=
) from part b
5764801
69984
P ( X= 7=
) from part a
5764801
8 3   4 
8 0

P ( X= 8=
)     
8 7   7 
6561
=
5764801
326592 69984 6561
P( X=
> 5) + +
5764801 5764801 5764801
403137
=
5764801
57591
=
823543

8  3
2 6

)      
4
P ( X= 2=
 2 7   7 
1032192
=
5764801
147456
=
823543

8  3
0 8

)      
4
P ( X= 0=
0 7   7 
65536
=
5764801

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 25

Question 11

3
X ~ Bi(20, )
11

 20  3
7 13

)      
8
P ( X= 7=
 7   11   11 
 20  37 × 813
=  20
 7  11

Question 12

a i

 2 2
1 1

)    
P ( X= 1=
3
 
1   5  5
12
=
25

ii

P ( X ≥ 1) = P ( X = 1) + P ( X = 2 )
12
)
P ( X= 1=
25
 2 2
2 0

)     
3
P ( X= 2=
 2 5   5 
4
=
25
12 4
P ( X ≥ 1) = +
25 25
16
=
25

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 26

b i

10  2
4 6

)      
3
P ( X= 4=
 4  5   5 
= 0.2508
= 0.25

ii

P ( X < 3) =
P ( X =+
0) P ( X =
1) + P ( X =
2)
10  2
0 10

)      
3
P ( X= 0=
0  5   5 
= 0.006
10  2
1 9

)    
P ( X= 1=
3
 
1   5  5
= 0.0403
10  2
2 8

)      
3
P ( X= 2=
 2  5   5 
= 0.1209
P ( X < 3=
) 0.006 + 0.0403 + 0.1209
= 0.17

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 27

Question 13

4
a X ~ Bin(9, )
7

9 4
6 3

)      
3
P ( X= 6=
6 7   7 
= 0.23

4
b X ~ Bi(6, )
9

P ( X ≥ 5) = P ( X = 5) + P ( X = 6 )
6 4
5 1

)      
5
P ( X= 5=
5 9   9 
= 0.058
6 4
6 0

)      
5
P ( X= 6=
6 9   9 
= 0.008
P ( X ≥ 5=
) 0.058 + 0.008
= 0.07

9 4
3 6

)      
3
P ( X= 3=
c 3 7   7 
= 0.097

6 4
2 4

)      
5
P ( X= 2=
 2 9   9 
= 0.28

P(both) = 0.097 × 0.28

= 0.03

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 28

 Question 14

Poker machine

1
X ~ Bi(20, )
6

 20  1
3 17

)     
5
P ( X= 3=
3  6   6 
 20  13 × 517
=   20
3  6
 20  517
=   20
3  6

Roulette wheel

3
X ~ Bi(8, )
11

8  3
2 6

)      
8
P ( X= 2=
 2   11   11 
 8  32 × 86
=  8
 2  11

Probability of both

 20  517  8  32 × 86
=   20 ×   8
3  6  2  11
 20  8  517 × 32 × 86
=   
 3  2  11 × 6
8 20

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 29

 Question 15

Data Projector

3
X ~ Bi(12, )
4

12  3
3 9

)      
1
P ( X= 3=
3  4   4 
12  33 ×19
=   12
3  4
12  33
=   12
3  4

Smartboard

5
X ~ Bi(8, )
6

8 5
5 3

)     
1
P ( X= 5=
5 6   6 
12  13 × 55
=  8
5  6
12  55
=  8
5  6

Probability of both

 8  55 12  33
=   8 ×   12
5 6 3  4
 8 12  55 × 33
=    8 12
 5  3  6 × 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 30

Question 16

1
X ~ Bi(20, )
4

 20  1
15 5

)     
3
P (=
X 15 =
15   4   4 
= 0.0000034

Question 17

1
P(X = Catullus & Co) =
10

1
E(X) = 70 × = 7 people
10

Question 18

1
a P(6) =
6

1
E(X = 6) = 50 × = 8.3
6

8 sixes

1
b X ~ Bi(50, )
6

 50  1
8 42

)     
5
P ( X= 8=
8  6   6 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 31

Question 19

1
a P(X = Heart) =
4

1
E(X) = 100 ×
4

= 25

100  1
25 75

)      
3
P (=
X 25 =
 25   4   4 
= 0.0918

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 32

Question 20

a i

5 7
P ( B1 )
= = P ( B2 )
8 9
5 7
P ( B1 B2 )= ×
8 9
35
=
72

ii

3 7 5 2
P (Y + B ) = × + ×
8 9 8 9
31
=
72

iii P(At least 1 Yellow)

= 1 – P(2 Blue)

35
= 1−
72

37
=
72

1 5 1 7
× + ×
2 8 2 9
101
=
144

101
c X ~ Bi(20, )
144

 20  101
12 8

)     
43
P (=
X 12 =
12   144   144 
= 0.113

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 33

Question 21

1 4 1 3
P( X = W ) = × + ×
2 7 2 8
53
=
112

53
b X ~ Bi(15, )
112

15  53
9 6

)     
59
P ( X= 9=
 9   112   112 
= 0.127

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 34

Exercise 15.03 Mean and variance of a binomial
distribution

Question 1

a C

b A

c B

Question 2

Positively skewed

Symmetrical (normal)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 35

c

Negatively skewed

Question 3

1
a X ~ Bi(150, )
2

E ( X ) = np
1
= 150 × = 75
2

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
1  1
= 150 × × 1 −  = 37.5
2  2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 36

 2
b X ~ Bi(60, )
3

E ( X ) = np
2
= 60 × = 40
3

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
2  2 1
= 60 × × 1 −  = 13
3  3 3

1
c X ~ Bi(30, )
6

E ( X ) = np
1
= 30 × = 5
6

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
1  1 1
= 30 × × 1 −  = 4
6  6 6

d X ~ Bi(8, 0.12 )

E ( X ) = np
=
8 × 0.12 =
0.96

ii

X ) np (1 − p )
Var (=
=8 × 0.12 × (1 − 0.12 ) =0.8448

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 37

e X ~ Bi(1000, 0.025 )

E ( X ) = np
=1000 × 0.025 =25

ii

X ) np (1 − p )
Var (=
= 1000 × 0.025 × (1 − 0.025=
) 24.375
5
f X ~ Bi(100, )
7

E ( X ) = np
5 3
= 100 × = 71
7 7

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
5  5 20
= 100 × × 1 −  = 20
7  7 49

g X ~ Bi(55, 0.02 )

E ( X ) = np
=55 × 0.02 =
1.1

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
= 55 × 0.02 × (1 − 0.02 ) = 1.078

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 38

 1
h X ~ Bi(200, )
36

E ( X ) = np
1 5
= 200 × = 5
6 9

ii

X ) np (1 − p )
Var (=
1  1 65
= 200 × × 1 − = 5
6  6 162

5
i X ~ Bi(7, )
9

E ( X ) = np
5 8
=7 × =3
9 9

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
5  5 59
= 7 × × 1 −  = 1
9  9 81

23
j X ~ Bi(50, )
40

E ( X ) = np
23 3
=50 × =28
40 4

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
23  23  7
= 50 × × 1 −  = 12
40  40  32

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 39

Question 4

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 0 1 2 3 4 5

2 1 0 1 2 3 4

3 2 1 0 1 2 3

4 3 2 1 0 1 2

5 4 3 2 1 0 1

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

8
P(Difference = 2) =
36

2
=
9

2
b X ~ Bi(50, )
9

E ( X ) = np
2 1
= 50 × = 11
9 9

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
2  2 52
= 50 × × 1 −  = 8
9  9 81

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 40

Question 5

X ~ Bi(250, 0.93)

E ( X ) = np
=250 × 0.93 =232.5

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
= 250 × 0.93 × (1 − 0.93)= 16.275

σ( X ) =Var ( X )
= 16.275
= 4.034

Question 6

a X ~ Bi(20, 0.16 )

E ( X ) = np
=20 × 0.16 =3.2

b X ~ Bi(50, 0.16 )

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
= 50 × 0.16 × (1 − 0.16 ) = 6.72

Question 7

E ( X ) = np
= 50 × p
20.5
20.5
p=
50
41
p=
100

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 41

 Question 8

E ( X ) = np
1
12.6= n ×
5
=
n 12.6 × 5
n = 63

Question 9

E ( X ) = np
12.92 = n × (1 − 0.32 )
12.92
n=
1 − 0.32
n = 19

Question 10

E ( X ) = np
= 50 × p
30
30
p=
50
3
p=
5

3
 5 for x = 1
P( X= x=
) 
 2 for x = 0
 5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 42

Question 11

E ( X ) = np
68 = np
Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
= np (1 − p )
13.6
13.6 np (1 − p )
=
68 np
1− p = 0.2
p = 0.8

X 0 1

P(X = x) 0.2 0.8

Question 12

a X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

6 1
0 6

)      
5
P ( X= 0=
0 6   6 
= 0.33

6 1
1 5

)      
5
P ( X= 1=
1   6   6 
= 0.4

6 1
2 4

)      
5
P ( X= 2=
 2 6   6 
= 0.2

6 1
3 3

)      
5
P ( X= 3=
3 6   6 
= 0.05

6 1
4 2

)      
5
P ( X= 4=
 4 6   6 
= 0.008

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 43

 6 1
5 1

)      
5
P ( X= 5=
5 6   6 
= 0.0006

6 1
6 0

)      
5
P ( X= 6=
6 6   6 
= 0.00002

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

P(X = x) 0.33 0.4 0.2 0.05 0.008 0.0006 0.00002

d Positively skewed

P ( X ≥ 3) =
P ( X =+
3) P ( X =+
4 ) P ( X =+
5) P ( X =
6)
=0.05 + 0.008 + 0.0006 + 0.00002
= 0.05862

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 44

Exercise 15.04 Sample proportions

Question 1

x
pˆ =
n
178
=
2150
89
=
1075

x
pˆ =
n
7
=
800

x
pˆ =
n
25
=
520
5
=
104

x
pˆ =
n
58
=
295

x
pˆ =
n
93
=
627
31
=
209

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 45

Question 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 46

e

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 47

h

Question 3

= =
p 0.63 n 30
µ =p
= 0.63
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.63 (1 − 0.63)
=
30
= 0.00777

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 48

b

= =
p 0.21 n 55
µ =p
= 0.21
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.21(1 − 0.21)
=
55
= 0.003

= =
p 0.7 n 48
µ =p
= 0.7
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.7 (1 − 0.7 )
=
48
= 0.0044

= =
p 0.42 n 76
µ =p
= 0.42
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.42 (1 − 0.42 )
=
76
= 0.0032

= =
p 0.55 n 105
µ =p
= 0.55
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.55 (1 − 0.55 )
=
105
= 0.0024

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 49

Question 4

4.7
×120
100
= 5.64
=6

= =
p 0.047 n 120
µ =p
= 0.047
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.047 (1 − 0.47 )
=
120
= 0.000373258...
σ = 0.000373258...
= 0.01931...
≈ 0.019

c i

x −µ
z=
σ
0.06 − 0.047
=
0.01931
≈ 0.67

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.05 − 0.047
=
0.01931
≈ 0.16

iii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.023 − 0.047
=
0.01931
≈ −1.24

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 50

 iv

x −µ
z=
σ
0.04 − 0.047
=
0.01931
≈ −0.36

x −µ
z=
σ
0.1 − 0.047
=
0.01931
= 2.74

d i

P ( X < 6% )
= P ( z ≤ 0.67 )
= 0.7486

ii

P ( X ≥ 5% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 5% )
1 − P ( z ≤ 0.16 )
=
= 1 − 0.5636
= 0.4364

iii

P ( X ≥ 10% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 10% )
1 − P ( z ≤ 2.74 )
=
= 1 − 0.9969
= 0.0031

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 51

 iv

P ( 2.3% ≤ X ≤ 4% )
P ( X ≤ 4% ) − P ( X ≤ 2.3% )
= P ( z ≤ −0.368 ) − P ( z ≤ −1.26 )
= 0.3557 − 0.1038
= 0.2519

Question 5

x
pˆ =
n
= 0.075

E ( X=) 100 × 0.075

= 7.5
=8

= =
p 0.075 n 120
µ= p= 0.075
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.075 (1 − 0.075 )
=
100
= 0.00069375
σ = 0.00069375
= 0.026339...
≈ 0.026

c i

x −µ
z=
σ
0.04 − 0.075
=
0.026339
= −1.33

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 52

 ii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.05 − 0.075
=
0.026339
= −0.95

iii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.08 − 0.075
=
0.026339
= 0.19

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
0.1 − 0.075
=
0.026339
= 0.95

d i

P ( X ≤ 5% )
= P ( z ≤ −0.95 )
= 0.1711

ii

P ( X ≤ 10% )
= P ( z ≤ 0.95 )
= 0.8289

iii

P ( X > 8% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 8% )
1 − P ( z ≤ 0.19 )
=
= 1 − 0.5753
= 0.4247

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 53

 iv

P ( X > 4% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 4% )
= 1 − P ( z ≤ −1.33)
= 1 − 0.0918
= 0.9082

P ( 4% ≤ X ≤ 10% )
P ( X ≤ 10% ) − P ( X ≤ 4% )
= P ( z ≤ 0.95 ) − P ( z ≤ −1.33)
= 0.8289 − 0.0918
= 0.7371

Question 6

E ( X ) = np
= 180 × 0.04
= 7.2
=7

= =
p 0.04 n 180
µ =p
= 0.04
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.04 (1 − 0.04 )
=
180
= 0.00021333...
σ = 0.00021333...
= 0.0146059...
≈ 0.0146

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 54

c i

x −µ
z=
σ
0.03 − 0.04
=
0.0146059
= −0.68

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.025 − 0.04
=
0.0146059
= −1.03

iii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.05 − 0.04
=
0.0146059
= 0.68

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
0.042 − 0.04
=
0.0146059
= 0.14

d i

P ( X ≤ 3% )
= P ( Z ≤ −0.68 )
= 0.2483

ii

P ( X > 2.5% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 2.5% )
= 1 − P ( Z ≤ −1.03)
= 1 − 0.1515
= 0.8485

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 55

 iii

P ( X > 5% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 5% )
1 − P ( Z ≤ 0.68 )
=
= 1 − 0.7517
= 0.2483

iv

P ( 4.2% ≤ X ≤ 5% )
P ( X ≤ 5% ) − P ( X ≤ 4.2% )
= P ( Z ≤ 0.68 ) − P ( Z ≤ 0.14 )
= 0.7517 − 0.5557
= 0.196

Question 7

= =
p 0.14 n 145
µ =p
= 0.14
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.14 (1 − 0.14 )
=
145
= 0.00083
σ = 0.00083
= 0.0288

x −µ
Z=
σ
0.08 − 0.14
=
0.0288
= −2.08

P ( X ≤ 8% )
= P ( Z ≤ −2.08 )
= 0.0188

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 56

b

P ( X ≥ 10% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 10% )
x −µ
Z=
σ
0.01 − 0.14
=
0.0288
= −1.39
= 1 − P ( Z ≤ −1.39 )
= 1 − 0.0823
= 0.9177

x −µ
Z=
σ
0.02 − 0.14
=
0.0288
= 2.08

P (10% ≤ X ≤ 20% )
P ( X ≤ 20% ) − P ( X ≤ 10% )
= P ( Z ≤ 2.08 ) − P ( Z ≤ −1.39 )
= 0.9812 − 0.0823
= 0.8989

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 57

 Question 8

= =
p 0.85 n 112
µ =p
= 0.85
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.85 (1 − 0.85 )
=
112
= 0.001138...
σ = 0.001138...
= 0.033740...
≈ 0.0337

P ( X ≤ 80% )
x−µ
z=
σ
0.8 − 0.85
=
0.033740
= −1.48
P ( X ≤ 80% )
= P ( z ≤ −1.48 )
= 0.0694

P ( X ≥ 90% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 90% )
=
x −µ
z=
σ
0.9 − 0.85
=
0.033740
= 1.48
1 − P ( X ≤ 90% )
1 − P ( z ≤ 1.48 )
=
= 1 − 0.9306
= 0.0694

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 58

c

P ( X ≥ 75% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 75% )
=
x −µ
z=
σ
0.75 − 0.85
=
0.033740
= −2.96
1 − P ( X ≤ 75% )
= 1 − P ( z ≤ −2.96 )
= 1 − 0.0015
= 0.9985

P ( 75% ≤ X ≤ 80% )
x −µ
z=
σ
0.8 − 0.85
=
0.033740
= −1.48
P ( X ≤ 80% ) − P ( X ≤ 75% )
= P ( z ≤ −1.48 ) − P ( z ≤ −2.96 )
= 0.0694 − 0.0015
= 0.0679

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 59

Test yourself 15

Question 1

Because p = 0.5.

Question 2

1
Selecting a red card from a deck of cards is the situation where the probability is or even
2
chance.

Question 3

B, C.

(D is not because the trials are not independent)

Question 4

The number of heads is not restricted to 0 and 1.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 60

Question 5

E ( X ) = np
= 130 × 0.35
= 10.5

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
= 45 × 0.35 × (1 − 0.35 )
= 10.24

18 
P ( X= 3=
)   ( 0.35) ( 0.65)
3 15

3 
= 0.055

Question 6

X ~ Bi(15, 0.63 )

15 
P ( X= 6=
)   ( 0.63) ( 0.37 )
6 9

6 
= 0.041

15 
P (= =)   ( 0.63) ( 0.37 )
10 5
X 10
10 
= 0.205

15 
P ( X= 3=
)   ( 0.63) ( 0.37 )
3 12

3 
= 0.00075

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 61

d

P ( X ≥ 14 ) = P ( X = 14 ) + P ( X = 15 )
15 
P (= =)   ( 0.63) ( 0.37 )
14 1
X 14
14 
= 0.0086
15 
P (= =)   ( 0.63) ( 0.37 )
15 0
X 15
15 
= 0.00098
P ( X ≥ 14=
) 0.0086 + 0.00098
= 0.0096

P ( X < 2 ) = P ( X = 0 ) + P ( X = 1)
15 
P ( X= 0=
)   ( 0.63) ( 0.37 )
0 15

0 
= 0.00000033
15 
P ( X= 1=
)   ( 0.63) ( 0.37 )
1 14

1 
= 0.0000085
P (=
X < 2 ) 0.00000033 + 0.0000085
= 0.0000088

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 62

Question 7

x
pˆ =
n
18
=
250
= 7.2%

= =
p 0.072 n 250
µ =p
= 0.072
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.072 (1 − 0.072 )
=
250
= 0.00026726...
σ = 0.00026726...
= 0.016348...
≈ 0.016

c i

x −µ
z=
σ
0.09 − 0.072
=
0.016348
= 1.10

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.05 − 0.072
=
0.016348
= −1.35

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 63

 iii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.085 − 0.072
=
0.016348
= 0.80

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
0.069 − 0.072
=
0.016348
= −0.18

x −µ
z=
σ
0.1 − 0.072
=
0.016348
= 1.71

d i

P ( X < 5% )
= P ( z ≤ −1.35 )
= 0.0885

ii

P ( X ≥ 9% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 9% )
=
1 − P ( Z ≤ 1.10 )
=
= 1 − 0.8643
= 0.1357

iii

P ( 6.9% ≤ X ≤ 8.5% )
P ( X ≤ 8.5% ) − P ( X ≤ 6.9% )
= P ( z ≤ 0.80 ) − P ( z ≤ −0.18 )
= 0.7881 − 0.4286
= 0.3595

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 64

 iv

P ( 5% ≤ X ≤ 10% )
P ( X ≤ 10% ) − P ( X ≤ 5% )
= P ( z ≤ 1.75 ) − P ( z ≤ −1.35 )
= 0.9599 − 0.0885
= 0.8679

Question 8

86% for x = 1
f ( x) = 
14% for x = 0

x 0 1

f(x) 14% 86%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 65

Question 9

x
pˆ =
n
27
=
345
9
=
115

x
pˆ =
n
12
=
87
4
=
29

Question 10

X ~ Bi(19, 0.028)

19 
P ( X= 0=
)   ( 0.028) ( 0.972 )
0 19

0 
= 0.583
= 58.3%

19 
)   ( 0.028) ( 0.972 )
P ( X= 1=
1 18

1 
= 0.319
= 31.9%

19 
P ( X= 2=
)   ( 0.028) ( 0.972 )
2 2

2 
= 0.083
= 8.3%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 66

d

P ( X < 3) =
P ( X =+
0) P ( X =
1) + P ( X =
2)
= 58.3 + 31.9 + 8.3
= 98.5%

Question 11

pˆ = 0.11

= =
p 0.11 n 55
µ =p
= 0.11
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.11(1 − 0.11)
=
55
= 0.00178
σ = 0.00178
= 0.04219...
≈ 0.042

b i

x −µ
z=
σ
0.1 − 0.11
=
0.04219
= −0.24

ii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.15 − 0.11
=
0.04219
= 0.95

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 67

 iii

x −µ
z=
σ
0.05 − 0.11
=
0.04219
= −1.42

iv

x −µ
z=
σ
0.2 − 0.11
=
0.04219
= 2.13

c i

P ( X ≤ 5% )
= P ( Z ≤ −1.42 )
= 0.0778

= 7.78%

ii

P ( X ≥ 15% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 15% )
=
1 − P ( Z ≤ 0.95 )
=
= 1 − 0.8289
= 0.1711

= 17.11%

iii

P (10% ≤ X ≤ 20% )
P ( X ≤ 20% ) − P ( X ≤ 10% )
= P ( z ≤ 2.13) − P ( z ≤ −0.24 )
= 0.9834 − 0.4052
= 0.5782

= 57.82%

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 68

 Question 12
µ =p
= 0.025
σ=
2
p (1 − p )
= 0.025 (1 − 0.025 )
= 0.024375

Question 13

Positively skewed

Symmetrical (normal)

Negatively skewed

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 69

Question 14

a i

E ( X ) = np
1
= 100 × = 50
2

ii

X ) np (1 − p )
Var (=
1  1
= 100 × × 1 −  = 25
2  2

b i

E ( X ) = np
5
= 85 × = 47.2
9

ii

X ) np (1 − p )
Var (=
5  5
= 85 × × 1 −  = 20.99
9  9

c i

E ( X ) = np
1
= 25 × = 4.17
6

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
1  1
= 25 × × 1 −  = 3.47
6  6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 70

d i

E ( X ) = np
=20 × 0.26 =5.2

ii

X ) np (1 − p )
Var (=
= 20 × 0.26 × (1 − 0.26 ) = 3.848

e i

E ( X ) = np
=700 × 0.038 =26.6

ii

Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
= 700 × 0.038 × (1 − 0.038 ) = 25.59

Question 15

0.4 for x = 1
f ( x) = 
0.6 for x = 0

E(X ) = p
= 0.4

ii

Var ( X
= ) p (1 − p )
= 0.4 × (1 − 0.4 ) = 0.24

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 71

b

5
 7 for x = 1
f ( x) = 
 2 for x = 0
 7

E(X ) = p
5
=
7

ii

Var ( X
= ) p (1 − p )
5  5  10
= × 1 −  =
7  7  49

x +1
c p ( x)
= = x 0,1
3

E(X ) = p
2
=
3

ii

Var ( X
= ) p (1 − p )
2  2 2
= × 1 −  =
3  3 9

d i

E(X ) = p
= 0.84

ii

Var ( X
= ) p (1 − p )
= 0.84 × (1 − 0.84 )= 0.1344

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 72

e i

E(X ) = p
= 0.71

ii

Var ( X
= ) p (1 − p )
= 0.71× (1 − 0.71)= 0.2059

Question 16

=p 0.3=n 40
µ =p
= 0.3
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.3 (1 − 0.3)
=
40
= 0.0053

= =
p 0.59 n 72
µ =p
= 0.59
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.59 (1 − 0.59 )
=
72
= 0.0034

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 73

c

= =
p 0.5 n 66
µ =p
= 0.5
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.5 (1 − 0.5 )
=
66
= 0.0038

= =
p 0.87 n 100
µ =p
= 0.87
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.87 (1 − 0.87 )
=
100
= 0.0011

= =
p 0.42 n 25
µ =p
= 0.42
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.42 (1 − 0.42 )
=
25
= 0.0097

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 74

Question 17

1
 9 for x = 1
f ( x) = 
 8 for x = 0
 9

E(X ) = p
1
=
9
σ= p (1 − p )
2

1 1
= 1 − 
9 9
8
=
81
8
σ=
81
2 2
σ=
9

Question 18

 1
X ~ Bi  8, 
 2

8 1
3 5

)      
1
P ( X= 3=
 3  2   2 
56
=
256
7
=
32

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 75

b

8  1
1 7

)      
1
P ( X= 7=
7 2   2 
8
=
256
1
=
32

8  1
6 2

)      
1
P ( X= 6=
6 2   2 
28
=
256
7
=
64

P ( X= 2=
) P ( X= 6 ) By symmetry
7
=
64

P ( X > 6 ) = P ( X = 7 ) + P ( X = 8)
1
P ( X= 7=
) from part b
32
8 1   1 
8 0

P ( X= 8=
)     
8 2   2 
1
=
256
1 1
P ( X > 6) = +
32 256
9
=
256

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 76

Question 19

= =
p 0.28 n 140
µ =p
= 0.28
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.28 (1 − 0.28 )
=
25
= 0.00144
σ = 0.00144
= 0.038

x −µ
Z=
σ
0.2 − 0.28
=
0.038
i = −2.11
P ( X ≤ 20% )
= P ( Z ≤ −2.11)
= 0.0174

ii

x −µ
Z=
σ
0.3 − 0.28
=
0.038
= 0.53
P ( X ≥ 20% )
1 − P ( X ≤ 20% )
=
1 − P ( Z ≤ 0.53)
=
= 1 − 0.7019
= 0.2981

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 77

 iii

x −µ
Z=
σ
0.35 − 0.28
=
0.038
= 1.84
x −µ
Z=
σ
0.25 − 0.28
=
0.038
= −0.79
P ( 25% ≤ X ≤ 35% )
= P ( X ≤ 35% ) − P ( X ≤ 25% )
= P ( Z ≤ 1.84 ) − P ( Z ≤ −0.79 )
= 0.9671 − 0.2148
= 0.7523

Question 20

E ( X ) = np
= 170 × 0.93
= 158.1
σ=
2
np (1 − p )
= 170 × 0.93 × (1 − 0.93)
= 11.067
σ = 11.067
σ =3.327

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 78

Challenge exercise 15

Question 1

p (1 − p ) =
0.1131
p − p2 =
0.1131
p 2 − p + 0.1131 =0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
p=
2a
1± ( −1) − 4 ×1× 0.1131
2

=
2
1 ± 0.5476
=
2
1 ± 0.74
=
2
p = 0.87, 0.13

0.13 for x = 1
f ( x) = 
0.87 for x = 0

0.87 for x = 1
f ( x) = 
0.13 for x = 0

Question 2

2
a X ~ Bi(7, )
11

7 2
2 5

)      
9
P ( X= 2=
 2   11   11 
4960116
=
19487171

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 79

 ii

7 2
6 1

)      
9
P ( X= 6=
 6   11   11 
4032
=
19487171

7 2
7 0

)      
9
P ( X= 7=
 7   11   11 
128
=
19487171

P ( X > 5) = P ( X = 6 ) + P ( X = 7 )
4032 128
= +
19487171 19487171
4160
=
19487171

 2
b X ~ Bi 10, 
 11 

10  2
0 10

)      
9
P ( X= 0=
 0   11   11 
910
= 10
11

10  2
1 9

)      
9
P ( X= 1=
1   11   11 
10 × 2 × 99
=
1110
20 × 99
=
1110

P ( X < 2 ) = P ( X = 0 ) + P ( X = 1)
910 20 × 99
= +
1110 1110
= 0.43

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 80

Question 3

x
pˆ =
n
5
=
150
= 3.33%

p ≈ 0.0333 n =
150
µ= p= 0.0333
p (1 − p )
σ2 =
n
0.0333 (1 − 0.0333)
b =
150
= 0.0002146074
σ = 0.000212746074
≈ 0.0146

c i

6
6 bats =
150
= 0.04
x −µ
z=
σ
0.04 − 0.0333
=
0.0146
≈ 0.46

ii

4
4 bats =
150
= 0.0267
x −µ
z=
σ
0.0267 − 0.0333
=
0.0146
≈ −0.45

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 81

 iii

8
8 bats =
150
≈ 0.0533
x −µ
z=
σ
0.0533 − 0.0333
=
0.0146
≈ 1.37

iv

7
7 bats =
150
≈ 0.0467
x −µ
z=
σ
0.0467 − 0.0333
=
0.0146
≈ 0.92

d i

4 ) P ( z ≤ −0.45 ) from part (c)(ii)

P ( X <=
= 0.3264

ii

P ( X ≥ 4 ) =−
1 P ( X < 4)
= 1 − 0.3264 from (i)
= 0.6736

iii

P (7 ≤ X =
≤ 8 ) P ( 0.92 ≤ z ≤ 1.37 )
= P ( z ≤ 1.37 ) − P ( z ≤ 0.92 )
= 0.9147 − 0.8212
= 0.0935

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 82

 iv

5
5 bats =
150
= 0.0333
x −µ
z=
σ
0.0333 − 0.0333
=
0.0146
=0

P ( 4 ≤ X ≤ 5 ) = P ( −0.45 ≤ z ≤ 0 )
= P ( z ≤ 0 ) − P ( z ≤ −0.45 )
= 0.5 − 0.3264
= 0.1736

Question 4

Standard room

X ~ Bi(8, 0.093 )

8
P ( X= 3=)   ( 0.093) ( 0.907 )
3 5

 3
= 0.0276

Suite

X ~ Bi(3, 0.129)

3
P ( X= 2=)   ( 0.129 ) ( 0.871)
2 1

 2
= 0.0435

P(both) = 0.0276 × 0.0435

= 0.0012

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 83

Question 5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 84