MATHS IN FOCUS 12

MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 4: Trigonometric functions

Exercise 4.01 Transformations of trigonometric functions

Question 1

a phase shift
A horizontal translation is a phase shift. For a trigonometric function y = f ( x) ,
a phase shift of b units is=y f ( x + b)

b amplitude
A vertical dilation changes the amplitude of a trigonometric function. For y = f ( x) ,
a vertical dilation with scale factor a gives y = af ( x)

c period
A horizontal dilation changes the period of a trigonometric function. For y = f ( x) ,
a horizontal dilation with scale factor k gives y = f (kx) .

d centre
A vertical translation changes the centre of a trigonometric function. For y = f ( x) ,
=
a vertical translation of c units is y f ( x) + c

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 1

Question 2

a The graph of y = 5sin x is a vertical dilation with

scale factor 5 of y = sin x .

The amplitude is 5 and the period is 2π .

The y-intercept= is y 5sin= 0 0.
The x-intercepts are the same as the x-intercepts of
y = sin x . That is, 0, π, 2π .

b The graph of f ( x) = 2 tan x is a vertical dilation with

scale factor 2 of f ( x) = tan x .

The period is π and the x-intercepts are the same as

f ( x) = tan x .
That is, 0, π, 2π .

The y-intercept=
is y 2=
tan 0 0 and the centre is 0.

c The graph of y = − cos x is a reflection in the x-axis

of y = cos x .

The amplitude, period and x-intercepts are the same

as the graph of y = cos x .

π 3π
That is,=x =,x .
2 2
The y-intercept is y =− cos 0 =
−1 .

d The graph of y = −2sin x is a vertical dilation with

scale factor 2 of y = sin x followed by a reflection in
the x-axis.

The amplitude is 2 and the period is 2π .

The x-intercepts are the same as the x-intercepts of
y = sin x . That is, 0, π, 2π .
The y-intercept is y = −2sin 0 =
0.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 2

e The graph of f ( x) = − tan x is a reflection in the x-
axis of the graph of f ( x) = tan x .

The period is π and the x-intercepts are the same as

f ( x) = tan x . That is, 0, π, 2π .

The y-intercept is y =
− tan 0 =
0 . The centre is 0.

The asymptotes are the same as the asymptotes of

π 3π
f ( x) = tan x=
, x = ,x
2 2

Question 3
a The graph of= y sin x + 1 is a vertical translation of
the graph of y = sin x 1 unit up. The centre is 1 and
the amplitude and period are the same as for
y = sin x .
The y-intercept is =y sin 0 += 1 1.
The centre is 1 and the amplitude is 1, so there is
only 1 x-intercept in the given domain.

b The graph of= y tan x − 2 is a vertical translation

2 units down of the graph of y = tan x .
The period is π , the centre is –2 and the y-intercept
is f (0) =tan 0 − 2 =−2 .

The asymptotes are the same as the asymptotes of

π 3π
f ( x) = tan x , namely=x = ,x
2 2

c The graph of f= ( x) cos x − 3 is a vertical translation

3 units down of the graph of f ( x) = cos x , so its
centre is at –3.
The y-intercept is f (0) =cos 0 − 3 =−2 .
The amplitude is 1, so the maximum value of f ( x)
is 1 − 3 =−2 .
Hence there are no x-intercepts.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 3

Question 4

1
a The graph of y = cos 4 x is a horizontal dilation with scale factor of the graph of
4
2π π
y = cos x . The period is = . The amplitude is 1 and the centre is 0.
4 2
The y-intercept is cos 0 = 1 .
The x-intercepts are the solutions to cos 4 x = 0 in [0, 2π] .
They are the images of the solutions to y = cos x dilated (compressed) horizontally
with scale factor 4.
π 3π 5π 7 π 9π 11π 13π 15π π 3π 5π 7 π 9π 11π 13π 15π
, , , , , , , ... → , , , , , , , ,...
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

x
b The graph of y = sin   is a horizontal dilation with scale factor 2 of the graph of
2
2π
y = sin x . The period is = 4π . The amplitude is 1 and the centre is 0.
1
2
The y-intercept is sin 0 = 0 .
x
The x-intercepts are the solutions to sin   = 0 in [0, 2π] .
2
They are the images of the solutions to y = sin x dilated (stretched) horizontally with
scale factor 2.
0, π, 2π,... → 0, 2π, 4π..

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 4

c The graph of f ( x) = tan 2 x is a horizontal dilation
1
with scale factor of the graph of f ( x) = tan x .
2
π
The period is and the y-intercept is tan 0 = 0 .
2
The centre is 0.
The x-intercepts are the solutions to f ( x) = tan 2 x
in [0, 2π] .
They are the images of the solutions to tan x = 0
dilated (compressed) horizontally with
scale factor 2.
π 3π
0, π, 2π,3π, 4π,... → 0, , π, , 2π,..
2 2
π 3π 5π
The asymptotes of f ( x) = tan x are at x = , , ,.. , hence the asymptotes of
2 2 2
π 3π 5π 7 π
f ( x) = tan 2 x are x = , , , ,..
4 4 4 4

1 
d The graph of y = tan  x  is a horizontal dilation with
4 
scale factor 4 of the graph of y = tan x . The period is 4π ,
the centre is 0 and the y-intercept is tan 0 = 0 .
1 
The x-intercepts are the solutions to y = tan  x  in
4 
[0, 2π] .
They are the images of the solutions to tan x = 0 dilated
(stretched) horizontally with scale factor 4.
0, π, 2π,3π,... → 0, 4π,8π,..
π 3π 5π
The asymptotes of y = tan x are at x = , , ,.. , hence the asymptotes of
2 2 2
1 
y = tan  x  are x = 2π, 6π,10π,.. which are x = 2π in [0, 2π]
4 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 5

Question 5
a The graph is a horizontal translation π units to the left
of the graph of y = cos x . The period is 2π , the
amplitude is 1 and the centre is 0.
The y-intercept is cos π = −1 .
The x-intercepts are solutions to cos x = 0 which are
then translated π units to the left.
π 3π 5π π π 3π π 3π
, , ,... → − , , ,... or= x = ,x in
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
[0, 2π]
b The graph is a horizontal translation π units to the
π
right of the graph of y = tan x . The period is , the
2
centre is 0 and there is no y-intercept because
 π
tan  0 −  is an asymptote.
 2
The x-intercepts are the x-intercepts of y = tan ( x ) ,
π
0, π, 2π,3π,.. translated units to the right.
2
 π
The solutions in [0, 2π]=of y tan  x −  are
 2
π π π 3π
x = 0 + , x = π + or= x = ,x
2 2 2 2
π 3π 5π
The asymptotes of y = tan x are at x = , , ,.. ,
2 2 2
 π
hence the asymptotes = of y tan  x −  in [0, 2π] are
 2
π π 3π π
x =+ , x = + or x = π, x =π 2
2 2 2 2
c π
The graph is a horizontal translation units to the
4
right of the graph of y = sin x . The period is 2π and
 π
the centre is 0. The y-intercept is sin  −  ≈ −0.7 .
 4
The x-intercepts are the x-intercepts of y = sin x
π
translated units to the right.
4
 π
The solutions in [0, 2π]=of y sin  x −  are
 4
π π π 5π
x =+
0 =,x = π+ =
4 4 4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 6

Question 6

a y = 9sin x
y= a × f ( x) has amplitude a and is a vertical dilation of scale factor a.
y = 9sin x , amplitude 9

b y = − sin x
y = − f ( x) is a reflection of f ( x) in the x-axis
y = − sin x , reflection in the x-axis

c =y sin x − 4
=y f ( x) + c , y has centre at c
=y sin x − 4

d y = sin 2 x
2π
y = f (nx) , y has period
n
2π
= π⇒n= 2
n
Hence y = sin 2 x

e =y sin ( x − π )

=y f ( x + a ) , phase shift a units left,=y f ( x − a ) , phase shift a units right

=y sin ( x − π ) , phase shift π right

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 7

Question 7

a y = 4 cos x
y= a × f ( x) has amplitude a and is a vertical dilation of scale factor a.
y = 4 cos x , amplitude 4

 π
b =y cos  x + 
 3
=y f ( x + a ) , phase shift a units left,=y f ( x − a ) , phase shift a units right

 π π
=y cos  x +  , phase shift units right
 3 3

c =y cos x + 8
=y f ( x) + c , y has centre at c
=y cos x + 8

d y = cos 4 x
2π
y = f (nx) , y has period
n
2π π
= ⇒n= 4
n 2
Hence y = cos 4 x

e y = 7 cos x
y= a × f ( x) , vertical dilation with scale factor 7
y = 7 cos x

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 8

Question 8
1 
a y = tan  x 
2 
π
y = tan(nx) , y has period
n
π 1
= 2π ⇒ n =
n 2
1 
Hence y = tan  x 
2 

 π
b =y tan  x − 
 6
=y f ( x + a ) , phase shift a units left,=y f ( x − a ) , y phase shift a units right

 π π
=y tan  x −  , phase shift units right
 6 6

 π
c =y tan  x − 
 6
=
y f (− x) , reflection in the y-axis

=y tan ( − x )

Question 9

a The graph is a vertical dilation with scale factor 3 of

the graph of y = sin x .
The amplitude is 3 and the period is 2π .
The y-intercept is y= sin x= 0= 0 .
The x-intercepts are the same as the x-intercepts of
y = sin x . In [−π, π] , they are −π, 0, π .

b The graph of f (= x) tan(− x) is a reflection in the

y-axis of the graph of f ( x) = tan x .
The period is π , the centre is 0 and the x-intercepts
are the same as f ( x) = tan x in [−π, π] .
That is, −π, 0, π .
The y-intercept is = =
y tan 0 0.
The asymptotes are the same as the asymptotes of
π 3π
f ( x) = tan x , namely=x = ,x
2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 9

c The graph is a horizontal dilation (compression) with
1
scale factor of the graph of y = cos x .
2
2π
The period is = π . The amplitude is 1 and the
2
centre is 0. The y-intercept is cos 0 = 1 .

The x-intercepts are the solutions to cos x = 0 in

1
[−π, π] dilated with scale factor .
2

3π π π 3π 3π π π 3π
− ,− , , → − ,− , ,
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

d The graph is a horizontal translation π units to the

right of the graph of y = sin x . The period is 2π ,
the amplitude is 1 and the centre is 0. The y-intercept
is sin(−π) = 0 .

The x-intercepts are solutions to sin x = 0 which are

then translated π units to the right.

−2π, −π, 0 → −π, 0, π in [−π, π]

e The graph is a reflection in the x-axis of f ( x) = cos x .

The amplitude, centre, period and x-intercepts are the

same as the graph of f ( x) = cos x .

π π
In [−π, π] , the x-intercepts are − , .
2 2

The y-intercept is f (0) =

− cos 0 =
−1 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 10

Question 10
a i y = 3sin −1 x
y= a × f ( x) has amplitude a and is a vertical
dilation of scale factor a.
y = 3sin −1 x is a vertical dilation with scale
factor 3.
1 
It can also be written as x = sin  y  which is
3 
1 
the reflection of the graph of y = sin  x  in the
3 
line y = x .
The domain of the inverse is [−1,1] .
 π π
For the inverse to be a function, take the range to be  − , 
 2 2

ii y = sin −1 2 x
1
y = f (ax) , horizontal dilation, scale factor
a
1
y = sin −1 2 x , horizontal dilation, scale factor
2
1
It can also be written as x = sin y which is a
2
1
reflection of the graph of y = sin x in the line y = x.
2
 1 1
The domain of the inverse is −1 ≤ 2 x ≤ 1 or  − ,  .
 2 2
 π π
For the inverse to be a function, take the range to be  − , 
 2 2

π
iii =y sin −1 x +
2
= y f ( x) + a , vertically translation of a units.
π π
= y sin −1 x + , vertically translation units.
2 2
 π
We can also write it= as x sin  y −  , which is a
 2
 π
reflection of the graph= of y sin  x −  in the line y = x.
 2
The domain of the inverse is [−1,1] .
π
The range is added to the limits of the range of y = sin −1 x .
2
 π π π π
That is,  − + , +  = [0, π]
 2 2 2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 11

 iv =y sin −1 ( x − 1)
=y f ( x − a ) , horizontal translation of a
units.
= y sin −1 ( x − 1) , horizontal translation of
1 unit right
This is a horizontal translation of 1 unit
to the right of the graph of y = sin −1 x .
We can also write it as x = 1 + sin y , which is the reflection of the graph of
y = 1 + sin x in the line y = x.

The domain= of y sin −1 ( x − 1) is −1 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1 or 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 .

 π π
The range is the same as the range of y = sin −1 x ,  − , 
 2 2
1
b i y= cos −1 x
2
y= a × f ( x) has amplitude a and is a vertical
dilation of scale factor a.
1
y= cos −1 x is vertical dilation with scale
2
factor 3.
It can also be written as x = cos 2 y , which is a reflection of the graph of
y = cos 2 x in the line y = x .
The domain of the inverse is [−1, 1] .
1
Take the range to be [0, π] , so for y = cos −1 x , the range is
2
1 1   π
 2 × 0, 2 × π  = 0, 2  .

1 
ii y = cos −1  x 
3 
y = f (ax) is a horizontal dilation of
1
scale factor .
a
1 
y = cos −1  x  is a horizontal dilation
3 
of scale factor 3.
It can also be written as x = 3cos y , which is a reflection of the graph of
y = 3cos x in the line y = x .
The domain of the inverse is [−1, 1] .
For a function, take the range to be [0, π] .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 12

 iii = y cos −1 x − π , since
= y f ( x) − a is
a vertical translation a units down of
y = cos −1 x .
It can also be written as
= x cos( y + π) , which is a reflection
of the graph =
of y cos( x + π) in the
line y = x .
The domain of the inverse is [−1, 1] and the range is [0 − π, π − π] = [−π, 0] .

iv = y cos −1 ( x + 2) , since=y f ( x + a)
is a horizontal translation a units to
the left.
It can also be written as
= x cos y − 2 , which is a reflection
of the graph =
of y cos x − 2 in the
line y = x .
The domain of the inverse is
−1 ≤ x + 2 ≤ 1 or −3 ≤ x ≤ −1 and
the range is [−π, −π] .

c i y = 2 tan −1 x , is a vertical
dilation with scale factor 2.
It can also be written as
1 
x = tan  y  , which is a
2 
reflection of the graph of
1 
y = tan  x  in the line
2 
y = x with a horizontal dilation scale factor 2.

 π π
For y = tan −1 x , the domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is  − ,  . Hence the
 2 2
 π π
domain of y = 2 tan −1 x is (−∞, ∞) and the range is  2 × − , 2 ×  = (−π, π) .
 2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 13

 1  1
ii y = tan −1  x  , since y = f (ax) is a horizontal dilation with scale factor .
5  a
It can also be written as x = 5 tan y , which is a reflection of the graph of
y = 5 tan x in the line y = x .
 π π
The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is  − ,  .
 2 2

π π π
iii=y tan −1 ( x ) + =
, since y f ( x) + is a vertical translation units up.
4 4 4
 π
It can also be written=as x tan  y −  , which is a reflection of the graph of
 4
 π
= y tan  x −  in the line y = x .
 4
 π π π π   π 3π 
The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is  − + , +  = − ,  .
 2 4 2 4  4 4 

iv = y tan −1 ( x − 4 ) , since=y f ( x − 4) is a horizontal translation 4 units right.

It can also be written = as x tan y + 4 , which is a reflection of the graph of
= y tan x + 4 in the line y = x .
 π 3π 
The domain is (−∞, ∞) and the range is  − ,  .
 2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 14

Exercise 4.02 Combined transformations of trigonometric
functions

Question 1

a = y 2sin x − 3 has period 2π and is a vertical

dilation of y = sin x with scale factor 2 followed
by a vertical translation 3 units down.
Hence the amplitude is 2 and the centre is –3.

The domain is [0, 2π] and the range is

[2 − 3, −2 − 3] =[−1, −5] .

b π
y = − tan 2 x has period and is a horizontal
2
1
dilation of y = tan x with scale factor
2
followed by reflection in the x-axis.

The x-intercepts of y = tan x are 0, π, 2π .

1
The scale factor is , so the x-intercepts of
2
π 3π
y = − tan 2 x are 0, , .
2 2

The vertical asymptotes of y = tan x are at

π 3π 5π 7 π
x = , , , ,... , so the asymptotes of
2 2 2 2
π 3π 5π 7 π
y = − tan 2 x in [0, 2π] are x = , , , .
4 4 4 4

The domain is [0, 2π] and the range is (−∞, ∞) .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 15

c  π
f ( x=
) cos  x +  + 1 has amplitude 1, period
 2
π
2π , centre 1 and phase shift .
2

π
It is a horizontal translation units to the left
2
of the graph of f ( x) = cos x followed by a
vertical translation 1 unit up.

The domain is [0, 2π] and the range is

[−1 + 1,1 + 1] =[0, 2] .

d  x 2π
y = sin  −  + 2 has period = 4π and
 2 1
2
amplitude 1 and centre 2.

It is a horizontal dilation with scale factor 2 of

y = sin x followed by reflection in the y-axis
and then by a vertical translation 2 units up.

The y-intercept is=y sin ( 0 ) =

+2 2.

The domain is [0, 2π] and the range is

[−1 + 2,1 + 2] =[1, 3] .

e =f ( x) 3cos 2 x − 2 has period π , amplitude 3,

and centre –2.

1
It is a horizontal dilation with scale factor of
2
the graph of f ( x) = cos x , a vertical dilation
with scale factor 3 units and a vertical
translation 2 units down.

The domain is [0, 2π] and the range is

[−3 − 2,3 − 2] = [−5,1] .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 16

Question 2

a y 5 f (3[ x + 5]) − 6 or=

= y 5sin(3 x + 15) − 6
=
Let y f=
( x) sin x
=y 5=
f ( x) 5sin x , vertical dilation with scale factor 5.
1
=y 5=
f (3 x) 5sin 3 x , horizontal dilation with scale factor .
3
=y 5 f (3 x)=
− 6 5sin 3 x − 6 , vertical translation 6 units down.
=y 5 f (3[ x + 5])=
− 6 5sin(3 x + 15) − 6 , horizontal translation 5 units left.

b A vertical dilation with scale factor 5 means the amplitude 5.

1 2π
A horizontal dilation with scale factor has period .
3 3
A vertical translation 6 units down means he centre is –6.
A horizontal translation 5 units left is a phase shift 5 units to the left.

Question 3

  π 
a = or y 4 cos ( 6 x − 2π ) + 2
y 4 cos 6  x −   + 2=
  3 
=
Let y f=
( x) cos x
=
y f ( x) + =
2 cos x + 2 , vertical translation 2 units up.

 π  π π
y = f  x −  + 2 = cos  x −  + 2 , horizontal translation units right.
 3  3 3
π
) 4 cos  x −  + 2 , vertical dilation with scale factor 4.
y 4 f ( x=
=
 3

 π 
) 4 cos 6  x −   + 2 , horizontal dilation with scale factor 6.
y= 4 f ( x =
  3 

b y = f ( x + π) − 5 = − cos( x + π) − 5
=
Let y f=
( x) cos x
y=
− f ( x) =
− cos x , reflection in the x-axis.
y =f (− x) =− cos(− x) =− cos x , reflection in the y-axis.
Note that cos(− x) =
cos x because it is symmetrical about the y-axis.
y =f ( x) − 5 =− cos x − 5 , vertical translation 5 units down.
y = f ( x + π) − 5 = − cos( x + π) − 5 , horizontal translation π units left.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 17

Question 4

a y = 3sin 2 x has period π , amplitude 3, and centre 0.

1
It is a horizontal dilation with scale factor of the graph of y = sin x , followed by a
2
vertical dilation with scale factor 3.

The domain is [−π, π] and the range is [−1× 3,1× 3] = [−3,3] .

The y-intercept= =
is y 3sin 0 0

The x-intercepts of y = sin x are .., −3π, −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π,3π,... so the x-intercepts of
π
y = 3sin 2 x in [−π, π] are −π, 0, , π
2

x 1
b=y 2 tan   + 1 has period π ÷ = 2π .
2 2

It is a horizontal dilation with scale factor 2 of the graph of y = tan x , followed by a

vertical dilation with scale factor 2 and then a vertical translation of 1 unit up.

The y-intercept =
is y 2 tan 0=
+1 1.

x
There is one x-intercept in [−π, π] which is the solution to 2 tan   + 1 =0 , or
2
 1
=x 2 tan −1  −  ≈ −0.9
 2

π π
The vertical asymptotes of y = tan x are at ., − , ,... . Since the horizontal scale
2 2
x π π
=
factor is 2, the asymptotes of y 2 tan   + 1 in [−π, π] are 2 × − , 2 × = [−π, π] .
2 2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 18

 The domain is [−π, π] and the range is [−3 × π + 1,3 × π + 1] = [−3π + 1,3π + 1] .

2π
c y = −2 cos 3 x has period , amplitude 2, and centre 0.
3

1
The graph is a horizontal dilation with scale factor of the graph of y = cos x , which
3
is followed by a vertical dilation with scale factor 2 and then a reflection in the x-axis.

The domain is [−π, π] and the range is [−1× −2,1× −2] = [−2, 2] .

The y-intercept is y =
−2 cos 0 =
−2 .

5π 3π π π 3π 5π
The x-intercepts of y = cos x are .. − , − , − , , , ... and the horizontal
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
scale factor is , so the x-intercepts of y = −2 cos 3 x in [−π, π] are
3
5π π π π π 5π
− ,− ,− , , ,
6 2 6 6 2 6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 19

d =y 5sin x − 3 has period 2π , amplitude 5, and centre –3.

It is a vertical dilation with scale factor 5 of the graph of y = sin x , followed by a

vertical translation 3 units down.

The domain is [−π, π] and the range is [−1× 5 − 3,1× 5 − 3] =[−8, 2] .

The y-intercept is y =5sin 0 − 3 =−3 .

The x-intercepts are solutions to 5sin x − 3 = 0 which in [−π, π] are

3 3
x = sin −1   ≈ 0.64, x = π − sin −1   ≈ 2.49 .
5 5

e y = cos(−2 x) + 1 has period π , amplitude 1, and centre 1.

1
The graph is a horizontal dilation with scale factor of the graph of y = cos x , which
2
is followed by reflection in the y-axis and then a vertical translation 1 unit up.

The domain is [−π, π] and the range is [−1 + 1,1 + 1] =[0, 2] .

The y-intercept is=

y cos 0 +=
1 2.

The x-intercepts are solutions to y = cos(−2 x) + 1 which in [−π, π] are

1 π 1 π
x= − cos −1 ( −1) = − ,x = π − cos −1 ( −1) = .
2 2 2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 20

Question 5

a For y = tan x transformed =

to y k tan[a ( x + b)] + c ,

π
k is the vertical dilation factor, the period is , the phase shift is b units and the centre
a
is c.

π
=y 3 tan 4 x − 5 has no amplitude, the period is and the centre is –5.
4

b For y = cos x transformed =

to y k cos[a ( x + b)] + c ,

2π
k is the amplitude, the period is , the phase shift is b units and the centre is c.
a

For y 8cos( x + π) − 3 , the amplitude is 8, the period is 2π , the phase shift is π units
=
to the left and the centre is –3.

c For y = sin x transformed to

= y k sin[a ( x + b)] + c ,

2π
k is the amplitude, the period is , the phase shift is b units and the centre is c.
a

2π
=
For y 5sin[2( x − 3)] + 1 , the amplitude is 5, the period is = π , the phase shift is 3
2
units to the right and the centre is 1.

Question 6

a =
For y k sin[a ( x + b)] + c :

The amplitude is 7 ⇒ k =
7.

2π
The period is π so = π ⇒ a = 2.
a

The phase shift is 1 unit to the right means b = −1 .

The centre is –3, so c = −3 .

Hence the equation =

is y 7 sin[2( x − 1)] − 3 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 21

b =
For y k cos[a ( x + b)] + c :

The amplitude is 1 ⇒ k =
1.

Reflection in the x-axis means ⇒ k =−1 .

2π 2π 2π
The period is so = ⇒ a= 5.
5 a 5

No phase shift is stated, so b = 0 .

The centre is 2, so c = 2 .

Hence the equation is y =

− cos 5 x + 2 .

c =
For y k tan[a ( x + b)] + c :

π 1
The period is 2π so = 2π ⇒ a = .
a 2

Reflection in the x-axis means ⇒ k =−1 .

The phase shift is 2 units to the left, so b = −2 .

The centre is not stated, so c = 0 .

1 
Hence the equation is y =
− tan  ( x + 2)  .
2 

d =
For y k sin[a ( x + b)] + c :

Vertical dilation of scale factor 4, so k = 4.

1
Horizontal dilation of scale factor 3 with a reflection in the y-axis, so a = − .
3

Vertical translation 2 units up, so c = 2.

Horizontal translation 5 units left, so b = 5.

 1 
Hence the equation is y= 4sin  − ( x + 5)  + 2 .
 3 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 22

 Question 7

k
=y kcosec[a ( x +=
b)] + c +c.
sin[a ( x + b)]

The properties of this reciprocal trigonometric function is defined in the same way as we
=
define the properties of y k sin[a ( x + b)] + c , but no amplitude.

2π
No amplitude, the period is and the centre is c.
a

The phase shift is b units to the left when b > 0 and b units to the right when b < 0 .

Question 8

=y tan 4( x − 3)

=y k tan[a ( x + b)] + c ,

1 1 1
There is a horizontal dilation with scale factor so = ⇒ a = 4 .
4 a 4

A translation of 3 units to the right means a phase shift of 3 units, so b = −3 .

The centre is not stated, so c = 0 .

=
Hence y tan 4( x − 3)

Question 9

a 15 m

5 + 25
The centre is at = 15 metres.
2

b The water level, h m, of the tide at time t hours can be described by a sine or a cosine
function.

=h k cos[a (t + b)] + c

From a, the centre of the motion is 15 metres, so c = 15 .

The amplitude is 25 − 15 = 15 − 5 = 10 m, so k = 10

There is 12 hours between consecutive low tides, so the period is 12 hours.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 23

 2π π
c The period is 12 hours, so = 12 ⇒ a = .
a 6

Assume there is no phase shift, so b = 0 .

π 
=
Hence D 10 cos  t  + 15 .
6 

π
Note that if a sine function were used, a phase shift of will produce the same
2
results.

Question 10

 πt 
=B 20sin   + 100
 30 

=B k sin[a (t + b)] + c , where BP is the blood pressure at time t minutes.

Assume the phase shift is 0, so b = 0 .

2π π
The period is 60 beats per minute, so = 60 ⇒ a = .
a 30

1
The amplitude is 20 , so k = 20 .
(120 − 80) =
2

 πt 
=
Hence, B 20sin   + c .
 30 

Maximum blood pressure is 120, so 120 = 20 ×1 + c , since the maximum value of sine is 1.

Hence c = 100 .

Alternatively, the minimum blood pressure is 80, so 80= 20 × −1 + c ⇒ c= 100 , since the
minimum value of sine is –1.

 πt 
=
Hence B 20sin   + 100 .
 30 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 24

Question 11

a y = sin −1 x

y = − sin −1 x , reflection in the x-axis.

− sin −1 ( x − 2) , horizontal translation 2 units right.

y=

− sin −1 ( x − 2) can be written as x= sin ( − y ) + 2 which is the reflection of the

y=
graph of y= sin ( − x ) + 2 in the line y = x .

There is no y-intercept because the amplitude a = 1 , the centre is c = 2 and c − a > 0 .

The x-intercept is the solution to − sin −1 ( x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 .

The domain of y = sin −1 x is [−1,1] .

π π
For the inverse to be a function, take the range to be [− , ] .
2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 25

b=y 4 tan −1 x − 1

Let y = tan −1 x

y = 4 tan −1 x , vertically dilated with scale factor 4.

=y 4 tan −1 x − 1 , vertical translation 1 unit down.

1 
=y 4 tan −1 x − 1 can be written
= as x tan  ( y + 1)  which is the reflection of the
4 
1 
=
graph of y tan  ( x + 1)  in the line y = x .
4 

The y-intercept is y =4 tan −1 0 − 1 =−1 .

1
The x-intercept is the solution to 4 tan −1 x − 1 =0 , hence
= x tan   ≈ 0.26 .
4

 π π
The domain of y = tan −1 x is [−∞, ∞] and the range is  − ,  .
 2 2

π π
− < tan −1 x <
2 2

− 2π < 4 tan −1 x < 2π

− 2π − 1 < 4 tan −1 x − 1 < 2π − 1

So the range is [–2π – 1, 2π – 1] ≈ [–7.3, 5.3].

There are horizontal asymptotes at –7.3 and 5.3.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 26

  1  π
c y= cos −1  − x  +
 2  2

Let y = cos −1 x

=y cos −1 (− x) , reflected in the y-axis.

 1 
=y cos −1  − x  , horizontal dilation with scale factor 2.
 2 

 1  π π
y= cos −1  − x  + , vertical translation, units up.
 2  2 2

 1  π  π
y= cos −1  − x  + can be written as x = −2 cos  y −  which is the reflection of
 2  2  2
 π
the graph of y = −2 cos  x −  in the line y = x .
 2

π
The y-intercept is y =cos −1 ( 0 ) + =π.
2

1
The domain is −1 ≤ − x ≤ 1 or −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and the range is
2

 π π   π 3π 
 −π + 2 , π + 2  =  − 2 , 2  .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 27

Exercise 4.03 Trigonometric equations

Question 1

Sketch y = 2sin 3 x in [0, 2π] by horizontally dilating the graph of y = sin x with scale factor
1
and then applying a vertical dilation with scale factor 2.
3

a The solutions to 2sin 3 x = 1 are the points of intersection of the graph of y = 2sin 3 x
and the straight line y = 1 .

The horizontal line y = 1 intersects the graph of y = 2sin 3 x at 6 points. Hence there
are 6 solutions.

b From the graph, estimate the x-coordinates of the points of intersection.

x = 0.2, 0.9, 2.3, 3, 4.4, 5.1

Question 2

a Sketch y = − cos x + 3 in [0, 2π] by reflecting the graph of y = cos x in the x-axis and
vertically translating 3 units up.

Sketch the linear graph y= x − 1 using (1, 0) as the x-intercept and (0, −1) as
the y-intercept.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 28

b i The solution is the point of intersection of the graph of y =
− cos x + 3

and the line y= x − 1 .

From the graph, x = 4.4 .

ii x = 0 , x = 2π

The solutions are the points of intersection of the graph of y =

− cos x + 3
and the line y = 2 .

The minimum value of y = − cos x + 3 is 2 at x = 0 and x = 2π , so the

horizontal line intersects the trigonometric function at x = 0 and x = 2π .

Question 3

a x = 15°, 75°, 195°, 255°

Change the domain 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° , or 0° ≤ 2 x ≤ 720° .

2sin 2 x = 1

sin θ° is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.

2sin 2 x = 1
1
sin 2 x =
2

1st quadrant

2x =
30° or 390°
x=
15° or 195°

2nd quadrant

2x =150° or 510°
x= 75° or 255°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 29

b x = 45°, 105°, 165°, 225°, 285°, 345°

tan 3 x = −1

tan θ° is negative in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.

Change the domain 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° , or 0° ≤ 3 x ≤ 1080° .

2nd quadrant

3=
x 180° − 45=
° 135° ⇒ =
x 45°

3=
x 540° − 45=
° 495° ⇒ =
x 165°

x 900° − tan −1 45=

3= ° 855° ⇒=
x 285°

4th quadrant

3x =−45° ⇒ x =−15° =345°

3=
x 360° − 45=
° 315° ⇒=
x 105°

3=
x 720° − 45=
° 315° ⇒=
x 225°

c x = 240°, 300°

3
cos ( x + 90°) =
2

cos θ° is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.

Change the domain 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° , to 0° + 90° ≤ x + 90° ≤ 360° + 90° ,

or 90° ≤ x + 90° ≤ 450°

1st quadrant

x + 90° = 30° ⇒ x = −60° = 300°

Adding multiples of 360° produces the same result.

4th quadrant

x + 90° = −30° ⇒ x = −120° = 240°

Adding multiples of 360° produces the same result.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 30

d x = 105°, 285°

tan ( x − 45°) = 3

tan θ° is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

Change the domain 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° , to 0° − 45° ≤ x − 45° ≤ 360° − 45° ,

or −45° ≤ x − 45° ≤ 315°

1st quadrant

x − 45°= 60° ⇒ x= 105°

Adding multiples of 360° will produce the same result.

3rd quadrant

x − 45=
° 180° + 60=
° 240° ⇒=
x 285°

Adding multiples of 360° will produce the same result.

e x = 120°, x = 300°

sin θ° is 0 for multiples of 180°.

In [0°, 360°] we have x + 60° = 0°,180°,360°

x = 120°, x = 300°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 31

Question 4

a tan 2 x = 3

tan θ is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

Change the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π to 0 ≤ 2 x ≤ 4π .

1st quadrant

π π
2 x = tan −1 3 = ⇒x=
3 6

7π 7π
2 x = 2π + tan −1 3 = ⇒ x=
3 6

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

3rd quadrant

4π 2π
2 x = π + tan −1 3 = ⇒x=
3 3

10π 5π
2 x = 2π + π + tan −1 3 = ⇒ x=
3 3

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

π 2π 7 π 5π
The solutions are x = , , , .
6 3 6 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 32

 1
b 2 cos 3 x + 1 =0 ⇒ cos 3 x =−
2

cos θ is negative in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.

Change the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π to 0 ≤ 3 x ≤ 6π .

2nd quadrant

1 π 2π
3 x = π − cos −1   = π − ⇒ x =
2 3 9

 1  8π 8π
3 x = 2π + π − cos −1   = ⇒ x=
2 3 9

 1  14π 14π
3 x = 4π + π − cos −1   = ⇒ x=
2 3 9

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

3rd quadrant

 1  4π 4π
3 x = π + cos −1   = ⇒x=
2 3 9

 1  10π 10π
3 x = 2π + π + cos −1   = ⇒ x=
2 3 9

 1  16π 16π
3 x = 4π + π + cos −1   = ⇒ x=
2 3 9

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

2π 4π 8π 10π 14π 16π

The solutions are x = , , , , , .
9 9 9 9 9 9

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 33

  π  π 3
c 4sin 2  x −  =
3 ⇒ sin  x −  =
±
 3  3 2

Need to find solutions in all quadrants.

π π 5π
Change the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π to − ≤ x− ≤ .
3 3 3

1st quadrant

π  3 π 2π
x− = sin −1   = ⇒ x =
3  2  3 3

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

2nd quadrant

π  3  2π
x− = π − sin −1   = ⇒x=π
3  2  3

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

3rd quadrant

π  3  4π 5π
x− = π + sin −1   = ⇒x=
3  2  3 3

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

4th quadrant

π  3 π
x− =0 − sin −1   =− ⇒x=0
3  2  3

π  3  5π
x− = 2π − sin −1   = ⇒ x = 2π
3  2  3

Adding multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

2π 5π
The solutions are x = 0, , π, , 2π .
3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 34

 1
d 2 cos 2 2 x − 1 =0 ⇒ cos 2 x =±
2

Need to find solutions in all quadrants.

Change the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π to 0 ≤ 2 x ≤ 4π .

1st quadrant

 1  π π
2 x = cos −1  = 4⇒x= 8
 2

 1  9π 9π
2 x = 2π + cos −1  = 4 ⇒ x= 8
 2

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

2nd quadrant

 1  3π 3π
2 x = π − cos −1  = 4 ⇒x= 8
 2

 1  11π 11π
2 x = 2π + π − cos −1  = 4 ⇒ x= 8
 2

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

3rd quadrant

 1  5π 5π
2 x = π + cos −1  = 4 ⇒x= 8
 2

 1  13π 13π
2 x = 2π + π + cos −1  = 4 ⇒ x= 8
 2

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 35

 4th quadrant

 1  π 7π
2x =0 − cos −1  =− ⇒x=
 2 4 8

 1  7π 7π
2 x = 2π − cos −1  = 4 ⇒ x= 8
 2

 1  15π 15π
2 x = 4π − cos −1  = 4 ⇒ x= 8
 2

Adding more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

π 3π 5π 7 π 9π 11π 13π 15π

The solutions are x = , , , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

cos( x + π) =1
x + π = cos −1 1
= 0, 2π, 4π, 6π,...

x = −π, π,3π,5π,...

For the domain [0, 2π] , x = π .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 36

Question 5

a tan 3 x = 1

tan θ is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

Change the domain −π ≤ x ≤ π to −3π ≤ 3 x ≤ 3π .

1st quadrant

π π
3 x = tan −1 1 = ⇒x=
4 12

7π 7π
3 x = −2π + tan −1 1 = − ⇒x=−
4 12

9π 3π
3 x = 2π + tan −1 1 = ⇒ x=
4 4

Adding or subtracting more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

3rd quadrant

5π 5π
3 x = π + tan −1 1 = ⇒x=
4 12

3π π
3 x = −2π + π + tan −1 1 = − ⇒x=−
4 4

11π 11π
3 x = −4π + π + tan −1 1 = − ⇒x=−
4 12

11π 7 π π π 5π 3π
The solutions are x =
− ,− ,− , , , .
12 12 4 12 12 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 37

  π 1
b cos  x +  =
 4 2

cos θ is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.

π π π 3π π 5π
Change the domain −π ≤ x ≤ π to −π + ≤ x + ≤ π + or − ≤ x+ ≤ .
4 4 4 4 4 4

1st quadrant

π  1  π
x+ = cos −1  = ⇒x= 0
4  2 4

Adding or subtracting multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

4th quadrant

π  1  π π
x+ =0 − cos −1   =− ⇒x=− .
4  2 4 2

π
The solutions are x = − , 0 .
2

c sin 2 x = −1

3π
sin θ = −1 for =
θ ± 2nπ, =
n 0,1, 2,..
2

3π
Hence x= ± nπ
4

For −π ≤ x ≤ π

π 3π
x= − , .
4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 38

  π
d cos  x −  =
0
 2

π 3π
cos θ =0 for θ= ± 2nπ, n= 0,1, 2,.. and for =
θ ± 2nπ, =
n 0,1, 2,..
2 2

Hence x = π ± 2nπ and x = 2π ± 2nπ

For −π ≤ x ≤ π the solutions are x = −π, 0, π

e tan 2 4 x =
0 ⇒ tan 4 x =
0

tan θ =0 for θ= 0, ±π, ±2π,

π 2π 3π 4π
Hence the solutions in [−π, π] are x =0, ± , ± , ± , ± or
4 4 4 4
π π 3π
x =0, ± , ± , ± , ±π
4 2 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 39

Question 6

 π 1
a cos 2  x −  =
 2 2

cos θ is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.

π π 3π
Change the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π to − ≤ x− ≤
2 2 2

1st quadrant

 π 1 π π π 2π
2  x −  = cos −1   = , x − = ⇒ x =
 2 2 3 2 6 3

 π π 7π π 7π 5π
2  x −  = 2π + = ,x− = ⇒ x=
 2 3 3 2 6 3

Adding or subtracting more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

4th quadrant

 π π π π π π
2  x −  =−
0 =− ,x− =− ⇒x=
 2 3 3 2 6 3

 π π 5π π 5π 4π
2  x −  =2π − = , x − = ⇒ x =
 2 3 3 2 6 3

Adding or subtracting more multiples of 2π will produce results outside the domain.

π 2 π 4 π 5π
The solutions are x = , , , .
3 3 3 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 40

  3π   3π  1
b 2sin  3 x +  = 1 ⇒ sin  3 x +  =
 2   2  2

sin θ is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.

Change the domain.

3π 3π 3π 3π 3π 15π
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ 3 x ≤ 6π , ≤ 3x + ≤ 6π + or ≤ 3x + ≤
2 2 2 2 2 2

1st quadrant

3π 1 π 4π
3x + =sin −1 = ⇒ x =− .
2 2 6 9

4π 14π
The equivalent 1st quadrant angle is 2π − =
9 9

3π π 2π
3x + = 2π + ⇒ x =
2 6 9

3π π 8π
3x + = 4π + ⇒ x =
2 6 9

Adding or subtracting more multiples of 2π will either produce results outside the
domain or produce duplicates.

2nd quadrant

3π π 2π 2π 16π
3x + = π − ⇒ x = − . This angle is equivalent to 2π − =
2 6 9 9 9

3π π 4π
3x + = 2π + π − ⇒ x =
2 6 9

3π π 10π
3x + = 4π + π − ⇒ x =
2 6 9

Adding or subtracting more multiples of 2π will either produce results outside the
domain or produce duplicates.

2π 4π 8π 10π 14π 16π

The solutions are x = , , , , , .
9 9 9 9 9 9

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 41

Question 7

a Amplitude 15, period 12, centre 20

The amplitude is the vertical dilation factor, 15

π
The period is 2π ÷ =12
6

The centre is the vertical translation, 20

b Amplitude 15, period 12, centre 20

π 
15cos  t  + 20 =
35
6 

π 
cos  t  = 1
6 
π
t = 0, 2π, 4π,...
6
t = 0,12, 24,...

The maximum value of a cosine function is 1, so t specifies which month of each year
(in this case, January) produces the maximum temperature of 35°C.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 42

Question 8

a =
Let h A sin(at + b) + c , where h m is the height of the tidal wave at time t s.

Assume there is no phase shift, so b = 0 .

The centre, c, is (20 + 6) / 2 =

13 .

2π π
The period is 10, so = 10 ⇒ a = .
a 5

The minimum value is 6, which occurs when sin(ax + b) =−1 .

Hence

−A+ c = 6
− A + 13 = 6 ⇒ A = 7

 πt 
=
So the function is h 7 sin   + 13 .
5

 πt 
b The maximum height occurs when sin   = 1 .
 5

πt π 5π 9π 13π
= , , , ,...
5 2 2 2 2

5 25 45 65
t = , , , ,...
2 2 2 2

The first four values of t for maximum height are t = 2.5, 12.5, 22.5. 32.5 seconds.

 πt 
c The minimum height occurs when sin   = −1 .
5

πt 3π 7 π 11π 15π
= , , , ,...
5 2 2 2 2

15 35 55 75
t= , , , ,...
2 2 2 2

The first value of t for minimum height is t = 7.5 seconds.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 43

  πt 
d Require 7 sin   + 13 =
13 .
5

 πt 
sin   = 0
5

πt
= 0, π, 2π,3π,... seconds
5

T = 0, 5, 10, 15, … seconds

Question 9

a From the graph, the centre of the function is 0 and the maximum value is 1, hence the
amplitude is 1.

2π 1
Or from the equation, the amplitude is 1 and the period is = .
880π 440

b i From the graph, a horizontal line with equation y = 0.5 will intersect

the sine function 9 times, hence there are 9 solutions for x.

The solutions are x = 0.0002, 0.0010, 0.0025, 0.0032, 0.0047, 0.0055,

0.0070, 0.0078, 0.0093.

ii The solutions to sin(880πx) =

0 are the x-intercepts.

Reading these from the graph gives

x = 0, 0.001, 0.0021, 0.00035, 0.0045, 0.0056, 0.0068, 0.008, 0.009

c i sin(880πx) =
0.5 means the solutions are in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.

1
x= sin −1 0.5
880π

In the 1st quadrant

π
sin −1 0.5 = + 2nπ, n = 0,1, 2,...
6

π 13π 25π 37 π 49π

= , , , , in [0, 0.01]
6 6 6 6 6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 44

 and in the 2nd quadrant

π
sin −1 0.5 = π − + 2nπ, n = 0,1, 2,... .
6

5π 17 π 29π 41π
= , , , in [0, 0.01]
6 6 6 6

Hence

1 π 1 5π 1 13π 1 17 π 1 25π 1 29π 1 37 π 1 41π 1 49π

x= , , , , , , , ,
880π 6 880π 6 880π 6 880π 6 880π 6 880π 6 880π 6 880π 6 880π 6
1 5 13 17 25 29 37 41 49
= , , , , , , , ,
5280 5280 5280 5280 5280 5280 5280 5280 5280
= 0.00019, 0.00095, 0.0025, 0.0032, 0.0047, 0.0055, 0.0070, 0.0078, 0.0093 , to 2 significant
figures.

ii 880πx = sin −1 0 = 0, π, 2π,3π,..

0 1 2 3 9
Hence x = , , , ,..,
880 880 880 880 880

= 0, 0.0011, 0.0023, 0.0034, 0.0045, 0.0057, 0.0068, 0.0080, 0.0091, 0.010 ,

to 2 significant figures.

d Three times louder means the amplitude is 3 times larger.

=
Hence the equation is y 3sin(880πx)

2π 1
f The period is = seconds .
880π 440

2π 1
Hence one wave cycle takes = seconds , so there are 440 wave cycles
880π 440

in 1 second.

Therefore note A has 440 hertz (Hz).

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 45

Question 10

 2πt  2π
y = sin   , period is y = 2π ÷ = 23 .
 23  23

This means the physical cycle repeats after 23 days.

The amplitude is 1, so physically, during the month you are at your peak when
2πt −1 π
= sin = 1 .
23 2

23
That is, on approximately the 6th day and 29th day =
(t ≈ 6 , t =6 + 23 =29 ).
4

2πt 3π
Similarly, physically you are at your lowest level when = sin −1 (−1)
= .
23 2

That is, on approximately the 17th day.

 2πt  2π
y = sin   , period is y = 2π ÷ = 28 .
 28  28

This means the emotional cycle repeats after 28 days.

2πt π
Emotionally, you will be at your best when = , the 7th day of the month, and at your
28 2
2πt 3π
lowest level when = , which is the 21st day.
28 2

 2πt  2π
y = sin   , period is y = 2π ÷ = 33
 33  33

This means your intellectual cycle repeats after 33 days.

2πt π
Your peak intellectual performance occurs when = , which is approximately the 8th
33 2
33
day (=
t = 8.25 )
4

2πt 3π
Your lowest intellectual level occurs when = , approximately the 25th day.
33 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 46

  2πt   2πt 
b From the graph, the points of intersection of y = sin   and y = sin   are
 23   33 
x ≈ 7 days and x ≈ 21 days .

 2πt   2πt 
c From the graph, the points of intersection of y = sin   and y = sin   are
 23   28 
x ≈ 6 days and x ≈ 19 days .

d The 3 functions are close to their maximum together at about the 7th day.

Question 11

a In the unstretched position (natural/equilibrium state), the spring is 15 cm in length.

It represents the centre of the motion, where the spring begins to stretch or contract.

b =h 12 cos t + 15

The maximum height is the maximum distance from the centre.

This is 12 + 15 =
27 cm

The minimum height is the minimum distance from the centre.

This is 15 − 12 =
3 cm

c After π seconds, the height of the spring is

=h 12 cos π=
+ 15 3 cm .

d The minimum height is 3 cm.

=
h 12 cos t +=
15 3
cos t = −1 .
t =π,3π,5π,.. seconds or t =(2n − 1)π, n =1, 2,... seconds

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 47

Exercise 4.04 Trigonometric identities

Question 1

a Apply the difference formula cos(=

A − B ) cos A cos B + sin A sin B

cos(=
a − b) cos a cos b + sin a sin b

tan A + tan B
b Use the sum formula tan( A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B

tan x + tan y
tan( x + y ) =
1 − tan x tan y

c =
Apply the sum formula sin( A + B) sin A cos B + cos A sin B using
= A 3=
p, B 2q

sin(3 =
p + 2q ) sin 3 p cos 2q + cos 3 p sin 2q

1
d =
Apply the sum formula cos A sin B [sin( A + B ) − sin( A − B)] using=
A x=
,B y
2

1
=
cos x sin y [sin( x + y ) − sin( x − y )]
2

So sin( x + y ) − sin( x − y ) =
2 cos x sin y

e =
Use cos 2 A cos 2 A − sin 2 A

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 48

Question 2

a A + B) cos A cos B − sin A sin B with=

Use cos(= A a=
,B b

cos a cos b − sin a sin b =

cos(a + b)

tan x − tan y
b Use tan( x − y ) = using x =
α, y =
β
1 + tan x tan y

tan α − tan β
= tan(α − β)
1 + tan α tan β

c Use sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A with A = x

2sin x cos x = sin 2 x

d =
sin( A − B ) sin A cos B − cos A sin B , with
= A 5=
a, B 3b

sin 5a cos 3b − cos 5a sin 3b =

sin(5a − 3b)

1
e =
cos A cos B [cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B )]
2

1
Hence [cos( A + B) + cos( A − B)] =
cos A cos B
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 49

Question 3

a i cos A

1− t2 A
Use the t ratio, cos A = , where t = tan
1+ t 2
2

2t A
ii Use the t ratio tan A = , where t = tan
1− t 2
2

6t 2t
=
3× =
3 tan A
1− t 2
1− t2

2t 1− t2 A
b sin A = , cos A = where t = tan
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
2

sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A

2t 1 − t 2
= 2× ×
1+ t2 1+ t2
4t (1 − t 2 )
=
(1 + t 2 ) 2

2t 1− t2 A
c sin A = , cos A = where t = tan
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
2

sin A 2t 1− t2
= ÷
cos A 1 + t 2 1 + t 2
2t
=
1+ t2
= tan A

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 50

 Question 4

sin=
75° sin (45° + 30°)
= sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°
1 3 1 1
= × + ×
2 2 2 2
3 +1
=
2 2

b tan15° tan ( 60° − 45° )

tan 60° − tan 45° tan x − tan y

= , using tan( x − y ) = =
with =
x 60, y 15
1 + tan 60° tan 45° 1 + tan x tan y

3 −1
=
1 + 3 ×1
3 −1
=
3 +1

Question 5

=
sin 3 x sin(2 x + x)
= sin 2 x cos x + cos 2 x sin x , using sin( A
= + B) sin A cos B + cos A sin B
= (2sin x cos x) cos x + (cos 2 x − sin 2 x) sin x, using sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A, cos 2 A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A
= 2sin x cos 2 x + cos 2 x sin x − sin 3 x
= 3sin x cos 2 x − sin 3 x
= 3sin x(1 − sin 2 x) − sin 3 x, using sin 2 A + cos 2 A =
1
=3sin x − 3sin 3 x − sin 3 x
= 3sin x − 4sin 3 x

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 51

Question 6

a LHS = cos 3x

= cos (2x + x)

= cos 2x cos x – sin 2x sin x

= (cos2 x – sin2 x) cos x – (2 sin x cos x) sin x

= cos3 x – sin2 x cos x – 2 sin2 x cos x

= cos3 x – 3 sin2 x cos x

= cos3 x – 3(1 – cos2 x) cos x

= cos3 x – 3 cos x + 3 cos3 x

= 4 cos3 x – 3 cos x

= RHS

LHS = tan 2 x
= tan( x + x)
tan x + tan x
=
1 − tan x tan x
2 tan x
=
1 − tan 2 x
2 tan x
=
1 − ( sec 2 x −1)
2 tan x
=
1 − sec 2 x +1
2 tan x
=
2 − sec 2 x
= RHS

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 52

Question 7

1
a =
sin A sin B [cos( A − B ) − cos( A + B )]=
, A 3=
a, B 2b
2

1
sin 3a sin=
2b [cos(3a − 2b) − cos(3a + 2b)]
2

1
b =
cos A sin B [sin( A + B) − sin( A − B)]=
, A 5=
y, B 3z
2

1
=
cos 5 y sin 3z [sin(5 y + 3 z ) − sin(5 y − 3 z )]
2

1
c =
cos A cos B [cos( A − B ) + cos( A + B )]=
, A 2=
p, B 3q
2

1
=
cos 2 p cos 3q [cos(2 p − 3q ) + cos(2 p + 3q )]
2

1
d =
sin A cos B [sin( A + B) + sin( A − B)]=
, A 4=
x, B 9 y
2

1
sin 4 x cos=
9y [sin(4 x + 9 y ) + sin(4 x − 9 y )]
2

Question 8

a 2sin x + cos x = a sin x + b cos x

=
a 2,=
b 1

r= 22 + 12 = 5

b 1 1
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 26°34′
a 2 2

2sin x + cos
= x 5 sin ( x + 26°34′)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 53

b sin x + 3 cos x =a sin x + b cos x

=
a 1,=
b 3

2
r = 12 + 3 =2

b 3
tan α= = = 3 ⇒ α= tan −1 3= 60°
a 1

sin x + 3 cos
= x 2sin ( x + 60°)

c sin x + cos x = a sin x + b cos x

=
a 1,=
b 1

r= 12 + 12 = 2

b 1
tan α = = = 1 ⇒ α = tan −1 1 = 45°
a 1

sin x + =
cos x 2 sin ( x + 45°)

d 5sin x + 2 cos x = a sin x + b cos x

=
a 5,=
b 2

r= 52 + 2 2 = 29

b 2 2
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 21°48′
a 5 5

5sin x + 2=
cos x 29 sin ( x + 21°48′)

e 4sin x + 7 cos x = a sin x + b cos x

=
a 4,=
b 7

r= 42 + 7 2 = 65

b 7 7
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 60°15′
a 4 4

4sin x + 7=
cos x 65 sin ( x + 60°15′)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 54

Question 9

a sin x − cos x = a sin x − b cos x

=
a 1,=
b 1

r= 12 + 12 = 2

b 1 π
tan α = = = 1 ⇒ α = tan −1 1 =
a 1 4

 π
sin x − cos=
x 2 sin  x − 
 4

b sin x − 2 cos x = a sin x − b cos x

=
a 1,=
b 2

r= 12 + 22 = 5

b 2
tan α = = = 2 ⇒ α = tan −1 2 = 1.11
a 1

sin x − 2 cos x= 5 sin ( x − 1.11)

c sin x − 3 cos x =a sin x − b cos x

=
a 1,=
b 3

2
r = 12 + 3 =2

b 3 π
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1 3=
a 1 3

 π
sin x − 3 cos x =2sin  x − 
 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 55

d 3 sin x − cos x = a sin x − b cos x

=a =
3, b 1

2
=
r 3 + 1=
2
2

b 1  1  π
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1  =
a 3  3 6

 π
sin x − 3 cos x =2sin  x − 
 6

e 5sin x − 2 cos x = a sin x − b cos x

=
a 5,=
b 2

r= 52 + 2 2 = 29

b 2 2
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 0.38
a 5 5

sin x − 3 cos x= 29 sin ( x − 0.38 )

Question 10

a 2 cos x + 3sin x = a cos x + b sin x

=
a 2,=
b 3

r= 22 + 32 = 13

b 3 3
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 0.98
a 2 2

2 cos x + 3sin=
x 13 cos ( x − 0.98 )

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 56

b 7 cos x + 2sin x = a cos x + b sin x

=
a 7,=
b 2

r= 7 2 + 22 = 53

b 2 2
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 0.28
a 7 7

7 cos x + 2sin=
x 53 cos ( x − 0.28 )

c cos x + 3 sin x =a cos x + b sin x

=
a 1,=
b 3

2
r = 12 + 3 =2

b 3 π
tan α= = = 3 ⇒ α= tan −1 3=
a 1 3

 π
cos x + 3 sin x = 2 cos  x − 
 3

d 3 cos x + sin x= a cos x + b sin x

=a =
3, b 1

2
=
r 3 + 1=
2
2

b 1  1  π
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1  =
a 3  3 6

 π
cos x + 3 sin x = 2 cos  x − 
 6

e 3cos x + 2sin x = a cos x + b sin x

=
a 3,=
b 2

r= 32 + 22 = 13

b 2 2
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 0.59
a 3 3

3cos x + 2sin=
x 13 cos ( x − 0.59 )

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 57

Question 11

a 2 cos x − 3sin x = a cos x − b sin x

=
a 2,=
b 3

r= 22 + 32 = 13

b 3 3
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 56°19′
a 2 2

2 cos x −=
3sin x 13 cos ( x + 56°19′ )

b 7 cos x − 2sin x = a cos x − b sin x

=
a 7,=
b 2

r= 7 2 + 22 = 53

b 2 2
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 15°57′
a 7 7

7 cos x −=
2sin x 53 cos ( x + 15°57′ )

c cos x − 3 sin x =a cos x − b sin x

=
a 1,=
b 3

2
r = 12 + 3 =2

b 3
tan α= = = 3 ⇒ α= tan −1 3= 60°
a 1

cos x − 3 sin
= x 2 cos ( x + 60° )

d 3 cos x − sin x= a cos x − b sin x

=a =
3, b 1

2
=
r 3 + 1=
2
2

b 1  1 
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1  = 30°
a 3  3

3 cos x − sin
= x 2 cos ( ( x + 30° )

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 58

e 3cos x − 2sin x = a cos x − b sin x

=
a 3,=
b 2

r= 32 + 22 = 13

b 2 2
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 33°41′
a 3 3

3cos x − =
2sin x 13 cos ( x + 33°41′ )

Question 12

a 9sin x + 7 cos x = a sin x + b cos x

=
a 9,=
b 7

r= 92 + 7 2 = 130

b 7 7
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 37°52′
a 9 9

9sin x +=
7 cos x 130 sin ( x + 37°52′ )

b 9sin x + 7 cos x = a sin x + b cos x

=
a 7,=
b 9

r= 7 2 + 92 = 130

b 9 9
tan α= = ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 52°7′
a 7 7

9sin x +=
7 cos x 130 cos ( x + 52°7′ )

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 59

Question 13

a First express f ( x) in the form r sin ( x + α) .

sin x + 3=
cos x r sin ( x=
+ α) r sin x cos α + r cos x sin α

=
Hence r cos α 1, r sin
= α 3

2 3 π
r = 12 + 3 =2 , tan α
= = = tan −1 =
3⇒α 3
1 3

 π
So=
f ( x) 2sin  x + 
 3

π
The graph has amplitude 2, centre 0, period 2π and phase shift to the left.
3

It is the graph of f ( x) = sin x vertically dilated with scale factor 2 and translated

π
units to the left.
3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 60

b Express y in the form r cos ( x + α) .

cos=
x − sin x r cos x cos α − r sin x sin α

=
Hence r cos α 1, r sin
= α 1

1 π
r= 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = = 1 ⇒ α = tan −1 1 =
1 4

 π
=
So y 2 cos  x + 
 4

π
The graph has amplitude 2 , centre 0, period 2π and phase shift to the left.
4

It is the graph of y = cos x vertically dilated with scale factor 2 and translated

π
units to the left.
4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 61

c Express y in the form r sin ( x − α) .

2sin x =
− 3cos x r sin x cos α − r cos x sin α

=
Hence r cos α 2, r sin
= α 3

3 3
r= 22 + 32 = 13 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 0.98
2 2

=
So y 13 sin ( x − 0.98 )

The graph has amplitude 13 , centre 0, period 2π and phase shift 0.98 to the right.

It is the graph of y = sin x vertically dilated with scale factor 13 and translated

0.98 units to the right.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 62

d Express f ( x) in the form r cos ( x − α) .

4 cos x=
+ 2sin x r cos x cos α + r sin x sin α

=
Hence r cos α 4, r sin
= α 2

2 2
r= 42 + 22 = 20 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 0.46
4 4

=
So y 20 cos ( x − 0.46 )

The graph has amplitude 20 , centre 0, period 2π and phase shift 0.46 to the right.

It is the graph of y = cos x vertically dilated with scale factor 20 and translated

0.46 units to the right.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 63

e Express y in the form r sin ( x − α) .

3 sin x=
− cos x r sin x cos α − r cos x sin α

Hence r=
cos α 3,=
r sin α 1

2 1  1  π
r= 3 + 12 = 4 = 2 , tan =
α α tan −1  =
⇒= 
3  3 6

 π
=
So y 2sin  x − 
 6

π
The graph has amplitude 2, centre 0, period 2π and phase shift to the right.
6

It is the graph of y = sin x vertically dilated with scale factor 13 and translated

π
units to the right.
6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 64

 Exercise 4.05 Further trigonometric equations

Question 1

a cos ( x + 58°) + cos

= ( x − 58°) 2 cos x cos 58° , using
1
=
cos A cos B [cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)]
2

Hence 2 cos x cos 58° =1

1
cos x =
2 cos 58°

Cos is positive, so the solutions are in the 1st and 4th quadrants.

 1 
=x cos −1   ≈ 19°21′ , 1st quadrant
 2 cos 58° 

= =′ 340°39′ , 4th quadrant

x 360° − 19°21

1
b =
Use sin A cos B [sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B )]
2

sin ( x − 60°) + sin

= ( x + 60°) 2sin
= x cos 60° sin x

Hence sin x = 0.5

Sin is positive, so the solutions are in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.

=x sin −1 0.5 ≈ 30° , 1st quadrant

=
x 180° − 30=
° 150° , 2nd quadrant

c sin ( x − 30°) − sin ( x + 30°) =−[sin ( x + 30°) − sin ( x − 30°)]

1
=
Use cos A sin B [sin ( A + B ) − sin ( A − B )]
2

sin ( x − 30°) − sin ( x + 30°) = −2 cos x sin 30° = − cos x

Hence − cos x =
1

x = cos −1 (−1) = 180° , is the only solution in the given domain.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 65

 1
d sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A , so cos x sin x = sin 2 x .
2

1 1
Hence sin 2 x = ⇒ sin 2 x =
1
2 2

Sin is positive, so the solutions are in quadrant 1 and quadrant 2.

2 x= sin −1 1= 90° ⇒ x= 45° , quadrant 1

2=
x 360° + 90=
° 450° ⇒=
x 225° , quadrant 2

1
e sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A , so sin x cos x = sin 2 x .
2

1 1 1
Hence sin 2 x = ⇒ sin 2 x =
2 2 2 2

Sin is positive, so the solutions are in quadrant 1 and quadrant 2.

 1 
2 x= sin −1  = 45° ⇒ x= 22°30′ ,
 2

2= x 202°30′ , quadrant 1
x 360° + 45° ⇒=

2=
x 180° − 45= x 67°30′ ,
° 135° ⇒ =

2= x 247°30′ , quadrant 2
x 360° + 180° − 45° ⇒=

4sin 2 x − 1 =0
1
sin x = ±
2

Required solutions are in all quadrants.

1
x= sin −1  =
 30° , quadrant 1
2

=
x 180° − 30=
° 150° , quadrant 2

=
x 180° + 30=
° 210° , quadrant 3

=
x 360° − 30=
° 330° , quadrant 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 66

g 2 cos 2 x − cos=
x − 1 (2 cos x + 1)(cos x − 1)

Hence (2 cos x + 1)(cos x − 1) =

0

(2 cos x + 1) =
0 and (cos x − 1) =
0

(2 cos x + 1) =
0

1
x 180° − cos −1  =
=  180° − 60=
° 120° ,
2

=
x 180° + 60=
° 240° , quadrant 2 and quadrant 3

cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos x = 1

x = cos −1 1= 0° , =
x 360° + 0=
° 360°

h tan 2 x + tan x =
0

tan x(tan x + 1) =
0

tan x = 0 and (tan x + 1) =

0

tan x =0 ⇒ x =tan −1 0 =0°,180°,360°

tan x + 1 =0 ⇒ tan x =−1

The solutions are in quadrant 2 and quadrant 4.

Hence =
x 180° − 45=
° 135°,360° − 45=
° 315°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 67

i

sin 2 x + cos x − 1
=
1 − cos 2 x + cos x − 1
=
− cos 2 x + cos x

Hence

− cos 2 x + cos x =
0
cos x(cos x − 1) =0

cos x = 0 and cos x − 1 =0

cos x = 0 ⇒ x = 90°, 270°

cos x − 1 =0
cos x = 1
x= 0°,360°

j 6 cos 2 x − 7 cos x=
+ 2 (3cos x − 2)(2 cos x − 1)

Hence (3cos x − 2)(2 cos x − 1) =

0

3cos x − 2 =0 and 2 cos x − 1 =0

3cos x − 2 =0
2
cos x =
3

Cos is positive, so find solutions in quadrant 1 and quadrant 4.

2
 48°11′ , =
x= cos −1  = =′ 311°49′
x 360° − 48°11
3

1
2 cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos x =
2

1
 60° , =
x= cos −1  = x 360° − 60=
° 300°
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 68

Question 2

1
a =
cos A sin B [sin ( A + B ) − sin ( A − B )]
2

  π  π  π
Hence − sin  x +  − sin  x −   =
−2 cos x sin  
  4  4  4

π
−2 cos x sin   = 0.25
4
1
−2 cos x × = 0.25
2
0.25 2
cos x = − ≈ −0.177
2

Find solutions in quadrant 2 and quadrant 3.

x = π − cos −1 0.177 = 1.75 , x = π + cos −1 0.177 = 4.53

1
b =
cos A cos B [cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)]
2

Hence cos ( x + 1.2 ) + cos ( x − 1.2 ) =

2 cos x cos1.2

2 cos x cos1.2 = 0.7

0.7
cos x =
2 cos1.2

= 0.9658 …

x = 0.26, 2π – 0.26

= 0.26, 6.02

1
c =
sin A sin B [cos ( A − B) − cos ( A + B)]
2

 π  π π
Hence cos  x −  − cos =x +  2sin =
x sin sin x
 6  6 6

π
Hence sin x = 1 so x = for the given domain.
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 69

 1
d sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A , so sin x cos x = sin 2 x .
2

1
Hence sin 2 x =0.15 ⇒ sin 2 x =0.3
2

Sin is positive, so find solutions in quadrant 1 and quadrant 2

2 x= sin −1 0.3= 0.30 ⇒ x= 0.15

2 x = π − 0.30 = 2.83 ⇒ x = 1.42

2 x = 2π + 0.30 = 6.59 ⇒ x = 3.29

2 x = 3π − 0.30 = 9.12 ⇒ x = 4.56

1
e sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A , so cos x sin x = sin 2 x .
2

1
Hence sin 2 x =0.23 ⇒ sin 2 x =0.46
2

Sin is positive, so find solutions in quadrant 1 and quadrant 2

=2 x sin −1 0.46
= ⇒ x 0.24 and 2 x = π − sin −1 0.46 ⇒ x = 1.33

2 x = 2π + sin −1 0.46 ⇒ x = 3.38 and 2 x = 2π + π − sin −1 0.46 = 2.83 ⇒ x = 4.47

f 2 tan 2 x + tan =
x − 1 (2 tan x − 1)(tan x + 1)

Hence

(2 tan x − 1)(tan x + 1) =
0

2 tan x − 1 =0 and tan x + 1 =0

1
2 tan x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = tan −1 ≈ 0.46 (1st quadrant)
2

1
and x = π + tan −1 ≈ 3.61 (3rd quadrant)
2

tan x + 1 =0 ⇒ tan x =−1

π 3π π 7π
x = π− = (2nd quadrant), x = 2π − = (4th quadrant)
4 4 4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 70

g 6sin 2 x + sin x=
− 1 (3sin x − 1)(2sin x + 1)

Hence

(3sin x − 1)(2sin x + 1) =
0

3sin x − 1 =0 and 2sin x + 1 =0

1
3sin x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = sin −1   ≈ 0.34 (1st quadrant)
3

1
and x = π − sin −1   ≈ 2.80 (3rd quadrant)
3

1
2sin x + 1 =0 ⇒ sin x =−
2

π 7π π 11π
x = π+ = (3rd quadrant), x = 2π − = (4th quadrant)
6 6 6 6

2sec 2 x + 3 tan x − 1 =
2(1 + tan 2 x) + 3 tan x − 1
= 2 tan 2 x + 3 tan x + 1
= (2 tan x + 1)(tan x + 1)

Hence

(2 tan x + 1)(tan x + 1) =
0

2 tan x + 1 =0 and tan x + 1 =0

2 tan x + 1 =0

1
x = π − tan −1   ≈ 2.68 (2nd quadrant)
2

1
and x = 2π − tan −1   ≈ 5.82 (4th quadrant)
2

tan x + 1 =0

3π 7π
tan x = π − tan −1 1 = (3rd quadrant) and x = 2π − tan −1 1 = (4th quadrant)
4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 71

i cos 2 2 x + cos
= 2 x cos 2 x(cos 2 x + 1)

Hence

cos 2 x(cos 2 x + 1) =
0

cos 2 x = 0 and cos 2 x + 1 =0

cos 2 x = 0
π 3π 5π 7 π π 3π 5π 7 π
=2x , , =, ⇒x , , ,
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

cos 2 x + 1 =0 ⇒ cos 2 x =−1

2x = π, 2 x =3π
π 3π
x= ,
2 2

Question 3

sin x = cos x
sin x
=1 ⇒ tan x =
1
cos x

Hence

π 3π 5π
x= (1st quadrant) and x = π + = , (3rd quadrant)
4 4 4

cos x = 3 sin x
sin x 1 1
= ⇒ tan x =
cos x 3 3

Hence

−1  1  π π 7π
= =
x tan   6 (1st quadrant) and x = π + 6 = 6 , (3rd quadrant)
 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 72

c

sin 2 x = sin x
2sin x cos x = sin x
2sin x cos x − sin x =
0
sin x(2 cos x − 1) =
0

sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π, 2π

1
2 cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos x =
2

−1 1 π π 5π
= =
x cos , (1st quadrant), x = 2π − = (4th quadrant)
2 3 3 3

tan 2 x − tan x =0
tan x(tan x − 1) = 0

tan x = 0 and tan x − 1 =0

tan x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π, 2π

tan x − 1 = 0 ⇒ tan x = 1

π π 5π
x= , (1st quadrant), x = π + = (3rd quadrant)
4 4 4

e 2sin 2 x − sin =
x − 1 (2sin x + 1)(sin x − 1)

Hence (2sin x + 1)(sin x − 1) =

0

2sin x + 1 =0 and sin x − 1 =0

1
2sin x + 1 =0 ⇒ sin x =−
2

−1 1 π 1 5π
= =
x sin (1st quadrant), x = π − sin −1 = , (2nd quadrant)
2 6 2 6

sin x − 1 =0
π
sin x =1 ⇒ x =
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 73

 f

2sin 2 x + 3cos x − 3
=
2(1 − cos 2 x) + 3cos x − 3
=
−2 cos 2 x + 3cos x − 1
=
(1 − 2 cos x)(cos x − 1)

Hence (1 − 2 cos x)(cos x − 1) =

0

1 − 2 cos x =
0 and cos x − 1 =0

1
1 − 2 cos x =
0 ⇒ cos x =
2

−1  1  π  1  5π
= =
x cos   , (quadrant 1), x = 2π − cos −1   =
2 3 2 3

cos x − 1 =0
cos x = 1
x = 0, x = 2π

sin x cot x − sin x

= sin x(cot x − 1)

Hence

sin x(cot x − 1) =
0

sin x = 0 and cot x − 1 =0

sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π, 2π

cot x − 1 =0
cos x
= 1 ⇒ tan x =
1
sin x

−1 π
= =
x tan 1 , (quadrant 1)
4

5π
x = π + tan −1 1 = , (quadrant 3)
4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 74

h

cos 2 x − 1 =0
cos x = ±1

cos x =1 ⇒ x =0, 2π

cos x =−1 ⇒ x =π

2sin x tan x − tan x + 2sin x − 1

= tan x(2sin x − 1) + (2sin x − 1)
= (2sin x − 1)(tan x + 1)

Hence

(2sin x − 1)(tan x + 1) =
0

2sin x − 1 =0 and tan x + 1 =0

1 1 π  1  5π
sin x = ⇒ x = sin −1   = , quadrant 1, x = π − sin −1   = , quadrant 2
2 2 6 2 6

tan x + 1 =0 ⇒ tan x =−1

3π 7π
x = π − tan −1 1 = , quadrant 2, x = 2π − tan −1 1 = , quadrant 4
4 4

j 3cos 2 x − 7 cos x=
+ 4 (3cos x − 4)(cos x − 1)

Hence (3cos x − 4)(cos x − 1) =

0

3cos x − 4 =0 and cos x − 1 =0

4
3cos x − 4 = 0 ⇒ cos x = . This has no solution.
3

cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos x = 1

=
x 0, 2π

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 75

Question 4

3sin θ + 4 cos θ = 0
sin θ 4 4
= − ⇒ tan θ = −
cos θ 3 3

Tan is negative, so find solutions in quadrants 2 and 4.

4
θ 180° − tan −1  =
= 8′ 126°52′
 180° − 53°=
3

4
θ 360° − tan −1  =
= 8′ 306°52′
 360° − 53°=
3

b Let 5cos θ − 12sin

= θ r cos (θ +=
α) r cos θ cos α − r sin θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 5, r sin
= α 12

12  12 
r= 52 + 122 = 13 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1   ≈ 67°23′
5  5

So 5cos θ − 12sin
= θ 13cos ( θ + 67°23′ )

Hence

13cos ( θ + 67°23′ ) = −3
3
cos ( θ + 67°23′ ) = −
13

Cos is negative, so find solutions in quadrants 2 and 3.

3
=′ 180° − cos −1   , quadrant 2
θ + 67°23
 13 

θ = 180° − 67°23′ − 76°39′ = 35°58′

3
=′ 180° + cos −1   , quadrant 3
θ + 67°23
 13 

θ 180° − 67°23′ + 76°39=

= ′ 189°17′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 76

c

sin θ − 3 cos θ = 0
sin θ
= 3 ⇒ tan =
θ 3
cos θ

Tan is positive, so find solutions in quadrants 1 and 3.

θ= tan −1 3= 60°

θ 180° + tan −1 =
= 3 180° + 60=
° 240°

d Let sin θ + cos

= θ r sin (θ +=
α) r sin θ cos α + r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 1

1
r= 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = = 1 ⇒ α = tan −1 1 = 45°
1

So sin θ +=
cos θ 2 sin ( θ + 45° )

Hence

1
2 sin ( θ + 45° ) = −1 ⇒ sin ( θ + 45° ) = −
2

Sin is negative, so find solutions in quadrants 2 and 3.

In 3rd quadrant

 1 
° 180° + sin −1 
θ + 45= 
 2
= 180° + 45° ⇒=θ 180°

In 4th quadrant

 1 
° 360° − sin −1 
θ + 45= 
 2
= 360° − 45° ⇒=θ 270°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 77

e Let 4sin θ − cos
= θ r sin (θ −=
α) r sin θ cos α − r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 4, r sin
= α 1

1 1
r= 42 + 12 = 17 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1  = 14°2′
4 4

So 4sin θ =
− cos θ 17 sin ( θ − 14°2′ )

Hence

3
17 sin ( θ − 14°2′ ) = −3 ⇒ sin ( θ − 14°2′ ) = −
17

Sin is negative, so find solutions in quadrants 2 and 3.

In 3rd quadrant

 3 
θ − 14°2=′ 180° + sin −1  
 17 
= 180° + 46°41′ ⇒= θ 240°43′

In 4th quadrant

 3 
2′ 360° − sin −1 
θ − 14°= 
 17 
= 360° − 46°41′ ⇒= θ 327°21′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 78

f Let sin θ − cos
= θ r sin (θ −=
α) r sin θ cos α − r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 1

1
r= 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = = 1 ⇒ α = tan −1 1 = 45°
1

So sin θ −=
cos θ 2 sin ( θ − 45° )

Hence

1
2 sin ( θ − 45° ) = 1 ⇒ sin ( θ − 45° ) =
2

Sin is positive, so find solutions in quadrants 1 and 2.

In 1st quadrant

 1 
θ − 45°= sin −1  = 45°
 2
θ= 90°

In 2nd quadrant

 1 
° 180° − sin −1  =
θ − 45=  180° − 45°
 2
=
θ 180°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 79

g Let 2 cos θ + sin
= θ r cos (θ −=
α) r cos θ cos α + r sin θ sin α

Then =
r cos α 2,=
r sin α 1

2 1  1 
= 2 + 1= 3 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1  = 35°16′
2
r
2  2

So 2 cos θ +=
sin θ 3 cos (θ − 35°16′)

Hence

1
3 cos (θ − 35°16′) = 1 ⇒ cos (θ − 35°16′) =
3

Cos is positive, so find solutions in quadrants 1 and 4.

In 1st quadrant

 1 
θ − 35°16=′ cos −1  = 54°44′
 3
θ= 90°

In 4th quadrant

 1 
=′ 360° − cos −1 
θ − 35°16 
 3
= 360° − 54°44′
θ 340°32′
=

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 80

h Let sin θ − cos
= θ r sin (θ −=
α) r sin θ cos α − r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 2, r sin
= α 1

1 1
r= 22 + 12 = 5 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1  = 26°34′
2 2

So sin θ −=
cos θ 5 sin ( θ − 26°34′ )

Hence

5 1
5 sin ( θ − 26°34=
′) ⇒ sin ( θ − 26°34=
′)
2 2

Sin is positive, so find solutions in quadrants 1 and 2.

In 1st quadrant

1
θ − 26°34=′ sin −1  = 30°
2
θ= 56°34′

In 2nd quadrant

1
θ − 26°34=′ 180° − sin −1  =
 180° − 30°
2
θ 176°34′
=

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 81

i Let 3cos θ − 5sin
= θ r cos (θ +=
α) r cos θ cos α − r sin θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 3, r sin
= α 5

5 5
r= 32 + 52 = 34 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1  = 59°2′
3 3

So 3cos θ −=
5sin θ 34 cos (θ + 59°2′)

Hence

2
34 cos (θ + 59°2′) = −2 ⇒ cos (θ + 59°2′) = −
34

Cos is negative, so find solutions in quadrants 2 and 3.

In 2nd quadrant

 2 
θ + 59°2=′ 180° − cos −1  
 34 
= 110°3′
θ= 51°1′

In 3rd quadrant

 2 
θ + 59°2=′ 180° + cos −1  
 34 
= 249°56′
θ 190°54′
=

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 82

j Let 2 cos θ + sin
= θ r cos (θ −=
α) r cos θ cos α + r sin θ sin α

Then =
r cos α 2,=
r sin α 1

2 1  1 
= 2 + 1= 3 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1  = 35°16′
2
r
2  2

So 2 cos θ +=
sin θ 3 cos (θ + 35°16′)

Hence

1
3 cos (θ − 35°16′) = −1 ⇒ cos (θ − 35°16′) = −
3

Cos is negative, so find solutions in quadrants 2 and 3.

In 2nd quadrant

 1 
θ − 35°16=′ 180° − cos −1  
 3
= 125°16′
θ 160°32′
=

In 3rd quadrant

 1 
θ − 35°16=′ 180° + cos −1  
 3
= 234°16′
=
θ 270°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 83

Question 5

7 sin θ + 3cos θ = 0
3
tan θ = −
7

Tan is negative in quadrant 2 and quadrant 4.

3 3
θ = π − tan −1 = 2.74 , θ = 2π − tan −1 = 5.88
7 7

b Let 6 cos θ − 10sin

= θ r cos (θ +=
α) r cos θ cos α − r sin θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 6, r sin
= α 10

10  10 
r= 62 + 102 = 136 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1  =  1.03
6  6

So 6 cos θ −=
10sin θ 136 cos (θ + 1.03)

Hence

1
136 cos(θ + 1.03) = −1 ⇒ cos(θ + 1.03) = −
136

Cos is negative in quadrants 2 and 3.

 1 
θ + 1.03 = π − cos −1  
 136 
θ =0.63

and

 1 
θ + 1.03 = π + cos −1  
 136 
θ =3.60

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 84

c Let sin θ + 3 cos
= θ r sin (θ +=
α) r sin θ cos α + r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 3

2 3 π
r = 12 + 3 =2 , tan α
= = = tan −1 =
3⇒α 3
1 3

 π
So sin θ + 3 cos
= θ 2sin  θ + 
 3

Hence

 π  π 1
2sin  θ +  = 1 ⇒ sin  θ +  =
 3  3 2

Sin is positive in quadrants 1 and 2.

π −1 1 π
=
θ+ =
sin
3 2 6
π π π 11π
θ= − =− =
6 3 6 6

and

π 1 5π
θ+ = π − sin −1 =
3 2 6
5π π π
=
θ −=
6 3 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 85

d Let sin θ − cos
= θ r sin (θ −=
α) r sin θ cos α − r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 1

1 π
r= 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = = 1 ⇒ α = tan −1 1 =
1 4

 π
So sin θ −=
cos θ 2 sin  θ − 
 4

Hence

 π  π 1
2 sin  θ −  = −1 ⇒ sin  θ −  = −
 4  4 2

Sin is negative in quadrants 3 and 4.

π π 5π 7 π
θ− =− , ,
4 4 4 4
3π
=θ 0, , 2π
2

e Let 3sin θ + 4 cos

= θ r sin (θ +=
α) r sin θ cos α + r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 3, r sin
= α 4

4 4
r= 32 + 42 = 5 , tan α= ⇒ α= tan −1  = 0.927
3 3

So 3sin θ + 4 cos
= θ 5sin (θ + 0.927)

Hence

5sin (θ + 0.927) = −2 ⇒ sin (θ + 0.927) = −0.4

Sin is negative in quadrants 3 and 4.

θ + 0.927 = π + sin −1 0.4

θ = −0.927 + π + 0.412
= 2.63

and

θ + 0.927 = 2π − sin −1 0.4

θ = −0.927 + 2π − 0.412
= 4.94

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 86

f Let cos θ − 3sin
= θ r cos (θ +=
α) r cos θ cos α − r sin θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 3

3
r= 12 + 32 = 10 , tan α = = 3 ⇒ α = tan −1 3 = 1.25
1

So cos θ −=
3sin θ 10 cos (θ + 1.25)

Hence

1
10 cos (θ + 1.25) = 1 ⇒ cos (θ + 1.25) = = 0.316
10

Cos is positive in quadrants 1 and 4.

−1
=
θ + 1.25 cos
= 0.316 1.25
=
θ 1.25 − 1.25
= 0.00

θ + 1.25 = 2π − cos −1 0.316 = 5.03

=
θ 5.03 − 1.25
= 3.78

θ + 1.25 = 2π + 1.25
θ = 2π

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 87

g Let 2 sin θ − cos
= θ r sin (θ −=
α) r sin θ cos α − r cos θ sin α

Then =
r cos α 2,=
r sin α 1

2 1
=
r 2 + 1=
2
3 , tan=
α ⇒=
α 0.615
2

So 2 sin θ −=
cos θ 3 sin (θ − 0.615)

Hence

1
3 sin(θ − 0.615) = 1 ⇒ sin(θ − 0.615) =
3

Sin is positive in quadrants 1 and 2.

−1  1 
=θ − 0.615 sin
=   0.615
 3
=θ 0.615 + 0.615
= 1.23

and

 1 
θ − 0.615 = π − sin −1  
 3
=θ 0.615 + π − 0.615
= π

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 88

h Let 4sin θ − 5cos
= θ r sin (θ −=
α) r sin θ cos α − r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 4, r sin
= α 5

5
r= 4 2 + 52 = 41 , tan α= ⇒ α= 0.896
4

So 4sin θ −=
5cos θ 41sin (θ − 0.896)

Hence

1 1
41sin (θ − 0.896)= ⇒ sin (θ − 0.896)= ≈ 0.078
2 2 41

Sin is positive in quadrants 1 and 2.

−1
=
θ − 0.896 sin
= 0.078 0.078
=θ 0.896 + 0.078
= 0.97

and

θ − 0.896 = π − sin −1 0.078

=θ 0.896 + π − 0.078
= 3.96

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 89

i Let 3sin θ + 5cos
= θ r sin (θ +=
α) r sin θ cos α + r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 3, r sin
= α 5

5
r= 32 + 52 = 34 , tan α= ⇒ α= 1.03
3

So 3sin θ +=
5cos θ 34 sin (θ + 1.03)

Hence

1
34 sin (θ + 1.03) = −1 ⇒ sin (θ + 1.03) = − ≈ −0.1714
34

Sin is negative in quadrants 3 and 4.

θ + 1.03 = π + sin −1 0.1714

θ = −1.03 + π + 0.17
= 2.28

θ + 1.03 = 2π − sin −1 0.1714

θ = −1.03 + 2π − 0.17
= 5.08

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 90

j Let sin θ − cos
= θ r sin (θ −=
α) r sin θ cos α − r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 1

1 π
r= 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = = 1⇒ α =
1 4

 π
So sin θ −=
cos θ 2 sin  θ − 
 4

Hence

 π 3  π 3
2 sin  θ − = ⇒ sin  θ − =
 4 2  4 2

Sin is positive in quadrants 1 and 2.

π −1 3 π
=
θ− =
sin
4 2 3

π π 7π
θ= + =
4 3 12

and

π π
θ− = π−
4 3
11π
θ=
12

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 91

Question 6

3
a sin (2 x − 45°) =
2

Sin is positive in quadrants 1 and 2.

In quadrant 1

3
2 x − 45°= sin −1 = 60°
2
2 x= 45° + 60°
x= 52.5°= 52°30′

And subtracting 360° gives

3
2 x − 45° = −360° + sin −1
2
2 x= 45° − 360° + 60°
x= −127°30′

In quadrant 2

3
° 180° − sin −1 = 120°
2 x − 45=
2
2 x= 45° + 120°
x= 82°30′

And subtracting 360° gives

2 x − 45° = −360° + 180° − 60°

2x = −195°
x= −97°30′

sin 2 x = sin x
sin 2 x − sin x =0
sin x(sin x − 1) = 0

sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0°, −180°,180°

sin x − 1 =0
sin x =1 ⇒ x =90°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 92

Question 7

cos 2 x = cos x
cos 2 x − sin 2 x =
cos x
cos 2 x − (1 − cos 2 x) =cos x
2 cos 2 x − cos x − 1 =0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x − 1) =
0

2 cos x + 1 =0
1
cos x = −
2
1
x = π − sin −1   , 2nd quadrant
2
π 2π
x = π− =
3 3

1
x = π + sin −1   , 3rd quadrant
2
π 4π
x = π+ =
3 3

cos x − 1 =0
cos x = 1
=
x 0, 2π

tan 2 x − 1 =0
tan 2 x = 1
tan x = ±1

π 3π 5π 7 π
x= , , ,
4 4 4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 93

c Let cos x + 3=
sin x r cos ( =
x − α) r cos x cos α + r sin x sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 3

2 3 π
r = 12 + 3 =2 , tan α
= = 3⇒α
=
1 3

 π
So cos x + 3 sin x = 2 cos  x − 
 3

Hence

 π  π
2 cos  x −  =2 ⇒ cos  x −  =1
 3  3
π π
x− =0⇒ x =
3 3

cos 2 x − sin x + 1 =0
1 − sin 2 x − sin x + 1 =0
sin 2 x + sin x − 2 =0
(sin x + 2)(sin x − 1) =
0

sin x + 2 = 0 ⇒ sin x = 2 , no solution for x satisfies this equation

sin x − 1 =0
π
sin x =1 ⇒ x =
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 94

e

sin 3 x + sin x =0
sin(2 x + x) + sin x = 0
sin 2 x cos x + cos 2 x sin x + sin x =0
2sin x cos x cos x + cos 2 x sin x + sin x =
0
sin x(2 cos 2 x + cos 2 x + 1) =
0
sin x(2 cos 2 x + 2 cos 2 x − 1 + 1) =0
sin x(4 cos 2 x) = 0

sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π, 2π

4 cos 2 x = 0
π 3π
cos x = 0 ⇒ x = , x =
2 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 95

Question 8

a The graph can also be considered to be the graph of y = cos x dilated vertically with
π
scale factor 2 and translated horizontally to the left units.
3

b Let cos x − 3=
sin x r cos ( x=
+ α) r cos x cos α − r sin x sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 3

2 3 π
r = 12 + 3 =2 , tan α
= = 3⇒α
=
1 3

 π
So cos x − 3 sin x = 2 cos  x + 
 3

 π
=
Hence y 2 cos  x + 
 3

π
The amplitude is 2, the period is 2π , the phase shift is and the centre is 0.
3

c From the graph, the horizontal line with equation y = 1 intersects the cosine function
at x = 0, x ≈ 4.2 and x = 2π.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 96

  π  π 1
d 2 cos  x +  =⇒
1 cos  x +  =
 3  3 2

π 1 1 π
x += cos −=
3 2 3
π π
x= − =0
3 3

or

π π
x+ = 2π −
3 3
π π 4π
x = 2π − − =
3 3 3

or

π π
x+ = 2π +
3 3
x = 2π

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 97

Question 9

πt
a The maximum displacement is x = 7 ×1 + 4 = 11 cm when cos = 1.
3

πt
cos =1
3
πt
= 0, 2π, 4π,..
3
t = 0, 6,12,18.. seconds

πt
b The minimum displacement is x = 7 × −1 + 4 = −3 cm when cos = −1 .
3

πt
cos = −1
3
πt
=π,3π,5π,..
3
t = 3,9,15,.. seconds

πt
c The centre of 7 cos + 4 is 4, so we require
3

πt
7 cos +4= 4
3
πt
cos = 0
3
πt π 3π 5π
= , , ,..
3 2 2 2
t = 1.5, 4.5, 7.5,.. seconds

πt
7 cos +4= 7.5
3
πt
cos = 0.5
3
πt π π π π π
= , 2π − , 2π + , 4π − ,, 4π + ,..
3 3 3 3 3 3
t = 1,5, 7,11,13,17,.. seconds

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 98

Question 10

a y = f (t ) + g (t ) = 3sin t + 4 cos t

Let=
y sin t + cos
= t r sin (t + =
α) r sin t cos α + r cos t sin α

=
Then r cos α 3, r sin
= α 4

4
r= 32 + 42 = 5 , tan α= ⇒ α= 0.93
3

=
So y 5sin(t + 0.93)

The amplitude is 5, the period is 2π , the phase shift is 0.93 and the centre is 0.

b Maximum total height is 5 m at t = 0.6 min

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 99

Question 11

a This is the standard tangent graph.

The period is π , the phase shift is 0 and the centre is 0.

tan x = 0 ⇒ x = tan −1 0
x = 0, ±π, ±2π, ±3π,...

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 100

Question 12

11π −7 π 3π π 5π 9π
a x=
− , , − , , , ,..
2 2 2 2 2 2

sin x = 1
x = sin −1 1
π 5π 9 π
x = , , ,...(anti-clockwise)
2 2 2
11π −7 π 3π
x= .., − , , − ,.. (anti-clockwise)
2 2 2
π
or = ±2nπ + , n = 0,1, 2,..
2

π 11π 13π 23π

b x=
± ,± ,± ,± ,..
6 6 6 6

3
cos x =
2
 3
x = cos −1  
 2 
quadrant 1
π π π π 13π 25π
=
x , 2π + , 4π + ,... = , , ,..
6 6 6 6 6 6
and
π π 11π 23π 35π
x = −2π + , −4π + ,... = − ,− ,− ,..
6 6 6 6 6
quadrant 4
π π π 11π 23π 35π
x = 2π − , 4π − , 6π − ,.. = , , ,...
6 6 6 6 6 6
and
π π π 13π 25π 37 π
x = −2π − , −4π − , −6π − ,.. = − ,− ,− ,...
6 6 6 6 6 6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 101

 15π −11π 7 π 3π π 5π 9π
c x=
− , , − , − , , , ,..
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

tan x = 1
x = tan −1 1
quadrant 1
π π π π 9π 17 π
=
x , 2π + , 4π + =,.. , , ,....
4 4 4 4 4 4
and
π π 7 π 15π 23π
x = −2π + , −4π + ,.. = − , − ,− ,....
4 4 4 4 4

quadrant 3
π π π 5π 13π 21π
x = π + , 2π + π + , 4π + π + ,.. = , , ,....
4 4 4 4 4 4
and
π π 3π 11π 19π
x = −2π + π + , −4π + π + ,.. = − , − ,− ,....
4 4 4 4 4

d x = ±π, ±3π, ±5π,..

cos x = −1
=x cos −1 (−1)
x =π,3π,5π,...
x = −π, −3π, −5π,..
x = ±π, ±3π, ±5π,..

e x = 0, ±π, ±2π, ±3π,..

sin x = 0
x = 0, π, 2π,3π,...
x = −π, −2π, −3π,..
x = 0, ±π, ±2π, ±3π,..

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 102

Test yourself 4

Question 1

2π
=
The function y A cos[a ( x + b)] + c has amplitude A, period , phase shift b and centre c.
a

2π
=
Hence, y 2 cos 3 x − 7 has amplitude 2, period , phase shift 0 and centre –7.
3

Question 2

π
The function=
y tan[a ( x + b)] + c has period , phase shift b and centre c.
a

A phase shift π to the left means b = π .

=
Hence y tan[a ( x + π)] + c . With =
a 1,=
c 0=
, y tan( x + π) .

Option B changes the period, option C changes the centre and option D is a phase shift to the
right.

Question 3

cos 2 x = 1
2 x = cos −1 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 0
2 x = 2π + cos −1 1 ⇒ x = π
2 x = 4π + cos −1 1 ⇒ x = 2π

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 103

Question 4

For option A, r sin=

( x + α) r sin x cos α + r cos x sin α

=
For option B, r cos ( x + α) r cos x cos α + r sin x sin α

For option C, r sin=

( x − α) r sin x cos α − r cos x sin α

=
For option D, we require r cos ( x − α) r cos x cos α − r sin x sin α

Question 5

a =
sin ( A − B ) sin A cos B − cos A sin B

sin (=
a − b) sin a cos b − cos a sin b

tan A − tan B
b tan ( A − B) = =
, with A 3=
a, B 5b
1 + tan A tan B

tan 3a − tan 5b
tan (3a − 5b) =
1 + tan 3a tan 5b

c A − B ) cos A cos B + sin A sin B , with=

cos (= A x=
,B y

cos (=
x − y ) cos x cos y + sin x sin y

=
sin ( A + B ) sin A cos B + cos A sin B , with=
A x=
,B y

sin ( x=
+ y ) sin x cos y + cos x sin y

cos ( x − y ) + sin (=
x + y ) cos x cos y + sin x sin y + sin x cos y + cos x sin y

d sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A , with A = x

sin 2 x = 2sin x cos x

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 104

Question 6

a Amplitude is 3, period 2π , centre 0, phase shift 0.

The y-intercept is 3cos 0 = 3 .

π 3π
The x-intercepts satisfy 3cos x = 0 ⇒ x = , x = .
2 2

The function is the graph of y = cos x vertically dilated with scale factor 3.

1
b Amplitude is 3, period π ÷ = 2π , centre 0, phase shift 0.
2

The y-intercept is tan 0 = 0 .

1 
The x-intercepts satisfy tan  x  = 0 .
2 

1
x = 0, π, 2π,.. ⇒ x = 0, x = 2π for given domain.
2

The function is the graph of y = tan x horizontally dilated with scale factor 2.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 105

c Amplitude is 1, period 2π , centre –2, phase shift 0.

The y-intercept is sin 0 − 2 =−2 .

There are no x-intercepts as sin x − 2 = 0 ⇒ sin x = 2 which is not possible.

Also, the maximum value of y is −2 + 1 =−1 .

The function can be thought of as a vertical translation, 2 units down,

of the graph of y = sin x .

d Amplitude is 1, period 2π , centre 0, phase shift 0.

The y-intercept is sin 0 = 0 .

The x-intercepts satisfy sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π, 2π .

y =−1× sin x , so the function can also be thought of as a reflection in the x-axis

of the graph of y = sin x .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 106

 2π
e Amplitude is 3, period = π , centre –1, phase shift 0.
2

The y-intercept is 3cos 0 − 1 =2 .

The x-intercepts satisfy

3cos 2 x − 1 =0
1
=2 x cos −1   ⇒ x ≈ 0.6
3
1 1
2 x = 2π + cos −1   ⇒ x ≈ 3.8 .
2 3
1 1
2 x = 2π − cos −1   ⇒ x ≈ 2.5
2 3
1 1
2 x = 4π − cos −1   ⇒ x ≈ 5.7
2 3

1
The function can be thought of as a horizontal dilation with scale factor
2

of y = cos x , then a vertical translation with scale factor 3

followed by a vertical translation 1 unit down.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 107

f Let 3 sin x −=
cos x r sin ( x=
− α) r sin x cos α − r cos x sin α

Then r=
cos α 3,=
r sin α 1

2 1 π
=
r 3 + 1=
2
2 , tan =
α ⇒=
α
3 6

 π
=
So y 2sin  x − 
 6

π
Amplitude is 2, period 2π , centre 0, phase shift to the right.
6

 π
The y-intercept is 2sin  −  =
−1 .
 6

The x-intercepts satisfy

 π  π
2sin  x −  =0 ⇒ sin  x −  =0 .
 6  6

π π 7π
x− = 0, π, 2π,.. ⇒ x = , in the given domain.
6 6 6

The function can be thought of as a vertical dilation with scale factor 2 of y = sin x ,

π
then a horizontal translation units to the right.
6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 108

g Let cos x +=
sin x r cos ( =
x − α) r cos x cos α + r sin x sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 1

π
r= 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = 1 ⇒ α =
4

 π
=
So y 2 cos  x − 
 4

π
Amplitude is 2 , period 2π , centre 0, phase shift to the right.
4

 π
The y-intercept is 2 cos  −  =
1.
 4

The x-intercepts satisfy

 π  π
2 cos  x −  =0 ⇒ cos  x −  =0
 4  4
π π 3π
x− = ⇒ x = .
4 2 4
π 3π 7π
x− = ⇒ x=
4 2 4

The function can be thought of as a vertical dilation with scale factor 2

π
of y = cos x , followed by a horizontal translation units to the right.
4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 109

Question 7

 2πt 
=
a h 3cos   + 10
 3 

The maximum level is the maximum value of the function from the centre.

The amplitude is 3, so the maximum is 10 + 3 = 13 m.

 2πt 
Maximum level occurs when cos   = 1.
 3 

2πt
= 0, 2π, 4π, 6π,...
3
2πt= 0, 6π,12π,18π,...
t = 0,3, 6,9,.. h

The minimum level is the minimum value of the function from the centre,

10 – 3 = 7 m

 2πt 
The minimum level occurs when cos   = −1 .
 3 

2πt
=π,3π,5π, 7 π,...
3
2πt = 3π,9π,15π, 21π,...
t = 1.5, 4.5, 7.5,10.5,.. h

 2πt 
3cos   + 10 =11
 3 
 2πt 
3cos   =1
 3 
 2πt  1
cos  =
 3  3
2πt
≈ 1.23, 2π − 1.23, 2π + 1.23, 4π − 1.23, 4π + 1.23,...
3
2πt ≈ 3.69, 6π − 3.69, 6π + 3.69,12π − 3.69,12π + 3.69,...
t ≈ 0.59, 2.41,3.59,5.41, 6.59,...h

These are the times when the water level in the lock is 11 m.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 110

 Question 8

2 cot 2 x + 2
= 2(cot 2 x + 1)
 cos 2 x 
= 2  2 + 1
 sin x 
 cos 2 x + sin 2 x 
= 2 2
=  , cos x + sin x 1
2 2

 sin x 
1
= 2×
sin 2 x
= 2cosec 2 x

tan A cosec A
sin A 1
= ×
cos A sin A
1
=
cos A
= sec A

(sec A + tan A)(sec A − tan A)

= sec 2 A − tan 2 A, (expand brackets)
=1 + tan 2 A − tan 2 A, (1 + tan 2 A =
sec 2 A)
=1

sin(180°=− x) sin180° cos x − cos180° sin x

= 0 × cos x − (−1) × sin x
= sin x

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 111

Question 9

4 cos 2 x = 3
3
cos x = ±
2

−1 3 π
= =
x cos , quadrant 1
2 6

3 π 5π
x = π − cos −1 = π− = , quadrant 2
2 6 6

3 π 7π
x = π + cos −1 = π+ = , quadrant 3
2 6 6

3 π 11π
x = 2π − cos −1 = 2π − = , quadrant 4
2 6 6

π 5π 7 π 11π
The solutions are x = , , , .
6 6 6 6

1
b 2sin 2 x =
1 ⇒ sin 2 x =
2

1 π π
2 x = sin −1   = ⇒ x = , quadrant 1
2 6 12

1 π 13π
and 2 x = 2π + sin −1   = 2π + ⇒ x =
2 6 12

1 π 5π
2 x = π − sin −1   = π − ⇒ x = , quadrant 2
2 6 12

1 π 17 π
2 x = 2π + π − sin −1   = 3π − ⇒ x =
2 6 12

π 5π 13π 17 π
The solutions are x = , , , .
12 12 12 12

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 112

  π π
c cos  x −  =−1, x − =π,3π,5π,... quadrant 1
 2 2

π 3π
x− =π,3π,5π,... ⇒ x = for the given domain.
2 2

 π
cos  x −  = −1
 2
π π π π
x − = π + , 2π + π + , 4π + π + ,... quadrant 3
2 2 2 2
3π
x= ,
2

π 3π
x− =π,3π,5π,... ⇒ x = for the given domain.
2 2

3π
The solution is x = .
2

 π
tan 2  x +  = 3
 6
π
x+ = tan −1 3
6

π π π
x+ = ⇒ x = , quadrant 1
6 3 6

π π π
x+ = π − ⇒ x = , quadrant 2
6 3 2

π π 7π
x+ = π+ ⇒ x = , quadrant 3
6 3 6

π π 3π
x+ = 2π − ⇒ x = , quadrant 3
6 3 2

π π 7 π 3π
The solutions are x = , , , .
6 2 6 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 113

e

  π 
3sin  2  x −   − 2 =0
  4 
  π  2
sin  2  x −   =
  4  3
 π
2  x −  ≈ 0.7297, π − 0.7297, 2π + 0.7297, 3π − 0.7297
 4
 π
2  x −  ≈ 0.7297, 2.4119, 7.0129, 8.6950
 4
π
x − ≈ 0.36485, 1.20595,3.50645, 4.3475
4
x ≈ 1.1502, 1.9913, 4.2918, 5.1329

The solutions are x = 1.15,1.99, 4.29,5.13 .

Question 10

a i Let 2sin θ + 5cos

= θ r sin (θ +=
α) r sin θ cos α + r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 2, r sin
= α 5

5
r= 2 2 + 52 = 29 , tan α= ⇒ α= 68°12′
2

So 2sin θ +=
5cos θ 29 sin (θ + 68°12′)

ii Let 3 sin θ + cos

= θ r sin (θ +=
α) r sin θ cos α + r cos θ sin α

Then r=
cos α 3,=
r sin α 1

2 1 π
=
r 3 + 1=
2
2 , tan =
α ⇒=
α
3 6

 π
So 3 sin θ + cos
= θ 2sin  θ + 
 6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 114

b i Let sin θ − 2 cos
= θ r sin (θ −=
α) r sin θ cos α − r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 2

r= 12 + 22 = 5 , tan α = 2 ⇒ α = 63°26′

So sin θ − 2=
cos θ 5 sin (θ − 63°26′)

ii Let sin θ − cos

= θ r sin (θ −=
α) r sin θ cos α − r cos θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 1

π
r= 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = 1 ⇒ α =
4

 π
So sin θ −=
cos θ 2 sin  θ − 
 4

c i Let cos θ − sin

= θ r cos (θ +=
α) r cos θ cos α + r sin θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 1

r= 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = 1 ⇒ α = 45°

So cos θ −=
sin θ 2 cos (θ + 45°)

ii Let cos θ − 3 sin

= θ r cos (θ +=
α) r cos θ cos α + r sin θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 3

2 π
r = 12 + 3 =2 , tan α
= 3⇒α
=
3

 π
So cos θ − 3 =
sin θ 2 cos  θ + 
 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 115

d i Let 2 cos θ + 7 sin
= θ r cos (θ −=
α) r cos θ cos α + r sin θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 2, r sin
= α 7

7
r= 22 + 7 2 = 53 , tan α= ⇒ α= 74°3′
2

So 2 cos θ +=
7 sin θ 53 cos (θ − 74°3′)

ii Let 5cos θ + sin

= θ r cos (θ −=
α) r cos θ cos α + r sin θ sin α

=
Then r cos α 5, r sin
= α 1

1
r= 52 + 12 = 26 , tan α= ⇒ α ≈ 0.2
5

So 5cos θ=
+ sin θ 26 cos (θ − 0.2)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 116

Question 11

a =y k sin[a (t + b)] + c , where y is the blood pressure at time t minutes.

Assume the phase shift is 0, so b = 0 .

2π π
The period is 70 beats per minute, so = 70 ⇒ a = .
a 35

1
The amplitude is 25 , so k = 25 .
(135 − 85) =
2

 π 
=
Hence, y 25sin  t  + c
 35 

Maximum blood pressure is 135, so 135 = 25 ×1 + c ,

since the maximum value of sine is 1.

Hence c = 110 .

 π 
=
Hence y 25sin  t  + 110 .
 35 

b Sketch the function using amplitude 25, period 70 and centre 110.

The y-intercept is 25sin 0 + 110 =

110 .

There are no x-intercepts because the minimum value of the function is 85.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 117

Question 12

2 cos 2 x = 1
1
cos 2 x =
2

Quadrant 1

1 π π
2 x = cos −1 = ⇒x=
2 3 6

1 π 5π
2 x = −2π + cos −1 = −2π + ⇒ x = −
2 3 6

Quadrant 4

1 π
2 x = 2π − cos −1 = 2π −
2 3
5π π
x= , (anti-clockwise), x = − , (clockwise)
6 6

π 5π
The solutions are x =
± ,± .
6 6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 118

  π 1
b tan  x −  =
−
 4 3

Quadrant 2

π  1 
x− = π − tan −1  
4  3
π π
x= +π−
4 6
13π
= (anti-clockwise, outside domain)
12
13π 11π
= 2π − =− (clockwise)
12 12

Quadrant 4

π  1 
x− = 2π − tan −1  
4  3
π π
x= + 2π −
4 6
25π
= (anti-clockwise, outside domain)
12
25π π
= 2π − =− (clockwise)
12 12

π 11π
The solutions are x = ,x = − .
12 12

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 119

  π 1
c sin  x +  =
 2 2

Quadrant 1

π 1 1  π
=
x+ sin −= 
2  2 4
π π
x= − +
2 4
π
= −
4

Quadrant 2

π  1 
x+ = π − sin −1  
2  2
π π
x = − +π−
2 4
π
=
4

π
The solutions are x = ± .
4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 120

 Question 13

1 
=y cos −1  x  + π
2 

=y cos −1 x + π , vertical translation π units up.

1 
=y cos −1  x  + π , horizontal dilation, scale factor 2.
2 

π 3π
The y-intercept is y= cos −1 0 + π= + π= .
2 2

1
The domain is −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⇒ −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
2

The range is [0 + π, π + π] = [π, 2π] .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 121

Question 14

a = k sin[a (t + b)] + c , where h is the height at time t hours.

height

Assume the phase shift is 0, so b = 0 .

2π 2π
The period is 13 hours, so = 13 ⇒ a = .
a 13

1
The amplitude is 15 , so k = 15
(80 − 50) =
2

 2π 
=
Hence, h 15sin  t  + c
 13 

Maximum height is 80 m, so 80 = 15 ×1 + c , since the maximum value of sine is 1.

 2π 
Hence c = 65 and the equation
= is h 15sin  t  + 65 .
 13 

b Halfway between high tide and low tide means at the centre of the function.

 2π 
15sin  t  + 65 = 65
 13 
 2π 
sin  t  = 0
 13 
2π
t = 0, π, 2π,3π,..
13
13 39
t = 0, ,13, , 26,.. hours
2 2

Question 15

1
=
cos A sin B [sin( A + B) − sin( A − B)]
2

=
Using A 3=
x, B 4 y

1
cos 3 x sin=
4y [sin(3 x + 4 y ) − sin(3 x − 4 y )]
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 122

Question 16

2π
a y = cos ax has period
a

2π
Period is π , hence = π ⇒ a = 2.
a

So y = cos 2 x

b y = a cos x has amplitude a

For=
a 5,=
y 5cos x

c y = − cos x is a reflection of y = cos x in the x-axis.

d =y cos( x − a ) is a phase shift of a units to the right, with a > 0

π  π
For=a = , y cos  x − 
6  6

e =y cos x + c has centre at c.

For=
c 4,=
y cos x + 4

Question 17

1
a =
cos A sin B [sin( A + B) − sin( A − B)]
2

With A= x, B= 70°

1
=
cos x sin 70° [sin ( x + 70°) − sin ( x − 70°)]
2

sin ( x + 70°) − sin=

( x − 70°) 2 cos x sin 70°

Hence we solve

2 cos x sin 70° =0.6

0.6
=
cos x ≈ 0.319
2sin 70°
x= cos −1 0.319= 71°23′

= 288°237′
x 360° − cos −1 0.319
=

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 123

b sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A

1
Hence sin x cos x = sin 2 x
2

We solve

1 3 3
sin 2 x = ⇒ sin 2 x =
2 4 2

 3
2 x= sin −1  = 60° ⇒ x= 30°
 2 

 3
x 360° + sin −1  =
2=  420° ⇒=
x 210°
 2 

 3
x 180° − sin −1  =
2=  180° − 60° ⇒ =
x 60°
 2 

 3
x 180° + 180° − sin −1  =
2=  360° + 180° − 60° ⇒ =
x 240°
 2 

tan 2 x = tan x
tan x(tan x − 1) =
0

=
tan x 0, tan =
x −1 0

tan x =0 ⇒ x =0°,180°,360°

tan x − 1 =0
tan x =1 ⇒ x =45°, 225°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 124

d

2 cos 2 x + cos x =
1
2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 =0
(2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) =
0

2 cos =
x − 1 0, cos =
x +1 0

1
2 cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos x =
2

1
x= cos −1  =
 60°
2

1
x 360° − cos −1  =
=  360° − 60=
° 300°
2

cos x + 1 =0
cos x = −1
=
x 180°

sin x
e 2 cos x tan x = 2 cos x × = 2sin x
cos x

1
Solve 2sin x =
1 ⇒ sin x =
2

1
x= sin −1 = 30°
2
=
x 180° − 30=° 150°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 125

f

2sin 2 x + 3cos x − 3 =
2(1 − cos 2 x) + 3cos x − 3
=
−2 cos 2 x + 3cos x − 1
=
−(2 cos 2 x − 3cos x + 1)
=
−(2 cos x − 1)(cos x − 1)

Solve

−(2 cos x − 1)(cos x − 1) = 0

(2 cos x − 1)(cos x − 1) =0

2 cos =
x − 1 0, cos =
x −1 0

1
2 cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos x =
2

1
x= cos −1  =
 60°
2

1
x 360° − cos −1  =
=  360° − 60=
° 300°
2

cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos x = 1

cos −1 1 =
x= 0°,360°

sin 2 x = sin x
2sin x cos x = sin x
sin x(2 cos x − 1) =
0

sin x =
0, x =
0°,180°,360°

1
2 cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos x =
2

1
x= cos −1  =
 60°
2

1
x 360° − cos −1  =
=  360° − 60=
° 300°
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 126

h Let cos x −=
sin x r cos ( x=
+ α) r cos x cos α − r sin x sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 1

r= 12 + 12 = 2 , tan α = 1 ⇒ α = 45°

So cos x −=
sin x 2 cos ( x + 45°)

1
Solve 2 cos ( x + 45°) =−1 ⇒ cos ( x + 45°) =−
2

1
° 180° − cos −1
x + 45=
2
= 180° − 45°
x= 90°

and

1
x + 450 = 1800 + cos −1
2
= 2250
x = 1800

i Let 3 sin x −=
cos x r sin ( x=
− α) r sin x cos α − r cos x sin α

Then r=
cos α 3,=
r sin α 1

2 1
=
r 3 + 1=
2
2 , tan α= ⇒ α= 30°
3

So 3 sin x − cos
= x 2sin ( x − 30°)

Solve

2sin ( x − 30°) =1
1
sin ( x − 30°) =
2

1
x − 30°= sin −1 = 30° ⇒ x= 60°
2

1
° 180° − sin −1 = 150° ⇒ =
And x − 30= x 180°
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 127

j Let 4sin x + 3cos
= x r sin ( x=
+ α) r sin x cos α + r cos x sin α

=
Then r cos α 4, r sin
= α 3

3
r= 42 + 32 = 5 , tan α= ⇒ α= 36°52′
4

So 4sin x + 3cos
= x 5sin ( x + 36°52′)

Solve

5sin( x + 36°52′) = 2
2
sin( x + 36°52′) =
5

2
x + 36
= °52′ sin −1   ≈ 23°35′
5

x = 23°35′ − 36°52′
= −13°17′
= 360° − 13°17 =′ 346°43′

and

x + 36°52=′ 180° − 23°35′

x 119°33′
=

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 128

Question 18

1 
=
a y 2sin  x  − 1
2 

1
Amplitude is 2, period is 2π ÷ = 4π , phase shift is 0, centre at –1.
2

The function is the graph of y = sin x dilated horizontally with scale factor 2,

then dilated vertically with scale factor 2

followed by a vertical translation 1 unit down.

The y-intercept is y =2sin 0 − 1 =−1 .

b Reading from the graph, the x-intercepts are approximately 1 and 5.2

1 
2sin  x  − 1 =0
2 
1  1
sin  x  =
2  2

1 −1 1 π
= =
x sin
2 2 6
π
x=
3

and

1 1 5π
x = π − sin −1 =
2 2 6
5π
x=
3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 129

Question 19

a =
tan 3 A tan (2 A + A)

tan 2 A + tan A tan A + tan B

= , use tan ( A + B) =
1 − tan 2 A tan A 1 − tan A tan B

2 tan A
+ tan A
= 1 − tan A
2 2 tan A
, use tan 2 A =
1 − tan A ×
2 tan A 1 − tan 2 A
1 − tan 2 A

2 tan A + tan A(1 − tan 2 A)

= , multiply numerator and denominator by 1 − tan 2 A
1 − tan 2 A − 2 tan 2 A

3 tan A − tan 3 A
=
1 − 3 tan 2 A

b =
sin ( A + B) sin A cos B + cos A sin B [1]

=
sin ( A − B ) sin A cos B − cos A sin B [2]

[1] + [2]

sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cos B − cos A sin B
sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) = 2sin A cos B

1
=
sin A cos B [sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B )]
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 130

 Question 20

2π
=y k sin(a[ x + b]) + c , amplitude k, period , centre c, phase shift b
a

2π
a amplitude 2, period , centre –1, no phase shift.
3

1 
b =y cos  ( x + 2π) 
2 

1
amplitude 1, period 2π ÷ = 4π , centre 0, phase shift 2π to the left.
2

 π 
c y=
−3 tan  5( x − ) 
 20 

π π
No amplitude, reflection in x-axis, period , centre 0, phase shift to the right.
5 20

Question 21

a x = 0°, 180°, 360°

1st quadrant

tan ( x + 45° ) =1
x + 45°= tan −1 1= 45°

and

° 360° + tan −1=

x + 45= 1 4050
x = 3600

and in 3rd quadrant

° 180° + tan −1=

x + 45= 1 225°
=
x 180°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 131

b

2 cos ( x − 20° ) + 1 =0
1
cos ( x − 20° ) =−
2

2nd quadrant

 1 
° 180° − cos −1 
x − 20= 
 2
= 200° − 45°
=
x 155°

3rd quadrant

 1 
° 180° + cos −1 
x − 20= 
 2
= 200° + 45°
=
x 245°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 132

c

3sin[2 ( x + 10° )] − 2 =0
2
sin[2 ( x + 10° )] =
3

1st quadrant

2
2 ( x + 10° ) = sin −1   = 41°49′
3
2 x= 21°49′
x= 10°54′

and

2
2 ( x + 10=
° ) 360° + sin −1  
3
2=x 381°49′
x 190°54′
=

2nd quadrant

) 180° − sin −1  
2
2 ( x + 10°=
3
2=x 118°21′
x= 59°6′

and

2
2 ( x + 10=
° ) 360° + 180° − sin −1  
3
2=x 478°49′
=x 239°6′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 133

Question 22

a Let =
f ( x) 2sin x + 3cos
= x r sin ( x=
+ α) r sin x cos α + r cos x sin α

=
Then r cos α 2, r sin
= α 3

3
r= 22 + 32 = 13 , tan α= ⇒ α= 0.98
2

=
So f ( x) 13 sin( x + 0.98)

The amplitude is 13 , the period is 2π , centre is 0 and the phase shift

is 0.98 units left.

The graph of the function is the graph of y = sin x vertically dilated

with scale factor 13 and with a horizontal translation 0.98 units to the left.

The y-intercept is 13 sin(0.98) ≈ 2.99 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 134

b i From the graph, when f ( x) = 2 , x ≈ 1.6 and x ≈ 6 .

ii

13 sin( x + 0.98) = 2
2
sin( x + 0.98) =
13

1st quadrant

2
= sin −1 = 0.59
x + 0.98
13
x = −0.39
= 2π − 0.39
= 5.89

2nd quadrant

x + 0.98 = π − 0.59
x = 1.57

Question 23

a 5 tan 2x = –5

tan 2x = –1

For x in [–180°, 180°], then 2x in [–360°, 360°].

tan is negative in 2nd and 4th quadrants

2x = –180° – 45°, –45°, 180° – 45°, 360° – 45°

= –225°, –45°, 135°, 315°

x = –112.5°, –22.5°, 67.5°, 157.5°

b cos [3(x – 30°)] + 1 = 0

cos [3(x – 30°)] = –1

For x in [–180°, 180°], then [3(x – 30°)] in [–540 – 30°, 540° – 30°] = [–570°, 510°].

3(x – 30°) = –540°, –180°, 180°

x – 30° = –180°, –60°, 60°

x = –150°, –30°, 90°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 135

Question 24

sin 3 x = sin x
sin x(sin 2 x − 1) =0
sin x(sin x − 1)(sin x + 1) =
0

=
sin x 0,sin x=
− 1 0,sin x=
+1 0

sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π, 2π

sin x − 1 =0
π
sin x =1 ⇒ x =
2

sin x + 1 =0
3π
sin x =−1 ⇒ x =
2

cos x = cos 2 x
=
cos x 2 cos 2 x − 1
2 cos 2 x − cos x − 1 =0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x − 1) =
0

2 cos =
x + 1 0, cos =
x −1 0

2 cos x + 1 =0
1
cos x = −
2

1 π 2π
x = π − cos −1   = π − =
2 3 3

1 π 4π
x = π + cos −1   = π + =
2 3 3

cos x − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos x = 1
=
x 0, 2π

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 136

c

1
sin x cos x =
2
1 1
sin 2 x =
2 2
sin 2 x = 1

π 5π 9 π
2x = , , ,..
2 2 2
π 5π 9 π
x = , , ,...
4 4 4

π 5π
In [0, 2π] , x = ,
4 4

1
cos ( x + π) + cos ( x − π) =
2
1 1
2 cos=
x cos π , using cos =
A cos B [cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B)]
2 2
1
2 cos x ( −1) =
2
1
cos x = −
4

1 1
x = π − cos −1   = 1.82 or x = π + cos −1   = 4.46
4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 137

e

tan 2 x + tan x − 2 =0
(tan x − 1)(tan x + 2) =
0

tan =
x − 1 0, tan x=
+2 0

tan x − 1 =0
tan x = 1
π π 5π
x = ,x = π+ =
4 4 4

π 5π 9 π
2x = , , ,..
2 2 2
π 5π 9 π
x = , , ,...
4 4 4

tan x + 2 =0
tan x = −2
x = π − tan −1 2 = 2.03
x = 2π − tan −1 2 = 5.18

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 138

f Let 2sin x + 4=
cos x r sin ( x=
+ α) r sin x cos α + r cos x sin α

=
Then r cos α 2, r sin
= α 4

4
r= 22 + 42 = 20 , tan α = = 2 ⇒ α = 1.11
2

20 sin( x + 1.11) = 3
3
sin( x + 1.11) =
20

1st quadrant

3
= sin −1 = 0.74
x + 1.11
20
x = −0.37
or x = 2π − 0.37 = 5.91

2nd quadrant

3
x + 1.11 = π − sin −1
20
x + 1.11 =
2.41
x = 1.3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 139

g Let cos x − 3sin
= x r cos ( x=
+ α) r cos x cos α − r sin x sin α

=
Then r cos α 1, r sin
= α 3

2 π
r = 12 + 3 =2 , tan α
= 3⇒α
=
3

π
2 cos( x + ) =1
3
π 1
cos( x + ) =
3 2

1st quadrant

π 1 1 π
x += cos −=
3 2 3
x=0

and

π 1
x+ = 2π + cos −1
3 2
x = 2π

4th quadrant

π 1
x+ = 2π − cos −1
3 2
2π
x = 2π −
3
4π
=
3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 140

h Let 6sin x − 8cos
= x r sin ( x=
− α) r sin x cos α − r cos x sin α

=
Then r cos α 6, r sin
= α 8

8
r= 62 + 82 = 10 , tan α= ⇒ α= 0.93
6

10sin( x − 0.93) =
5
sin( x − 0.93) =
0.5

1st quadrant

π
= sin −1 0.5
x − 0.93 =
6
π
=x 0.93 +
6
= 1.45

2nd quadrant

x − 0.93 = π − sin −1 0.5

π
=x 0.93 + π −
6
= 3.55

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 141

 1
i =
Using cos A sin B [sin ( A + B ) − sin ( A − B )] ,
2

 π  π π
sin  x −  − sin  x +  =
−2 cos x sin =− 3 cos x
 3  3 3

Hence

− 3 cos x − 1 =0
1
cos x = −
3

1
x = π − cos −1
3
= 2.2

and

1
x = π + cos −1
3
= 4.1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 142

j

15sin 2 x − sin x − 6 =0
(5sin x + 3)(3sin x − 2) =
0

5sin=
x + 3 0,3sin =
x−2 0

5sin x + 3 =0
sin x = −0.6
x = π + sin −1 0.6
= 3.79

and

x = 2π − sin −1 0.6
= 5.64

3sin x − 2 =0
2
sin x =
3
2
x = sin −1  
3
= 0.73

and

2
x = π − sin −1  
3
= 2.41

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 143

Challenge exercise 4

Question 1

2π
a =y k sin(a[ x + b]) + c , amplitude k, period , centre c, phase shift b.
a

 π   π
=y 2 cos  2 x −= 2 cos  2  x −  
 2   4

2π π
amplitude 2, period = π , centre 0, phase shift units to the right.
2 4

π
2 cos(2 x − ) = 3
2
π 3
cos(2 x − ) =
2 2

1st quadrant

 π 3
cos  2 x −  =
 2 2
π  3 π
=
2x − cos −=
1
 
2  2  6
π
x=
3

and

π  3
2x − = 2π + cos −1  
2  2 
4π
x=
3

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 4th quadrant

π  3
2x − = 2π − cos −1  
2  2 
7π
x=
6

7π π
and x = 2π – =
6 6

Question 2

2π
a =y k cos(a[ x + b]) + c , amplitude k, period , centre c, phase shift b.
a

Amplitude is 8, so k = 8 .

Centre at 4, so c = 4 .

2π
Period = 2π ⇒ a = 1 .
a

Assume phase shift is 0, so b = 0 .

=y 8cos(1[ x + 0]) =
+ 4 8cos x + 4

2π
b =y k sin(a[ x + b]) + c , amplitude k, period , centre c, phase shift b.
a

Amplitude is 2, so k = 2 .

Centre at 3, so c = 3 .

2π π
Period = ⇒ a = 8.
a 4

π
Phase shift is b = − .
3

  π
=y 2sin  8  x −   + 3
  3

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 π
c =
y tan(a[ x + b]) + c , period , centre c, phase shift b.
a

Assume centre at 0, so c = 0 .

π 1
Period = 2π ⇒ a = .
a 2 .

π
Phase shift is b = .
2 .

 1  π  1  π
=y tan   x + =
  + 0 tan  x +  
 2  2  2  2

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 Question 3

The graph of y = 3 sec 2x can be obtained by a vertical dilation with scale factor 2 of the
1
graph of y = sec x followed by a horizontal dilation with scale factor .
2

2π
The period is = π.
2

The y-intercept is y = 3 sec 0 = 3.

3
There are no x-intercepts because there are no x values that satisfy = 0.
cos 2x

3
cos 2x has maximum values at x = 0, π, 2π, 3π, … so y = has local minimums at
cos 2 x
these values.

π 3π 5π 3
Similarly, cos 2x has minimum values at x = , , , so y = has local
2 2 2 cos 2 x
maximums at these values.

3
= =
y 3sec 2x has vertical asymptotes where cos2x = 0.
cos 2 x

π 3π 5π 7 π π 3π 5π 7 π
=
This is when 2 x , , = , ⇒ x , , , ,
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

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 Question 4

cosec 2 x = 2
1 1
=2 ⇒ sin 2 x =
sin 2 x 2

1st quadrant

−1  1  π
= =
2 x sin   4
 2
π
x=
8

and

π 9π
2 x = 2π + =
4 4
9π
x=
8

2nd quadrant

π 3π
2x = π − =
4 4
3π
x=
8

and

π 9π
2 x = 2π + π − =
4 4
9π
x=
8
π 3π 9π 11π
∴x= , , ,
8 8 8 8

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 148

Question 5

a y = cos x – 5, vertical translation

 π
=
y cos  x −  − 5 , horizontal translation.
 6

  π 
=y 4 cos  x −  − 5 , vertical dilation.
  6 

  1  π  1  π 
=y 4 cos   x − = − 5 4 cos   x −   − 20 , horizontal dilation.
 3 6   3  6 

2π
b =y k cos(a[ x + b]) + c , amplitude k, period , centre c, phase shift b.
a

1 π
=y 4 cos   x −   − 20
3 6

1 π
Amplitude 4, period 2π ÷ = 6π , centre –20, phase shift to the right.
3 6

Question 6

Let a sin x + b cos x = r sin (x + α) = r sin x cos α + r cos x sin α

Then

r cos α = a, r sin α = b.

r sin α b
=
r cos α a
b
tan α =
a

(r cos α)2 = a2, (r sin α)2 = b2

( r cos α ) + ( r sin α ) = a 2 + b2
2 2

r 2 cos 2 α + r 2 sin 2 α= a 2 + b 2
r 2 ( cos 2 α + sin 2 α=) a 2 + b 2

r 2 = a 2 + b2 ⇒ r = a 2 + b2
3
r= 42 + 32= 5, tan α= ⇒ α= 36°52′
4

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 Question 7

π π
tan x + tan tan x − tan
 π  π 4 − 4
tan  x +  − tan=x− 
 4   4  1 − tan x tan π π
1 + tan x tan
4 4
tan x + 1 tan x −1
= −
1 − tan x 1 + tan x
( tan x + 1) + (1 − tan x )
2 2

=
1 − tan 2 x
2 tan 2 x + 2
=
1 − tan 2 x

Now solve

2 tan 2 x + 2
=3
1 − tan 2 x
2 tan 2 x + 2 =3 − 3 tan 2 x
5 tan 2 x =1
1
tan x = ±
5
−1 1
=x tan= 0.42
5
1
x = π − tan −1 = 2.72
5
1
x = π + tan −1 = 3.56
5
1
x = 2π − tan −1 = 5.86
5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 150

 Question 8

2sin 2 2 x + cos 2 x −1
= 2(2sin x cos x) 2 + 1 − 2sin 2 x −1
= 8sin 2 x cos 2 x − 2sin 2 x
= 8sin 2 x (1 − sin 2 x) − 2sin 2 x
= 8sin 2 x − 8sin 4 x − 2sin 2 x
= 6sin 2 x − 8sin 4 x
= 2sin 2 x (3 − 4sin 2 x)

Solve

2sin 2 x (3 − 4sin 2 x) =
0
sin x = 0, 3 − 4sin 2 x =
0
sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π, 2π
3
3 − 4sin 2 x = 0 ⇒ sin x = ±
2
3  3 π
sin x= ⇒ x= sin −1  =
2  2  3
 3 2π
x = π − sin −1   ⇒ x =
 2  3
 3 4π
x = π + sin −1   ⇒ x =
 2  3
 3 5π
x = 2π − sin −1   ⇒ x =
 2  3

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