11/21/22, 4:53 PM Gear Metrology • Precision Gear and Gearbox Manufacturer

 Ondrives Ltd. Foxwood Industrial Park, Chesterfield S41 9RN UK.  +44 (0)1246 455500  [email protected]   


Profile (Involute) Deviations

Typically measured on 4 evenly spaced teeth or gaps. Left and right flank measured for each tooth or gap over the usable length
L AF. Analysis region L α is typically 92% of the active length L AE.

 example  Gear Calculator

Fα
Total Profile Deviation
Distance between the highest and lowest points on the profile trace within the analysis region L α measured perpendicular to a zero-error reference line. When working to ISO or DIN
standards any high point in the region from end of L α to end of L AE is included.

fHα
Profile Slope Deviation
Positive or negative deviation of a best-fit reference line through the profile trace. Measured perpendicular to the start point of a zero-error reference line over the analysis region L α.
When given the symbol fHα’ the value is from the reference lines over the active length L AE.

f fα
Profile Form Deviation
Distance between the highest and lowest reference lines that touch the profile trace and are parallel to the best-fit reference line. Measured perpendictular to a zero-error line. when
working to ISO or DIN standards any high point in the region from end of L α to end of L AE is included.

Technical Files Gear Terminology Gear Shop

Lead (Helix) Deviations

Typically measured on 4 evenly spaced teeth or gaps. Left and right flank measured for each tooth or gap. Analysis region L ß is
typically 80% of the gear face width b.
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11/21/22, 4:53 PM Gear Metrology • Precision Gear and Gearbox Manufacturer

 example  Gear Calculator

Fß
Total Lead Deviation
Distance between the highest and lowest points on the flank trace within the analysis region L ß measured perpendicular to a zero-error reference line. When working to ISO or DIN
standards any high point outside of the analysis region is included.

f Hß
Lead Slope Deviation
Positive or negative deviation of a best-fit reference line through the flank trace. Measured perpendicular to the start point of a zero-error reference line over the analysis region. When
given the symbol f Hß’ the value is from the reference lines over the full face width of the gear.

f fß
Lead Form Deviation
Distance between the highest and lowest reference lines that touch the flank trace and are parallel to the best-fit reference line. Measured perpendicular to a zero-error reference line.
When working to ISO or DIN standards any high point outside of the analysis region is included. 

Profile Modifications
Typically used to compensate for tooth deflection under load and influence load and transmission error TE of gear systems.
Modifications can be the same or different on left and right flanks.

Cα
Crowning
Increasing reliefs of the tranverse tooth profile from a point typically central over the usable profile length L AF, in an arc like progression.

fKo
Tip and Rooth Relief
Increasing reliefs of the transverse tooth profile either from the tip, tip form diameter or root form diameter. Can be linear, arc like or parabolic in shape.

C Hα
Pressure Angle Modification
A linear relief is applied over the full length of the usable profile length L AF. As per ISO 21771 a positive value removes material at the tip and increases the effective pressure angle.

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11/21/22, 4:53 PM Gear Metrology • Precision Gear and Gearbox Manufacturer

Lead Modifications
Typically used to compensate for system deflection and influance load distribution over the face width of the gear.

Cß
Lead Crowning
Constantly increasing relief of the flank line in an arc like progression. Typically central over the face width of the gear.

C ßTop C ßBottom
Lead End Relief
Contantly increasing relief of the flank line applied over a short distance at one or both ends of the face width of the gear. Can be linear, arc like or parabolic in shape.

C Hß
Lead Slope Modification

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11/21/22, 4:53 PM Gear Metrology • Precision Gear and Gearbox Manufacturer
Constantly increasing relief of the flank line applied over the full face width of the gear. It is not necessarily linear.

Pitch Deviations
Measured in tooth gaps left flank pitch and right flank pitch.

 example  Gear Calculator

fp
Single Adjacent Pitch Deviation
Adjacent pitch error is the difference between the actual and nominal individual circular pitches in the transverse section of a right or left flank.

Fu
Difference of Successive Pitches
Difference between successive actual individual circular pitches in the transverse section of a right flank (RF) or left flank (LF).

F p  F pz/8
Cumulative Circular Pitch Deviations.
F p Cumulative circular pitch erros from the accumulating summation of adjacent pitch errors f p.
F pz/8 Largest cumulative circular pitch error over ≈ z/8 pitches.

Fr
Radial Runout
From gear axis this is the range of radial positional deviation of all the tooth gaps. Defined by a ball in all tooth gaps.

Tooth Thickness
Tooth thickness is measured over physical teeth but our gear inspection machines are also able to measure tooth spaces on
request.

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11/21/22, 4:53 PM Gear Metrology • Precision Gear and Gearbox Manufacturer

M dk M dR
M dk = over two rollers  M dR = over two balls
Distance over two balls or rollers of diameter D m sat in a tooth gaps at, or as close to, 180 degrees as possible.

sn
Tooth Thickness
Circular tooth thickness in normal section at reference diameter d.

Wk
Base Tangent (Span)
Base tangent (span) over k number of teeth. Linear distance in normal section over k number of teeth which is tangent, or as close as possible, to the cylinder formed by base daimeter
d b. For an internal gear k is number of gaps.

da df
Tip and Root Diameter
Measured d a tip diameter and the d f root diameter.

z  -z
z = number of external teeth. eg. 20z = 20 external teeth.
-z = number of internal teeth. eg. -60z = 60 internal teeth.

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11/21/22, 4:53 PM Gear Metrology • Precision Gear and Gearbox Manufacturer

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