Contents Thiet Language Page Unit 6 Perspectives si 1A thought could pick up Kalian Grammar Adverbs and adverbial phrases 4 8A Well seem to love Grammar Simple and continuous verbs 4 by ear Vocabulary Language Ieaing; Noun forms taking pictures Vocabulary Acjectves: describing images 1B Language has been constantly Grammar The perfect aspect Pronunclatin Sentence stress 5 68 Apersonwavinaforhelp Grammar Paticiple clauses Pronunciation Emphatic siress os evolving Vocabulary Describing chars Vocabulary Ematins 16 Somothing alora those ines _Uselul language Expressing yours n an inexact way _Pronunetation Sound and spoling: 8, 88 and ie 6 80 Firstand foremost Useful language Organising a presentation Pronunciation Inination in comment phrases 8 1D You'e spot on therl Reading A biog Wing skits Expressing opinions 7 {0 | enjoy helping people Reading Ac application email Writing skits Appication emails; Giving a posive 37 Weting & comment on a blog aie fextension Reading An article about CLL Listening Aleicegrapher 8 ‘Wilting An apptcation emai WOROPOWER Kors: Body pets a Reading and listening extension Reading An article about a phlographer Ustening Two professional photographers 38 aaa Review and extension WOROPOWER idioms: Fees 39 2A | would happily nave rammar Comparison Pronuntation Consonant-vowel inking 10 Unit7 Connections stayed longs Vocabulary Muller verbs: social interaction 7A Itmust have seemed tke Grammar Speculation ané deduction 0 28 de jumping trom Srammar Intentions and arrangements " science feton Vocabulary Compound adjectives ‘900 metres Vocabulary Verbs of movement 7B. What |enoy is heart-to-heart. Grammar let sentences Pronunciation Stress in cleft structures 4a 20. Dont get so wound up about Useful language Giving advice Pronunciation Emphatic sess 2 chat Vocabulary Nouns vith suffices: secety 20 Lessadventurous students Reatlng A report Wing skils Reports; Linking conrast and concession 13 ‘and teatonships oul try paint Wing & report TE Iwas outof tne Useful language Apobising and admiting faut —_Panuneation Sound and speling: ou and cugh 2 Reading and listening extension _Reatlng An aricle about sensory play LUstenng A loss of sense of sel “4 7D tmay result in improved Reading A proposal Writing skills Propesals: Linking highlighting and 43 Review and extension WORDPOWER Idioms: Movement 15 cooperation Bing examples 5 Waiting & short proposal Unit3 Travel and adventure Reading and listening extension Reading An atcleatout friendship and happiness —Ustening Robots anc the eldery “ 3A Noverhave |had sucha Grammar Inversion Pronunciation lord stress 16 aie ee aaa revarding experience Vocabulary Wealth and poverty s 45 3B Iwasexpectinitto be tough Grammar Future in the past; Naraive tenses Pronunciation Diferent pronunciations off 7 AGE Rody beat Vocabulary Landscape features ‘8A I's no uso tying to 20 Grammar Gerunds and infintves 48 3€ Tocutalong stoy shor Useful language Paraphrasing and surnmarsing _-Pronuneialion Consonant clusters across wo words 18 oan See Pe eannie ugk rece ing cis Deteirthe toginge, Wtre neh Suppose you could Ive forever Grammar Conciionals Pronunciation Fitch exra information ar recat ee Mameheerdennte Yerba Pein eth Reading and listening extension Rang Ablog about an expedition doctor Listening Adventurous women 20 0 brates aie ste anaes Nes ronanctation Intonation in implied questions od eae at taal Gionartiex biciat Grae a 80 Its unique ining experionce Reallng A hotel website home page Win sil Proton materia Using 49 Unit Consciousness Weng screen ofa bush fr a webste 4A Thetitle voice in your head Grammar Noun phrases, 2 Reading and listening extension Reading An article about extreme stening Turn Vocabulary Instinct and reason . r ee epee aT i: 48 Hegothimselleckedin Grammar Structures with haveand get Pronunciation Sentence stress 23 Revew and pension apumanrs Lt a shed Vocabulary Merry Unit Cites ‘oe where youre comin ul language Being tatul in formal discussions Pranunetation Homophones in worcs and connecte SE TORRE pea tancais Samat sent toe feetceal ere 40 ze eye 16 Useful language Being tactful in formal onmeiton Heop ris and connected 24 Yoorbely Verto uth Dee arc bate aA Sees eee 98 They wanted a dramatic Grammar Elipss and substitution Pronunciation Word stress ee Latent a atabaua aa aetuuliat tad shine and ey ast ne Wozablay Deserbng binge \Wting A article about sorneone frnous 8C_ Lets rot jumpta conclusions Uselul language Dealing wth conc Pronunciation Sound ard spling: foreign words Reading and listening extension Reatlng An article about decision-making stoning Expict and implicit memory 26 in Eraksh Reviow and extension WORDPOWER mind n 80 Theimpacten cess pin Reig Adseusonesny Wing shits Dszussin esr: Linkin eso 38 Unit Falmess ‘Wirking Descrisng 2 redevelopment plan in a ety BA. A place where you have tolok Grammar Relatve clauses Pronunelation Sound anc speling: sand ss 8 TRUS cig witcaaina ~ vain a icv pling issn pine ea 7 pple a eee ee a Ratt wae on 7 Review and extension WORDPOWER dui 37 's essential to have the rammar Obligation, necessity and permission ronuneation Vora stress: nouns and verbs right qualifications Vocabulary Employment Unit 10 Occasions z ack gual iieaul igaige Rabat orients pauisioba ten ei 108 |e nn of re ng Pronunciation Word groups and main stress 58 50 Rs yf mating Reading An essay about jb applications Writing skills Essays; Linking: ation 31 Tene nen See ee eee 5 application process {and reinforcement Se EE ee eee ni ball sar ae a ‘unusual ritual before he plays Vocabulary Superstition, customs and beliefs ing and listening extension Reatlng An article about restorative justice stoning Talking sbout working condtions 2 100 eer et we ot Useful language Tur taking Pronunclation Intonation in question teas 60 a ea vonbesmratiemc 2 100 The film sa visual feast Reading im evi Writing skills Film eviews; Concise description 6 Writing A fim review Reading andlistning extension Roalng A bog post about Teng chul Lstanng A teachors' conference 82 Review and extension WORDPOWER luck and chance 63 Vox pop video oh a Audioserots n1A 3 GRAMMAR Adverbs and adverbial phrases @ Complete the text with the words in the box. clearly apparently elfectively widely unfortunately simply extremely Whether you are student, professional athlete, an engineer or |__slmply a tourist English has become a(n) important skil to acquire. English will soon be the language of choice in mast mojorfalds of study, it it isnt aleady. Therefore, students embarking on their studies, 3 ‘need to decide: what language do | want ta ‘get my degree in? Degrees in medicine delivered in English ‘tc university in Poland are * very popula, but YoU need a reasonable level of English fo star If you need to study English before university's ° ‘agreed thot you learn the most ® in an English-speaking environment, ”__ ‘not all students con atford the time ond cost of studying abroad b Put the words in the correct order to make sentences. 1 that hard / people think fist / Russian is to learn / itfcut, butt People think Ruseian is difficult, but It isn’t ‘thathardtolearn 2 you listen / rapidly i/ wil improve / and watch films / to music / your English 3. England / language schools / have opened /in the last ten years in /a lot of 4 presumably / you lived / s0/ speak / you / fluently Thai / in Bangkok, 5 hardest /Tor /adult learners, / listening is the / usually / skill 6 never / vocabulary /mew / 17 cown /wrte / almost | THOUGHT | COULD PICK UP ITALIAN BY EAR VOCABULARY Language learning @ Underline the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 I stucied Spanish at university, but 'm going to Valencia next year to pick brust/ take up on it IMy brother speaks four languages —he really has an ear/ ‘eye mouth for them. 3. know Japanese is hard, but you have to keep an / tof at itif you want the job. 4 'm French, but my son was born in Italy. rom an early age, he pulled picked took up a lat of Italian expressions. 5 studied in China and | fought/ raced struggled with | \wrting the characters for along time. 6 It takes time to get accustomed ready’) along to a new teaching sive 7 My Turkish isa bit cracked broken rusty. | haven't spoken it for 2 while 8 My sister can hold @ chat speect { conversation in several European languages. EV VOCABULARY Noun forms @ Read the text and complete the words in the sentences below, DEGREE IN MEDICINE Wo run a complote five-year degree course in ‘medicine, with all lectures and seminars delivered {in English by our very competent and dedicated staff Participants must have an excellent level of English and above all be highly motivated, to be capable future doctors, Our course is very interactive and nearly all our candidates pass with good grades, despite living in Warsaw, whera there are so many things to take your mind off studying. We ‘have occasional misunderstandings when cone language interferes with another, but generally the course runs well 1 An advanced level of English is an absolute necessity _on this course. 2 Our teachers show great and the students. 3M. Is never a problem for our students, who all want t become doctors 4 Allour lectures have elements of i___ to involve the students, 5 There are many students have to stay focused. 6 Our students need both medical and linguistic c____ which can be challenging, 7 Polish students may feel a1 English ifal their classmates speak Polish 8 tis hard to avoid i from the mother tongue, even if your English is excellent. tothe course ina city like Warsaw, 50 to speak LANGUAGE HAS BEEN 1B GRAMMAR The perfect aspect @ Underline the correct words to complete the sentences, 1 The team fad been training! has been training for three months when the season stated. 2 By September, | will have been studying / wil study Arabic for three years, 3. Lonly joined the choir at university because | haven't found / hadnt found anything ese to do, 4 Thisis the fourth time | yf have tied to learn to dance. 5 | never have writen have never vriten such a dificult essay as this one. 6 She has boar revising had been revising for this exam since early this morning b Complete the conversation using the correct form of the verb in brackets. ROBERT Thank you for coming, Sonia SONIA My pleasure. Thank you for the opportunity ROBERT So how long ' have you been living lve) in Brighton SONIA By December, |2 be) here for two years. ROBERT >____(youleverthave) a job in the hotel industry before? SONIA Yes, | | worked in a hotel in [Malaga for eighteen months before | moved here, ROBERT So whiy did you apply for this particular postion? SONIA As soon as I sawit, | knew it was the right job for me. ROBERT What do you lke about it? SONIA 5, (atwaysfenjoy) working with people and helping them, sa this postion seems ideal. ROBERT This isn't your frst application, is i? SONIA No, this isthe second time 18_ (apply). The first time my Engjish wasn’t good enoveh, ROBERT It sounds good now. SONIA it? (gel) a lot better |8__ Gustave) in Brighton the last time | applied, ROBERT Do you have any questions? SONIA When will | know f12_________ (get) the job? ROBERT We ©. (make) our decision by the end of next week. Ten days at the most. ‘SONIA That sounds great. look forward to hearing from you. © @UDKIA Listen and check, CONSTANTLY EVOLVING GI VOCABULARY Describing changes @ Complete the text with the words in the box. rapid changes substantially noticeable way barely shift increase subtle ongoing Changes to the English language may not always be immediately “_noticeable__, but because over 500 million people now use itas their first language, itis constantly evolving, some? changes, often made in an attempt to simplify the language, are. perceptible. However, over time we notice that people are not using, ‘ought to’ as much any more, and 'right?" is being used instead of question tags, which seem to beon the - out. ‘The use of Americanisms by British youth is clearly on the 5. _ with expressions such as, ‘Can I get a coffee to go?” becoming very common. Interest in American ‘TV programmes and music has grown ° over the last 20 years, leading to a”. American usage. rise in Linguists and lexicographers spot the most ® changes in the language and make decisions as to whether asteady®, ‘over time is enough to justify a new: dictionary entry or even a change toa grammar rule, ‘The most lasting to the language come as the result of major innovations in lifestyle. The digital revolution, jst like the automotive revolution a hundred years before, has introduced a large number fnew expressions and usages, from ‘selfie’ to ‘tweet’ 10 ‘microblogging! J PRONUNCIATION Sentence stress a ©LIRA Listen and underline the stressed words in bold. 1 The team had been training fr three months akready when the season started 2 By September, | will have been studying Arabic for three yeas, 3 This isthe fourth time | have trad to learn balroom dancing 4. They have been practising his piece on the piano for about trvee months naw 5. By tie lime Igo to rehearsal, the actors nad een working for about an hour 6 She has been revising for this exam since early tis morning,EVERYDAY ENGLISH Something along those (3 USEFUL LANGUAGE Expressing yourself in an inexact way @ Complete the conversation with the expressions in the box. Toads of give or take something to do with words fo that effect sort-of whatshisname somewhere in the region of TIM. Thanks for helping me with this, Hany. I realy appreciate it HARRY No problem, Tim TIM This is !__sort.of _ my first report and | want to get it right HARRY Sure, | stil eemember my fist one, TIM You've done 2 them since then, | suppose. How long have you been here? HARRY Twenty years. *____a coupe. TIM So youve done a lot of reports? HARRY Quite a few. TIM Hundreds, | expect. So, who should | copy my report to? HARRY 4 in Finance and probably that other guy TIM Who? HARRY Thingy. The tall guy. He's °___ sales. it ‘come back to me. Next question? TIM How long should the report be? HARRY Not too long, TIM Quite short then? Good. HARRY — But not too short. ©__ three or four pages. TIM That's not too hard then. Three to four pages. Plus ‘a cover page. What should I cal it? HARRY The future of the company, Or TIM Brillant idea. Final question. Can | buy you lunch? HARRY Of course you can, What's the budget? TIM About a tenner. Will tat be enough? HARRY | suppose it have to be. Lo’s go, b OMA Listen and check. eae © Match questions 1-6 with responses a-f. 1. [2] Who lent you this book? 2 L Can | borrow one of these pencils? 3 [1 Did he say | wasn’t invited to the wedding? 4] What was that phone call about? 5 C] What's quinoa? 6 1] How much are the rights? 2. Something to do with our Internet connection bb Well, words to that effect. c They're somewhere in the region of £500 per person. 4. Sure! Ive got leeds of them! @ Oh, whatshername, the git with the red hai f Ws sor of cereal. it's a bit ike rice @ PRONUNCIATION Sound and spelling: ea, ee and ie @ OLA Listen. How are the letters in bold pronounced in each word? Complete the table. 1 I's 2 good career. 2 prefer the green one. 3. Lot’s have fruit instead. 4 [never wear tie, 5 People don't eam much here. 6 Shall we have a break? 7 (dont believe it. & I can't bear it. 9 I'm going tothe pler. 10 What did you leatn? LL He'sa great player 12 Bread, anyone? Sound 1 |Sound2/er | Sound 3/ev (ea bo (ea. ten) (ea. tae | som leaf Sound S/o? Sound 6 ay (ea. hain (ea. hean (ee. sere) i career 1D SKILLS FOR WRITING You're spot on there! GD READING @ Read the blog. Are the sentences true or false? 1 Tekahiro tikes Edinburgh. 2 Takahiro thinks the food is not strongly flavoured. 3 Takahiro is the last person to come home every day. 4. Takahiro has the same classes five days a week 5 6 Takahiro has an actve social life “Takahiro i thinking alot about the weather in Japen. b Takchiro's blog started a heated discussion on the value of studying English abroad. Read some opinions (1-8) that were expressed in the comments, Are the opinions direct or softened? Tick (¥/) the correct box. Direct Softened 1. How can you possibly think that? 2 That doesn't make sense, ifyou ask me, 3 I dont get what al the fuss is about 4 Ihave to say, 'm in two minds about ths, 5 It seems to me you are missing the point. & Nowy! 7. That’ rubbish 8 Vm sorry, but that simply isnt true OOOOOOoOs oo0000000 GAWRITING SKILLS Expressing opinions @ Correct the wrong words in each sentence. 1. Sorry, but thats the load of rubbish, 5 aload of 2 I disagree. However, you've got the point about the price of transport 3. I'm in two heads about this. 'm not sure if you are right or nat 4 I don’t really guess what the fuss is about. In my opinion, Edinburgh is cheap. 5 You're on spot there! Listening is really tricky. Keep practising 6 agree with the others toa point, but | think speaking is harder. Good luck! 7 You are all missing the points. Learning English just takes time, 8 | had go along with that. Good discussion, by the way. First Impressions — teksti Yoshida {ve ead been here for one week and must say my frstimpressions of Edinburgh are very postive, il he intematona students are staying with fais forthe frst vo weeks, and then we mova nto our own accommodation fr two more months. {hin ve been very lucky - my room is nice and large, just a bit dar, anc the food is general excelent, abt pan, The femiy, particularly the chidren, are very fiend and patent with iy Engish, Tha fathar works unt cuit, but the mother and cohidren alays have dinner with me “The aly seems ess busy than Kyoto, and the bus syste sees to bo vary efcient, tte exoersive, We have Erlich classes every morning and we have afternoon lectures tree tines a ‘week The lecturers speak quite quick’y — | hope my lstering improves soon, We have alot of homework everynight and there is eveys one exercise | have to discuss wth my ey, hich ves us an opportunity to ta {have vtec the cate and one of he museums thi week and | wont vith my ends to @ concen It was very busy and nly veal, lam very reppy her and am looking forward to the next two months, The thing miss mostis ree and miso soup! © WRITING @ Read the post on a web forum. Write a comment of five or six sentences giving your point of view. Remember to express your opinions clearly and support your ideas, IN THE FUTURE, WE WON'T NEED TEACHERS (ver the last 20 years, the Intemet has develope to such a degree that soon most subjects we want to study willbe available tous one. ‘We can already attend MOOCS and watch videos of lectures taking place a some of the mast prestigious universes in the world, We can do the follow-up reading and listen tothe lecture a mary times as we ‘want. Al ofthis is avilable 24 hours a day and it fre of charge. We can ao access mcro-teaching, where short dps and texts ae posted online, These small chunks of information allow us to lear at ‘ur own pace ata rate we can cope with, Most Internet pages are also translated these days, sof we want to compare a text in two languages, we can Likewise, f we want a vdeo to be subtled, that is ten possible too. With al this infomation continuously avilable free of charge, it will be «easier forall of us to learn online. This fs particularly useful for people in remote regions who cannot attend schools or universities or fr people who for ater reasons carnat travel for thei education. The idea of lifelong learnings that we never stop developing and leatning new content and sis. Thank tothe Internet, we can stil «grow and learn without a formal classroom, Like + Comment » Share COMMENTS | o7 QeTa Reading and listening extension READING @ Read the article, Match paragraphs 1-6 with summaries 2f. C1 Challenges fr language teachers (Ways of making CLL successtul Introducing the subject Challenges for subject teachers 1 Whether or not CLIL works ( Ateason for CLIL b Underline the best words to complete the sentences. 1 The idea of studying subjects and languages together can make both students and teachers enthusiastic | anxious / excited, 2 The European Union wants its citizens to speak several languages! improve their English | become mare efficient 3 CLIL classes are based on try to follow do not folow the traditional structure of language classes. 4 In CLIL, gremmatical structures are more important than / come aut of are learned separately from the subject information being taught. 5 The idea behind CLIL has existed for a short time for hundreds of years since the 1990s 1 Learning a language is herd enough, as is earring a subject ike maths or physics. But doing both things simultaneously in the same class? tz may sound daunting, bout that's precisely the epproach taken in the now- widespread methodology known as CLIL (Content: and Language Integrated Learning). |B CLIL wes introduced in Europe in the 1980s, primarily to meet the European Union aims of producing muttilingual populations. One of its min justifications was efficiency. if lenguages cauld be picked up through exposure to other subjects, pressure on packed timetables would be reduced. 'B Of course, CLIL brings many challenges, especially for teachers who are required to make racical adjustments to the way they teach. For language teachers, there is 2 nesr-complete reversal of what they are accustomed tp: whereas in a traditional language class, tats are constructed primarily as a vehicle for the language points they want to teach, in CLIL the language emeenges somewhat randomly from the subject content. With grammar, for example, there is much less opportunity to focus on specific points, but the theory is that students learn appropriate use through the cantext in which they some acrass the language. 4 Conversely, subject teachers can no longer talk about their subjects to their stuclents and assume they wil understand everything, They will almost certainly need to © According to the article, are the sentences true or false, or is there not enough information to be sure? 1 The CLIL method is used in many places. 2 Using CLIL means that schals save lasson time, 3. CLIL materials are designed to present language structures in a logical order. 4 Students learn grammar better in CLIL classes. 5 Subject teachers usually have language classes before teaching CUI 6 When content and language teachers teach CLIL, they both have to change thair svi. 7 CUL only works with highly able students. CLIL students end up with better language skill than students taught traditionally Write a short essay giving your reactions to the idea of CLIL. Include answers to these questions: Do you have CLIL lessons or do you think you would enjoy them? ‘© What are the advantages? ‘© What are the disadvantages? ‘© What are the peactical implications for teachers and students? * Doyou think CLIL should be introduced in primary schools? Secondary schools? Give your reasons. adopt some different approaches, such as greater levels of prectical demonstration or experimentation, rether than relying so heavily on language to convey information. ‘There is also a good deel of fear to avercome. Subject teachers may have attained only low love's of language skils and therefore lack confidence in teaching in a foreign language, while a language teacher's initial reaction to the idea of teaching maths will often be one of horror! 5 Solutions to these problems will vary according to the setting in which teachers work. Good CLIL teaching materials are increasingly available, while many schools practise @ collaborative approach, with language and subject teachers negotiating both the balance between lenguage and cantent and the ways in which their different teaching styles can be braught together in a successful lesson. 6 So does CLIL work? Well, as with many so-called innovations, the basic theory behind CLIL has been eround for centuries, with even upper-middle class Ancient Romans preferring their oftspring to be educated in (Greck. Ideas dont tend to persist if they have no value, ‘end now that many schoo's have been implementing CLL for a number of years, research seems to indicate that it hes been producing good results with mixec- ability classes as wel es elite students. It could be that the concantration required to understand the language means that the subject information is correspondingly well absorbed I LISTENING @ QUDEA Listen to the conversation between Zac and Rebecca. Tick (7) the best summary. 1 [7 Zac and Rebecca talk about changes to the grammar and vocabulary of the English language. Rebecca ‘gives Zac some examples of new words and Zac is very surprised, 2 (1) Zac and Rebecca discuss words that have recently ‘carne into English. David doesn't think that any new ‘words should be put into the dictionary. 3 C7 Zac and Rebecca talk about new words. Rebecca explains where some new words come from. Zac has strong opinions about some of them. b QUIEA Listen again. Who expresses opinions 1-10: Zac, Rebecca or neither of them? 1 tis surprising to hear thet we need new dictionaries 2 New dictionaries are needed to record language change, 3. Every dictionary should havea least 200 words added every year. ‘Words ike ‘Zoomborbing’ shouldn't be in dictionaries Lexicographers leave out words they consider too informal ‘Some vords are popula fora shot te and then die cut Technology words come and go because technology islf changes quickly {8 Many new words come from other languages. 9. Portmanteau words ae comman i fashion. 10. The subject of fod produces more words than any othe. © Write a conversation between two friends about changes to your first language. Think about these questions or use ideas of your own: ‘© Has your lenguage changed much recently? + Can you think of any new words in your language and, if so, what subject areas do they come from? ‘Js thete a national organisation in your country that protects’ your language? + Have words from other languages come into your language? * Do you approve or disapprove of changes to your language? ® Review and extension 9 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY Correct the errors in the underlined words. 1 Lwatch the news and | tke especialy films. Iwatch the news and | especially tke films, 2 They were hoping really o stay with us, but nobody told us. 3. She speaks fluent Italian and she knows also Turki 4 You can find easily a shop which sells fruit and vegetables. 5 6 ‘Lmet the teacher recently who taught me history at school ‘As the restaurant grew in popularity, we felt the necessary to take on more staf. 7. We concluded thatthe program had some serious limitation 8 The improvement in performance was most noticable in the ‘second half ofthe year. 9 The number of deys of taken by employees increased steady throughout November and December 10 We received a substancial increase in funding from one of cour benefactors, © WORDPOWER | Rewrite the sentences. Replace the underlined words with the words in the box. Make any changes needed fight tooth and nail head-end-shoulders-above 2 safe pair of hands bite one's tongue have a nose for 1. Our local beach volleyball team is brillant — so much better than the other teams in the area. Our local beach volleyball team Is brilliant ~ head and shoulders above the other teams in the area. 2 She can be very rude — | have to stop myself from saying ‘something to her to avoid an argument. 3 When | was a child, my mother tried very hard to get me the best education possibie, and she succeeded! 4. I love going shopping with my friend Sandra she's realy 00d at finding bargains! 5 recently emplayed an accountant to manage my money. I'm so gad | did —he's doing a great job REVIEW YOUR PROGRESS Look again at Review your progress on p. 18 of the Student's ook. How well can you do these things now? ery well 2-= well not so well talk about learning a second language describe languages and how they change ‘express myself in an inexact way write a web forum post. joao}