EXPERIMENT -1
AIM: To verify ohm's law and hence to find the value of unknown resistance.
APPARATUS: Coiled resistor R of 2 Ω resistance, ammeter 0−1.0 A , voltmeter 0−2.0 V , rheostat, key,
battery 2.0 V and connecting wires.
PROCEDURE:
1 Set up the circuit as shown in the figure. Connect the ammeter in series and the voltmeter parallel to
resistance wire R .
Draw this figure
on Left Page
2 Note down the least count of voltmeter and ammeter.
3 Insert the plug key. Adjust the rheostat to register a small current in the ammeter. Note the
corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
4 Now move the variable terminal of the rheostat to increase the current slightly and note the ammeter
and corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
5 By changing the variable terminal of the rheostat take 3 sets of ammeter and voltmeter readings.
6 Plot a graph between V against I . Draw the best fit line and find its slope.
OBSERVATIONS :
Least count of the ammeter ¿ ………………………A.
Least count of the voltmeter ¿ …………………… V.
Ammeter Reading I Voltmeter Reading V
S. No. Resistance R( ohm)
(amp.) (volts)
CALCULATIONS:
Mean value of resistance R=¿ ………………ohm
ΔV
Slope R= =¿……………. ohm
ΔI
RESULT : The value of resistance from the graph, R=¿ ……………………ohm.
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM : To determine the resistance of a given wire of length 100 cm .
APPARATUS : A 100 cm . wire AB (SWG=28) fixed between two terminals on a metre scale, an ammeter
(A), resistance (R) a 2.0 volt battery, jockey and connecting wires.
PROCEDURE :
1. Arrange the circuit as shown in the figure.
Draw this figure
on Left Page
2. Place the jockey in contact with the wire AB and note the ammeter reading (I) for which the value of
L is 20.0 cm.
3. Repeat the experiment for (L)=30.0,40 .0,50.0,60 .0 and 70.0 cm .
4. Calculate y=100 /I (2 s.f.).
5. Draw a graph of y against L, starting L from zero. Extend the graph to cut the Y-axis. Find Y 1, the
value of Y , when L=0
OBSERVATIONS :
L(cm) 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
I (amp)
y=100 / I (2 s.f.).
CALCULATIONS:
Y1 ¿ ⋯ (2 s.f.)
Calculate R ¿ Y 1 / 10
¿ ¿
RESULT : The resistance of given wire ( R)=¿ …………ohm.
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM : To determine the resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
APPARATUS : A resistance wire R, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a rheostat, key, a 2.0 volt battery, crocodile
clip and connecting wires.
PROCEDURE.
1. Set up the circuit as shown in the figure. R is a resistance wire coiled around a wooden frame and
provided with terminals at its ends for connections.
2. Adjust the rheostat until the current I shown by the ammeter is 0.8 A . To do this move the crocodile
clip along the rheostat wire (mounted on a board) till the ammeter reads 0.8 A .
Draw this figure
on Left Page
1. Record V, the reading of the voltmeter.
2. Repeat the experiment for I =0.7,0 .6,0 .5 and 0.4 A and record the corresponding value of V in each
case. Copy and complete the following table:
OBSERVATIONS :
I (amperes) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
V (volts)
Draw a graph of V against I .
From the graph read and record V 1, the value of V when I =0.45 A and V 2 the value of V when I =0.75 A .
CALCULATIONS:
R=( V 2−V 1 ) / 0.3
RESULT : The resistance of given wire R=¿ …………….ohm.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM : To find the relation between the angle of incidence and glance angle of emergence.
APPARATUS : A glass block, a drawing board, a white sheet of paper, ruler, board pins, protractor and
common pins.
PROCEDURE :
1. Place the glass block on the blank sheet of paper provided with a long edge of the block parallel to
the short edge of the sheet.
2. Draw the outline ABCD of the block.
Draw this figure
on Left Page
3. Remove the block and mark a point N on AB so that BN =2 cm .
4. At N draw the normal NE and the line NX so that angle ENX =x ∘ is 20∘.
5. Place two pins P1 and P2 on the line NX so that they are 3 cm apart.
6. Replace the block on its outline ABCD .
7. Look into the block through the face DC to locate the images of the pins P1 and P2 as seen through
the block.
8. Place two more pins P3 and P4 so that they appear to be in line with the images of P1 and P2.
9. Join the pin marks P3 and P4 and produce it to meet DC forming the angle y ∘ as shown in the
diagram.
10. Measure and record the value of y .
11. Repeat the experiment for x=30∘ , 40∘ ,50∘ , 60∘ and determine the corresponding values of y .
12. Enter your readings in the following table.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE :
x in ∘ 20∘ 30∘ 40 ∘ 50∘ 60∘
y in ∘
Draw a graph of y against x . From the graph find :
y 1; the value of y when x=25∘
y 1=¿ …………..
and y 2, the value of y when x=45∘
y 2=¿ ……………….
CALCULATIONS:
y 2− y1
: S=
20
RESULT : S=¿…………….
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM : To find the refractive index of glass using a glass prism.
APPARATUS : A prism, drawing board, drawing pins, a white sheet of paper and a protractor.
ROCEDURE :
PROCEDURE :
1. Fix the paper on the drawing board and place the prism on the paper.
2. Draw its outline ABC .
3. Measure and record the value of ∠ BAC of the prism.
∴ ∠BAC =¿…………..(angle A)
4. Remove the prism. Draw a line PQ incident on the face AB much nearer to B making an angle (i) of
70 with the normal to the face AB.
∘
5. Fix the pins P1 and P2 on PQ .
6. Replace the prism, and looking through the face AC , fix two more pins P3 and P4 so that they are in
the same straight line.
7. Join P3 and P4 , by a line RS .
8. Join QR .
9. Draw a normal on AC at R .
10. Measure the angle between RS and the normal (e).
11. Repeat the experiment for i=60∘ , 50∘, 40 ∘ , 35∘. Record your results below :
Draw this figure
on Left Page
OBSERVATIONS TABLE :
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
i 70 60 50 40 35
∘
e
Draw a graph of ' i ' against ' e '. From the graph determine the value of i at the point at which i=e .
i=¿ … … … … … .(i=e)
CALCULATIONS:
sin i
Hence, Calculate Refractive index ¿
sin A /2
RESULT : μ=¿…………
