Contents
Electricity and Magnetism Light and optics
Chapter 22 Electric Fields Chapter 36 Wave Optics
Chapter 23 Continuous Charge Distributions and Chapter 37 Diffraction Patterns and
Gauss’s Law Polarization
Chapter 24 Electric Potential
Chapter 25 Capacitance and Dielectrics Lab works
Chapter 26 Current and Resistance Lab 1: Electromagnetic waves
Chapter 28 Magnetic Fields Lab 2: Diffraction from slit and
Chapter 29 Sources of the Magnetic Field grating
Chapter 30 Faraday’s Law Lab 3: Diffraction grating in a
Chapter 31 Inductance spectrometer
Chapter 33 Electromagnetic Waves Lab 4: Michelson Interferometer
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CONNECTIONS
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CONNECTIONS
Contents
33.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law
33.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries
33.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves
33.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
33.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure
33.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna
33.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
4. THE GENERAL FORM OF FARADAY’S LAW
𝒅𝜱𝑩
𝓔=−
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝜱𝑩
ර 𝑬 𝒅𝒔 = −
𝒅𝒕
4. THE GENERAL FORM OF FARADAY’S LAW
𝒅𝜱𝑩
ර 𝑬 𝒅𝒔 = −
𝒅𝒕
𝑑(𝐵𝐴)
𝐸 ර 𝑑𝑠 = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐵
𝐸. 2𝜋𝑟 = − (𝜋𝑟 2 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑟 𝑑𝐵
𝐸 =−
2 𝑑𝑡
ර 𝑩𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰
𝒅𝚽𝑬
𝑰𝒅 ≡ 𝝐𝟎
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝚽𝑬
ර 𝑩𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 + 𝑰𝒅 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 + 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎
𝒅𝒕
𝒒
𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬𝑨 =
𝝐𝟎
𝒅𝚽𝑬 𝒅𝒒
𝑰𝒅 = 𝝐𝟎 =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒒
ර 𝑬𝒅𝑨 =
𝝐𝟎
ර 𝑩𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎
𝒅𝚽𝑩
ර 𝑬𝒅𝒔 = −
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝚽𝑬
ර 𝑩𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 − 𝝐𝟎 𝝁𝟎
𝒅𝒕
𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬 + 𝒒𝒗 × 𝑩
𝒅𝚽𝑩
ර 𝑬𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎 ර 𝑬𝒅𝒔 = −
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝚽𝑬
ර 𝑩𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎 ර 𝑩𝒅𝒔 = −𝝐𝟎 𝝁𝟎
𝒅𝒕
3. PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
3. PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
3. PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
3. PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
𝑑𝐸 𝜕𝐸
𝐸 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝐸 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐸 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐸
ර 𝑬𝒅𝒔 = 𝐸 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ℓ − 𝐸 𝑥 ≈ℓ 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
ℓ𝑑𝑥
𝚽𝑩 = 𝑩ℓ𝒅𝒙
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐵
= ℓ𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝝏𝑬 𝒅𝑩
=−
𝜕𝐸 𝑑𝐵 𝝏𝒙 𝒅𝒕
ℓ 𝑑𝑥 = −ℓ𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡
3. PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐵
ර 𝑩𝒅𝒔 = 𝐵 𝑥 ℓ − 𝐵 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ≈ −ℓ 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕Φ𝐸 𝜕𝐸
= ℓ𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐸
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 = −𝜇0 𝜖0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐸
−ℓ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜇0 𝜖0 ℓ𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝐸 𝜕 𝜕𝐵 𝜕 𝜕𝐵 𝜕 𝜕𝐸
2
=− =− =− −𝜇0 𝜖0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
ℓ 𝝏𝟐 𝑬 𝝏𝟐 𝑬 𝝏𝟐 𝑩 𝝏𝟐 𝑩
𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬ℓ𝒅𝒙 𝟐
= 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒕
3. PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
𝝏𝟐 𝑬 𝝏𝟐 𝑬
𝟐
= 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 𝟐 𝑬 = 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝟐 𝑩 𝝏𝟐 𝑩
𝟐
= 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 𝟐 𝑩 = 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒕
𝟏
𝒄= 𝜕𝐸
𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 = −𝑘𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)
𝜕𝑥
𝒄 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔 𝑘𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜔𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜕𝐵
2𝜋 = 𝜔𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡)
𝑘= 𝜕𝑡
𝜆
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝝎 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑬
𝜔 2𝜋𝑓 = =𝒄 = =𝒄
= = 𝜆𝑓 = 𝑐 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒌 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑩
𝑘 2𝜋/𝜆
3. PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
4. ENERGY CARRIED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
4. ENERGY CARRIED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
𝟏
𝑺= 𝑬×𝑩
𝝁𝟎
𝐸 𝐵 (𝑁/𝐶)(𝑇) 𝑁. 𝑚 𝐽 𝑊
𝑆Ԧ = = = 2 = 2 = 2
𝜇0 𝑇. 𝑚/𝐴 𝑚 .𝑠 𝑚 .𝑠 𝑚
𝐸 × 𝐵 = EB 𝐄𝐁
𝑺=
𝝁𝟎
4. ENERGY CARRIED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑬𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒄𝑩𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑰 = 𝑺𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = =
𝟐𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝝁𝟎
(𝐸/𝑐)2 𝜇0 𝜖0 2 1
𝒖𝑩 = = 𝐸 = 𝜖0 𝐸 2 = 𝒖𝑬
2𝜇0 𝜇0 2 𝟏
𝟐
𝒖𝑬 = 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐
𝑩 𝟐
𝒖 = 𝑢𝐸 + 𝑢𝐵 = 2𝑢𝐸 = 2𝑢𝐵 = 𝜖0 𝐸 2 =
𝝁𝟎
𝑩𝟐
𝒖𝑩 =
𝟐𝝁𝟎
𝟏 𝑩 𝟐
𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒖𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝝐𝟎 (𝑬𝟐 )𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐𝝁𝟎
4. ENERGY CARRIED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
5. Momentum and Radiation Pressure
5. Momentum and Radiation Pressure
• •
𝑻𝑬𝑹 2𝑇𝐸𝑅
𝒑= 𝑝=
𝒄 𝑐
𝐹 1 𝑑𝑝 𝑆
𝑃= = 𝑃 = 1+𝑓
𝐴 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝑐
1 𝑑𝑝 1 𝑑 𝑇𝐸𝑅 1 𝑑𝑇𝐸𝑅 /𝑑𝑡
𝑃= = = 𝟐𝑺
𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝑐 𝑐 𝐴 𝑷=
𝒄
𝑺
𝑷=
𝒄
5. Momentum and Radiation Pressure
6. PRODUCTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES BY AN ANTENNA
6. PRODUCTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES BY AN ANTENNA
6. PRODUCTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES BY AN ANTENNA
6. PRODUCTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES BY AN ANTENNA
7. THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
7. THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Long wave
TV, FM
AM
7. THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
• Long wave
TV, FM
AM
7. THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
•
•
Long wave
TV, FM
AM
•
7. THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Long wave
TV, FM
AM
7. THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Long wave
TV, FM
AM
7. THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Long wave
TV, FM
AM
7. THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Long wave
TV, FM
AM
7. THE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
