Pangasinan State University - Urdaneta City Campus

Electrical Engineering Department - AY 2021 - 2022

Math103_Integral Calculus
MID-TERM TOPICS FINAL TERM TOPICS
1. Integration Concepts/ Formulae 3. The Definite Integrals
1.1. Anti-differentiation 3.1. Solving Definite Integrals
1.2. Indefinite Integrals 3.2. Wallis’ Formula
1.3. Simple Power Formula
1.4. Simple Trigonometric Functions 4. Applications of Definite Integral
1.5. Logarithmic Function 4.1. Plane Areas By Integration
1.6. Exponential Function 4.1.a. Plane Areas
1.7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 4.1.b. Areas between curves
1.8. Hyperbolic Functions 4.1.c. Arc Length and Surface of revolution
1.9. General Power Formula 4.1.d. Other Applications
1.10. Constant of Integration 4.2. Solids of Revolution By Integration

2. Integration Techniques 5. Other Applications of Integration

2.1. Integration By Parts 5.1. Work 5
2.2. Integration By Substitution 5.2. Hydrostatic Pressure
2.2.a. Algebraic 5.3. Centroid of a Plane Area by Integration
2.2.b. Trigonometric
2.3. Integration of Rational Fractions
6. Multiple Integral as Volume
2.3.a. Distinct Linear Factors
6.1. Double Integrals
2.3.b. Repeated Linear Factors
6.2 Triple Integrals
2.3.c. Quadratic Factor
2.3.d. Repeated Quadratic Factor

Textbooks/References
1. Harold Jan R. Terano, Calculus 2 A Simplified Text in Integral Calculus, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2015.
2. David R. Guichard, et al., Calculus, http://creative commons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/, May 31, 2009
3. Asin, Ricardo C. (1999), Integral Calculus Reviewer/Text. 3rd ed. Merriam and Webster Inc.
4. Love, Clyde E. and Rainville, Earl D. (1962), Differential and Integral Calculus. 6th ed. The McMillan Co., New York: John Wiley and Prepared by:
Sons, Inc. JEROME B. PATILLA, REE
5. George A. Osborne, S.B. Differential and Integral Calculus, Revised Ed.c1906 Published by Heath and Co., Publishers Subject Instructor
Anti-differentiation Variable of integration
Example 3 Example 4 Example 5
• Anti-differentiation or integration is the reverse
process to differentiation. Constant of 𝑥+1 1 𝑦2
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶 integration න 𝑑𝑥 න(𝑦 + )2 𝑑𝑦 න 𝑑𝑦
To find a function F whose derivative is f(x) = 3𝑥 2, 𝑥 𝑦 (1 + 𝑦 3 )2
you might use your knowledge of derivatives to
Integrand
conclude that
An antiderivative of
𝑑 f(x)
F(x) =𝑥 3 because𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 = 3𝑥 2

Note that F is called an antiderivative of f rather than

the antiderivative of f.

If f(x) is a given function and F(x) is a function

whose derivative is f(x) the relation between them is
expressed by writing

𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Where the symbol ‫׬‬, 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛

Example 1 Example 6 Example 7

POWER RULE 𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1 න 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 න 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥
𝑛
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +C 4𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
𝑛+1
Or

𝑢𝑛+1
න 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1 Example 2

න 3𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
Note that the Power Rule of integration
has the restriction that n ≠ −1
Example 8 Example 9
Example 1 Example 2
𝑥 4 + 𝑎4 (2 + 𝑥)2
න 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥 ‫ ׬‬5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦

SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Standard Formulas for Differentiation Example 4

𝑑 Example 3
Standard Formulas for Integration 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬5 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐 ‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
න s𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑑
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
න 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑑
‫ ׬‬sec 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

‫ ׬‬c𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑐 𝑑

𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 Example 5 Example 6 LOGARITHMS Example 2
(2𝑥 − 5)
න 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 3
‫( ׬‬1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)4 න න = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
(4 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)3/2 𝑢

Example 1
2𝑑𝑦
න
3𝑦 − 4

Example 3 Example 4
Example 7 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
න 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑑𝑥
2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 3

න 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 5 Example 6 Exponential Functions Example 1
1 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 න
𝑥(1 + 𝑥) 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥 න 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒𝑢 +𝐶

𝑎𝑢
න 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
ln 𝑢

Example 7 Example 8 Example 2 Example 3

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥3
‫ 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬−1 dx න 𝑑𝑥 න 4𝑒 3𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 න 𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Example 4 Example 5 Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas
2 Example 1
න 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑙𝑛𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Example 2

න 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Example 6 Example 7
1 Example 3
න 1 − 2𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2 𝑒𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥
‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 dx 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
Example 4 Example 5

න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Example 6

න 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Problem 1 Problem 3
𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥−𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥+𝑏𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥−𝑏𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
‫׬‬ dx න
3𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥 3
sin 𝑥 − 𝑎 . cos(𝑥 − 𝑏)

Problem 2
𝑥
න (6𝑥 4 + 2)(𝑥 6 + 𝑥 2 + 1)10 𝑑𝑥
2
 Problem 6
Problem 4
3 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 +2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
1
[
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ] ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 dx
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 2
‫׬‬ 1+𝑒 𝑥
dx

Problem 5 Problem 7 Problem 8

𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 (𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 2𝑥 )(1+𝑒 2𝑥 )3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
)
‫׬‬ dx 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑥−1 න 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
‫׬‬ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
dx 𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
Integration by Parts Example 2
න 𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Example 3
Example 1
න 𝒕𝟐 𝒆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
න 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example 4 Example 6
‫𝒆𝒙 ׬‬−𝒙 𝒅𝒙
න 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Example 5 Example 7
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒙 ׬‬
න(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION Example 3
‫ 𝟏 ׬‬+ 𝒛𝒅𝒛
Example 1
𝒙
‫𝟏 ׬‬+𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Example 2 Example 4
𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟏
‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 ‫𝒙𝟒 ׬‬−𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+ 𝒙
 Example 7
Example 5
‫ 𝒙𝒆 ׬‬− 𝟗 𝒅𝒙
‫ 𝒙𝟓 ׬‬− 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Example 6 Example 8
𝟓𝒙+𝟒
‫𝒙𝟓 ׬‬−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏𝒊𝒔 ׬‬
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION Example 2
𝒅𝒚
‫׬‬
𝒚𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

Example 3
Example 1 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 ‫׬‬
‫׬‬ 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝟒
𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
Example 4 Example 6
𝒙𝒅𝒙
‫׬‬ ‫ 𝟗 𝟑𝒙 ׬‬− 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟑−𝟐𝒙−𝒙𝟐

Example 5 Example 7
𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 ‫׬‬
‫׬‬ 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝒙𝟐 +𝟗
Example 8 Distinct Linear Factors
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟒 Example 1 Example 2
𝒙+𝟓 𝒙𝟑 +𝒙
‫ 𝟐𝒙 ׬‬+𝒙−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙−𝟏

ÌNTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS Example 3

𝟏
‫ 𝟐𝒙 ׬‬−𝟓𝒙+𝟔 𝒅𝒙
Partial fractions are the fractions used for the
decomposition of a rational expression. When
an algebraic expression is split into a sum of two
or more rational expressions, then each part is
called a partial fraction.

f(x) = P(x) / Q(x)

Four Cases:
1. Distinct Linear Factors
2. Repeated Linear Factors
3. Quadratic Factor
4. Repeated Quadratic Factor
Repeated Linear Factors Quadratic Factors
Example 4
𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝟎𝒙+𝟔
Example 6
‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝟑 −𝟒𝒙−𝟖
𝒙𝟑 +𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝒙 ‫ 𝟐𝒙( ׬‬−𝒙)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒) 𝒅𝒙

Example 5 Example 7
𝟏
‫𝒙(𝒙 ׬‬+𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏𝟎
‫ 𝟑𝒙𝟒 ׬‬−𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙
The Definite Integral General Properties of Definite Integrals
𝑏 𝑎
Example 2
The definite integral of a function is closely related න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑎 𝑏 1
to the antiderivative and indefinite integral of a න 𝑑𝑥
`
function. The primary difference is that the 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 0 (1 + 3𝑥)2
indefinite integral, if it exists, is a real number න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
value, while the latter two represent an infinite 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
number of functions that differ only by a constant. 𝑏 𝑏
𝑏 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹 𝑥 ]𝑏𝑎 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎) 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎

Example 1
Example 3
2
න 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 1
0 න (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
0
 Example 4 Example 6
𝑎 1
න 𝑧(𝑎2 − 𝑧 2 )3 𝑑𝑧 1− 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥
0 1/4 𝑥

Example 5
𝑎
න (𝑎2 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡
−𝑎
WALLIS’ FORMULA
𝜋
2
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝒎 − 𝟏 𝒎 − 𝟑 … … … … 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 [ 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒏 − 𝟑 … … 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏
=
𝒎 + 𝒏 𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝟐 … … . . 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏

Note:
𝜋
𝛼= 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2

𝛼 = 1 𝑖𝑓otherwise

Example 1 Example 2
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
Example 3 Example 4 Example 5
𝜋
𝜋 1
2
2
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න 1 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0
0

Example 5
1
න ( 1 − 𝑥 2 )4 𝑑𝑥
0
 PLANE AREAS
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬ = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑎׬‬

𝑏
𝐴 = න (𝑥𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎

𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦 𝑓 𝑎׬ = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑎׬‬

𝑏
𝐴 = න (𝑦𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 − 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Example 1 Example 2
Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 3 = 0 and Find the area bounded by the curve y=
the line x = 4 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑥 =
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3
 AREAS BETWEEN TWO CURVES

Example 4
Find the area between the curves
𝑥 2 = 2𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎2

Example 3
Find the area bounded by the curve ay=
𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4𝑎
Example 5 Example 7
Find the area bounded by the curve Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 − 8 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑦 of
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑦 = −𝑥, 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1

Example 6 SOLID OF REVOLUTIONS BY Three Methods:

Find the area of the region enclosed by parabolas INTEGRATION
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 1. Disc Method
solid of revolution is a solid figure obtained by rotating a
plane curve around some straight line (the axis of
2. Washer Method
revolution) that lies on the same plane. The surface 3. Cylindrical/Shell Method
created by this revolution and which bounds the solid is
the surface of revolution.
Disc Method Example 1
is a method for calculating the volume of a solid of The area bounded by the parabola ay = 𝑥 2 ,
revolution of a solid-state material when integrating the x-axis, and the line x = b is revolved
along an axis "parallel" to the axis of revolution. This about the x-axis. Find the volume generated
method models the resulting three-dimensional shape
as a stack of an infinite number of discs of varying
radius and infinitesimal thickness.
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 → 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎

Example 2
Determine the volume of the solid obtained
by rotating the region bounded by y= 𝑥, y=3
and the y-axis about the y-axis.
``Example 3 Washer Method
Determine the volume of the solid obtained The washer method allows us to calculate the volume
of solids of revolution using cylindrical disks with
by rotating the region bounded by y=7−𝑥 2 ,
holes.
x=−2, x=2 and the x-axis about the x-axis.

𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 න 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎
𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 න 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 → 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎

Example 4
Example 5
Find the volume generated by revolving the
Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the
first quadrant area bounded by the
curves y = x and y = 𝑥 2 when it is rotated
parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 and its latus rectum is x
about the y-axis.
=2, about the x-axis.
Example 6
Find the volume of the region bounded by the
curves y = x and y = 𝑥 2 when it is rotated about
the line y = 3

Cylindrical Method
Example 7 The method of cylindrical shells is another method
Determine the volume of the solid obtained for using a definite integral to calculate the volume
by rotating the region bounded by x= 𝑦 2 of a solid of revolution. This method is sometimes
−6y+10 and x=5 about the y-axis. preferable to either the method of disks or the method
of washers because we integrate with respect to the
other variable.

𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 න 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎
𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 න 𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑦 → 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎
Example 8 Example 9
Determine the volume of the solid obtained Find the volume of the solid formed by
by rotating the region bounded by𝑦 = revolving the region bounded by the graph of
3
𝑥, 𝑥 = 8 and the x-axis about the x-axis. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =
1 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎s 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
Centroids of Plane Area by Integration
A centroid is a weighted average like the center of 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
gravity, but weighted with a geometric property like
area or volume, and not a physical property like
weight or mass. This means that centroids are 𝑥 𝑦
‫ 𝑥׬‬2 𝑥𝑐 𝑑𝐴 ‫ 𝑦׬‬2 𝑥𝑐 𝑑𝐴
properties of pure shapes, not physical objects. They x̅ = 1
x̅ = 1
𝐴 𝐴
represent the coordinates of the “middle” of the shape.

𝑥 𝑦
‫ 𝑥׬‬2 𝑦𝑐 𝑑𝐴 ‫ 𝑦׬‬2 𝑦𝑐 𝑑𝐴
y̅ = 1
y̅ = 1
𝐴 𝐴
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝

Where:
x̅ - Centroid along the x-axis
y̅ - centroid along the y-axis
𝑥𝑐 - Centroid along x-axis of the strip
𝑦𝑐 - centroids along the y-axis of the strip
A – area of the region

Example 1
Find the centroids of the region
bounded by the curve y = 4 − 𝑥 2 and
y=x+2
Example 2 Example 3
Find the centroids of the first quadrant Determine the centroid of the quadrant of
region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = the ellipse. The equation of the ellipse is
4𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4 𝑎2 𝑏2
ARC LENGTH OF A CURVE 𝒔 = ‫𝒄׬‬
𝒅
𝟏 + (𝒅𝒙/𝒅𝒚)𝟐 𝒅𝒚 ----- Integrating with respect to y Example 2
Find the arc length of the graph of (𝑦 − 1)3 = 𝑥 2 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [0, 8]
𝒃
𝒔 = ‫𝒂׬‬ 𝟏 + (𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ----- Integrating with respect to x
𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝒊−𝟏

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝒊

𝑷𝒐 𝑷𝒏

a= 𝒙𝒐 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒊 −𝟏 𝒙𝒊 b = 𝒙𝒏

s = length of
curve from a to b

a b

Example 1 AREA OF A SURFACE OF 𝒃

𝒔 = 𝟐𝝅 ‫ 𝟏 )𝒙(𝒓 𝒂׬‬+ (𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 --- curve y in terms of x
𝑥3 1 1 REVOLUTION
Find the arc length of the graph of 𝑦 = + 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [ , 2] 𝒅
𝒔 = 𝟐𝝅 ‫ 𝟏 )𝒚(𝒓 𝒄׬‬+ (𝒅𝒙/𝒅𝒚)𝟐 𝒅𝒚 --- curve x in terms of y
6 2𝑥 2

- When the graph of a continuous function is Note:

revolved about a line, the resulting surface is If radius is parallel to x- axis then, r(x) = x
If radius is parallel to y-axis then, r(y) = y
a surface of revolution. If radius is perpendicular to x –axis then, use the curve equation (y in terms of x)
If radius is perpendicular to y –axis then, use the curve equation (x in terms of y)

𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟏
Example 1 ITERATED INTEGRALS and AREA IN
THE PLANE
Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the graph of y = 𝑥 3 on
the interval [0,1] about the x-axis.
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = න 𝒇𝒙 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙

Example: 𝒇𝒙 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚

Example 2 INTEGRAL OF AN INTEGRAL

Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the graph of y = 𝑥 2 on 𝟐 𝒙
the interval [0, 2] about the y-axis. න න 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
AREA OF A PLANE REGION
DOUBLE INTEGRAL AND VOLUME
𝒉𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒉𝟐 (𝒙)
𝒗𝟐 (𝒙)
d
R
Δy = dy

Δx = dx 𝒗𝟏 (𝒙)
c

a b

𝒃 𝒗𝟐 (𝒙) 𝒅 𝒉𝟐 (𝒙)
න න 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 → 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 න න 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 → 𝑯𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑
𝒂 𝒗𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒄 𝒉𝟏 (𝒙)

Example 1 Example 1

Find the area of the region that lies below the parabola Z= 2-x-2y
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 6.