www.idosr.

org Masisani and Adabara

Department of Electrical and Telecommunication, School of Engineering and Applied

ABSTRACT
The smart grid complements the deficit in traditional electrical energy such as the
pollution issues that come with certain energy resources such as fossil fuels and nuclear
energy. Many literature discusses various technologies but very few talk about the
implementation of the smart grid and its considerations to be implemented, the
assessment of the power system with the communication network put into play, how to
optimize technological schemes with economic and political constraints put into
consideration and many other considerations. Governments across the globe and related
organizations such as utility companies are eager to assess the cost and advantages of
new technological mechanisms scientifically as opposed to decision making with no
scientific base. Decision Support System is a system of information that is interfaced
with computers to support the making of decisions in operations, management, and
planning for assessing the technologies. This is an important tool because it helps the
decision-makers with scientific evidence needed. The main objective of this project is to
point out the technologies that help in the processing of data and information and also
the mechanisms that will enhance the decision support systems that are used for the
assessment of the indices of the smart grid technology for future investments. To begin
with, this project introduces the smart grid together with its features and technologies
for clarification of the benefits of using the smart grid such as safety, efficiency,
reliability, economics, environment, and security. Understanding how power system
business and how it operates is key because it affects the communication network
model. This project gives a detailed report of what the smart grid needs for simulation
following the operation and power system business. Furthermore, the smart grid
involves some monitoring system and communication system that helps to better
understand management on the demand side so that its impact on the power system
can be reviewed. Load shedding strategies are helping the power system from crumbling
and keep the grid in a complete form to an extent. Soon, many countries and
organizations have set goals to reduce the contribution of the emission of greenhouse
gas. For example, the United Kingdom is planning to produce about 27% of its energy
from renewable energy resources by 2030.
Keywords: Smart Grid, Technologies, Decision and Support Systems.

INTRODUCTION
There has been a significant growth of some time now such that a lot of power
large industry and commerce which has organizations across the globe are
brought the need for more power supply focused on explaining its functionality
which in turn has created an energy and its technical applications. Different
supply deficit and pollution issues due countries and regions develop smart
to the power demand generated from grids according to what best suits them,
fossil fuels. Smart grids have come into such as energy distribution and
play to solve some of these issues in consumption. In addition, climate,
both developing and developed industrial and commercial, etc. For
countries. Smart grids have more example, people in Europe are inclined
advanced construction, the best to develop renewable energy and
algorithms, and creative frameworks distributed energy (distributed
that are being enhanced [1]. The smart generation) systems whereas in the
grid concept has been modeled for quite United States, the implementation of a
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smart grid is more of smart metering information system that is based on the
and demand response. The Chinese interaction of computers to support
state grid Corporation wants to develop planning using decision making,
a strong and robust smart grid for High management, and operations of the grid.
Voltage, Direct Current (HVDC), and The Smart Grid
Flexible AC Transmission Systems Organizations, research institutions,
(FACTS) for transmission of electric and governments across the world have
power from west china which is rich in conceptualized, expanded, and
energy to east china. The difference developed the smart grid. There is no
between the smart grid and the standard definition of the smart grid, so
traditional grid is that the smart grid far, as things stand, each country seems
deploys communication networks which to have a different concept and
are much more critical. Electricity definition of the smart grid. For
delivery systems now incorporate a lot example, the Chinese are aiming at
of computerized control, monitoring, establishing a robust smart system from
and automatic operations from remote generation to utilization, this includes
which form a two-way communication transmission and distribution. In the UK,
system link between power plants and the definition of the smart grid is within
the consumers such as domestic, the distribution network. So far, a lot of
industrial, commercial and agricultural. publishers focus on defining the
Furthermore, power systems can now features of the smart grid or the kind of
share information with other systems technology that is involved in the smart
such as petroleum, natural gas dispatch grid. For planning and operations, some
systems, weather forecast, and so on. new issues that have never occurred on
The penetration levels of renewable the conventional power system also
energy resources such as wind energy, need to be considered as a way of
solar and demand response have understanding the smart grid. For
become high and the effect of weather example, one would ask a question like,
on the power system plays a significant what is the most efficient way of
role. Information exchange between the operating the system with the increasing
weather forecast and power systems is number of consumers getting involved
made possible using mechanisms such in the power system? Another question
as the Load forecasting mechanism. would be, in the event of a cyber-attack
Power economic dispatch and design of in the communication channel, how will
the right demand response or load the smart grid detect this kind of attack
shedding scheme for the prevention of and how will it defend the network from
loads from drawing too much energy damage?
from the grid may be as a result of Customer Side Systems (CSS)
accurate short term load forecasting. Customer side systems are employed to
Long term load forecasting on the other help regulate energy consumption at
hand helps to plan better for optimized different usage levels such as
allocation of energy. It is a gradual commercial level, industrial level,
process of replacing the old power service level, and residential level.
system elements with new computer- There are four aspects that are involved
based elements in order to achieve the in the customer side systems [2] and
smart grid. Thus, the planning process these are:
for the smart grid does not only puts 1. Energy management systems
the effects of creative technology into 2. Energy storage devices
consideration but also appreciates the 3. Intelligent electronic devices
diversity of the stakeholders’ interest. 4. Distributed generations
To make correct and responsible On displays in homes such as smart
decisions, carrying out a cost analysis appliances, energy dashboards, and load
may be the best way to go. Constructing storage employment can cause a high
a Decision Support System is one of the rise in the profit of energy efficiency
best and effective ways of estimating and have a reduced peak demand. The
the cost of the technologies and demand response is a situation where
implementation of smart grids. The the end-use customers reduce their
decision support system is an electricity consumption as a response to

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the power grids’ requirements, indices Realized the three main issues of
of economics from a wholesale market capturing data. Firstly, raw data the
with the competition or retail rates. Both quantities were very large for the
responses from the customer, either engineers to deal with, then secondly, it
manual or automated, price-responsive was very hard to obtain meaningful
appliances, and thermostats are information from conditional
connected to the Energy Management monitoring of data because there was no
System or controlled by a signal from understanding of plant item and its
the company or the operating system health all the time. And lastly, the life
[2]. span of an item was not easy to estimate
Electric Vehicle Charging and from its health as this was not always
Discharging apparent. The architecture proposed
The demand for electricity vehicles’ was an agent-based system in which
charging infrastructure can be regulated each module had a self-contained
through charging and discharging. functional software. The exchange of
Electric vehicles charging and information and co-operation amid the
discharging has four operational modes independent modules has been
and these are Grid to vehicles (G2V), implemented through a regiment Agent
vehicles to grid (V2G), storage to Communication Language (ACL). A
vehicles (S2V), and vehicles to storage literature review on the condition
(V2S). Vehicles operate as moving monitoring techniques for the power
storage constituents of the grid because generator, transformer and an inductive
of the rise in penetration of the demand motor was used as reference [4]. The
response and constant change in the authors discovered that a paperback
pricing. In the event where the EV is conditional monitoring system needs
fully charged and the grid is subjected signal processing and Artificial
to peak demand, the EV will discharge to Intelligence as its main elements for
the grid or maybe a home storage device evolving into the next generation of
as a backup for residential condition monitoring which has high
consumption. The storage devices will levels of reliability, sensitivity, accuracy
charge the EV when the grid is subjected and intelligence. [5] Shows the
to peak demand for everyday monitoring applications improvement
utilization. This implies that the EV will by incorporating spatial and temporal
charge from the power grid when the features of data and information. There
grid is subjected to low energy demand are two new monitoring functions that
and the price of electricity is low. have been portrayed in this project to
System Monitoring illustrate how the smart grid
Intelligent monitoring system is technologies can help to locate faults
associated with functions such as more accurately. The Intelligent
analysis of videos, behavior recognition Electronic Devices (IEDs) together with
and business intelligence. The computer Digital Protective Relays (DPRs) plus
vision (CV) artificial intelligence (AI) is Digital Fault Recorders (DFRs) have
used to aggregate data and information synchronization to a GPS clock that
from the video analysis to create a close links to absolute time. Translucent
map link from the images to the granting of time and space in IEDs in a
description of the event. Behavior common infrastructure, needs exchange
recognition has the function of of information and incorporation of
analyzing, monitoring and sounding the data, is the trend in the future
alarm. The most crucial part in functionality of monitoring. A lot of
intelligent systems is Business technological fields including industry,
intelligence which is as a provider for traffic, clinics, geography and
key video business for users. There is a agriculture have used intelligent
hierarch in which the intelligent condition monitoring. Communication
technologies are deployed in the technology has improved such that over
network including equipment and the last decade, it has been suggested
software to accomplish the integration for monitoring based on the web. A
of information and scheduling through a rationed out intelligent monitoring
management system platform. [3] system using 3G network was suggested

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in monitoring the well-being of the exterior information associated
railway bridges [6]. Monitoring systems with decision questions in areas
can also be used for clinical purposes such as policy, technology,
for artificial heart monitoring [7]. The market, economy, society and
Chinese use monitoring for their environment.
medicine using temperature and  Obtaining, management and
humidity intelligent monitoring through giving the organization
ZigBee wireless networks was suggested intramural information
in [8]. associated with decision
Requirements for a Decision Support questions in areas such as the
System capabilities of production, order
A standard Decision Support System requests, storage status and the
includes various scientific aspects such finance.
as technologies of simulation, computer  Obtaining, management and
science, software programming and giving feedback of each option of
perceptive science and so on. There are decision performance like
three kinds of problems associated with processing of contracts, plan for
decision making and these are supplying material and
structured, unstructured and semi- implementing the production.
structured. For structured, the issues  Has the capacity to store data
can be resolved using standard solution and manage mathematical
methods by clearly stating the models closely linked to decision
procedures for making a making a making.
decision. There are no specified  Has the capacity to store and
challenges in the unstructured and the provide frequent usage of
decision procedures are followed one mathematical methodologies and
time only. Optimization in semi- algorithms such as linear
structured problems is not guaranteed programming, regression
in as much as the decision making analysis and models of
procedures are specified. The DSS is computational intelligence
different depending on the level of the  Has the capacity to aggregate
business companies and organizations. and modify data easily including
Three distinctive levels are involved in modeling and algorithms.
organizations. Firstly, there is strategic  Has a flexible way of gathering,
planning, which includes long term processing, forecasting and
policy planning, which is used for analyzing data through
governing the acquisition of resources, representation and
usage and disposition. Then secondly, methodologies.
the management control makes sure that  Provides a platform for
the resources are acquired and interaction between man and
optimized in order to accomplish the machine as well as the graphic
objectives of the organization. And output functionality. Also, there
lastly, operation control makes sure that is capacity to meet the request of
there is progress [9,10]. random probability distribution
Functionalities of the DSS of data queries to give answers to
Generally, as earlier mentioned, the DSS questions such as “what…if…”
is project-oriented and its functionality and so on.
is determined by the architecture of the  Gives a platform for data
system. Using various architectures, the communication so that the data
functionalities of the DSS are required can be gathered,
summarized as follows: processed and transferred to the
 Obtaining, management and user in time.
providing the organization with
CONCLUSION
A lot of advanced technologies, creative energy efficiency and accomplish
architectures, and paperback algorithms resource allocation optimization and
have been deployed into the existing ultimately make the grid “smart”. Two-
electrical power systems for improved way communication systems’

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deployment is one of the distinctive grid. Considering the above mentioned
mark of the smart grid. The smart can issues, this project surveys an overall
gather and transfer monitored data from monitoring and communication
the power system elements to operators structure. Information optimization is
of the system using the smart grid one the key strategies to obtain the
monitoring system and form a two-way benefits of the smart grid. The
communication system via the grid architecture of decision support
power plant and the end user of systems has been surveyed and the new
electricity. The smart grid trend for decision support system was
implementation is a gradual process to outlined out for future research. The
substitute the conventional power large penetration of advanced
systems’ elements built on the basis of technologies such as renewable energy
existing systems and building brand resources and communication
new systems which would be very technology incorporated in the power
costly. Smart grid planning involves not system, has brought new challenges
only the consideration of these creative such as instability, reliability and
technologies but also respecting the security issues have become critical
interest of all the stakeholders involved. than when it was the traditional grid.
Decision making requires to be executed Reliability indices and stability
to analyze each smart grid component scenarios illustrate the physical insight
and its cost before investment and of the system provide a decision making
consequently deploying into the real plan and cost benefit analysis.

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