CCHM 321: Clinical Chemistry 1│Lecture

2022-2023 3RD YEAR, 1ST SEMESTER Prof. Kimberly Ann Pulga, RMT, MPH

Laboratory Mathematics
(Preliminary Term, 2nd Topic)
Trans Outline:
Topic 1: Significant A. Difference of
Figures Ratio and
A. Rules Dilution
Topic 2: Units of B. Types
Measurement C. Dilution Factor
A. International d’ D. Preparation of A
Unités
Working Solution
B. Reporting of
from A Stock
Measurements
Topic 3: Temperatures Solution
Topic 4: Solutions
Topic 6: Video
A. Types
Presentations
B. Concentration
Topic 7: Conversion
C. Calculations
Factors
Topic 5: Dilutions

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES INTERNATIONAL D’ UNITES:

 Minimum number of digits needed to express  Also known as le Systeme International in
a particular value in scientific notation French, or the SI Unit
without the loss of accuracy  Based on the Metric System
 SI unit is based on metric which is almost
 RULES: universally used
 Numbers that contain zeroes within them is o Metric – referred to as international
significant system of units, abbreviated as SI
o 123022 has 6 significant figures o In Clinical Chemistry, reference
o 203 has 3 significant figures volume is mostly L; analytes are
 Numbers that contain zeroes at the end of the reported as moles of solute over the
number is significant volume of solution (usually
o 720. has 3 significant figures mmol/L); enzymes are reported per
o 12300. has 5 significant figures
liter or using Katal; ph is
 Numbers that contain zeroes between the
decimal point and the first digit is not measurement of hydrogen
significant concentrations
o 0.05234 has 4 significant figures  In enzymes, their
o 0.0000022 has 2 significant figures activity/rate of activity is
measured instead of their
values
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
 Two Major Systems
o English System
o Metric System

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CCHM321 | BSMLS 2024 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 TRANSCRIBER: CRUZ, A. M. A.
2022-2023 3RD YEAR, 1ST SEMESTER Prof. Kimberly Ann Pulga, RMT, MPH

 Solving Problem 1

 Solving Problem 2

REPORTING OF MEASUREMENTS:
 Components of a Laboratory Result:  Solving Problem 3
o Actual value
o Unit
 It is recommended that analytes be reported
using mmol/L (substance concentration)
 Reporting laboratory results is often
expressed in terms of substance
concentration (e.g. moles) or the mass of a
substance (e.g. mg/dL, g/L, mEq/L and IU)
 Solving Problem 4
rather than SI units
TEMPERATURES
 Fahrenheit
o (OC X 9/5) + 32 or OC X 1.8 + 32
 Celsius
o (OF—32) X 5/9 or OF–32 X 0.556
 Celsius
o OK –273
 Kelvin
o OC + 273 SOLUTIONS
 A homogenous mixture of two or more
substances with each substance retaining its
own chemical identity
 A solution contains two or more components:
a solvent and one or more solutes
 Solutions used in laboratories and clinical
settings are most often liquids, and the
solvent is nearly always water.
 Components
o Solute

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CCHM321 | BSMLS 2024 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 TRANSCRIBER: CRUZ, A. M. A.
2022-2023 3RD YEAR, 1ST SEMESTER Prof. Kimberly Ann Pulga, RMT, MPH

Present in a lesser amount particles, use emulsifying agent to

relative to that of the solvent stabilize emulsion like bile salts
 substance being dissolved or
in lower concentration
o Solvent
 Present in the greatest
amount
 portion of solution that is in
greatest concentration of
solution and is doing the
dissolving; universal
solvent: water
TYPES:
 Colloidal solution
o Colloids  Saturated solution
o not true solutions because the o dissolved solute is in equilibrium
individual molecules are not mixed with undissolved solute
on a molecular basis  Unsaturated solution
o not homogenous throughout o does not contain all solute
o contains aggregates of molecules molecules that the solution could
possibly hold
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS:
 refers to the weight or volume of the solute
present in a specified amount of solvent or a
solution
 THREE BASIC TYPES OF SOLUTIONS:
o Percent solutions
 Amount of solute in a
solution can be measured as
a percentage of the total
volume of the solution
 Expressed as equal parts per
 Emulsions hundred or the amount of
o colloidal solutions but in dispersed solute per 100 total units of
phase solution
o In photo: dispersion medium is  simplest solution to perform
immiscible in lab; commonly used
o e.g. water ad oil; when mixture  Three expressions of percent
undergo shaking, oil is broken into solution:
smaller particles; if let it stand, can A. Percent by mass (mass-mass percent or
observe that oil droplets form larger %w/w)
particles and tend to coalesce; to a. is the mass of solute in a solution
divided by the total mass of
maintain the state with smaller
solution, multiplied by 100 (to put
the value in terms of percentage).

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CCHM321 | BSMLS 2024 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 TRANSCRIBER: CRUZ, A. M. A.
2022-2023 3RD YEAR, 1ST SEMESTER Prof. Kimberly Ann Pulga, RMT, MPH

b. weight/weight or mass/mass; not

commonly used in clinical lab
c. = mass of solute x 100
mass of solution
B. Percent by volume (volume- volume
percent or %v/v)
a. is the volume of solute in a
solution divided by the total o Normal solutions
volume of solution, multiplied by  Least likely to be
100. encountered of the three
b. = volume of solute x 100 concentration expressions to
volume of solution be encountered in the
C. Mass-volume percent (%w/v) clinical laboratories, but is
a. is the mass of solute in a solution often used in chemical
(in grams) divided by the total titrations and chemical
volume of solution (in milliliters), reagent classification
multiplied by 100  The number of gram
b. = mass of solute (g) x 100 equivalent weight per 1 L of
volume of solution (mL) solution.
o Molar solutions  normality is used to account
 solution containing one- for different degrees of the
gram molecular weight (one reactivity of chemicals
mole of the solute in one liter  N = g of solute x 100
solution) of the substance EW x L of solution
per liter of the solution  Equivalent Weight = MW /
 method that would allow the valence
medical laboratory
specialist to know the Note: round off answer to 2 decimal places
relative number of reactant IDENTIFYING THE VALENCE OF ACIDS,
particles involved in BASES, AND SALTS
chemical reaction
 mole of a particular  Acids
substance indicates the no. o count the number of Hydrogen ion
of grams proportional to  Bases
atomic or molecular weight o count the number of Hydroxide ions
of substance; weight is often  Salts
referred to as gram o multiply the absolute value of the
molecular weight (GMW) ions
 M = mol of solute x 100
L of solution CALCULATIONS:
 M = g of solute x 100
MW x L of solution  Percent Solutions
1. What is the percent-by-mass
concentration of sucrose in a solution
made by dissolving 7.5g of sucrose in
86.5g of water?

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CCHM321 | BSMLS 2024 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 TRANSCRIBER: CRUZ, A. M. A.
2022-2023 3RD YEAR, 1ST SEMESTER Prof. Kimberly Ann Pulga, RMT, MPH

2. What is the percent-by-volume

concentration if a 2mL of concentrated
HCl is diluted with 80mL distilled water? 2. 10% bleach (Sodium hypochlorite) is
used to disinfect benches before and after
work. It denatures protein in micro-
organisms and is therefore effective in
killing bacteria, fungus and viruses. How
much bleach is needed to make 150mL of
10% bleach (sodium hypochlorite)
solution? How much distilled water is
needed to dilute the bleach?

3. What is the concentration of a 200 mL

solution containing 1.8g of NaCl?

3. 10% bleach (sodium hypochlorite) is

CALCULATING THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE used to disinfect benches before and after
OR SOLVENT IN A GIVEN PERCENT work. It denatures protein in micro-
SOLUTION organisms and is therefore effective in
1. Normal saline solution (NSS) is used to killing bacteria, fungus and viruses. How
dissolve drugs for IV use which is 0.9% much bleach is needed to make 100mL of
w/v NaCl in water. How many grams of 10% bleach (sodium hypochlorite)
NaCl is needed to prepare a 50mL NSS? solution? How much distilled water is
needed to dilute the bleach?

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CCHM321 | BSMLS 2024 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 TRANSCRIBER: CRUZ, A. M. A.
2022-2023 3RD YEAR, 1ST SEMESTER Prof. Kimberly Ann Pulga, RMT, MPH

 Molar Solutions
1. Determine the molarity of a solution
containing 4.35 moles of KMnO4
dissolved in enough water to give 750 mL
solution

 Normal Solutions
IDENTIFYING THE VALENCE OF ACIDS,
BASES, AND SALTS
2. Determine the molarity of a solution
containing 20g NaOH dissolved in
enough water to give 1.50L solution. (Na-
23; O-16, H-1)

1. Determine the normality of a solution

containing 15g KCl dissolved in enough
water to give 0.20L solution. (K-39.10;
Cl-35.45)

3. How many grams of FeSO4 is needed to

prepare 0.3L of 0.10M FeSO4 solution?
(Fe-55.85; S-32.06; O-16)

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CCHM321 | BSMLS 2024 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 TRANSCRIBER: CRUZ, A. M. A.
2022-2023 3RD YEAR, 1ST SEMESTER Prof. Kimberly Ann Pulga, RMT, MPH

volume of solution is equal to the product of

volume times the concentration
 Whenever the solution is diluted, the volume
is increased and its concentration is decreased
but the total amount of solute remains
unchanged.
 In a lab procedure, concentration of a sample
2. Calculate the normality of a solution or solution is reduced by the addition of
containing 68 grams of H2SO4 in 500 ml solvent = dilution
of solution. (H-1; S-32.1; O-16.0)  Commonly performed when the
concentration of unknown is greater than the
limits of linearity of given quantitative
procedure
 Done to prepare a solution out from the stock
solution
DIFFERENCE OF RATIO AND DILUTION:
 Ratio
o volume of solute
volume of solvent
 Dilution
o volume of solute
volume of solution
 example: combine 9 ml of solvent and 1 ml
of solute
o ratio – 1:9
o dilution – 1:10
TYPES OF DILUTION:
 Other way of computation  Simple Dilution
1. Compute for moles of equivalent – g solute o e.g. dilution = 3 ml (solute) / 24 ml
/ GEW (solution)
2. Compute for normality – mol of o e.g. if 2ml sample is added to 8 ml
equivalent/ L of solution diluent, dilution = 1:5 since 2+8 =
10 and 2/2 ÷ 10/2
DILUTIONS
o Example: A specimen is diluted by
 Represents the ratio of concentrated or stock combining 3 mL of serum with 21
material to the total final volume of a solution mL of Saline. What is the dilution of
and consists of the volume or weight of the the serum?
concentrate plus the volume of the diluent, o Note: Volume units must be the
with the concentration units remaining the same when calculating dilutions.
same.
 In the molar, normal or percentage solutions,
the amount of solute contained in a given

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CCHM321 | BSMLS 2024 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 TRANSCRIBER: CRUZ, A. M. A.
2022-2023 3RD YEAR, 1ST SEMESTER Prof. Kimberly Ann Pulga, RMT, MPH

 Doubling Dilution
o Example: Doubling dilution 6 times
o This results in a series of dilutions,
each a doubling dilution of the
previous one

 Serial Dilution
o used when necessary to test several
successive dilutions on same
sample; referred as multiple
progressive dilution; range from
more concentrated to less
concentrated sol.; for determining a DILUTION FACTOR:
titer; multiplicative hence the 1. What is the dilution factor if you add 0.1
answer 1/8 in example mL aliquot of a specimen to 9.9 mL of
 to calculate final dilution, diluent?
use each dilution of interest  The final volume is equal to the aliquot
as a multiplicative factor of volume PLUS the diluent volume: 0.1 mL +
which the resulting product 9.9 mL = 10 mL
is the dilution  The dilution factor is equal to the final
o Example: A serum specimen was volume divided by the aliquot volume: 10
successively diluted 1:2, 1:2, and mL/0.1 mL = 1:100 dilution
1:2 with saline. What is the final
dilution of the specimen? 2. What is the dilution factor when 0.2 mL
 Solution. When determining is added to 3.8 mL diluent?
the final dilution of a series  Set-up the problem: dilution factor = final
of dilutions use each dilution volume/aliquot volume 0.2 +3.8 = 4.0 total
as a multiplicative factor. volume 4.0/0.2 = 1:20 dilution
The resulting product is the
PREPARATION OF A WORKING
final dilution.
SOLUTION FROM A STOCK SOLUTION:
 C1V1 = C2V2
o Where
 C1 = concentration of stock
o Example: If a 1/8 dilution of the solution
stock solution is made followed by a  V1 = volume of stock
1/6 dilution what is the final solution
dilution.  C2 = concentration of the
 Solution: When determining working solution
the final dilution of a series  V2 = volume of the working
of dilutions use each dilution solution
as a multiplicative factor. o stock solution is diluted as it is
The resulting product is the
highly concentrated, then diluted or
final dilution.

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CCHM321 | BSMLS 2024 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 TRANSCRIBER: CRUZ, A. M. A.
2022-2023 3RD YEAR, 1ST SEMESTER Prof. Kimberly Ann Pulga, RMT, MPH

prepared working solution will be

used for different tests or
experiments
o Rules for solving:
 3/4 of values must be known
 Units of volumes and
concentrations must be the
same, respectively
 volumes and concentrations
that relate to one another
should be identified
VIDEO PRESENTATIONS
 any unit of volume or
concentration may be used  Preparation of Solution
as long as all of those are the  Dilution of a Solution
same
Note: To be uploaded in canvas
1. What is the initial volume of a 40%
formaldehyde diluted to prepare 100mL CONVERSION FACTORS
of 10% formaldehyde solution?

2. What is the final concentration of a 50mL

90% methanol diluted to prepare a
200mL methanol solution?

Note: important but no need to memorize

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CCHM321 | BSMLS 2024 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 TRANSCRIBER: CRUZ, A. M. A.