EXPERIMENT – 1

Aim: To prepare a standard solution of M/50 Mohr’s salt solution and with its help,
determine molarity and strength of KMnO4 Solution.
Apparatus Required: Burette, comical flask, pipette, burette stand, test tube, white tile,
watch glass, volumetric flask (250ml) beaker, funnel glass rod, weight box, wash bottle.
Chemical Required: Mohr’s Salt, KMnO4 solution, dil. H2SO4, conc. H2SO4 and water.
Theory:
Ionic equation:

MnO4- + 5 Fe2+ +8 H+  Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ +4 H2O

Molecular equation:

2 KMnO4 + 8 H2SO4 + 10 FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H2O

 K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 10 (NH4)2SO4 + 68 H2O

Indicator: KMnO4 is a self-indicator
End point: colourless to pink
Observations: -
1. Preparation of standard solution: -
Weight of empty water glass (W1) = 21.7200 g
Weight of watch glass + Mohr’s salt (W2) = 23.6800 g
Weight of Mohr’s salt = W2 – W1 = (23.6800 – 21.7200) g = 1.9600 g
Volume of Mohr’s salt = 250 ml
Volume of Mohr’s salt taken for each titration (V2) = 20 ml
2. Titration of standard solution with KMnO4 Solution:
Observation Table:

S.N. Volume of Mohr’s Burette reading Volume of

salt used (V1 ml) KMnO4 used Concordant
Initial Final Volume (V2)

1. 20 ml 0.0 14.8 14.8 ml

2. 20 ml 0.0 14.6 14.6 ml 14.6 ml

3. 20 ml 0.0 14.6 14.6 ml

Calculations:
1. determination of molarity of KMNO4 solution: M1= molarity of KMnO4 soln =?
2 moles of KMNO4 requires 10 moles of Mohr’s salt V1= volume of KMnO4 soln= 14.6 ml
M2 = molarity of Mohr’s salt= M/50
10 M1V1 = 2 M2V2 V2= volume of Mohr’s salt = 20 ml
M1V1 = 1/5 M2V2
M1 x 14.6 = 1/5 x M/50 x20
M1= 0.0068 M.
2. determination of strength of KMNO4 solution
Strength = Molarity x Molar Mass

= 0.0068 x 158 = 1.0744 g/liter.

Result: 1. Molarity of the given solution = 0.0068 M.
2. Strength of the given solution = 1.0744 g/liter.
Precaution:
1. Weighting should be accurate.
2. Add 2 – 3 ml of conc H2SO4 to prevent hydrolysis of Mohr’s Salt solution.
3. While titrating, the funnel should not be placed at the top of the burette.
 EXPERIMENT – 2
Aim: To prepare solution of M/40 oxalic acid. With its help determine the molarity and
strength of given KMnO4 solution.
Apparatus Required: Burette, comical flask, pipette, burette stand, test tube, white tile,
watch glass, volumetric flask (250ml) beaker, funnel glass rod, weight box, wash bottle.
Chemical Required: Oxalic acid crystal, dil. H2SO4, KMnO4 solution.
Theory:
Ionic equation:

2 MnO4- + 5 C2O42- + 16 H+  2Mn2+ + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O

Molecular equation:

2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 5 H2C2O4  K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 8 H2O + 10 CO2

Indicator: KMnO4 is a self-indicator
End point: colourless to pink
Observations: -
1. Preparation of standard solution: -
Weight of empty water glass (W1) = 21.7260 g
Weight of watch glass + Oxalic acid (W2) = 22.5076 g
Weight of Oxalic acid = W2 – W1 = (22.5076 – 21.7260) g = 0.7876g
Volume of Oxalic acid = 250 ml
Volume of Oxalic acid taken for each titration (V2) = 20 ml
2. Titration of standard solution with KMnO4 Solution:
Observation Table:

S.N. Volume of Mohr’s Burette reading Volume of

salt used (V1 ml) KMnO4 used Concordant
Initial Final Volume (V2)

1. 20 ml 0.0 15.0 15.0 ml

2. 20 ml 0.0 14.9 14.9 ml 14.9 ml

3. 20 ml 0.0 14.9 14.9 ml

Calculations:
1. determination of molarity of KMNO4 solution:
2 moles of KMNO4 requires 5 moles of oxalic acid M1= molarity of KMnO4 soln =?
V1= volume of KMnO4 soln= 14.9 ml
M1V1 = 2/5 M2V2 M2 = molarity of Oxalic acid= M/50
V2= volume of Oxalic acid = 20 ml
M1V1 = 2/5 M2V2
M1 x 14.9 = 2/5 x M/40 x20
M1= 0.0135 M
2. determination of strength of KMNO4 solution
Strength = Molarity x Molar Mass

= 0.0135 x 158 = 2.1345 g/liter.

Result: 1. Molarity of the given solution = 0.0135 M.
2. Strength of the given solution = 2.1345 g/liter.
Precaution:
1. Oxalic acid should not be heated about 60oC.
2. weighing should be accurate.
 EXPERIMENT -3
Aim: To prepare a Lyophilic Colloidal sol of starch.

Material required: Soluble starch, Distilled water, 250 ml beaker, 50 ml beaker, Glass rod,
Funnel, Filter-paper, Pestle and mortar, Tripod stand, Wire-gauze, Bunsen burner

Procedure: -

 Weigh a small quantity (500mg or 1 g) of soluble starch on an electronic balance.

 Transfer the weighed quantity of starch into a mortar and add few drops of
distilled water.
 Grind the starch using the pestle to make a thin paste and transfer the paste into a
50 ml beaker.
 Take about 100 ml of distilled water in a 250 ml beaker and heat the beaker till the
water starts to boil.
 Pour the starch paste slowly into the boiling water while stirring using a glass rod.
 Continue boiling for about 10 minutes and then allow the beaker to cool.
 Filter the contents of the beaker, through a filter paper fixed in a funnel and collect
the filtrate.
 Label the filtrate as Starch Sol.

Precautions:

 The apparatus used for preparing the sol should be properly cleaned.
 Distilled water should be used for preparing sols in water.
 Starch should be converted into a fine paste before adding to boiling water.
 Starch paste should be added in a thin stream to boiling water.
 Constant stirring of the contents is necessary during the preparation of the sol.
 EXPERIMENT -4
Aim: To prepare a Lyophobic Colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide

Material required: 2% solution of ferric chloride, Distilled water, 250 ml conical flask, 250
ml beaker, Glass rod, Funnel, round bottom flask, iron stand with clamp,Filter-paper, Tripod
stand, Wire-gauze, Bunsen burner

Procedure: -

 Take a 250 ml conical flask and clean it using the steaming out process.
 To this cleaned conical flask, add 100 ml of distilled water using a measuring
cylinder.
 Bring the water to boil by placing the flask over a Bunsen burner.
 Add ferric chloride solution dropwise to the boiling water using a dropper.
 Continue heating until a deep red or brown solution of ferric hydroxide is obtained.
 Note: Replace the water lost by evaporation during boiling at regular intervals.
 Keep the contents of the conical flask undisturbed for some time at room
temperature.
 Label the solution as Ferric Hydroxide Sol.

Precautions:

 Since ferric hydroxide sol is affected by impurities, the apparatus required for the
preparation of sol should be thoroughly cleaned by the steaming out process.
 Add ferric chloride solution dropwise.
 Heating is continued till the desired sol is obtained.
 Hydrochloric acid formed as a result of hydrolysis of ferric chloride is removed by
dialysis process otherwise it would destabilise the sol .
 Experiment No.5
Aim: - To analyse the given sample of salt for detection of one acidic and one basic radical

Detection of acidic radical(anion)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas evolves Dil. H2SO4group is
absent
2. Salt + Con. H2SO4 Colourless gas with Chloride (Cl-) may
pungent smell be present
evolves
3. Confirmatory test for chloride:
(a) Salt + Dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 White ppt soluble in Chloride (Cl-) is
solution ammonia solution confirmed

(b) Chromyl chloride test:- Red b colour vapors

 Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. H2SO4 + evolves
warm Solution turns
 Pass the vapours through yellow Chloride (Cl-) is
NaOH solution Yellow precipitate is confirmed
 Add lead acetate and dil. formed
Acetic acid to yellow solution

Detection of basic radical(cation)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + NaOH solution + heat Colourless gas with Zero group is
ammonical smell present NH4+ may
evolves be present
2. Confirmatory test of NH4+ :-
(a) put glass rod dipped in conc. HCl Dense white fumes
acid on the mouth of test tube generate around NH4+ Confirm
glass rod
(b) Salt + conc. NaOH + Nessler Brown solution NH4+ Confirm
reagent + Warm

Result: in given sample of salt on acidic radical chloride (Cl -) and one basic radical
ammonium (NH4+) is present.
 Experiment No.6
Aim: - To analyse the given sample of salt for detection of one acidic and one basic radical

Detection of acidic radical(anion)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + Dil. H2SO4 and warm solution Colourless gas with Acetate (CH3COO- )
vinegar like smell may be present
evolves
2. Confirmatory test for Acetate:
(a) Oxalic acid test: take 1 g of salt in Smell of vinegar Acetate (CH3COO- )
test tube and add small amount of obtained is confirmed
oxalic acid + one -two drops of
distilled water

(b) Ferric Chloride test: take 1 g of Deep red color Acetate (CH3COO- )
salt in test tube and add 1-2 ml appears is confirmed
distilled water , shake well and add
1-2 ml of neutral ferric chloride
solution to it

Detection of basic radical(cation)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + NaOH solution + heat No gas evolve Zero group is
absent
2. Prepare original solution of salt by Cleat solution is Water soluble salt is
dissolving in 20 ml of water formed present
3. Small amount of OS + Dil. HCl White precipitate is Group -I is present
solution formed Pb2+ may be present
4. Confirmatory test of Pb2+: dissolve
the precipitate in hot water and
divide it into three parts
(a) part -1 + KI solution Yellow precipitate Pb2+ is confirmed
(b) part-2 + potassium chromate Yellow precipitate is
obtained which is Pb2+ is confirmed
(c) part-3 + few drops of alcohol + soluble in NaOH
dil. H2SO4 White precipitate is
obtained which is Pb2+ is confirmed
soluble in
ammonium acetate

Result: in given sample of salt on acidic radical acetate (CH3COO-) and one basic radical
lead (Pb2+) is present.
 Experiment No.7
Aim: - To analyse the given sample of salt for detection of one acidic and one basic radical

Detection of acidic radical(anion)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 Colourless, Group A anion
colourless gas with (CO32- may be
brisk effervescence present)
which turn lime
water milky
2. Confirmative test :
(a) BaCl2 Test : Salt solution + BaCl2 White ppt of BaCO3 CO32-Confirmed

(b) MgSO4 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of MgCO3 CO32- Confirmed
MgSO4

Detection of basic radical(cation)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + NaOH solution + heat Colourless gas with Zero group is
ammonical smell present NH4+ may
evolves be present
2. Confirmatory test of NH4+ :-
(a) put glass rod dipped in conc. HCl Dense white fumes
acid on the mouth of test tube generate around NH4+ Confirm
glass rod
(b) Salt + conc. NaOH + Nessler Brown solution NH4+ Confirm
reagent + Warm

Result: in given sample of salt on acidic radical carbonate (CO32-) and one basic radical
ammonium (NH4+) is present.
 Experiment No.8
Aim: - To analyse the given sample of salt for detection of one acidic and one basic radical

Detection of acidic radical(anion)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt solution + dil. H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A radical
absent
2. Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + Heat Brown Colourled Group B radical
gas (NO2) is evolved (NO3- may be
present)
3 Confirmatory test of NO3 -: Deep blue colored NO3- confirmed
(a) Diphenyl amine test: salt + Conc. solution
H2SO4 + diphenyl amine
(b) Ring Test: Salt + Freshly prepared Brown ring is NO3- confirmed
FeSO4 + Conc. H2SO4 along the side formed at the
of the test tube junction of two
liquids

Detection of basic radical(cation)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + NaOH solution + heat No gas evolve Zero group is
absent
2. Prepare original solution of salt by Cleat solution is Water soluble salt is
dissolving in 20 ml of water formed present
3. Small amount of OS + Dil. HCl White precipitate is Group -I is present
solution formed Pb2+ may be present
4. Confirmatory test of Pb2+: dissolve
the precipitate in hot water and
divide it into three parts
(a) part -1 + KI solution Yellow precipitate Pb2+ is confirmed
(b) part-2 + potassium chromate Yellow precipitate is
obtained which is Pb2+ is confirmed
(c) part-3 + few drops of alcohol + soluble in NaOH
dil. H2SO4 White precipitate is
obtained which is Pb2+ is confirmed
soluble in
ammonium acetate

Result: in given sample of salt on acidic radical nitrare (NO3-) and one basic radical Lead
(Pb2+) is present.
 Experiment No.9
Aim: - To analyse the given sample of salt for detection of one acidic and one basic radical

Detection of acidic radical(anion)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A radical
absent
2. Salt solution + Conc. H2SO4 solution No Gas is evolved Group B radicals
absent
3 Salt soluiton + BaCl2 solution White precipitate is SO42- may be
formed present
4 Confirmatory test of SO42-:
(a) dissolve the ppt in Dil. HCl or Dil. Ppt remains SO42- is confirmed
HNO3 solution insoluble
(b) Salt Solution + lead acetate White ppt. formed SO42- is confirmed
solution
(c) Add ammonium acetate Solution Ppt becomes SO42- is confirmed
(CH3COONH4 ) to above ppt soluble

Detection of basic radical(cation)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + NaOH solution + heat No gas evolve Zero group is
absent
2. Prepare original solution of salt by Cleat solution is Water soluble salt is
dissolving in 20 ml of water formed present
3. Small amount of OS + Dil. HCl No ppt is formed 1st Group is absent
solution
4. Pass the H2S gas to above solution Black ppt is formed 2nd Group is present
(Cu2+) may be
present
5 Confirmatory test of Cu2+: Dissolve Solution turns
above ppt in HNO3 and Divide the bluish green
above solution in 2 parts.
(a) part 1 + NH4OH solution Deep Blue color Cu2+ is confirmed
solution obtained

(b) part 2 + K4[Fe (CN)6] solution Brown color ppt is Cu2+ is confirmed
formed

Result: in given sample of salt on acidic radical Sulphate (SO42-) and one basic radical
Copper (Cu2+) is present.
 Experiment No.10
Aim: - To analyse the given sample of salt for detection of one acidic and one basic radical

Detection of acidic radical(anion)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas evolves Dil. H2SO4group is
absent
2. Salt + Con. H2SO4 Colourless gas with Chloride (Cl-) may
pungent smell be present
evolves
3. Confirmatory test for chloride:
(a) Salt + Dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 White ppt soluble in Chloride (Cl-) is
solution ammonia solution confirmed

(b) Chromyl chloride test:- Red b colour vapors

 Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. H2SO4 + evolves
warm Solution turns
 Pass the vapours through yellow Chloride (Cl-) is
NaOH solution Yellow precipitate is confirmed
 Add lead acetate and dil. formed
Acetic acid to yellow solution

Detection of basic radical(cation)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + NaOH solution + heat No gas evolve Zero group is
absent
2. Prepare original solution of salt by Cleat solution is Water soluble salt is
dissolving in 20 ml of water formed present
3. Small amount of OS + Dil. HCl No ppt is formed 1st Group is absent
solution
4. Pass the H2S gas to above solution No ppt is formed 2nd Group is absent

5. Boil above solution to remove H2S

and add NH4Cl (s) + NH4OH in exess. No ppt is formed 3rd Group is absent
6. To above test tube pass H2S gas White ppt is formed 4th Group is present
Zn2+ may be present
Confirmatory test of Zn2+:- Dissolve
the white ppt in HCl and divide it
into 2 parts.
(a) part 1 + K4[Fe(CN)6] solution White ppt is Zn2+ is confirmed
obtained
(b) part 2 + NaOH solution Bluish white ppt Zn2+ is confirmed

Result: in given sample of salt on acidic radical Chloride (Cl-) and one basic radical Zinc
(Zn2+) is present.
 Experiment No.11
Aim: - To analyse the given sample of salt for detection of one acidic and one basic radical

Detection of acidic radical(anion)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas evolves Dil. H2SO4group is
absent
2. Salt + Con. H2SO4 Reddish orange Bromide (Br-) may
vapors which turns be present
starch paper yellow
3. Confirmatory test for Bromide: Yellow ppt partly
(a) Salt + Dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 solution soluble in NH4OH Bromide (Br-) is
solution confirmed
(b) MnO2 test:-
 Salt solution + MnO2 + Conc. Orange red vapors Bromide (Br-) is
H2SO4 + Heat evolves confirmed

Detection of basic radical(cation)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + NaOH solution + heat No gas evolve Zero group is
absent
2. Prepare original solution of salt by Cleat solution is Water soluble salt is
dissolving in 20 ml of water formed present
3. Small amount of OS + Dil. HCl No ppt is formed 1st Group is absent
solution
4. Pass the H2S gas to above solution No ppt is formed 2nd Group is absent

5. Boil above solution to remove H2S

and add NH4Cl (s) + NH4OH in exess. No ppt is formed 3rd Group is absent
6. To above test tube pass H2S gas No ppt is formed 4th Group is Absent

7. Remove H2S gas by boiling. White ppt is 5th Group is present

Add [NH4]2 CO3 to it. obtained Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ may
be present
8. Confirmatory test: dissolve the ppt
in water and divide into three parts
(a) part 1 + ammonium oxalate No ppt Ca2+ is absent
(b) part 2 + ammonium sulphate No ppt Sr2+ is absent
(c) part 3 + potassium chromate Yellow ppt Ba2+ is confirmed
(d) Flame test: take a small amount Apple green flame Ba2+ is confirmed
of salt on platinum loop and put in
flame

Result: in given sample of salt on acidic radical Bromide (Br -) and one basic radical Barium
(Ba2+) is present.
 Experiment No.12
Aim: - To analyse the given sample of salt for detection of one acidic and one basic radical

Detection of acidic radical(anion)

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas evolves Dil. H2SO4group is
absent
2. Salt + Con. H2SO4 Colourless gas with Chloride (Cl-) may
pungent smell be present
evolves
3. Confirmatory test for chloride:
(a) Salt + Dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 White ppt soluble in Chloride (Cl-) is
solution ammonia solution confirmed

(b) Chromyl chloride test:- Red b colour vapors

 Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. H2SO4 + evolves
warm Solution turns
 Pass the vapors through yellow Chloride (Cl-) is
NaOH solution Yellow precipitate is confirmed
 Add lead acetate and dil. formed
Acetic acid to yellow solution

Detection of basic radical(cation)
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Salt + NaOH solution + heat No gas evolves Zero group isabsent
2. Prepare original solution of salt by Cleat solution is Water soluble salt is
dissolving in 20 ml of water formed present
3. Small amount of OS + Dil. HCl No ppt is formed 1st Group is absent
solution
4. Pass the H2S gas to above solution No ppt is formed 2nd Group is absent
5. Boil above solution to remove H2S
and add NH4Cl (s) + NH4OH in excess. No ppt is formed 3rd Group is absent
6. To above test tube pass H2S gas Black ppt is formed 4th Group is present
Ni2+ may be present
7. Confirmatory test of Ni2+: Dissolve
the ppt by boiling with aqua regia
[Conc HCl + Conc. HNO3] evaporate
to dryness & add water & divide in 2
parts.
(a) part 1 + Dimethyl glyoxime Rose pink color ppt Ni2+ is confirmed
(DMG)
(b) part 2 + NaOH Apple green ppt Ni2+ is confirmed

Result: in given sample of salt on acidic radical Chloride (Cl-) and one basic radical Nickle
(Ni2+) is present.
 EXPERIMENT – 13
Aim : To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
Material Required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus (blue),
NaHCO3, conc. H2SO4 , NH4OH, FeCl3
Physical Properties:
State: Solid
Color: White
Odor: Vinegar Like
Flammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)
Preliminary test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Litmus test: Organic compound + 2 Litmus solution -COOH or – OH may
drops of litmus solution. turns from blue to be present
red.
2. Organic compound + NaHCO3 Colourless, odorless -COOH group may
solution. gas with brisk be or – OH (phenol
effervescence. group present.
Confirmatory test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Ester test: Organic compound + Fruity smell of ester -COOH group is
C2H5OH + conc. H2SO4 + Heat confirmed
2. FeCl3 Test: Organic compound + dil. Red color appear -COOH group is
FeCl3 solution confirmed

Result : The functional group present in the given organic compound is carboxylic acid
 EXPERIMENT – 14
Aim : To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
Material Required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper litmus (blue)
solution, dil. HCl, NaOH, Na metal, dil. H2SO4, CH3COOH.
Physical Properties:
State: Liquid
Color: Colourless
Odor: Spirit like smell
Water solubility: soluble
Flammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)
Preliminary test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Litmus test: Organic compound + 2 No change -COOH or – OH is
drops of litmus solution. absent
2. Organic compound + dil. HCl + NaOH No ppt or oily layer -NH2 group is
absent.
3. Organic compound + Na metal H2 gas evolves -OH(alcohol) group
may be present
Confirmatory test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Cerric ammonium nitrate Test : Red color appears -OH group is
Organic compound + cerric confirmed
ammonium nitrate
2. Ester Test : Organic compound + Fruity smell of -OH group is
CH3COOH + Conc. H2SO4 (1 – 2 drops) ester. confirmed
+ Heat.

Result : The functional group present in the given organic compound is alcoholic group.
 Experiment- 15
Aim : To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
Material Required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus (blue),
NaHCO3, conc. H2SO4 , NH4OH, FeCl3
Physical Properties:
State: Solid
Color: White
Odor: phenolic
Water solubility: insoluble
Flammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)
Preliminary test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Litmus test: Organic compound + 2 Litmus solution -COOH or phenolic
drops of litmus solution. turns from blue to (–OH) may be
red. present
2. Organic compound + NaHCO3 No effervescence. -COOH group
solution. absent
Phenolic (–OH) may
be present.
Confirmatory test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. FeCl3 Test: Organic compound + dil. Green blue or violet Phenolic group is
FeCl3 solution coloration confirmed
2. Phthalic test: Organic compound + blue or red Phenolic group is
phthalic acid + 2-3 drops H2SO4 +  coloration confirmed
then cool and add dil. NaOH

Result: The given organic comp. contains phenolic (-OH) grp.

 Experiment- 16
Aim : To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
Material Required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus solution,
2,4 DNP, dil HCl, NaOH, reagent, Fehling solution, Schiff reagent.
Physical Properties:
State: liquid
Color: colourless
Odor: Pungent
Water solubility: soluble in water
Flammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)
Preliminary test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Litmus test: Organic compound + 2 No change -COOH or phenolic
drops of litmus solution. (–OH) is present
2. Organic compound + dil. HCl + NaOH No ppt or oily layer -NH2 group is
absent.
3. Organic compound + 2 ml of 2,4-DNP Orange-red ppt Carbonyl group is
shake it and allow to stand present
Aldehyde or ketonic
group may be
present
Confirmatory test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Schiff's solution test: Organic Pink color Obtained -CHO group present
compound + 2 ml of Schiff's reagent.
2. Fehling’s solution test: Organic Red ppt. -CHO group present
compound + Fehling’s solution (A +
B) + boil in a water bath

Result: Given organic compound contains aldehydic grp. (- CHO)

 Experiment- 17
Aim: To identify the functional group in the given organic compound.
Material Required: Test-tube, test-tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus solution,
2,4 DNP, dil. HCl, NaOH, sodium, nitroprusside, meta dinitro benzene.
Physical Properties:
State: liquid
Color: colourless
Odor: Nail paint remover like smell
Water solubility: soluble in water
Flammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)
Preliminary test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Litmus test: Organic compound + 2 No change -COOH or phenolic
drops of litmus solution. (–OH) is present
2. Organic compound + dil. HCl + NaOH No ppt or oily layer -NH2 group is
absent.
3. Organic compound + 2 ml of 2,4-DNP Orange-red ppt Carbonyl group is
shake it and allow to stand present
Aldehyde or ketonic
group may be
present
Confirmatory test :
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Organic compound + sodium Red color or wine- >C=O group present
nitroprusside + 2 – 3 drops of NaOH red color
and shake.
2. Organic compound + Meta Violet color which >C=O group present
dinitrobenzene + NaOH fades on standing.

Result: Given organic compound contains Ketonic grp. (>C=O)

 EXPERIMENT – 18
Aim: To study carbohydrates in pure form of detect its presence in food.

Material required: Test-tube, test-tube stand, test tube holder, burner etc.

Theory: Carbohydrates are Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones, their

derivatives and the substance which yield them on hydrolysis carbohydrates are classified
as sugars and non-sugars. Sugars like glucose, fructose and cane sugar are crystalline.
Among sugars, glucose, fructose, and lactose are reducing while sucrose is non reducing
sugar.

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Conc. H2SO4 test: Sample + Charring with burnt sugar Carbohydrates
Conc. H2SO4 + Heat smell. present.
2. Fehling solution test: Red ppt Reducing sugar is
Sample solution + 1 ml of present
Fehling A + 1 ml of Fehling
B+
3. Tollen’s reagent: Aq. Silver mirror is formed along Reducing sugar is
Solution of sample + 2 ml the surface of test tube. present
of Tollens reagent + 
4. Benedict’s Solution test: Aq Red ppt Reducing sugar is
solution of sample + present
Benedict’s reagent + Heat
5. Iodine test: Sample Violet colour Starch is present
Solution + few drops of
iodine solution

Result : Carbohydrates is present in given sample of food.

 EXPERIMENT – 19
Aim: To study fat in pure form and to detect into presence in given food sample

Material required: Test-tube, test-tube stand, test tube holder, burner etc.

Theory: Fats and oil are esters of long chain fatty acids and glycerol and thus also called
glycerides. Fats contains saturated fatty acids while oil contain unsaturated fatty acids.

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Spot test: put a small Translucent spot appears on Fat is present
amount of sample on a filter paper
filter paper and press with
another filter paper
2. Acrolein test: Take a few Irritating smell appears due Fat is present
drops of sample in a test to the form of acrolein
tube. Add few drops of vapours.
potassium bisulphite to it
and Heat.
3. Solubility test: Take a small Sample does not dissolve in Fat is present
amount of sample in 3 test H2O but is soluble in alcohol
tubes. Add water, alcohol, on heating and soluble in
and chloroform in 1, 2, 3 chloroform.
test tube respectively.

Result: Fat is present in given sample of food.

 EXPERIMENT – 20
Aim: To study proteins from sample and detect their presence in food sample.

Material required: Test-tube, test-tube stand, test tube holder, glass rod, burner etc.

Theory: Proteins are high molecular mass, long chain polymers composed of amino acid.
Amino acids are molecule that have both -NH2 and –COOH group.

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Biuret test: Sample + NaOH Bluish violet colour appears Protein is present
+ Dil. CuSO4 solution
2. Xanthoprotein test: Sample Yellow ppt. Protein is present
+ few drops of conc. HNO3
+
3. Million’s test: Sample + 2 White ppt which changes to Protein is present
drops of millions reagent + brick red on boiling

4. Ninhydrin test: Protein Blue colour appear Protein is present
sample + Few drops of
ninhydrin solution + Boil
the contents for 1 minute

Result: Protein is present in given sample of food.