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WEEK 4 - Q2 - Earth and Life

The document discusses genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines genetic engineering as the artificial manipulation of genes by removing a gene from one organism and inserting it into another. The process and steps of genetic engineering including DNA isolation, ligation, and transformation are described. Potential benefits of GMOs include decreased pesticide use, increased nutrition, and higher crop yields. However, risks include allergens, toxicity to non-target organisms, and unknown long term effects. Both pros and cons of GMOs are debated.

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41 views16 pages

WEEK 4 - Q2 - Earth and Life

The document discusses genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines genetic engineering as the artificial manipulation of genes by removing a gene from one organism and inserting it into another. The process and steps of genetic engineering including DNA isolation, ligation, and transformation are described. Potential benefits of GMOs include decreased pesticide use, increased nutrition, and higher crop yields. However, risks include allergens, toxicity to non-target organisms, and unknown long term effects. Both pros and cons of GMOs are debated.

Uploaded by

noreen lubindino
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2ND QUARTER

WEEK 4

Earth and Life Science


OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the
student must be able to:

● Explain Genetic Engineering


● Describe the process of genetic
engineering
● Appreciate the benefits and risks of
GMOs.
INTRODUCTION
Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding
new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more
new traits that are not already found in that organism.
Examples of genetically engineered (transgenic)
organisms currently on the market include plants with
resistance to some insects, plants that can tolerate
herbicides, and crops with modified oil content.
Have you ever heard of genetically modified
organisms?
Genetic Engineering
 is the artificial manipulation
or alteration of genes.
 modifying genes in a living
organism to produce
genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) also
known as transgenic
organisms
Genetic Engineering involves:

• removing a gene (target gene)


from one organism
• inserting target gene into DNA of
another organism
• „cut and paste‟ process.
 Genetic engineering is an
application of biotechnology
which uses biological systems,
processes, or organisms to create
products intended to improve the
quality of human life.
How is genetic engineering done?
● As shown in the illustration, copies
of the recombinant plasmid— a
circular, double-stranded DNA
molecule, will be isolated and
transferred to other organisms.
Depending on the gene of interest,
genetic engineering has various
applications in the field of medicine,
environment, and agriculture.
● Example: use Bt corn, a genetically
modified pest resistant plant that
was grown in the Philippines against
Asian corn borer, a major pest in
corn.
DNA Isolation (isolating plasmid and gene of
interest)
The first step in creating a pest-resistant
plant is isolating the plasmid of
Agrobacterium and pest- resistant gene from
a bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
● Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a gram-negative
soil bacteria cause crown gall disease in plants but
its tumor-inducing plasmid is usually used in genetic
engineering because of its ability to integrate its
DNA into a plant‟s genome.
● The resistant gene would be obtained in the DNA
of Bacillus thuringiensis. This bacterium produces
a protein known as Cry1Ab toxin that is lethal to the
larval stage of lepidopterans (moth family).
Ligation (gene insertion to the plasmid)

● Restriction enzymes are


also called restriction
endonucleases.
● Once they recognize a
specific nucleotide
sequence, they cleave the
strands.
Transformation (plasmid is placed back into
bacterial cell)

The recombinant plasmid would then be


placed back to the bacterium in a process
called transformation.
Selection (identification of the desired
clone)
● The nutrient media with X-
gal (special galactose sugar) are
used to select the transformed
bacteria containing the recombinant
plasmid with the gene of interest.
● The selected bacteria would then
infect the cell of corn and integrate
the gene into the plant‟s DNA. When
the plant cell divides, each daughter
cell receives the new gene. The
transformed corn plant is now pest-
resistant.
BENEFITS AND RISKS OF USING GMOs

Issue on GMOs
Those who are pro-GMO claim that GMOs are not only safe for us and the
environment, but also potentially, a very beneficial development. Those who
are anti-GMO argue that the risk of negative consequences to our
environment is high and very difficult to predict. It is important to determine
the magnitude of potential damage to our environment due to the spread of
GMO genes into wild plants and microbes. GM crops can cause short and long
term effects on the environment.
Benefits of Using GMOs
1. a decreased use of pesticides and insecticides
2. reduced greenhouse gas emissions
3. increased nutritional values in foods
4. contribute to an increase in the number of functional foods or
nutraceutical foods
with added benefits
5. better taste
6. faster output of cops
7. more crops can be grown on less land
8. genetically modified animals have higher resistance to disease and
overall better health
Risks of Using GMOs
1. potential development of allergens
2. production of toxic substance to “non-target”
organisms
3. increased endocrine disruption , reproductive
disorders, and accelerated aging
4. antibiotic resistance
5. unknown effects
6. soil and water pollution
Some Potential Consequences to the
Environment Include:
1. Unintended selection
2. Unwanted change in gene expression
3. Unintended effect on non GM weeds, pests, or
pathogens
4. Survival and persistence beyond intended zone
5. Production of toxic substance to 'non-target'
organisms
6. "Horizontal Gene transfer "
References

https://bit.ly/MODULES_PA_MORE

Religioso, Teresita F. &Vengco,Lilia G.(2016) Earth and Life Science. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ff99cd2b76d0002001cbd/curriculum#curricul
um

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