Things you need to know about

Concrete
group 3
 Contents
Brief history of concrete
Proportioning and mixing of concrete
Factors affecting concrete mixture
Concrete in practice
Two groups of concrete properties
Planning and site preparation for concrete
Types of concrete

Types of finish
 Brief history of concrete

Nabataean culture
uses concrete to build houses
and floors.

Greeks
6500 BC
use lime mortars to
produce concrete.

Romans
used Pozzolana cement
to build baths, harbors,
The Colosseum, and The
Pantheon.
800 BC-300 AD
 A method for
producing Portland
cement was patented
by Joseph Aspdin.
1824
Reinforced concrete was
invented by Joseph Monier.
1849
First Concrete Road In America built
by George Bartholomew in
Bellefontaine, Ohio.

Air Entraining, Fly Ash, and Ready

1891
Mix Introduced.

Construction completed on the

Hoover Dam.

1930-1936
 Fiber reinforcement in concrete
was introduced.
1956
Silica fume was introduced
as a pozzolanic additive.
1975 Water Tower Place opens the tallest
reinforced concrete building in the
world at the time.
The 2,717 ft tall Burj Khalifa 1976
is named World's Tallest
Building.
2009 Worldwide Portland Cement
production reaches 3.3 Billion
Metric Tons.
China used more cement
between 2011 and 2013 than
2010
the U.S. used in the entire
20th Century.
2013
 What is Concrete?

·Is made by mixing cement, water, course &

fine aggregates, and admixtures. The aim is
to mix these materials in measured amounts to
make concrete that is easy to transport,
place, compact, and finish which will then
set and harden to give a strong and durable
product. The amount of each material affects
the properties of hardened concrete.
 Proportionating and
mixing concrete

·A concrete mix is designed

to produce concrete that can
be easily placed at the
lowest cost.
·The concrete must be
workable and cohesive when
plastic, then set and harden
to give strong and durable
concrete.
 Proportionating and
mixing concrete

·The mix design must

consider the
environment that the
concrete will be
 Proportionating and
mixing concrete

·The proportions of each

material in the mixture
affects the properties of the
final hardened concrete.
These proportions are best
measured by weight.
Measurement by volume is not
as accurate but is suitable
for minor projects.
 Factors Affecting
Concrete Mixture

CEMENT CONTENT
WATER CONTENT
WATER TO CEMENT RATIO
AGGREGATES
MIXING
 Two groups of
Answer:

Concrete Properties
1.FRESH CONCRETE 2.HARDENED CONCRETE

·The stage of concrete in

which concrete can be ·The stage of
molded and it is in plastic concrete where the
state. This is also called mixture has cured
"Green Concrete". Another and attains maximum
term used to describe the
state of fresh concrete in strength.
consistence, which is the

ease with which concrete

will flow.
Fresh Concrete Properties

1. SETTING
·The hardening of concrete before
its hydration or the transition
process of changing of concrete
from plastic state to hardened
state.
·Setting of concrete is based or
related to the setting of cement
paste. Thus cement properties
greatly affect the setting time.
Fresh Concrete Properties

2. WORKABILITY
·Referred to as the ease with
which a concrete can be
transported, placed and
consolidated without excessive
bleeding or segregation.
·The internal work done required
to overcome the frictional forces
between concrete ingredients for
full compaction.
 Fresh Concrete
Properties
3. BLEEDING

·Bleeding is predominantly observed in

a highly wet mix, badly proportioned
and insufficiently mixed concrete
·Due to bleeding, water comes up and
accumulates at the surface. Sometimes,
along with this water, certain quantity
of cement also comes to the surface.
When the surface is worked up with the
trowel, the aggregate goes down and the
cement and water come up to the top
surface. This formation of cement paste
at the surface is known as “Laitance”.
Fresh Concrete Properties

4. SEGREGATION
·Defined as the separation of the
constituent materials of concrete.
· A good concrete is one in which
all the ingredients are properly
distributed to make a homogeneous
mixture.
Fresh Concrete Properties

5. HYDRATION
·Concrete derives its strength by
the hydration of cement particles.
The hydration of cement is not a
momentary action but a process
continuing for long time.
·If the hydration is to continue,
extra water must be added to
refill the loss of water on
account of absorption and
evaporation.
Fresh Concrete Properties

6. AIR ENTRAINMENT
· Air entrainment reduces the
density of concrete and
consequently reduces the strength.
Air entrainment is used to produce
a number of effects in both the
plastic and the hardened concrete.
 Hardened Concrete
Properties

Strength of Concrete - referred to

compressive strength and it depends upon
three factors

Paste Strength
Interfacial Bonding
Aggregate Strength
 Factors Affecting
Strength of Concrete

WATER-CEMENT RATIO - It is water cement ratio

that basically governs the property of
strength. Lesser the water cement ratio,
greater will be strength.
TYPE OF CEMENTING MATERIAL - Type of cement
affect the hydration process and therefore
strength of concrete.
AMOUNT OF CEMENTING MATERIAL - It is the paste
that holds or binds all the ingredients. Thus,
greater amount of cementing material greater
will be strength.
 Factors Affecting
Strength of Concrete

TYPE OF AGGREGATE - Rough and angular

aggregates are preferable as they provide
greater bonding.
ADMIXTURES - Chemical admixtures like
plasticizers reduce the water cement ratio and
increase the strength of concrete at same
water cement ratio. Mineral admixtures affect
the strength at later stage and increase the
strength by increasing the amount of cementing
material.
 Hardened Concrete
Properties
Concrete Creep
Deformation of structure under sustained
load. Basically, long term pressure or
stress on concrete can make it change
shape.
This deformation usually occurs in the
direction the force is being applied. Like
a concrete column getting more compressed,
or a beam bending.
Creep does not necessarily cause concrete
to fail or break apart.
Creep is factored in when concrete
structures are designed.
Factors Affecting
Creep

AGGREGATE - Aggregate undergoes very little creep. It

is really the paste which is responsible for the creep.
However, the aggregate influences the creep of concrete
through a restraining effect on the magnitude of creep.
MIX PROPORTION - The amount of paste content and its
quality is one of the most important factors influencing
creep. A poorer paste structure undergoes higher creep.
AGE OF CONCRETE - Age at which a concrete member
is loaded will have a predominant effect on the
magnitude of creep. This can be easily understood from
the fact that the quality of gel improves with time.
 Hardened Concrete
Properties

Shrinkage - used to describe the various aspects of

volume changes in concrete due to loss of moisture at
different stages due to different reasons.

Autogenous Shrinkage
Plastic Shrinkage

Carbonation Shrinkage
Drying Shrinkage
Factors Affecting
Shrinkage

DRYING CONDITION OR THERELATIVE HUMIDITY OF

THEATMOSPHERE

HARDNESS OF AGGREGATEAND THE MODULUS OF

ELASTICITY

MOISTURE MOVEMENT
 Types of concrete

1.NORMAL CONCRETE

The concrete in which common ingredients i.e.

aggregate, water, and cement are used is known as
normal concrete. It is also called normal weight
concrete or normal strength concrete.
It has a setting time of 30 -90 minutes depending
upon moisture in atmosphere, fineness of cement
etc.
The development of the strength starts after 7 days
the common strength values is 10 MPa (1450 psi) to
40 MPa (5800 psi). At about 28 days 75 -80% of the
total strength is attained.
Almost at 90 days 95% of the strength is achieved.
Its slump varies from 1 -4 inches.
Density ranges from 140 pcf to 175 pcf.
It is strong in compression and weak in tension.
Air content 1 -2 %.
Normal concrete is not durable against severe
conditions e.g. freezing and thawing.
 Types of concrete

2.HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

Compressive strength of high strength concrete mix

is usually greater than 6,000 pounds per square
inch.
High strength concrete is made by lowering the
water cement (W/C) ratio to 0.35 or lower.
Often silica fume is added to prevent the formation
of free calcium hydroxide crystals in the cement,
which might reduce the strength at the cement
aggregate bond.
Low w/c ratios and the use of silica fume make
concrete mixes significantly less workable, which
is particularly likely to be a problem in high-
strength concrete applications where dense rebar
cages are likely to be used. To compensate for the
reduced workability in the high strength concrete
mix, superplasticizers are commonly added to high-
strength mixtures.
Aggregate must be selected carefully for high
strength mixes, as weaker aggregates may not be
strong enough to resist the loads imposed on the
concrete and cause failure to start in the
aggregate.
 Types of concrete

3.HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

This mix has the following main properties:

High strength. Permeability.
High workability. Density.
High durability. Heat of hydration.
Ease of placement. Toughness.
Compaction without Volume stability.
segregation. Long life in severe
Early age strength. environments.
Long-term mechanical
properties.
PROPERTIES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE MIX
i. Strength of high
performance concrete ranges
from 10000 psi -15000 psi
ii. Water cement ratio can
be reduced to 0.25
 Types of concrete

4.AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE

One of the greatest achievements in field of

concrete technology is development of air entrained
concrete.
It is used where the concrete is vulnerable to
freezing and thawing action. It is prepared by
adding the air entraining admixture.
It has low strength as compare to normal concrete.
The air entrainment in concrete does the following
functions:
i.It lowers the surface tension of water
and thus bubbles are created.
ii.Secondly the air entraining agents
prevents coalescing i.e. the combining of
bubbles. The diameter of these bubbles
ranges from 10 micrometer to 1000
micrometer and in entrapped air the
diameter of bubble is greater than 1mm.
 Types of concrete

5.LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

The concrete which has substantially lower mass per

unit volume then the concrete made of ordinary
ingredients is called lightweight concrete. The
aggregates used are lighter in weight.
Density of light weight concrete is 240 kg/m³
(15pcf) -1850 kg/m³ (115 pcf).
Strength of light weight concrete blocks varies
from 7 MPa (1000 psi) -40 MPa (5800 psi).
Sometimes Air Entrained Admixtures are also added
to it giving resistance to freezing and thawing
along with strength.
Used where extra load is not applied e.g. parapet
wall, road lining etc. or to reduce dead load
 Types of concrete

6.SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

This self-consolidating concrete is characterized

by:
i. Extreme fluidity as measured by flow,
typically between 650-750 mm on a flow table,
rather thanslump (height).
ii. No need for vibrators to compact the
concrete.
iii. Placement being easier.
iv. No bleed water, or aggregate segregation.
 Types of concrete

7. SHOTCRETE

Shotcrete concrete uses compressed air to shoot

concrete onto (or into) a frame or structure.
Shotcrete is mortar or (usually) concrete conveyed
through a hose and pneumatically projected at
through a shortcrete nozzle with high velocity onto
a surface. Shotcrete undergoes placement and
compaction at the same time due to the force with
which it is projected from the nozzle.
It can be impacted onto any type or shape of surface,
including vertical or overhead areas.
Shotcrete is frequently used against vertical soil or
rock surfaces, as it eliminates the need for formwork.
It is sometimes used for rock support, especially in
tunneling.
Shotcrete is also used for applications where seepage
is an issue to limit the amount of water entering a
construction site due to a high water table or other
subterranean sources.
This type of concrete is often used as a quick fix for
weathering for loose soil types in construction zones.
 Types of concrete

8. PERVIOUS CONCRETE

Pervious concrete contains a network of holes or

voids, to allow air or water to move through the
concrete. This allows water to drain naturally
through it, and can both remove the normal surface
water drainage infrastructure, and allow
replenishment of groundwater when conventional
concrete does not.
It is formed by leaving out some or the entire fine
aggregate (fines), the remaining large aggregate
then is bound by a relatively small amount of
Portland cement.
 Types of concrete

9.ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE

Roller compacted concrete, sometimes called

rollcrete, is a low-cement-content stiff concrete
placed using techniques borrowed from earthmoving
and paving work
The concrete is placed on the surface to be covered
and is compacted in place using large heavy rollers
typically used in earthwork.
·The concrete mix achieves a high density and cures
over time into a strong monolithic block.
 Concrete Pouring Steps
and Techniques
1. Preparation
Firstly, it is required to do some formwork to
proceed with the work.
At the initial stage beam bottom (beam bottom
formwork) is placed to start with the
reinforcement work.
Beam setting out is done and then beams are
located as per their alignments.
Levels are marked in the columns to fix the beam
bottom formwork.
 Concrete Pouring Steps
and Techniques
2. Forming
Firstly, we do the setting out work before fixing any
formwork. Necessary levels are setting out work are
done before starting the formwork.
The leveling machine and total station is used to get
the correct levels and to locate the grid lines.
Based on the formwork design props (supports) are fixed
at the beam bottom. The spacing of the support shall be
as per the formwork design approved by the engineer.
Once the beam reinforcements are fixed, slab forwork is
laid.
 Concrete Pouring Steps
and Techniques
3. Setting Out and Levelling
The first stage of the checking is making sure the slab
formwork is leveled. The leveling machine is used to
check the slab levels. Usually, slab levels are checked
from the soft of the formwork.
After checking the reinforcement work, setting out of
the reinforcement work is done. In this stage, we
mainly check the column setting out as when we do the
beam formwork setting out other setting outs are
automatically covered.
 Concrete Pouring Steps
and Techniques
4. Concrete Pouring
Basic techniques need to consider and methods of concrete
pouring should be considered. Out of those, firstly we
discuss key aspects that shall be kept in mind when
concrete is poured.
Concrete Setting Time
Formation of Cold Joints
Pouring Pattern
Concrete Compaction
Temperature Control
 Concrete Pouring Steps
and Techniques
5. Finishing
Finishing of concrete work started in different stages.
After the concrete is poured, leveling is done. In this
stage also, finishing of the concrete can be done.
In addition, the finishing work can be done when the
concrete is hardened up to a certain extend that the
trowelling machine can lay on the concrete.
Depending on the required finished of the concrete and
considering irregularities of the concrete surface, the
finishing of the concrete work could be done with
plastering.
 Types of concrete finishes

1. Troweled Finish

Trowel finish is the most common and

popular finish of concrete used for major
types of applications. After the concrete
is laid in the formwork and leveled, the
trowel is used to smooth and fine-level
the surface of concrete.
 Types of concrete finishes

2. Broom Finish

The broom finish of the concrete is rough

textured finished obtained by dragging a
broom on the troweled surface of the
concrete while the concrete is still
fresh.
 Types of concrete finishes

3. Stamped Concrete Finish

The stamped concrete finish is obtained by

pressing the required patterns on the
freshly levelled concrete. This type of
concrete finish after completion of their
construction looks similar to stones such
as slates or flagstones, brick, tile or
with proper skill they can look similar to
wood.
 Types of concrete finishes

4. Salt Finish

The salt finish concrete surface is

obtained by inserting coarse rock salt
crystals using rollers on the freshly
placed concrete surface and washing it off
with streams of water after the concrete
is set.
 Types of concrete finishes

5.Exposed Aggregate Finish

The construction of exposed concrete finish is

to have leveled concrete floor surface,
distribute aggregate evenly, and keep air voids
to as minimum as possible.
Power Floater or Diamond Polisher is used to
polish the top surface of the partially cured
concrete. The equipment removes a concrete layer
whose thickness does not exceed a few
millimeters at the top of the concrete. A fine
grade protection layer is applied to provide the
favored polished finish.
 Types of concrete finishes

6. Swirl Finish

Swirl finish is one of the most exceptional

types of concrete finish that is generated by
smearing the concrete surface in a uniformly
overlapping circular pattern.
 Types of concrete finishes

7. Polished Finish

The polished finish on a concrete surface is

achieved by a mechanical process of grinding
and polishing with the help of a penetrant
chemical to provide different texture with
the help of specialized tools and equipment.
 Types of concrete finishes

8. Colored Finish

The colored finish of the concrete is

accomplished through mix-added pigments or
post-cure staining to provide a pleasing look
to match the surrounding environment.
 question no. 1

What do you think

is the difference
between cement and
concrete?
 enumeration no. 1

Give at least 4
factors that
affect the
concrete mixture.
 question no. 2

When is it
necessary to add
admixtures in the
concrete mixture?
 question no. 3

What is bleeding
in concrete? Is
there any relation
between bleeding
and segregation?
 enumeration no. 2

Give at least
3 types of
concrete.
 enumeration no. 3

Name at least 1 type of the

finishes preferred for
different construction
applications? Swimming
pools, Driveways, and Road
 question no. 4

What are the 5 key

aspects of
concrete pouring?
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