Logic Statements

Libeeth B. Guevarra
Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

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 A statement is a declarative sentence
that expresses thought and can either be
true or false, but not both true and false.
It is also called a proposition.

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 Example
1 Mathematics in the Modern World is a general
education course.
2 Turn off your microphone.
3 What is your question?
4 Christmas is around the corner.
5 5x ≤ 20
6 2x − 3y

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 Example
1 Mathematics in the Modern World is a general
education course.
2 Turn off your microphone.
3 What is your question?
4 Christmas is around the corner.
5 5x ≤ 20
6 2x − 3y
Only 1, 4, and 5 are statements.

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 Simple statement bears a single idea.
Compound Statement bears two or more ideas
together.
Connectives:
not : ∼ or ¬
and: ∧
or : ∨
if - then : → or =⇒
if and only if; iff : ↔ or ⇐⇒

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 Example
p: Today is Wednesday.
q: It is raining.
r: I will watch a movie.
s: I wil do my performance task in Math031.
Write the following statements in symbolic form.
1 Today is not Wednesday or I will do my
performance task in Math031.
2 It is not raining and i will not watch a movie.
3 If it is not raining, then I will do my performance
task in Math031.
4 I will watch movie if and only if today is Wednesday.

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 Example
Translate each statement into symbolic form. For each
simple statement in the given statement, indicate the
letter you used to represent the simple statement.
1 Stephen Curry is a football player or a basketball
player.
2 Stephen Curry is a rock star, and he is not a
basketball player nor a football player.
3 If you can count your money, you don’t have a
billion dollars. (J.Paul Getty)
4 Any angle is a right angle if and only if its measures
is 90◦

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Truth Table and Truth Value

A Truth Table is a table showing the truth

value of a statement.
The truth value of a simple statement is either
true or false, while the truth value of a
compound statement depend on the truth value
of each simple statement and the connectives.

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Negation
Negation is a statement expressing the
idea that something is not true. This is
represented by the symbol ∼ or ¬
Truth Table for ∼ p
p ∼p
T F
F T

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 Example
Negate each statement.
1
q: The blue whale is the largest living
creature.
2
Tee bought a new car and moved to the
province.
3
She recieved a promotion or she recieved a
raise.

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Conjunction
It expresses the idea of and.
The symbol ∧ to represent conjunction p ∧ q is
true if both p and q are true.
p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

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Disjunction
It conveys the notion of or.
We use the symbol ∨ to represent disjunction.
p ∨ q is true if p is true or q is true.
p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

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 Example
Analyze the logic of an Advertisement
WANTED: Management trainee!
Applicant must have four -year degree in accounting or three years
of experience working in a financial institution.
Which applicants should be considered for the position?

1 Aya has four-year degree in accounting and has worked two

years for a loan company.
2 Terrence has studied accounting in college (but did not
graduate) and has worked for five years selling electronics.
3 Pete earned a four-year degree in accounting and has five years
experience working for a credit card company.

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Tautology, Contradiction and Contingency
A tautology is a compound statement that is always
true.
(x − 2)2 = x 2 − 4x + 4
A contradiction is a compound statement that is always
false.
sin2x − 3 = 0
A contingency is a statement that is neither a tautology
nor a contradiction.

x − 5 = 11

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 Example
Show that (∼ p ∨ q) ∨ p is a tautology.

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 Example
Show that q ∧ (p∧ ∼ q) is a contradiction.

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Conditional: p → q
A conditional expresses the notion of if · · · then.
p statement is the antecedent or hypothesis
q is the consequent or conclusion.

Truth Table for Conditional p → q

p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

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Illustration
Miss Rich, the owner of a small factory, has a rush order
that must be filled by next Monday and she approaches
you with this generous offer:

If you work for me on Saturday, then i’ll give you a

7,000php bonus.

Examine the cases to determine exactly when Miss Rich

is telling the truth and when she is not.

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 If you work for me on Saturday, then i’ll give you a
7,000php bonus.

1 You come to work and you receive the bonus.

2 You come to work and you don’t receive the bonus.
3 You don’t come to work, but Miss Rich gives you
the bonus anyway.
4 You don’t come to work and you don’t receive the
bonus.
(Only in statement 2 we can say that Miss Rich is lying.)

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 Example
1 Construct the truth table for (p∧ ∼ q) → [∼ (p ∨ q)] .
2 What is the truth value of [(p → q) ∧ p] →∼ q when p and q
are both false?

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Biconditional: p ↔ q
A Biconditional p ↔ q is p if and only if q.
p ↔ q ≡ (p → q) ∧ (q → p).

Truth Table for Biconditional p ↔ q

p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

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Illustration

Validate the indicated truth value of the statements:

1 21 is prime or 7 is even is FALSE.
2 If a square has 5 sides, then a triangle has 3 sides is
TRUE.
3 If 4 < 3, then 7 = 8 is TRUE.
4 x = 9 if and only if 2x − 1 = 17 is TRUE.
5 x = 6 if and only if x 2 = 36 is FALSE.

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Equivalent Statements: A ≡ B
Two compound statements A and B are
equivalent if they both have the same truth
value for all possible truth values of their simple
statements.
Investigate if these statements are equivalent.
If a number is divisible by 10, then it is also divisible by 5.
A number is not divisible by 10 or it is divisible by 5.

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 Example
Show that the statements, p → q and ∼ p ∨ q are
equivalent.

Truth Table for p → q and ∼ p ∨ q

p q p →q ∼p ∼p∨q
T T T F T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T
Note that columns p → q and ∼ p ∨ q are the same for
all the assigned truth values of p and q.

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