PART 1: PLANE GEOMETRY AREA OF PLANE SURFACES Triangle A b c Given base b and altitude h Area = %2 bh Given two sides b and c and included angle A Area = % bh ; h=csinA Area = %besinA Given three angles A, B, and C and one side a Area = %bh ; h = asinc b a sinB sinA asinB b= sinA Area asinB he (asin C) sinAa’ sin B sinc Area 2sinA Using similar derivation, b* sin Asin sin AsinB Area = ———___ 3 | Area = ————— 2sinB 2sinc Given three sides a, b and c (Hero's Formula) Area = /s(s— a)(s — b)( s -c) atbtc semi-perimeter, s = = ‘Square a Area = a* Perimeter, P = 4a Diagonal, d = a/2 Rectangle i 7 b Area = ab Perimeter, P = 2(a + b) Diagonal, d = /a*+ 6? General Quadrilateral Given diagonals d, and d; and included angle @ Area = ‘2 d.d.sin @Given four sides a, b, c, d and sum of two opposite angles by at+bt+ct+d semi-perimeter, s = ————— 2 ZA+ZC 2£B+2D e= natin 2 2 Given four sides a, b, c, d and two opposite angles B and D Divide the area into two triangles, AABC and ACAD Area = % ab sinB + % cd sin D Parallelogram - The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal, and so also are the opposite angles. - The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. ~ If two sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel, then the other two sides are equal and parallel, and the figure is a parallelogram. Given diagonals d, and d, and included angle @ Area = % d,d,sin@ Given two sides a and b and one angle A Area = absinA Rhombus ~ Arhombus is a parallelogram with four equal sides. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at an angle of 90°. Given diagonals d, and d, Area dd, Given side a and one angle A Area asinATrapezoid - A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with two and only two of whose sides are parallel. a Cyclic Quadrilateral - Acyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the circumference of a circle. Area = /(s—a)(s — b)(s - c)(s - d) atbtctd semi-perimeter, s = 2 ZAsLe = 180" 2B+2D = 180° Ptolemy's Theorem “For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product of the diagonals equals the sum of the products of the ‘opposite sides” = actbd Circle Area = ar Circumference = 2xr = xDSector of a Circle s xre Area = = eFC rane 60° r * =%Sr xr Length of arc, S = FO 180 Segment of a Circle r 6 2 f Area = Arco — Anmae Parabolic Segment B h A Cc b 2 Area = — bh 3 Length of ABC = — [me+In(m+e)] 8h 4h m= ;es/1+m b Spandrel of a Parabola bEllipse Area = ab a+ Perimeter = 2x EXAMPLES 1. The official distance between home plate and second base in a baseball diamond is 120 ft. Find the area of the official ball diamond and the distance between the bases. (The official ball diamond is in the form of a square.) 2s Ao x 3° " A = 7200 ft? - - (Area of baseball diamond) x = 84.8528 ft - - (distance between bases) HP 2. A sail has a spread of canvas as shown in the figure. Find the surface area of one side of the sail A=A+h oe sate isnt 12 hee = 13.75 - As = %e (12)(13.75) = 82.486 ft? A = 54+ 82.486 = 136.486 ft? 3. The area of a triangle is 8346 sq. m. and two of its interior angles are 37°25’ and 56°17". What is the length of the longest side in meters? he ad Pv.b? sin Asin Area = ; B = 180-(37°25' + 56°17') 2sinB 718° b? sin 37°25' sin 56°17" 8346 = ——______ 2 sin 86°18" b = 181.544m 4. A flower garden has the dimensions shown in the figure. Find the cost of fencing at P 750 per linear meter and also the cost of the land at P 1,500 per sq. meter. 8 c 1225m of 48! a 150m D t Project the lines BE and AE as shown 122.5 tan 15° = —— ; BE = 457.18m BE 122.5 sin 15° = —— ; AE = 473.30 m AE DE = 473.30-150 = 323.30m CD = DE tan 15° = 323.30 tan 15° = 86.63m 86.63 CE = = 334.71m sin 15° BC = 457.18 - 334.71 = 122.47m Total perimeter = 122.5 + 122.47 + 86.63 + 150 = 481.60 m Cost of fencing = 750 (481.60) = P 361,200 Area = % (457.18)(122.50) — % (323.30)(86.63) = 13,998.54 m* Cost of land = 1,500 (13,998.54) = P 20,997,810 5. The sides of a triangle are 12, 16 and 21. Find the area of the triangle. 21Area = |'s (s-a)(s-b)( s—c) atb+c 12+16+21 $= ——— = —___ = 45 2 2 Area = | 24.5 (24.5 - 12)(24.5 - 16)(24.5 - 21) A= 95.45 sq. units 6. A trench is to be uniformly constructed so that its cross-section is a trapezoid with an area of 1.95 sq. m. The shorter base of the trapezoid must be twice its height and the longer base must exceed the height by 1.5 meters. Find the height and the two base lengths (the bases are the parallel sides of the trapezoid). b, = h+15 pe A= %(b,+b)h 1.95 = %(2h+h+1.5)h b, = 2(0.917) = 3.90 = 3h+1.5h 0.917415 = 3h?+1.5h-3.90 = 0 h = 0.917m 7. Find the area of a quadrilateral having sides AB = 10 cm, BC = 5 cm, CD = 14.14 cm and DA = 45 cm ifthe sum of the opposite angles is equal to 225°.Area = /(12.07)(17.07)(7.93)(7.07) - (10)(5)(14.14)(15) cos? 112.5° A = 99,99 say 100 m* 8. Accircle having an area of 452 m’ is cut into two segments by a chord which is 6 m from the ‘center of the circle. Compute the area of the biggest segment. x (127 240° A, = ———. + 4 [2(10.392)1(6) 360" A. = 363.94 m? 9. A circle having an area of 201 m* is cut into two segments by a chord which is 3 m from the center of the circle. Compute the area of the smallest segment. xe 2a = % (2x)(3) jArae 201 = xP r=8m 2a = 135.96° x = rsina = 8sin67.98° = 7.42 x (8) (135.96") = %|2(7.42)|(3) = 53.67 m* 36010. A sector of a circle has a radius of 12 cm and a central angle of 53°, Find the area and the length of the arc of the sector. are Arcot 360° (12) (63°) Aeocs = ———= 66.60 m? 360° are 180° (12539) S = ——— = 11.40em 180° 11. The perimeter of a circular sector, whose angle is 1.5 radians, is 14 inches. Determine the radius of the circle. P=S+2r |S = 1 Oxsme = (1.5) = 1.56 14 = 15r+2r = 3.5r r= inches 12. Find the area of the segment of a circle having a radius of 12 cm and a central angle of 72°. mre x (12 (72°) ina :_— 90.478 cm? 360° 360° Ar = %esin@ = % (12)'sin 72° = 68.476 cm? Area = 90.478 - 68.476 = 22.002 cm? CE Board May 2002 ‘An equilateral triangular field has sides equal to 2 m each. If the field is divided into two equal areas bya line parallel to one side, compute the length of the dividing line. 3 y = xsin 60°CE Board Nov. 2010 ‘A rectangular garden 12 m x 5 m was planned to be covered by a pathway having a constant width around it. Find the width of the pathway if it has a total area of 11.2 sq. m. w 12 w tt w Aesrnay = (12 + 2w)(5 + 2w) — (5)(12) 3 Asowey = 11.2 m? 60 + 24w + 10w + 4w'— 60 11.2 = 4w'+34w 4w + 34w-11.2 = 0 = (34) [34°=4 (4)-11.2) 2(4) w = 0.318m CE Board Nov. 2010 A farmer owns two square lots of unequal size, together containing 6568 m’. If the lots are contiguous, it would require 356 m of fence to enclose them in a single enclosure of six sides. Find the dimension of the smaller lot? x y : y ny Azxty 6568 = x+y? ; 3x+3y+x-y = 356 4x+2y 2x+ y = 178-2x 6568 = x? + (178-2)? 6568 = x! + 31684 -712x+4x° 5x?-712x + 25116 = 0 = (-712) + [712*—4 (6)(25116) xs 78m 2(5) y = 178-2(78) = 22m Dimension of smaller lot: 22 m x 22mCE Board May 2012 An angle of 125° is subtended by an arc of a circle of radius 8.4 cm. a. Find the length of the minor arc. b. Find the length of the major arc. ¢. Find the area of the circle. Cr xr@ x (8.4)(125*) = ———= 18.33 em (length of minor arc) 180° 180° G, = 2xr—C, = 2x(8.4)- 18.33 = 34.45 em (length of major arc) A= xP = x(8.4) = 2214.67 em® (area of circle) CE Board May 2012 If fencing cost P8 per meter, find the cost of enclosing an elliptical plot of land which has a major axis of 120 m and a minor axis of 80 m. ath (60} + (407 Cost = unit cost x perimeter ; Perimeter = 2x = 2x |—__— 2 2 Perimeter = 320.38 m Gs Cost = 8 (320.38) = P 2,563.04 CE Board May 2012 A cycling track is in the form of an ellipse, the axes being 250 m and 150 m respectively for the inner boundary and 270 m and 170 m for the outer boundary. Calculate the area of the track. 135 135A = na,bo—xa\b = x (135)(85) — x (125)(75) A = 6597.34 m* CE Board Nov. 2012 The measurements of a rectangle are 12 m and 16 m. What is the area of the smallest circle that can cover this rectangle entirely? 12m D? = (12) + (16F D = 20m nD x (20F 100% CE Board May 2013 Find the perimeter of the ellipse with minor axis of 100 cm and major axis of 200 om. ae (100) + 60)" Perimeter = 2x = 2n | ———— 2 2 Perimeter = 496.73 om CE Board May 2013 ‘A cchord 7.49 m long is 4.2 m from the center of the circle. Find the area of the circle. 749m | 420m Azar ; By Pythagoren Theorem Ps42+x ; x = %(7.49) = 3.745 Ps 4243748 A= n (4.2 + 3.748%) ‘A = 99.48 m*CE Board May 2015 The perimeter of a sector is 9 m and its diameter is 6 m. Compute the area of the sector. nee Reece = s 360" P= S+2r 9 = $+2(3) $23 f — " r=3 S= 180" x(3)8 35 180° 8 = 57.3° x (3 (67.3%) ——= 45 360° CE Board May 2015 A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle having a diameter AD = 8.224 cm. If AB = 2. cm, BC = 4 cm, and CD = 6 cm, find the area of the quadrilateral. d= 8.224 Area = |(s— a)(s - b)(s - c)(s - 4) atb+ctd 2444648224 s = ——— = ——_—_-= 10.112 s-b Area = /(8.112)(6.112)(4.112)(1.888) A = 19.62 cm?CE Board May 2017 Find the area of a trapezoid if the bases have lengths 7.3 and 2.7 and the altitude has length < 13. ~ 17 - 2 eye 27 A (0, +b) h % (7.3 + 2.73.8) A = 19 sq. units CE Board May 2017 Find the area of a parallelogram if the area is represented by x? — 4, the length of a side by x the length of the altitude for a side by x— 3. A=bh X= 4 = (x +4)(K—3) oS Xe 4 = xt 3K+ 4x12 wei 4 = 4x12 x= -4+12=8 A= x4 = 8-4 A = 60 sq. units CE Board May 2018 A sector of a circle has a central angle of 50° and an area of 605 om*. Find the radius of the ¢ zre Poe = 360° =F (50°) 605 = ——— 360° r= 37.24em CE Board May 2018 Three circles of radius 3, 5 and 9 cm are externally tangent. What is the area of the triangle by joining their centers? ons beta Area = [5 (S— ays — 6 s—c) atbtc 1241448 ee 2 2 Area = [17 (17 — 12)(17 — 14117 — 8) A= 47.91cm