The Hebrew Bible

Volume 1c
Writings

Edited by

Armin Lange
Emanuel Tov

Area Editors

Alessandro Maria Bruni (Georgian Translations, Old Church Slavonic Traditions)

Ignacio Carbajosa Pérez (Syriac Translations [Peshitta, Syro-Hexapla, Jacob of Edessa, Syro-Lucianic])
Claude Cox (Armenian Translations)
Sidnie White Crawford (Samaritan Pentateuch)
Steve Delamarter (Ethiopic Translations)
Beate Ego (Targumim)
Frank Feder (Coptic Translations)
Peter J. Gentry (Pre-Hexaplaric, Post-Hexaplaric Translations and the Hexapla)
Michael Graves (Vulgate)
Armin Lange (Ancient Hebrew/Aramaic Texts)
Meira Polliack (Arabic Translations)
Michael Segal (The Biblical Text as Attested in Ancient Literature)
Pablo Antonio Torijano Morales (Vetus Latina)
Emanuel Tov (Septuagint)
Julio Trebolle Barrera (Vetus Latina)

leiden | boston

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 thb logo design: Lika Tov, Jerusalem

Cover design: Celine van Hoek Leiden, the Netherlands.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Lange, Armin, 1961- editor.

Title: The Hebrew Bible / edited by Armin Lange, Emanuel Tov.
Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2016- | Series: Textual history of the Bible,
issn 2468-3027 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents:
Vol. 1c Writings.
Identifiers: lccn 2016013903 | isbn 9789004337114 (v. 1c : hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: lcsh: Bible. Old Testament–Criticism, Textual.
Classification: lcc bs1136 .h43 2016 | ddc 221.6/7–dc23 lc record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016013903

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.

issn 2468-3027
e-issn 2452-4107 (thb online)
isbn 978-90-04-33711-4 (hardback 1c)

Copyright 2017 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.

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Contents of THB Volume 1

volume 1a
Preface
Introduction to the Textual History of the Bible
Introduction to Textual History of the Bible, Vol. 1: The Hebrew Bible

1 Overview Articles

volume 1b

2 Pentateuch
3–5 Former Prophets
3 Joshua
4 Judges
5 Samuel–Kings
6–9 Latter Prophets
6 Isaiah
7 Jeremiah
8 Ezekiel
9 Minor Prophets

volume 1c

10–20 Ketuvim (Writings)

10 Psalms
11 Job
12 Proverbs
13–17 Five Scrolls
13 Ruth
14 Canticles
15 Qohelet
16 Lamentations
17 Esther
18 Daniel
19 Ezra–Nehemiah
20 1–2 Chronicles
21 The Biblical Text as Attested in Ancient Literature

Addenda et corrigenda to volumes 1a and 1b

For use by the Author only | © 2017 Koninklijke Brill NV

Contents of THB Volume 1a

Preface (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Introduction to the Textual History of the Bible (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Introduction to Textual History of the Bible, Vol. 1: The Hebrew Bible (Armin Lange and
Emanuel Tov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Area Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
Notes to the Reader / Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Collective Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

1 Overview Articles

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Textual History of the Hebrew Bible (Emanuel Tov and Eugene Ulrich) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Canonical History of the Hebrew Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.1.2.1 The History of the Jewish Canon (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.1.2.2 The History of the Christian Old Testament Canon (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . 48

1.2 Ancient Hebrew-Aramaic Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

1.2.1 History of Research (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.2.2 Ancient and Late Ancient Hebrew and Aramaic Jewish Texts (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . 112
1.2.3 Samaritan Pentateuch (Sidnie White Crawford) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

1.3 Primary Translations (Emanuel Tov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

1.3.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
1.3.1 Greek Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
1.3.1.1 Septuagint (Emanuel Tov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
1.3.1.2 Pre-Hexaplaric Translations, Hexapla, post-Hexaplaric translations (Peter
J. Gentry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
1.3.2 Samareitikon (Jan Joosten) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
1.3.3 Targumim (Beate Ego) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
1.3.4 Peshitta (Ignacio Carbajosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
1.3.5 Vulgate (Michael Graves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
1.3.6 Arabic Translations (Jewish [Rabbanite and Karaite], Samaritan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
1.3.6.1 Jewish Arabic Translations (Meira Polliack) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
1.3.6.2 Samaritan Arabic Translations (Tamar Zewi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

1.4 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

1.4.0 Introduction (Emanuel Tov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
1.4.1 Vetus Latina (Julio Trebolle Barrera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
1.4.2 Coptic Translations (Frank Feder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
1.4.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) (Steve Delamarter, Ralph Lee, and Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . . . 345
1.4.4 Syro-Lucianic Translation (Ignacio Carbajosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
1.4.5 Syro-Hexapla (Ignacio Carbajosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

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1.4.6 Jacob of Edessa’s Syriac Translation (Ignacio Carbajosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

1.4.7 Armenian Translations (Claude Cox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
1.4.8 Georgian Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
1.4.9 Christian Palestinian Aramaic Translation (Christa Müller-Kessler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
1.4.10 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
1.4.11 Arabic (Christian) Translations (Ronny Vollandt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
1.4.12 Gothic Translations (Marcus Sigismund) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

1.5 Medieval Masoretic Text (Elvira Martín-Contreras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

1.6 The Biblical Text as Attested in Ancient Literature (Michael Segal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

1.7 The Biblical Text in Light of Its Quotations and Allusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
1.7.1 Jewish Quotations and Allusions (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
1.7.2 Christian Quotations and Allusions (Martin Meiser) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

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Contents of THB Volume 1b

Area Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii

Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Notes to the Reader / Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Collective Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

2 Pentateuch

2.1 Textual History of the Pentateuch (Emanuel Tov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.2.1 Ancient, Late Ancient, and Early Medieval Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . 22
2.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Ronald Hendel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.2.3 Other Texts (Ronald Hendel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.2.4 sp and Ancient Texts Close to sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.4.1 Genesis (Ronald Hendel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.4.2 Exodus (Magnar Kartveit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.2.4.3 Leviticus (Sarianna Metso) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.2.4.4 Numbers (Nathan Jastram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.2.4.5 Deuteronomy (Sidnie White Crawford) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.2.5 Other Sources (Nathan Jastram) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.2.5.1 Tefillin and Mezuzot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.2.5.2 Nash Papyrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.2.5.3 Silver Scrolls from Ketef Hinnom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.2.5.4 Severus Scroll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

2.3 Medieval Text of mt (Elvira Martín Contreras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

2.4 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

2.4.1 Septuagint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.4.1.1 Genesis (Martin Rösel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.4.1.2 Exodus (Larry Perkins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2.4.1.3 Leviticus (Moshe A. Zipor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
2.4.1.4 Numbers (Martin Rösel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
2.4.1.5 Deuteronomy (Sidnie White Crawford) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
2.4.2 Pre-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Andrew McClurg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
2.4.3 Targumim (Avigdor Shinan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
2.4.3.1 4QtgLev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
2.4.3.2 Targumim – General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
2.4.3.3 Targum Onqelos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
2.4.3.4 Palestinian Targumim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
2.4.4 Samaritan Targum (Abraham Tal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
2.4.5 Peshitta (Jerome Lund) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
2.4.6 Hexaplaric Greek Translations and Hexapla of the Octateuch (Andrew McClurg) . . . 180

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2.4.7 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Matthew M. Dickie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

2.4.8 Vulgate (Matthew Kraus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
2.4.9 Arabic Translations (Ronny Vollandt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

2.5 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

2.5.1 Vetus Latina (Julio Trebolle Barrera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
2.5.2 Coptic Translations (P. Nagel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
2.5.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) of Octateuch (Steve Delamarter and Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . 215
2.5.4 Late Syriac Translations (Alison Salvesen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
2.5.5 Armenian Translations (Claude Cox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
2.5.6 Georgian Translations (Bernard Outtier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
2.5.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
2.5.8 Arabic Translations (Ronny Vollandt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

3–5 Former Prophets

3 Joshua

3.1 Textual History of Joshua (Michaël van der Meer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

3.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

3.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
3.2.2 Masoretic Text and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Karin Finsterbusch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
3.2.3 Other Texts (Karin Finsterbusch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

3.3 Septuagint (Michaël van der Meer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

4 Judges

4.1 Textual History of Judges (H. Ausloos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

4.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

4.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
4.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Julio Trebolle Barrera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
4.2.3 Other Texts (Julio Trebolle Barrera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

4.3 Septuagint (Cécile Dogniez) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

5 Samuel–Kings

5.1 Textual History of Samuel (Eugene Ulrich) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

5.2 Textual History of Kings (Philippe Hugo and Adrian Schenker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

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5.3 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

5.3.1 Ancient and Late Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
5.3.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Philippe Hugo & Adrian Schenker) . 332
5.3.3 Other Texts (Philippe Hugo & Adrian Schenker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

5.4 Septuagint (Samuel) (Siegfried Kreuzer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

5.5 Septuagint (Kings) (Siegfried Kreuzer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

3–5.1 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

3–5.1.1 Septuagint (Emanuel Tov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
3–5.1.2 Pre-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Andrew McClurg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
3–5.1.2.1 Joshua-Judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
3–5.1.2.2 Samuel-Kings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
3–5.1.3 Targum (Willem Smelik) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
3–5.1.4 Peshitta (Craig E. Morrison) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
3–5.1.5 Hexapla (Andrew McClurg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
3–5.1.5.1 Joshua-Judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
3–5.1.5.2 Hexaplaric Greek Translations and the Hexapla: Samuel-Kings . . . . . 383
3–5.1.6 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Matthew M. Dickie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
3–5.1.6.1 Joshua-Judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
3–5.1.6.2 Samuel-Kings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
3–5.1.7 Vulgate (David Everson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
3–5.1.8 Arabic Translations (Meira Polliack & Meirav Nadler-Akirav) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

3–5.2 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

3–5.2.1 Vetus Latina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
3–5.2.1.1 Joshua-Judges (Andrés Piquer Otero) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
3–5.2.1.2 Samuel-Kings (Pablo Torijano Morales) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
3–5.2.2 Coptic Translations (Alin Suciu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
3–5.2.3 Ethiopic Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
3–5.2.3.1 Joshua (Steve Delamarter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
3–5.2.3.2 Judges (Michael G. Wechsler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
3–5.2.3.3 1–4 Kingdoms (Curt Niccum & James Prather) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
3–5.2.3.4 1–2 Kings (Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
3–5.2.4 Late Syriac Translations (Ignacio Carbajosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
3–5.2.5 Armenian Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
3–5.2.5.1 Joshua (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
3–5.2.5.2 Judges (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
3–5.2.5.3 1–2 Samuel (1–2 Reigns) (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
3–5.2.5.4 1–2 Kings (3–4 Kgdms) (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
3–5.2.6 Georgian Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
3–5.2.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
3–5.2.8 Arabic Translations (Ronny Vollandt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

3–5.3 Medieval text of mt (Elvira Martín Contreras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

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6–9 Latter Prophets

6 Isaiah

6.1 Textual History of Isaiah (Arie van der Kooij) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

6.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

6.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Russell Fuller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
6.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Russell Fuller & Peter Flint) . . . . . . . . 476
6.2.3 Other Texts (Russell Fuller & Peter Flint) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

6.3 Septuagint (Arie van der Kooij) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

7 Jeremiah

7.1 Textual History of Jeremiah (Richard D. Weis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

7.2 Ancient Hebrew-Aramaic Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

7.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
7.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
7.2.3 Other Texts (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

7.3 Septuagint (Georg Fischer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

8 Ezekiel

8.1 Textual History of Ezekiel (William A. Tooman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

8.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

8.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
8.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (William A. Tooman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
8.2.3 Other Texts (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

8.3 Septuagint (Johan Lust) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

9 Minor Prophets

9.1 Textual History of the Minor Prophets (Christopher J. Fresch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

9.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

9.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Russel Fuller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
9.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Russel Fuller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
9.2.3 Other Texts (Russel Fuller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

9.3 Septuagint (W. Edward Glenny) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

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6–9.1 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

6–9.1.1 Septuagint (Emanuel Tov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
6–9.1.2 Pre-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
6–9.1.3 Targum (Gudrun Elisabeth Lier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
6–9.1.4 Peshitta (Arie van der Kooij) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
6–9.1.5 Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
6–9.1.6 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Matthew M. Dickie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
6–9.1.7 Vulgate (Michael Graves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
6–9.1.8 Arabic Translations (Meira Polliack and Meirav Nadler-Akirav) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

6–9.2 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

6–9.2.1 Vetus Latina (Julio Trebolle Barrera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
6–9.2.2 Coptic Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
6–9.2.2.1 Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel (Frank Feder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
6–9.2.2.2 Minor Prophets (Nathalie Bosson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
6–9.2.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
6–9.2.3.1 Isaiah (Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
6–9.2.3.2 Jeremiah (Martin Heide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
6–9.2.3.3 Ezekiel (Michael Knibb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
6–9.2.3.4 Minor Prophets (Jeremy Brown, Steve Delamarter, Anke Dorman,
Curt Niccum, and Kipp Swinney) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
6–9.2.4 Late Syriac Translations (Stephen Ryan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
6–9.2.5 Armenian Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
6–9.2.5.1 Isaiah (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
6–9.2.5.2 Jeremiah (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
6–9.2.5.3 Ezekiel (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
6–9.2.5.4 Minor Prophets (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
6–9.2.6 Georgian Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
6–9.2.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
6–9.2.8 Arabic Translations (Miriam Lindgren Hjälm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

6–9.3 Medieval text of MT (Elvira Martín Contreras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

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Area Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Notes to the Reader / Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Collective Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

10–20 Ketuvim (Writings)

10 Psalms

10.1 Textual History of Psalms (Brent A. Strawn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

10.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

10.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
10.2.2 (Proto-)Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Brent A. Strawn) . . . . . . . . 42
10.2.3 Other Texts (Brent A. Strawn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

10.3 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

10.3.1 Septuagint (Jannes Smith) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
10.3.2 Pre-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
10.3.3 Targum (David Stec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
10.3.4 Peshitta (Ignacio Carbajosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
10.3.5 Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.3.6 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Matthew M. Dickie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
10.3.7 Vulgate (Justin Rogers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
10.3.8 Arabic Translations (Ilana Sasson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

10.4 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

10.4.1 Vetus Latina (José Manuel Cañas Reíllo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
10.4.2 Coptic Translations (P. Nagel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
10.4.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) (Steve Delamarter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10.4.4 Late Syriac Translations (Robert Hiebert) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
10.4.5 Armenian Translations (Claude Cox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
10.4.6 Georgian Translations (Bernard Outtier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
10.4.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.4.8 Arabic Translations (Juan Pedro Monferrer Sala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

11 Job

11.1 Textual History of Job (R. Althann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

11.2 Ancient and Late Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

11.2.1 Ancient and Late Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
11.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Brent A. Strawn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

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11.2.3 Other Texts (Brent A. Strawn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

11.3 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

11.3.1 Septuagint (Claude Cox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
11.3.2 Pre-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
11.3.3 Targum and Qumran Aramaic Versions (David Shepherd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
11.3.4 Peshitta (Ignacio Carbajosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
11.3.5 Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
11.3.6 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Matthew M. Dickie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
11.3.7 Vulgate (Soenksen, Jason) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
11.3.8 Arabic Translations (Ilana Sasson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

11.4 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

11.4.1 Vetus Latina (Jean-Claude Haelewyck) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
11.4.2 Coptic Translations (Frank Feder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
11.4.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) (Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
11.4.4 Job, Proverbs, Canticles, and Qohelet in Late Syriac Translations (Peter J. Gentry) . 213
11.4.5 Armenian Translations (Claude Cox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
11.4.6 Georgian Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
11.4.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
11.4.8 Arabic Translations (Miriam Lindgren Hjälm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

12 Proverbs

12.1 Textual History of Proverbs (Johann Cook) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

12.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

12.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
12.2.2 Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Johann Cook) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

12.3 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

12.3.1 Septuagint (Forti, Tova) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
12.3.2 Pre-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
12.3.3 Targum (Díez Merino, Luis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
12.3.4 Peshitta (Ignacio Carbajosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
12.3.5 Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
12.3.6 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Matthew M. Dickie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
12.3.7 Vulgate (Justin Rogers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
12.3.8 Arabic Translations (Ilana Sasson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

12.4 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

12.4.1 Vetus Latina (José Manuel Cañas Reíllo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
12.4.2 Coptic Translations (Frank Feder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
12.4.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) (Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
12.4.4 Late Syriac Translations (Peter J. Gentry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
12.4.5 Armenian Translations (Claude Cox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

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12.4.6 Georgian Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

12.4.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
12.4.8 Arabic Translations (Miriam Lindgren Hjälm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

13–17 Five Scrolls

13 Ruth

13.1 Textual History of Ruth (Melanie Köhlmoos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

13.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

13.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
13.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Veronika Bachmann) . . . . . . . . . . . 307
13.2.3 Other Texts (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

14 Canticles

14.1 Textual History of Canticles (Bénédicte Lemmelijn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

14.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

14.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
14.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
14.2.3 Other Texts (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

15 Qohelet

15.1 Textual History of Qohelet (Michael V. Fox) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

15.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

15.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
15.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
15.2.3 Other Texts (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

16 Lamentations

16.1 Textual History of Lamentations (Gideon Kotzé) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

16.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

16.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
16.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Rolf Schäfer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
16.2.3 Other Texts (Rolf Schäfer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

17 Esther

17.1 Textual History of Esther (Kristin De Troyer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

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17.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

17.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
17.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Veronika Bachmann) . . . . . . . . . . . 385

13–17.1 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

13–17.1.1 Septuagint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
13–17.1.1.1 Ruth (Cécile Dogniez) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
13–17.1.1.2 Canticles (Cécile Dogniez) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
13–17.1.1.3 Qohelet (Cécile Dogniez) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
13–17.1.1.4 Lamentations (Cécile Dogniez) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
13–17.1.1.5 Esther (Kristin De Troyer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
13–17.1.2 Pre-Hexaplaric Greek Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
13–17.1.2.1 Lamentations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
13–17.1.2.2 Ruth (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
13–17.1.2.3 Qoheleth (Peter J. Gentry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
13–17.1.2.4 Canticles (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
13–17.1.2.5 Esther (Peter J. Gentry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
13–17.1.3 Targumim (Christian Brady) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
13–17.1.4 Peshitta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
13–17.1.4.1 Ruth (Michael G. Wechsler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
13–17.1.4.2 Canticles (Ignacio Carbajosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
13–17.1.4.3 Qoheleth (Maya Goldberg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
13–17.1.4.4 Lamentations (Claudio Balzaretti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
13–17.1.4.5 Esther (Michael G. Wechsler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
13–17.1.5 Hexapla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
13–17.1.5.1 Lamentations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
13–17.1.5.2 Ruth (McClurg, Andrew) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
13–17.1.5.3 Qoheleth (Peter J. Gentry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
13–17.1.5.4 Canticles (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
13–17.1.5.5 Esther (McClurg, Andrew) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
13–17.1.6 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Matthew M. Dickie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
13–17.1.7 Vulgate (Vincent Skemp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
13–17.1.8 Arabic Translations (Ilana Sasson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

13–17.2 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

13–17.2.1 Vetus Latina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
13–17.2.1.1 Ruth (Bonifatia Gesche) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
13–17.2.1.2 Canticles (José Manuel Cañas Reíllo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
13–17.2.1.3 Ecclesiastes (José Manuel Cañas Reíllo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
13–17.2.1.4 Lamentations (José Manuel Cañas Reíllo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
13–17.2.1.5 Esther (Jean-Claude Haelewyck) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
13–17.2.2 Coptic Translations (Alin Suciu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
13–17.2.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
13–17.2.3.1 Ruth (Meley Mulugetta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
13–17.2.3.2 Canticles (Steve Delamarter, Ralph Lee, Curt Niccum &
Melaku Terefe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

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13–17.2.3.3 Qoheleth (Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

13–17.2.3.4 Lamentations (Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
13–17.2.3.5 Esther (Veronika Bachmann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
13–17.2.4 Late Syriac Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
13–17.2.4.1 Ruth (Michael G. Wechsler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
13–17.2.4.2 Canticles (Peter J. Gentry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
13–17.2.4.3 Qoheleth (Peter J. Gentry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
13–17.2.4.4 Lamentations (Claudio Balzaretti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
13–17.2.4.5 Esther (Michael G. Wechsler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
13–17.2.5 Armenian Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
13–17.2.5.1 Ruth (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
13–17.2.5.2 Canticles (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
13–17.2.5.3 Qohelet (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
13–17.2.5.4 Lamentations (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
13–17.2.5.5 Esther (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
13–17.2.6 Georgian Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
13–17.2.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
13–17.2.8 Arabic Translations (Ronny Vollandt & Miriam Lindgren Hjälm) . . . . . . . . . . . 506

13–17.3 Medieval Text of mt (Elvira Martín-Contreras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

18 Daniel

18.1 Textual History of Daniel (Daniel Olariu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

18.2 Ancient Hebrew-Aramaic Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

18.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
18.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Michael Segal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
18.2.3 Other Texts (Michael Segal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

18.3 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

18.3.1 Septuagint (D. Amara) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
18.3.2 Other Greek Versions Prior to the Hexapla (Jason T. Parry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
18.3.3 Peshitta (Richard A. Taylor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
18.3.4 Hexapla (Jason T. Parry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
18.3.5 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Jason T. Parry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
18.3.6 Vulgate (Michael Graves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
18.3.7 Arabic Translations (Miriam Lindgren Hjälm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

18.4 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

18.4.1 Vetus Latina (José Manuel Cañas Reíllo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
18.4.2 Coptic Translations (Sofia Torallas Tovar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
18.4.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) (Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
18.4.4 Late Syriac Translations (Richard A. Taylor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
18.4.5 Armenian Translations (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
18.4.6 Georgian Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

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18.4.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

18.4.8 Arabic Translations (Miriam Lindgren Hjälm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

19 Ezra–Nehemiah

19.1 Textual History of Ezra–Nehemiah (Lisbeth Fried) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

19.2 Ancient Hebrew-Aramaic Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610

19.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
19.2.2 Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (David Marcus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

19.3 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

19.3.1 Septuagint (Zipora Talshir) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
19.3.2 Other Greek Versions Prior to the Hexapla (Jason T. Parry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
19.3.3 Peshitta (Claudio Balzaretti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
19.3.4 Hexapla (Jason T. Parry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
19.3.5 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Matthew M. Dickie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
19.3.6 Vulgate (Edmon L. Gallagher) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
19.3.7 Arabic Translations (Meira Polliack, Meirav Nadler-Akirav & Yair Zoran) . . . . . . . . . 634

19.4 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

19.4.1 Vetus Latina (Bonifatia Gesche) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
19.4.2 Coptic Translations (Frank Feder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
19.4.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) (Curt Niccum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
19.4.4 Late Syriac Translations (Claudio Balzaretti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
19.4.5 Armenian Translations (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
19.4.6 Georgian Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
19.4.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
19.4.8 Arabic Translations (Ronny Vollandt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

20 1–2 Chronicles

20.1 Textual History of Chronicles (Andrés Piquer Otero) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

20.2 Ancient Hebrew Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

20.2.1 Ancient Manuscript Evidence (Armin Lange) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
20.2.2 (Proto-)Masoretic Texts and Ancient Texts Close to mt (Mika Pajunen) . . . . . . . . . . 665

20.3 Primary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

20.3.1 Septuagint (Gary N. Knoppers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
20.3.2 Pre-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
20.3.3 Targum (Leeor Gottlieb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
20.3.4 Peshitta (David Phillips) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
20.3.5 Hexaplaric Greek Translations (John D. Meade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
20.3.6 Post-Hexaplaric Greek Translations (Matthew M. Dickie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
20.3.7 Vulgate (Edmon L. Gallagher) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
20.3.8 Arabic Translations (Polliack, Meira) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

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contents of thb volume 1c xiii

20.4 Secondary Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

20.4.1 Vetus Latina (José Manuel Cañas Reíllo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
20.4.2 Coptic Translations (Frank Feder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
20.4.3 Ethiopic Translation(s) (Steve Delamarter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
20.4.4 Late Syriac Translations (David Phillips) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
20.4.5 Armenian Translations (Peter Cowe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
20.4.6 Georgian Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
20.4.7 Old Church Slavonic Translations (Alessandro Maria Bruni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
20.4.8 Arabic Translations (Miriam Lindgren Hjälm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

10–20.1 Ketuvim: The Medieval text of mt (Elvira Martín-Contreras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714

21 The Biblical Text as Attested in Ancient Literature

21.1 Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha (Michael Segal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

21.1.1 Jubilees (Michael Segal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
21.1.2 Pseudo-Philo (Howard Jacobson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

21.2 Qumran Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726

21.2.1 Exegetical Compositions (Alex P. Jassen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
21.2.2 Rewritten Bible/Parabiblical texts (Molly Zahn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

21.3 Josephus (Paul Spilsbury) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

21.4 Philo (James R. Royse) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741

21.5 New Testament (Peter Rodgers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747

21.6 Rabbinic Literature (Assaf Rosen-Zvi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

21.7 Greek Church Fathers (Reinhart Ceulemans) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755

21.8 Latin Church Fathers (Michael Graves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759

21.9 Syriac Church Fathers (Yifat Monnickendam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

21.10 Coptic Church Fathers (Anne Boud’hors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768

Addenda & Corrigenda to Volumes 1a and 1b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

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13–17.1.4 Peshitta 409

Brady, C.M.M., The Rabbinic Targum of Lamentations: Shinan, A., The Aggadah in the Aramaic Targums to the
Vindicating God (Studies in the Aramaic Interpreta- Pentateuch (2 vols.; Jerusalem: Makor, 1979), 30–38
tion of Scripture 3; Leiden: Brill, 2003). [Hebr. with Eng. abstract].
Brady, C.M.M., “The Use of ‘Eschatological Lists’ within Sperber, A., The Hagiographa: Transition from Transla-
the Targumim of the Megilloth,” jsj 40 (2009): 493– tion to Midrash (vol. 4a of Sperber, *Bible in Aramaic,
509. 1992).
Churgin, P., Targum Ketuvim (New York: Ḥorev, 1945). Stemberger, G., “Die Megillot als Festlesungen der jüdi-
Online: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3379249. schen Liturgie,” in Das Fest: Jenseits des Alltags (eds.
*Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon. Online: http://cal1.cn I. Baldermann et al.; Jahrbuch für biblische Theologie
.huc.edu. 18; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchner, 2003), 261–76.
Cook, E.M., “Qumran Aramaic and Aramaic Dialectol- Taradach, M. and J. Ferrer, Un targum de Qohélet: Ms.
ogy,” in Studies in Qumran Aramaic (ed. T. Muraoka; m-2 de Salamanca, editio princeps: texte araméen,
AbrNSup 3; Leuven: Peeters, 1992), 1–21. traduction et commentaire critique (Geneva: Labor et
Cook, E.M., “Aramaic Language and Literature,” oeane Fides, 1998).
1:178–84. Treat, J.C., The Aramaic Targum to Song of Songs. Online:
Díez Merino, L., Targum de Qohelet: Edición príncipe del http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~jtreat/song/targum/.
Ms. Villa-Amil n. 5 de Alfonso de Zamora (Bibliotheca
Christian Brady
hispana biblica 13; Madrid: Consejo Superior de In-
vestigaciones Científicas Instituto “Francisco Suárez,”
1987). 13–17.1.4 Peshitta
Ego, B., Targum Scheni zu Ester: Übersetzung, Kommen-
tar und theologische Deutung (tsaj 54; Tübingen: 13–17.1.4.1 Ruth
J.C.B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1996). 13–17.1.4.1.1 Background
Ego, B., “God as the Ruler of History: Main Thematic Translated by the end of the second century c.e.,
Motifs of the Interpretation of Megillat Esther in the original text of the Peshiṭta version of Ruth (s-
Targum Sheni,” Journal for the Aramaic Bible 2 (2000): Ruth) – as far as such can be retrieved – represents
189. a generally faithful rendering of the Hebrew text as
Grossfeld, B., The Two Targums of Esther (ArBib 18;
represented by mt (→ 13.2.2); relatively minor ad-
Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1991).
van der Heide, A., The YemeniteTradition of the Targum of
justments away from a strictly “literal” rendering
Lamentations: Critical Text and Analysis of the Variant are evident throughout, attesting a consistent over-
Readings (StPB 32; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981). arching desire to produce a version of the book that
Houtman, A., “Targum Isaiah According to Felix Praten- is both conceptually and idiomatically comprehen-
sis,” Journal for the Aramaic Bible 1 (1999): 191–202. sible to the Syriac reader as well as in which any
Knobel, P.S., The Targum of Qohelet (ArBib 15; Col- semantic difficulties in the Hebrew Vorlage are re-
legeville: Liturgical Press, 1991). solved. At several points, the translator(s) appear to
Levey, S.H., “The Targum to the Book of Ruth: Its Linguis- have taken recourse to lxx (→ 13–17.1.1.1), and in at
tic and Exegetical Character: Togetherwith a Discus- least two instances (ad Ruth 1:21 and 2:4; see below)
sion of the Date, a Study of the Sources, and an Id-
their word choice may suggest Jewish exegetical in-
iomatic English Translation” (Ordination Thesis, He-
brew Union College, 1934).
fluence.
Levine, É., Aramaic Version of Ruth (Rome: Biblical
Institute Press, 1973). 13–17.1.4.1.2 Text and Editions
Levine, É., The Targum to the Five Megillot: Codex Vatican As of 2016, the book of Ruth has not yet appeared in
Urbinati i (Jerusalem: Makor, 1977). the Peshiṭta Institute’s Vetus Testamentum Syriace
Melamed, R.H., “The Targum to Canticles according to (Leiden: Brill, 1977–); it is expected to be published
Six Yemen Mss. Compared with the ‘Textus Receptus’ before too long, thus fulfilling the urgent deside-
(Ed. de Lagarde),” jqr New Series 10 (1919–1920): ratum for a critical edition of this first in the se-
377–410; 11 (1920–1921): 1–20; and 12 (1921–1922): 57– ries of four books otherwise comprising the Syr-
118.
iac canonical subdivision known as “The Book of

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410 13–17.1 primary translations

Women.”1 The editio princeps of s-Ruth was pub- Mosul (1887),9 which were based generally (i.e., for
lished in Le Jay’s “Paris Polyglot” of 1645,2 based the Bible overall) on more reliable East Syriac wit-
primarily on manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque na- nesses; yet because these manuscripts are unspec-
tionale syr. 6 (Ancien fonds 1 = s17a5), a relatively ified, and the method of their editing clearly un-
late (seventeenth century) and textually unreliable critical, the text-critical value of these editions is
West Syriac witness.3 This initial edition of Ruth insignificant.10 The two giant steps that have been
was subsequently reproduced without any signifi- taken so far towards the presentation of a criti-
cant improvement by Walton (1655),4 Lee (1823),5 cal edition of s-Ruth (aside from the preparatory
and Hübsch (1866; in vocalized Hebrew transcrip- work currently being undertaken by the Peshiṭta
tion),6 though Walton did take the significant, al- Institute) are: 1) Ceriani’s publication in 1883 of the
beit small, first step towards a critical presenta- second volume of his photolithographic reproduc-
tion of s-Ruth by including Herbert Thorndike’s tion of ms b. 21 Inferiore of the Ambrosian Library
scanty collation of variant readings (accompanied (Milan),11 containing the oldest complete witness
by a few brief text-critical comments) drawn from to s-Ruth (on folios 213r–214r);12 and 2) Diettrich’s
two manuscripts furnished respectively by James publication in 1902 of a collation of all the vari-
Ussher and Edward Pococke.7 The text of s-Ruth ant readings in Ruth attested in five manuscripts
appeared again in the editions of Urmia (1852)8 and dating from the ninth to the twelfth centuries.13
Additional, potentially significant testimony to the
1 I.e., Ruth, Susanna (→ ii.3.3), Esther (→ 13–17.1.4.5), and text of s-Ruth are the quotations in pre-modern
Judith (→ ii.9.4), the order generally attested in those manu- Syriac literature (→ 21.9), first and foremost in ex-
scripts (originally) containing the complete Peshiṭta Old Tes- egetical works containing specific treatments of
tament as well as in the separate Book of Women represented
by the important early manuscript London, British Library the book, such as the commentary of Ishoʿdad of
Add. 14,652 (Peshiṭta Institute no. 6f1; the other separate Book Merv,14 the scholia of Gregory (Abu ʾl-Faraj) Barhe-
of Women represented by manuscript Add. 14,447 [s10f1] of
the same library lacks Ruth, strangely); see the Peshiṭta Insti- 狏‫ܐܝ‬犯‫ ܥܒ‬爯‫ ܕܡ‬焏‫ܫܩ‬熏‫[ ܘܦ‬Vetus Testamentum Syriace et
tute’s List of Old Testament Peshiṭta Manuscripts (Leiden: Brill, Neosyriace], 325–30.
1961), passim, and the supplement in vt 18 (1968): 130–32; and 9 Biblia sacra juxta versionem simplicem quae dicitur Ps-
Haelewyck, “Le canon de l’ Ancien Testament,” 147. chitta, vol. 1, 358–63.
2 Le Jay, *Biblia. While almost all the books of the Peshiṭta 10 See, e.g., the assessments of Bloch, “The Printed Texts,”
included therein were prepared by the Maronite Gabriel 140–42, and Haefeli, Die Peschitta des Alten Testamentes, 66–
Sionita, s-Ruth was prepared by the Maronite Abraham Ecche- 70.
lensis (see Bloch, “The Printed Texts,” 136, n. 4). 11 A.M. Ceriani, Translatio Syra Pescitto Veteris Testamenti ex
3 See Bloch, “The Printed Texts,” 137–38. codice Ambrosiano sec. fere vi, photolithographice edita, vol. 2,
4 This is the date given in the colophon of vol. 2 of Walton, Epistola Jeremiae–ad finem (Monumenta sacra et profana 6;
*Polyglotta, in which s-Ruth appeared, pp. 181–93. Milan: Impensis Bibliothecae Ambrosianae, 1883).
5 S. Lee (ed.), Vetus Testamentum Syriace: Eos tantum libros 12 One possibly earlier witness to the text of s-Ruth is
sistens qui in canone hebraico habentur, ordine vero, quoad contained in manuscript London, British Library Add. 14,652
fieri potuit, apud Syros usitato dispositos (London: British and (= s6f1), folios 8r–24v, though the text of Ruth 4:11–22 is
Foreign Bible Society, 1823), 477–80. missing. Aside from these two, forty-seven additional man-
6 A. Hübsch, Die fünf Megilloth nebst dem syrischen Thar- uscript witnesses to s-Ruth are enumerated in the Peshiṭta
gum genannt “Peschito”: Zum ersten Male in hebräischer Qua- Institute’s List of Old Testament Peshiṭta Manuscripts, 104–
dratschrift mit Interpunktation edirt, ferner mit einem … Kom- 5, with eleven more manuscript witnesses being identi-
mentare zum Thargum, mit sprachlichen Erläuterungen, Nach- fied in subsequent “Communications of the Peshiṭta In-
weisungen der verschiedenen Lesarten, Vergleichung mit an- stitute” published in Vetus Testamentum (i.e., manuscripts
dern alten Versionen, Erklärungen vieler thalmudischer und s8g1, 10c4, 14c2, 14h1, 15a3, 16a1, 17m1, 19a1–4; see vt 18 [1968]: 142; 27
midraschischer Wörter und Sätze u. s. w. (Prague: Druck von [1977]: 509; 31 [1981]: 358).
Senders und Brandeis, 1866), 1a–9a [Hebr.]. 13 Diettrich, “Die Massora der östlichen und westlichen
7 In Walton, *Polyglotta, vol. 6 (dated 1657), 21–22. For a Syrer.” The five manuscripts are s9m1, 10m3, 11m2, 11m5, 12m2.
critique of this collation, however, see Bloch, “The Printed 14 In van den Eynde (ed.), Commentaire d’ Išoʿdad de Merv
Texts,” 138 and the additional literature there cited. sur l’ Ancien Testament, 224–33; C. van den Eynde (trans.),
8 狏‫ܝ‬焏‫ܪܝ‬熏‫ ܣ‬:‫ܐ‬狏‫ܝܩ‬狏‫ ܥ‬焏‫ܩ‬狏‫ܗ ܕܕܝ‬ ̄ 焏‫ܝܫ‬煟‫ ܩ‬焏‫ܒ‬狏‫ܟ‬ Commentaire d’ Išoʿdad de Merv sur l’ Ancien Testament, Vol. 3.2:

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13–17.1.4 Peshitta 411

braeus,15 the anonymous East Syrian commentary reader with a semantically precise and logical text
in manuscript Diyarb.-Mos. 13 of the Chaldean Pa- in which any ambiguities or difficulties in the He-
triarchate of Mosul,16 and the anonymous East Syr- brew Vorlage have been resolved.20 Hence, in addi-
ian scholia (viz., glossary of difficult words) edited tion to more intuitive – and, indeed, grammatically
by Hoffmann.17 requisite – adjustments, such as in the gender of
verbs (e.g., ad Ruth 1:8: 爯‫ܬܝ‬煟‫“ ܥܒ‬you have dealt,”
13–17.1.4.1.3 Translation Character18 fem. pl., over against mt ‫ֲﬠִשׂיֶתם‬, masc. pl.) and
s-Ruth has been considered paraphrastic by previ- pronominal suffixes (e.g., ad Ruth 1:8: 爯‫“ ܥܡܟܝ‬with
ous scholars,19 yet this assessment, in our view, is you,” fem. pl., over against mt ‫ִﬠָמֶּכם‬, masc. pl.; Ruth
not quite fair. Generally speaking, the Syriac text – 1:13: ‫ܘܢ‬煿‫“ ܠ‬for them,” masc. pl., over against mt
as represented by manuscript s7a1 and the colla- ‫ָלֵהן‬, fem. pl.), the Syriac text also exhibits one-to-
tion of Diettrich – represents a close and faithful one specification (i.e., adopting a more specific lex-
rendering of the Hebrew text as attested by mt eme where such may be reasonably inferred from
(→ 13.2.2). Any deviations from a strictly “literal” the semantic range of a more general Hebrew lex-
rendering do not, for the most part, introduce abso- eme, as ad Ruth 3:3:21 ‫ܝ‬狏‫“ ܘܐܨܛܒ‬and adorn your-
lutely “extraneous” information, but rather reflect self” over against mt ‫“ ְוַשְׂמְתּ‬and put on”), minimal
the consistently applied strictures of good Syriac expansion (likewise for the sake of specification
idiom and style, as well as the desire to present the
̈
or explanation, as ad Ruth 1:8: 營‫ܘܢ ܒܢ‬煿‫ ܬܖܝ‬爟‫ܥ‬
̈
‫ܘ‬狏‫“ ܕܡܝ‬with my two sons who died” over against
Livres des sessions (csco 230/Syr. 97; Louvain: Peeters, 1963), mt ‫“ ִﬠם־ַהֵמִּתים‬with the dead” [masc. pl.]), and con-
267–76. densation or reductive substitution (as ad Ruth 1:7:
15 Assuming that his scholia on Ruth – which, being so far
unedited, we have not personally examined – are introduced 爯‫ܗܝ‬犯‫ ܕܡܥܡ‬焏‫“ ܐܪܥ‬the land of their sojourning”
by biblical citations, in keeping with his practice when intro- over against mt ‫“ ַהָמּקוֹם ֲאֶשׁר ָה ְיָתה־ָ֔שָׁמּה‬the place
ducing scholia on other books. The one brief scholium on Ruth where she was,” in the rendering of which s-Ruth
offered by Theodore bar Koni contains no biblical citation; see also attests specification [i.e., “land” for “place”] and
A. Scher (ed.), Theodorus bar Kōnī: Liber scholiorum, pars prior
(csco 55/Syr. 2.65; Paris: e Typographeo Reipublicae, 1910),
contextual one-to-one substitution [i.e., fem. pl. for
359. fem. sg.]).
16 See the description of van den Eynde (trans.), Commen- More substantive adjustments than the afore-
taire d’ Išoʿdad de Merv, xxxv–xxxvi. mentioned are relatively few, and in almost every
17 In G. Hoffmann, Opuscula nestoriana (Paris: Maison-
instance they reflect a desire to avoid ambiguity
neuve et soc., 1880), 85–122. The scholia on Ruth are on 99
(l. 22)–100 (l. 2), the citations being: 營‫ܟ‬狏‫“ ܝܒܡ‬your sister- and/or maintain logical consistency with the per-
in-law” (Ruth 1:15 [bis]), ‫ܗ‬煟‫ ܚܣ‬犯‫(“ ܐܥܒ‬who) has (not) re- ceived context, as in the omission in Ruth 2:13 of
moved his kindness” (Ruth 2:20), ‫ܢ ܗܘ‬狏‫ܡ‬熏‫“ ܡܚܟ‬he is our the negative particle (s-Ruth: “I shall be as one
kinsman” (Ruth 3:2), and 營‫ܟ‬煟‫“ ܚܣ‬your kindness” (Ruth 3:10). of your servants,” over against the contextually in-
The published editions agree with all of these (though we
have been unable to check the Paris Polyglot), with the ex-
consistent reading of ‫ ְוָאֹנִכי ל ֹא ֶאְה ֶיה וכו׳‬as “and I
ception of manuscript s7a1 ad Ruth 3:2, which has the clearly
erroneous form ‫ܢ‬狏‫ܡ‬熏‫ܒܚܟ‬. The anonymous Syriac chronicle
edited by J.-B. Chabot (Chronicon ad annum Christi 1234 per- 20 On this perspective of the translation technique in the
tinent [csco 81 Syr. 36; Paris: Gabalda, 1920]) also contains the Peshiṭta generally and the text of Ruth in particular, see
complete text of Ruth (on which see M.D. Koster, “Peshitta In- Weitzman, The Syriac Version of the Old Testament, 15–62, and
stitute Communications ii: Second Supplement of the List of in particular the examples from Ruth on pp. 23, 28, 34, and
the Old Testament Peshitta Manuscripts,” vt 12 [1962]: 237–40 121 (from which several of our own following examples are
[237–38]). derived).
18 All citations from the text of s-Ruth are from Ceriani’s 21 So, as in all the printed editions, whereas in manuscript
photolithographic edition of manuscript s7a1, unless otherwise s7a1: 狏‫“ ܘܐܨܛܒ‬and adorn yourself,” from which the omission
indicated. of the silent yod (‫ )ܝ‬is not necessarily an error (see T. Noldeke,
19 See Haefeli, Die Peschitta des Alten Testamentes, 28, and Compendious Syriac Grammar [trans. J.A. Chrichton; London:
the sources cited there. Williams & Norgate, 1904], § 50b).

For use by the Author only | © 2017 Koninklijke Brill NV

412 13–17.1 primary translations

shall not be,”22 etc.), the addition in Ruth 3:15, 17 of elders of my people who are seated”). Rather than
“measures” (爯‫ )ܟܝܠܝ‬and in Ruth 2:8 of the phrase representing double renderings by the translator(s),
“in a proverb” (焏‫ܠ‬狏‫)ܒܡ‬,23 and the expansion- however, these doublets may well reflect scribal in-
substitution in Ruth 1:22 of the seemingly redun- terpolation of alternative renderings either drawn
dant phrase ‫“( ַהָשָּׁבה ִמְשּׂ ֵדי מוָֹאב‬who returned from from the margins of their Syriac exemplar(s) or as
the countryside of Moab”; s-Ruth: “who consented known to them from other sources.25
wholeheartedly to return [燿‫ܦ‬煿‫ ]ܠܡ‬with her, and The translator(s) also appear to have taken spo-
they came [‫ܐܬܝ‬ ̈ ] from the land of Moab”). The- radic recourse to lxx (→ 13–17.1.1.1), as, e.g., in the
ological sensitivity also seems to have had some rendering of ‫“ שער‬gate” by ‫ܐ‬狏‫ܒ‬犯‫“ ܫ‬tribe” (corre-
influence on the Syriac translator(s), as in the sub- sponding to φυλή in lxx) in Ruth 3:11 and 4:1026 but
stitution at Ruth 1:15 of “the house of her people” not in Ruth 4:1 and 11 (rendered literally by s 焏‫ܬܪܥ‬
(煿̇‫ ܐܢ̈ܫܝ‬狏‫ )ܒܝ‬for “her gods” (mt ‫ – )ֱאֹלֶהיָה‬appar- and lxx πύλη), and, ad Ruth 4:15, in the rendering
ently to avoid the notion that Orpah was still a 營‫ܟ‬狏‫ܝܢ‬煟‫“ ܡ‬your city,” where mt has ‫“ ֵשׂיָבֵתְך‬your old
pagan – and at Ruth 2:4 of “Peace be with you” age,” reasonably suggesting the misreading of lxx
(‫ܢ‬熏‫ ܥܡܟ‬焏‫ )ܫܠܡ‬for “The Lord be with you” (mt πολιάν as πόλιν.27 A thorough assessment of lxx
‫) ְיה ָוה ִﬠָמֶּכם‬, in all likelihood reflecting both contem- influence on s-Ruth must, nonetheless, await the
porary aversion to the use of the divine name in publication of a proper critical edition of the latter
casual greeting as well as the early rabbinic tradi- (→ 1.3.4.9).
tion identifying “Peace” as a valid substitute.24 In
at least two instances, moreover, the extant text of 13–17.1.4.1.4 Text-Critical Value
s-Ruth attests a doublet, i.e., ad Ruth 1:13 (“for it The text of s-Ruth as represented by manuscript
is very embittering to me on your account and it s7a1 and the collation of Diettrich offer no clear
is more bitter for me than for you”) and ad Ruth evidence of a consonantal Hebrew Vorlage that –
4:4 (“I said, ‘I will open your ears and say to you: notwithstanding non-semantic orthographic dif-
“Make the purchase in the presence of these who ferences – was any different from that repre-
are seated!” ’ and I have presented myself to speak sented by mt (→ 13.2.2). Of the twelve Ketiv-Qere
and to make the purchase in the presence of these distinctions in mt-Ruth, s-Ruth supports seven
(i.e., ad Ruth 3:3 [bis], 4, 5, 12,28 17; 4:5) and of-
fers no evidence either way for the remaining
22 Such appears to be the illogical alternative as perceived
five (i.e., ad Ruth 1:8; 2:1; 3:14; 4:4, 6). In no in-
by the translator(s) of s-Ruth; the Hebrew text can also be
understood in the contextually consistent sense: “though I am stance, however, can one infer consonantal sup-
not as one of your maidservants.”
23 Weitzman (The Syriac Version, 34–35) considers this an 25 See J. Perles, Meletemata peschitthoniana (Breslau:
example of “faulty translation,” yet it seems to us just as W. Friedrich, 1859), 10–11.
reasonable – if not more so – to view this as an instance 26 In this instance ‫ܐ‬狏‫ܒ‬犯‫“ ܫ‬tribe” also appears to encom-
wherein the translator(s) sought to resolve a Biblical Hebrew pass the following nomen rectum ‫“ מקום‬place”; this broader
idiom that, if translated literally, would have made little or no substitution is also attested in several minor lxx witnesses
sense to the Syriac reader. (contra the majority rendering of ‫“ מקום‬place” by either λαοῦ
24 See b. t. Šabb. 10b and Maimonides’ comment on m. “people” or τόπου “place”; see Brooke–McLean, *The Old Testa-
Ber. 9:5. In this instance we take a decidedly contrary view ment in Greek, Part 4: Joshua, Judges, Ruth [1917], ad loc.).
to that of Weitzman (“From Judaism to Christianity,” 159; The 27 See Abramowski, “Eine spätsyrische Überlieferung des
Syriac Version, 238), who cites m. Ber. 9:5 as proof that the Buches Ruth,” 14–17; Weitzman, “From Judaism to Christianity,”
Syriac translator(s) here adopted a rendering that was clearly 159; Weitzman, The Syriac Version, 71–72.
“sectarian” and forbidden by the rabbis. Yet this is a far too 28 With respect to this instance we are somewhat tentative;
narrow reading of the mishnaic passage, for at no point therein we have included it insofar as the text of v. 12a in s-Ruth reads
do the rabbis actually forbid the substitution of “Peace” for affirmatively, which may correspond to the omission of ‫אם‬, yet
the divine name; the validity of this substitution is in fact s-Ruth offers no clear equivalent of the preceding ‫כי‬, and it
borne out by, inter alia, the aforecited talmudic tradition and may be that the translator(s) simply ignored the troublesome
Maimonides’ comment ad loc. collocation ‫(“ כי אם‬but) rather” entirely.

For use by the Author only | © 2017 Koninklijke Brill NV

13–17.1.4 Peshitta 413

port for the Qere in the Hebrew Vorlage of s- Weitzman, M.P., The Syriac Version of the Old Testament
Ruth, since all of those readings that support (University of Cambridge Oriental Publications 56;
the Qere are reasonably implied by either con- Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
text (Ruth 3:3 [bis], 4, 12; 4:5) or normative id- Michael G. Wechsler
iom (Ruth 3:5, 17). At least one possible vocaliza-
tion variant, on the other hand, is suggested by 13–17.1.4.2 Canticles
the rendering of ‫ שדי‬in Ruth 1:21 as 焏‫ ܕ̇ܡܛ‬爯‫̇ܡ‬ 13–17.1.4.2.1 Manuscripts of s-Cant
‫ܘܗܝ‬煟̈‫ܝ‬焏‫“ ܒ‬The One who is Sufficient” (= ‫ֶשׁ ַדּי‬ The oldest manuscript of s-Cant is manuscript s6h17
over against mt ‫“ ַשׁ ַדּי‬The Almighty”), which may (sixth century c.e.). This manuscript, together with
well have been influenced by the lxx rendering the complete Bibles, s7a1 and s8a1, probably pre-
ὁ ἱκανός “the Sufficient One,” if not also by the early serves the oldest stage of the text to which we can
rabbinic tradition regarding this divine title as at- gain access. The majority text or textus receptus,
tested in (inter alia) Gen. Rab. 46.3.29 which is later, is attested by a large number of man-
uscripts of the Nestorian tradition, the best repre-
Abramowski, R., “Eine spätsyrische Überlieferung des sentatives of which are manuscripts s9c1, 9h1, 10c1, 11c1
Buches Ruth,” in In piam memoriam Alexander von (ninth through eleventh centuries c.e.). Many of
Bulmerincq: Gedenkschrift zum 5. Juni 1938, dem sieb- these manuscripts bring together the collection
zigsten Geburtstage des am 29. März 1938 Entschlafe- of books known as Beth Mawtebhe “Book of Ses-
nen, dargebracht von einem Kreise von Freunden und sions” (c in the nomenclature of the Peshitta In-
Kollegen (Abhandlungen der Herder-Gesellschaft
stitute): Joshua, Judges, 1–2 Samuel, 1–2 Kings (→ 3–
und des Herder-Instituts zu Riga 6.3; Riga: Ernst
Plates, 1938), 7–19. 5.1.4), Proverbs (→ 12.3.4), Qohelet (→ 13–17.1.4.3),
Bloch, J., “The Printed Texts of the Peshitta Old Testa- Ruth (→ 13–17.1.4.1), Canticles, Sirach (→ 11.4.4), and
ment,” ajsl 37 (1921): 136–44. Job (→ 11.3.4). s-Cant is not preserved in s9a1, which
Diettrich, G., “Die Massora der östlichen und westlichen is important for other books due to the uniqueness
Syrer in ihren Angaben zum Buche Ruth nach fünf of its variants.
Handschriften,” zaw 22 (1902): 193–201.
van den Eynde, C. (ed.), Commentaire d’ Išoʿdad de Merv 13–17.1.4.2.2 Critical Edition
sur l’ Ancien Testament, Vol. 3.1: Livres des sessions The critical edition of s-Cant is found in Vol. 2.5 of
(csco 229/Scriptores syri 96; Louvain: Peeters, 1962). the collection The Old Testament in Syriac accord-
Haefeli, L., Die Peschitta des Alten Testamentes: Mit Rück-
ing to the Peshitta,1 published by the Peshitta Insti-
sicht auf ihre textkritische Bearbeitung und Heraus-
gabe (ata 11.1; Münster i. W.: Aschendorff, 1927).
tute. Its editors are J.A. Emerton and D.J. Lane. It is
Haelewyck, J.-C., “Le canon de l’ Ancien Testament dans a diplomatic edition of manuscript s7a1, accompa-
la tradition syriaque (manuscrits bibliques, listes nied by a critical apparatus that takes into account
canoniques, auteurs),” in L’ Ancien Testament en syr- the manuscripts prior to the twelfth century.
iaque (eds. F. Briquel Chatonnet and P. Le Moigne; Dirksen has offered a series of corrigenda et ad-
Études syriaques 5; Paris: Geuthner, 2008), 141–71. denda to the critical edition of s-Cant on the ba-
Janichs, G., Animadversiones criticae in versionem syr- sis of a study of the Syriac manuscripts.2 In ad-
iacam Peschitthonianam librorum Koheleth et Ruth dition, he presents seven variants that are found
(Leipzig: Sumptibus H. Skutsch, 1869). in the critical apparatus and which should be pre-
Weitzman, M.P., “From Judaism to Christianity: The
ferred to the main text of the edition: Cant 1:7
Syriac Version of the Hebrew Bible,” in The Jews
among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire
(焏‫“ ܘܐܝܟ‬and where”); Cant 2:5 (營‫ܢ‬熏‫“ ܣܡܟ‬sus-
(eds. J. Lieu, J. North, and T. Rajak; London: Routledge, tain me”); Cant 2:8 (‫“ ܐܬܐ‬he comes”); Cant 2:15
1992), 147–73. (‫ܕܘ‬熏‫“ ܐܚ‬catch”); Cant 5:4 (熏‫“ ܓܠ‬are moved”); Cant

1 Emerton and Lane, Canticles.

29 Cf. Weitzman, The Syriac Version, 51, 70, 121. 2 Dirksen, “The Peshitta Text of Song of Songs,” 171–83.

For use by the Author only | © 2017 Koninklijke Brill NV