Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Expressions of Social Criticism on Short Stories

of Bromo Writing Camp Participants: Sociology
of Literature Perspective
Edi Dwi Riyanto1, Mochtar Lutfi2
Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga1,2

Abstract:- This study aims to find aspects of social Nowadays, many litterateurs use social problems as a
criticism in a collection of literary works at the Bromo basic theme in literature work. This problem pours into a
Writing Camp workshop held by the magister literary social critism of the realities that occur in people's lives. For
and cultural studies program at Airlangga university. instance, we can see on short story collection of workshop
The research problem is to find and describe the forms participants that have collected on “Bromo Writing Camp”.
of social criticism found in selected literary works at the
Bromo Writing Camp workshop. The method used in The short story is one of the literary works in the form
analyzing the short story is a qualitative descriptive of prose that presents certain aspects of life in society. The
method using the sociology of literature approach. From short story is an image of a society expressed in an article as
the 20 manuscripts, we chose four manuscripts as objects a humanitarian issue, love, hope, protest, social inequality,
of research to be analyzed for the themes and content of religiosity, etc. (Asrul& Asri, 2019). The authors discuss the
the manuscripts. The four manuscripts found different social problems of their people in language packages, either
forms of social criticism related to the fading of cultural directly or indirectly. The indirect depiction of a
values as national identity, gender inequality, poverty phenomenon in a literary work can be understood through
and social exclusion, deviations of social norms and its intrinsic elements.
moral values norms, and moral values.
Based on the explanation above, the problem that is
I. INTRODUCTION the focus of this research is to reveal the social criticism
reflected in the short story script of the participants of the
Literature as a work of art cannot separate itself from Bromo Writing Camp workshop. The problems that
the background of the author and the socio-cultural researchers want to explain in the short story compilation
conditions in which the literary work was born. Literature is include: (1). What is the author trying to describe in his
a social phenomenon related to aspects of the author, the literary work? and (2). What kind of social criticism is
reader, and human life. The literary work becomes the depicted in the literary work?
author's tool for expressing his attitude and reaction to the
social conditions in which it exists (Abubakar et al., 2022). The sociology of literature is a theoretical approach
Literature is written with full appreciation and a touch of the used to answer these questions. The sociology of literature is
soul which is then packaged into a deep imagination about a specialized area of study that focuses on the relation
life. Many authors are inspired by the realities of people's between a literary work and the social structure in which it
lives in writing literary works. According to (Wellek& is created (Meyliana, 2019). A sociological approach is
Warren, 1956), the nature of literature presents the most needed to find the phenomenon of social reality in short
common approach to the relation between literature and stories. Wellek and Werren (1956) suggest three
society. So it can be said that exploring a literary work is the classifications of the sociology of literature: the sociology of
same as exploring a social life. Thus, literary works were the author, the sociology of work, and the sociology of the
used initially as a medium of entertainment, but recently reader. Concerning sociology or the science that discusses
literary works also functioned to criticize social problems. society, Swingewood (1987) formulates three concepts in
the literary work approach, namely: literature as sociological
One of the most powerful communication media in documentation, literature seen from the author's process of
conveying social problems is literary works. Through making a literary work, and literature concerning history or
literary works, social problems that occur in society are public acceptance of literary works at a certain period. By
described in various ways, ranging from giving satire, observing a literary work, we will encounter various social
sarcasm, and cynicism to irony. This is what is called social problems that can be raised as a form of social criticism.
criticism. Social criticism is a topic that is often discussed
and analysed in literary work. It can be concluded that social Based on the explanation above, the problem that is
criticism is a form of social sensitivity that covers several the focus of this research is to reveal the social criticism
aspects of life, such as politics, economics, society, and reflected in the short story script of the participants of the
culture. The authors are expected to be able to insert the Bromo Writing Camp workshop. The problems that
values of life that they want to convey to their readers. By researchers want to explain in the short story compilation
inserting social criticism into literary works, we can include: (1). What is the author trying to describe in his
distribute the moral values contained so that they can be literary work? and (2). What kind of social criticism is
used as life lessons and social control. depicted in the literary work?

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK in society. In this case, social criticism acts as a reference to
improve the social values that exist in society. In other
A. Sociology of Literature words, social criticism must be based on prevailing social
Ritzer (1975) defines sociology as a multi-paradigm norms and rules (Abar, 1997).
social science. He further interprets the paradigm as a whole
picture of the subject matter in science. The basic In line with this, Walzer (1985) views social criticism
description determines what should be studied, what as best understood as a critical interpretation. As stated in
questions should be asked, how the questions should be the word 'social', social criticism is a social activity, which
asked, and what rules should be followed in interpreting the has a different meaning from the word 'self' in 'self-criticism'
answers obtained. The paradigm is the broadest unit of (Walzer, 1985). This means that social criticism represents a
consensus within science and serves to distinguish one collective reflection on the collective problems of society.
scientific community or sub-community from another. Through social critics, social criticism is conveyed. Social
According to Ritzer (1975), the scientific paradigm has four critics intend to "express people's deepest feelings about
main components: Exemplars, Image of the Subject Matter, how they should live" (Barry, 1990). In delivering his
Theories and Methods, and Instruments. critique, Walzer (1985) argues that social critics must meet
two prerequisites: first, the critic must be free from
The Sociology of Literature was born with many emotional attachments, and apart from the intimacy of
paradigms that can be used in sociology. Sociology of membership that follows the moral compass of the group, in
Literature is a branch of sociology that is married to order to produce impartial judgments. Second, the critic
literature. Citing Peterson, Griswold (1981) states that the must be free from understanding the issue that only focuses
connection between the two is closely related to how the on their own society or the partial/limited side of the larger
social order is reflected in literary products. This view issue context to produce an objective judgment.
shows that literary works are not independent entities
separated from all the dynamics of social life that live within Arts and performances have been used as tools to
them. convey social criticism. This is especially important in a
society where criticism is not commonly accepted such as in
Swingewood and Laurenson (1972) suggest three Javanese culture. An example of this is when young
approaches related to the Sociology of Literature. The first Javanese musicians used Javanese Hip Hop music to
approach, the most popular perspective, is defined as a criticize their own people (Riyanto, 2019, 2020).
“mirror to the age.” This view states that literature reflects
various faces of aspects of the social life of its people. That III. RESEARCH METHODS
is, literary works reflect the characters and imaginary social
situations of the authors with the historical climate from The research method used is descriptive qualitative
which they come. The second approach is about how the with the literary sociology approach by analyzing the data
sociology of literature shifts from focusing only on literary contents. According to Strauss & Corbin (1998), qualitative
works to emphasizing the author's production side and the research is used to get complicated details about phenomena
sociological situation. Literature comes from a problem such as feelings, thinking processes, and emotions that are
related to how the burden of production can affect the difficult to learn through more conventional methods
content of literary work. Then, the third approach tries to (Creswell, 2012). According to Alwaqaa (2020), sociology
track the acceptance of a particular society towards literary of literature tries to investigate and study the symbiotic
works at a specific historical time. correlation of society and literature.

B. Social Criticism This research data was collected purposively, which

The presence of literature is intertwined with moving was the program's output in the form of manuscripts from
space and time. That is, literature cannot be separated from participants who participated in the Bromo Writing Camp
the historical aspects of socio-cultural phenomena that have program organized by the Master of Literature and Cultural
occurred or are currently happening. Literature as a Studies, Airlangga University, in August 2022. This
reflection of the condition of society has been widely program consisted of two days of creative writing training
known. Events present in society, both in the form of good attended by East Java youth. The data from this research are
and bad values, often become the basis for ideas that in the form of short story text excerpts that contain elements
influence the content of literary works. Descriptions of of social criticism in the form of character dialogue or
behavior, words and people's thoughts are often contained in narration. From the 20 short stories collected, the researcher
literary works. The problems present in society are often the formulated four short stories as the subject of this research,
subject of reflection for the author to convey his social with the object of research focusing on social criticism and
criticism through literary works. social problems of the four short stories.The four data we
used as the subject of the study include Belenggu, Tanah
Social criticism is a form of communication in a Jawa, dan Merdeka by Isam Firmansyah, Larasati by
society that functions as control throughout a social system Aurelya Dinda Pratiwi, Raja KejamNamunPenyayang by
(Abar, 1997). The function of social criticism is intended as Mohammed Abdullah Ahmed Mereai, dan InsanTanpa Rem
a crucial preventive aspect in maintaining the social system by Eko Pristiwanto. Data present into the form of 10 quotes
from various deviant social and individual actions that are from short story narratives or dialogues between characters
not following the social order and the order of moral values that describe aspects of social criticism.

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 Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Data collection techniques are carried out by IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
interpreting all data, looking for parts of the short story that
symbolize social criticism from the selected manuscript, This study examines short stories by the participants of
identifying events, and marking data containing social the Bromo Writing Camp 2022 workshop using a structural
criticism. In addition, the researcher also held discussions and sociological approach to literature. In this context, the
with the parties concerned in implementing the program to authors convey several phenomena of social criticism often
obtain more accurate information. encountered in people's lives. After interpreting the 20
manuscripts, four manuscripts have elements of social
In data analysis, researchers used interactive analysis criticism. These scripts include Belenggu, Tanah Jawa, dan
techniques formulated by Miles et al (2019), which included Merdeka by Isam Firmansyah, Larasati by Aurelya Dinda
data collection, data reduction, and concluding. In this Pratiwi, Raja KejamNamunPenyayang by Mohammed
regard, this interactive analytical technique is used to Abdullah Ahmed Mereai, dan InsanTanpa Rem by Eko
analyze aspects of social criticism contained in a collection Pristiwanto.
of short stories. Next, researchers tested the validity of the
data using the theory triangulation technique.Theory The authors of these short stories describe social
triangulation is based on the assumption that one or more phenomena that occur in people's lives as a form of social
theories cannot verify facts (Moelong, 2004). criticism expressed through literary works. The basic themes
of social criticism depicted in the writings of the workshop
In this case, if the analysis has described patterns and participants are divided into four major themes, namely 1).
relationships and includes explanations that emerged from The fading of Cultural Values such as National Identity, 2).
the study, it is crucial to look for a theme, comparison, or Gender Inequality, 3). Poverty and Social Exclusion, and 4).
rival description. It can be done by having efforts to find Deviation of Social Norms and Moral Values.
other ways to organize the data that may lead to further
research findings efforts. Logically, this is done by thinking The expressions of social criticism raised in the short
about other logical possibilities and then seeing whether stories of the participants will be described in the discussion
data can support those possibilities. below:

Title of The Short Aspects of Social

No Excerpts / Short stories
Story and Author Criticism Revealed
1 Belenggu, Tanah Jawa, “Jakarya, why is Java like this? How is your leadership in protecting the country? The Fading of
dan Merdeka by Isam Why have Javanese people forgotten their own Java, I see that many Javanese Cultural Values as
Firmansyah now do not understand manners?” National Identity
2 Larasati by Aurelya “Indeed, most women only know how to lean their shoulders. Therefore, men are Patriarchal Culture
Dinda Pratiwi destined to have more power. I don't know what will happen to my wife if she in Society
still lives with her family.”
“At that time, he was only able to swallow the words of his parents who said that
this was the right time for a child to dedicate yourself. You were born in this
world because of your father and mother. (This Javanese proverb means that a
child must honor his parents)”
“What is the function of a woman if she cannot give birth to offspring. A
woman's life will be meaningful when she knows what it's like to be a mother.”
3 Raja “Who allowed you here? do you think this is a place for people like you? Get out Poverty and Social
KejamNamunPenyayang of here” Exclusion
by Mohammed “He hit the woman among the people who were in the celebration. However, no
Abdullah Ahmed one stood up for this poor woman, cared about her, or looked sad. Instead,
Mereai everyone around him just laughed as if they had no heart.”
“When Laksmanakumara lived with the farmers, he saw the lives of the peasants
and their sufferers to get only food. Not only saw, but he also tried their life. He
thought deeply during his work about his and his father's mistake.”
“The laws that were changed primarily gave the poor all the rights they were
entitled to. Therefore, the general conditions for all poor people are getting better.
In addition, all people are treated as equal degrees because King
Laksmanakumara eliminates all class distinctions. He works to apply the
principles of equality and justice. The principle that KingLaksmanakumara
established ten years ago became the main belief in the Kuru Kingdom.”
4 InsanTanpa Rem by Eko “The best woman is a woman who takes care of her mind, regulates her lust, and Deviations of
Pristiwanto maintains her chastity, everything is already done, let's take the lesson, as a Social Norms and
lesson to ourselves and others. (It is a translation from Javanese proverb)” Moral Values
“Dik Pramudya, one of the hardest things in the world is to have a child, because
a child is the mirror of two parents, if it's good, you'll see it's beautiful, if it's
ugly, you'll see it (It is a translation from Javanese proverb)”
Table 1: Finding of Research

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
A. The Fading of Cultural Values as National Identity and groups is based on the factor of moral similarity. The
The short story entitled 'Belenggu, Tanah Jawa, dan implications of this mutual cooperation are not only seen in
Merdeka' tells the point of view of Kanjeng Semar, who early education teaching but its implementation is also
monitors the situation and condition of the Tanah Jawa reflected in the daily activities of the community as a whole.
today. Seeing the glory of the Majapahit Kingdom during
the reign of Maharaja Hayam Wuruk, Kanjeng Semar finally B. Patriarchal Culture in Society
chose to teleport to the future to monitor the sustainability of The short story entitled ‘Larasati’tells about a woman
the Tanah Jawa. Because he saw the disappearance of the who experiences a nasty fate in her life. Through this short
Majapahit Palace, he finally revived the souls of the four story, the author tries to convey socio-cultural conditions,
leaders of the Majapahit Palace from time to time to be namely patriarchal cultural practices, that still occur in the
questioned and held responsible, namely Raden Wijaya, community. The main character of this story is Larasati,
Sultan Agung, Soekarno, and Jakarya Widada. Finally, this who is described as a helpless woman who must be forced to
meeting resulted in a discussion about how to keep the marry an honorable person as a form of redemption for
Tanah Jawa from losing its original identity. They then family debts. Then she finds her husband cheating on her
entrusted the responsibility to Jakarya Widada as the present with another woman, so she decides she does not want to be
leader. touched by her husband, which is why she cannot be given
offspring. Many residents think she is barren because her
Through the characterization of Kanjeng Semar, this husband spreads slander that she is barren and pretends as if
story explicitly conveys the message that a cultural shift has he accepts his wife sincerely. Her mother-in-law also
made the original attitude of today's Javanese society constantly mistreats Larasati because she has been unable to
increasingly erode and slowly lose its identity. It can be seen give her a grandchild. So, Social criticism in this story is
in the quote that contains the words of Kanjeng Semar to conveyed implicitly where women do not have the right to
Jakarya, speak up and determine their life choices.

“Jakarya, kenapatanah Jawa sepertiini? “Memangkebanyakanperempuanhanyatahucar

Bagaimanakepemimpinanmudalammengayomi amenyenderkan bahu. Oleh sebabitu, laki-
negara, mengapa orang-orang Jawa lakimemangditakdirkandengankekuatan yang
sudahlupadenganjawanyasendiri, lebih.
kulihatbanyak orang-orang Jawa Entahbagaimananasibistrikujikaiamasihtinggal
kinitidakmengerti tata krama?” (Firmansyah, bersamakeluarganya.” (Pratiwi, 2022)
2022)
“Indeed, most women only know how to lean their
“Jakarya, why is Java like this? How is your leadership shoulders. Therefore, men are destined to have more power.
in protecting the country? Why have Javanese people I don't know what will happen to my wife if she still lives
forgotten their own Java, I see that many Javanese now do with her family.”
not understand manners?”
The sentence emphasizes that women are weak and
In this quote, Kanjeng Semar seems to be asking men are more potent than women. It is explicitly that the
Jakarya why the people of Java seem increasingly distant author wants to convey a social criticism of gender
from the attitudes that reflect the uniqueness of the Javanese inequality between women and men which still often occurs
people. He saw many people who did not understand in society, namely patriarchy. Quotes definition of
manners. Manners are an essential aspect that Javanese patriarchy from Lerner (1986) affirms that this implies that
people highly respect in their daily activities. Manners in men detain power in every institution of society. At the
Javanese ethics are commonly known as unggah-ungguh. same time, women remain peripheral to it, even though it
Unggahungguhis a polite code that contains rules related to does not necessarily mean that women lack rights, power,
how Javanese people talk and behave (Puteri, 2019). With and influence entirely.
this, they are expected to be able to position themselves,
maintain their dignity, and adjust their behavior when “Ketika ituiahanyamampumenelanmentah-
dealing with other people while still paying attention to the mentahucapankedua orang tua yang
degree and position of that person. mengatakanbahwainisaat yang
tepatbagiseoranganakuntukmembaktikandiri.
The story then continues with the achievement of one Dumadiningsiraikulantaranananebapabiyungir
decision, namely by letting Jakarya carry out his duties as a” (Pratiwi, 2022)
leader of the Tanah Jawa. Each of the previous leaders of
Majapahit then gave each other advice and aspirations to “At that time, he was only able to swallow the words
maintain the original cultural identity of the Tanah Jawa. of his parents who said that this was the right time for a
This form of association aimed at helping each other is one child to dedicate yourself. You were born in this world
way of implementing gotong royong. Javanese cultural because of your father and mother. (This Javanese proverb
identity highly upholds harmony and a sense of means that a child must honor his parents)”
togetherness, which is reflected in the culture of gotong
royong (Priwati, et al, 2021). Gotong royong is a form of
social solidarity, where a relationship between individuals

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
In this quote, the author describes Larasati's condition, Kuru Kingdom to a farmer who came. He considered that
who has no choice but to accept her parents' request to the plain-clothed farmer did not deserve to be at the
marry a man with quite an age gap. Larasati, who was only celebration. Then, seeing the farmer fight back against his
18 years old, had to marry Suman, who was more than a words, he ended up physically abusing her.
quarter of a century old. Larasati has to marry Suman
because her family cannot repay Suman's father's debt. So, “Diamemukuliwanitaitu di antara orang-
indirectly Larasati's parents have exchanged a woman's orang yang ada di dalamperayaan. Namun,
value for money. tidakadaseseorang yang membelawanita
miskin iniataubahkanpedulidengannyaatau
“Apagunanyajadiperempuankalautidakbisame pun terlihatsedih. Sebaliknya, semua orang di
lahirkanketurunan. Hidup sekitarnyahanyatertawaseakanmerekatidak
perempuanitubaruterasaartinyakalausudah punya hati.” (Mereai, 2022)
tau rasanyajadiseorangibu” (Pratiwi, 2022)
“He hit the woman among the people who were in the
“What is the function of a woman if she cannot give celebration. However, no one stood up for this poor woman,
birth to offspring. A woman's life will be meaningful when cared about her, or looked sad. Instead, everyone around
she knows what it's like to be a mother.” him just laughed as if they had no heart.”

As the village head's wife, Larasati must feel like she That quote showed how a poor woman depicted the
is living in a golden cage. She lives with wealth and at the poor's conditions. The people present at the event did not
same time with misery, which makes her life between appear to be helping the woman who had just gotten a
heaven and hell. In the quote above, Larasati gets insulted beating and they, instead, chose to laugh at her. This is a
by the community and her mother-in-law because she has form of social exclusion commonly experienced by poor
not been able to give offspring. It is obvious if this story people. Social exclusion is defined as the process by which
wants to convey an implied message that many women still individuals or groups are excluded or separated from
often experience demands that they must be able to bear existence, either partially or wholly, from participating in
children, and they will get the title of a perfect woman if the society in which they live (Hickey & Toit, 2013). The
they can become a mother. It aligns with the theory of concept of social exclusion is often discussed in discussions
sexism, which reinforces a gender hierarchy that related to poverty and injustice. Kabeer (2000) refers to the
disadvantages women, and sexism remains the most concept of social exclusion in problem groups, problematic
pervasive of all prejudices. The definition of sexism also by conditions, and problematic processes. Problematic here is
United Nations Development Programme (2005) affirms defined as a group of groups, conditions, and processes that
that all societies make social distinctions between men and describe the condition of marginalized people.
women, to a greater or lesser extent, women worldwide have
lower status, fewer resources, and less power than men. The story is then continued with a situation where
Prince Laksmanakumara has an incident where he is saved
C. Poverty and Social Exclusion by a farming family. There his mind began to open to give
The short story Raja KejamNamunPenyayangtells about sympathy and empathy for what was felt by the poor. The
a government system carrying out the poor's oppression. incident is illustrated in the following quote:
King Duryodhana and his kingdom's crown prince (Prince
Laksmanakumara) hated the poor, while the other prince “Saat Laksmanakumaratinggalbersamapetani,
(Prince Lesmana) had a humble nature and always defended diamelihathidup para orang petani dan
the poor. His kindness to the poor made his father put him in penderitamerekauntukmendapatkanhanyamakanan.
prison. One day, Prince Laksmanakumara had an accident Tidak hanyamelihat, tapidia juga
and was helped by a poor farmer. Since living with the mencobahidupmereka.
farmer, he realized that the kingdom's policies had made the Diamemikirsecaramendalamselamapekerjaannyatenta
people suffer, and he promised to change the royal ngkesalahannya dan ayahnya”
regulatory system. When King Laksmanakumara was
crowned king, he treated all his people fairly. A few years “When Laksmanakumara lived with the farmers, he
later, the kingdom became prosperous. saw the lives of the peasants and their sufferers to get only
food. Not only saw, but he also tried their life. He thought
One of the forms of unpleasant treatment received by deeply during his work about his and his father's mistake.”
the poor from the elite is reflected in the following quote:
After the incident experienced by Lasmanakumara, he
“Siapa yang memperbolehkanmu di sini? returned to the kingdom with a new mission to bring new
Kamupikirinitempatuntuk orang-orang policies that could prosper all his people, regardless of his
sepertimu? Pergilahdarisini." status inherent in him he has the principle that all people
should have compassion, respect and love for each other.
“Who allowed you here? do you think this is a place
for people like you? Get out of here” “Hukum-hukum yang
digantiterutamanyamemberi orang miskin
That sentence came from one of the elites who was at semuahak yang merekaharusdiberi. Oleh
the big celebration of National Harvest Day held by the karenaitu, kondisiumumuntuksemua orang

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miskin menjadilebihbaik. Selain itu, “Rini,The best woman is a woman who takes care of
semuamasyarakatdiperlakukansebagaiderajats her mind, regulates her lust, and maintains her chastity,
amakarena Raja everything is already done, let's take the lesson, as a lesson
Laksmanakumaramenghilangkansemuaperbed to ourselves and others. (It is a translation from Javanese
aankelas. proverb)”
Diabekerjauntukmenerapkanprinsipkesetaraan
dan keadilan. Prinsip yang Raja The quote above is a fragment of Krishna's dialogue
Laksmanakumara yang that advises Rini to keep herself pure from lust. In this case,
ditetapkansepuluhtahunlalumenjadikepercaya the author wants to give a moral message to the readers to
anutamadalam Kerajaan Kuru.” reconsider not doing actions that harm other parties, such as
sex before getting married, that have gone too far. The
“The laws that were changed primarily gave the poor author also conveys a moral message to humans to get
all the rights they were entitled to. Therefore, the general closer to God to avoid actions prohibited in religion. One
conditions for all poor people are getting better. In addition, way to avoid adultery in Islam is to maintain views. Thus,
all people are treated as equal degrees because King religion functions to create a more organized life for its
Laksmanakumara eliminates all class distinctions. He works adherents.
to apply the principles of equality and justice. The principle
that KingLaksmanakumara established ten years ago “Dik Pramudya, salah sijiabotwong kang ono
became the main belief in the Kuru Kingdom.” dunyoiku, jogoananeanak,
amergianakikukacanewongtuwoloro, yen
From there, it can be concluded that apikyoketok ayu, yen cidroyoketokolo”
Laksmanakumara's role as king is very influential on the (Pristiwanto, 2022)
welfare of the people. The author shows that a government's
success depends on how its people's welfare gets justice. “Dik Pramudya, one of the hardest things in the world
This is in line with studies that say that institutions play an is to have a child, because a child is the mirror of two
important role in the process of inhibiting the process of parents, if it's good, you'll see it's beautiful, if it's ugly, you'll
social exclusion because it is institutions that can orchestrate see it (It is a translation from Javanese proverb)”
macro and microeconomic changes that help bring about a
better life for the community (Kabeer, 2000). It can be said In the quote above, there is an implied message that
that justice is a fundamental factor in a system of parents have an essential role in guiding and keeping their
government related to equality of treatment for differences children from falling into free sex. One of the moral support
in people's groups and economic levels. parents can provide is education on the dangers of free sex
and provide religious understanding. As we know, many
D. Deviations of Social Norms and Moral Values children fall apart because they are separated from their
The short story entitled Insan without brakes is about parents, so it is hoped that parents will be able to establish
parents' disappointment with their daughters because they good communication with their children, especially if they
were pregnant before marriage. The main character of this start their teens.
story is Asparini, who becomes pregnant due to having pre-
marital sex with her boyfriend. Her boyfriend promised to V. CONCLUSION
be responsible for the consequences that would occur in the Based on the results of the analysis that has been
future. The author tries to convey social criticism of the carried out through a sociological approach, the study found
deviations of social norms in the form of free sex among expressions of social criticism reflected through social
teenagers. problems in four selected short stories: 1) Belenggu, Tanah
According to Bettenhausen and Murninghan (1985: Jawa, and Merdeka by Isam Firmansyah, there is a social
350) regard social norms in general as among the least critique of cultural values that have undergone a cultural
visible and most powerful forms of social control over shift so that the original attitudes of the Javanese people are
human action. Meanwhile, Ummah et al. (2020) argue that currently increasingly eroding and slowly losing their
moral value is the relation of each individual's belief, identity; 2) Larasati by Aurelya Dinda Pratiwi contains
behavior and attitude. From the story, researchers can find social criticism of the patriarchal culture that is still
that author provides an explicit moral message on how widespread among the people; 3) Raja
teenagers can protect themselves from actions that balance KejamNamunPenyayangby Mohammed Abdullah Ahmed
both term norms and moral values, such as by providing an Mereai, which discusses how the government and the elite
overview of the consequences that will be obtained from marginalize the poor; and 4) InsanTanpa Rem by Eko
their actions following quote bellow: Pristiwanto there is criticism of social deviation among
teenagers, namely sex before marriage, here there is a moral
”Rini, Sak becik-becik e wanito, yoikuwanito message conveyed to readers in order to avoid things that
kang jogoononefikir,napsulanjogoononesuci, can harm themselves and others. The story presented in the
Nangingkabehweskedaden, becik e di short story above relates to several phenomena and social
unduhwohingpakerti” (Pristiwanto, 2022) conditions in the community. Reflected social conditions are
cultural values starting to be abandoned, gender inequality,
government systems, and social deviations teenagers
commit. Based on social conditions, it was found that

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
several problems had changed for the better, and some were [12.] Kabeer, N. (2000). Social Exclusion, Poverty and
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symbol of the reality of several aspects of the problems of https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-
social conditions in people's lives. 5436.2000.mp31004009.x
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