Oral Communication

1st Quarter Reviewer

Communication  Exchanging of ideas

- Descended from the Latin noun  Exchanging of feelings
communication/communicare which meant a  Exchanging of information
sharing or imparting.  Exchanging of data
- It is also a means of sharing and exchanging  Exchanging of values
messages, information, ideas, and feelings for
mutual understanding Encode
- transmit a message
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
 Control – To control behavior; to control is to Decode
influence other people - Interpret a message
 Social Interaction – To allow individuals to
interact with others Feedback
 Motivation – To motivate or encourage people - response sent to the original source of
to live better; be careful with your words, you communication
might either “make or break a person”
 Information Dissemination – Facilitates
people’s expression of their feelings and ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
emotions  Sender - is the one who initiates the
 Others: communication process; producer of message
 Message -
 Receiver - decoder of message from the signal
 Feedback - response sent to the original
source of communication
 Encoding - when an idea or information is
translated into words and expressed to others.
Verbal Communication  Decoding - when this idea or information is
- it is a communication that are done with the use understood and interpreted by the receiver.
of words to convey a message.  Channel - is the vehicle through which a
message is carried from the communicator to
Nonverbal Communication the receiver
- it is a type of communication that are done by the
use of body language or facial expressions to Barriers to Communication
convey a message  Physical Barriers - are the natural or
environmental condition that act as a barrier
Paralanguage in communication in sending the message
- when you are emphasizing something for ex. from sender to receiver.
raising or halting when no one's paying attention.

 Psychological Barriers - are called as mental

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION barriers. These refer to social and personal
 issues of a speaker towards communicating 2. Conciseness - direct or straight to the point
with others. and should be expressed in the least
 Cultural Barriers - pertain to communication possible numbers of words
problems encountered by people regarding 3. Consideration - direct or straight to the
their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in point and should be expressed in the least
conflict with others. People’s culture affect the possible numbers of words
way they communicate and relate to others 4. Courtesy - show respect to his/her receivers
 Linguistic Barriers - pertain conflicts with through understanding their culture, values,
regard to language and word meanings. and beliefs
5. Concreteness - communication is backed up
3 TYPES OF NOISES by facts, figures, and real-life examples or
1. External - are the “sight, sound and other situations
stimuli that draw people’s attention away 6. Clearness - implies the use of simple words
from intended meaning.” to express ideas, will not confuse the
2. Internal - are the “thoughts and feelings audience
that interfere with meaning.” 7. Correctness – avoid any mistakes in
3. Semantic – are the “alternate meanings grammar
aroused by a speaker’s symbols.”
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
5 WAYS TO AVOID COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN 1. Linear communication - focusing on the
 Have Clarity of thought before speaking transmission of a message to a receiver who
 Learn to Listen
 Take Care of your Body Language and Tone
 Build up your confidence by asking for
feedback and observing others
 Communicate Face to Face on the
important issues

Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown never responds or has no way of

 Keep Focused responding to the information conveyed
 Speak Intelligibly
 Listen with your Ears and Eyes
2. Interactive - two-way communication
 Minimize Distractions
process where a response is given after a
 Be Specific
message is sent.
 Do not Jump to Conclusions

7Cs of Communication (Broom, Cutlip and Center)

-2012
1. Completeness - Speaker should include
everything that the receiver needs to hear,
respond, react, or evaluate properly;
complete details
 3. Transactional Model - It has a complex – This refers to the type of communication that
nature. It takes place among individuals at takes place between and among people and
any given time with any given subject. creates a personal relationship between and
However, there are tendencies that barriers among them.
would interfere which may create a sudden
–Two Types of Interpersonal Communication
impact and change in the processing of
information.  Dyad Communication – communication
that happens between two people.
 Small Group– This applies to interactions
involving at least three but not more than
twelve people engaged in face-to-face
interactions to achieve the desired goal.

3. Public– This type refers to a communication that

enables you to send or deliver a message before a
crowd. The message can be transmitted for
informative or persuasive purposes.

Context 4. Mass Communication – This refers to

- DeVito (2005): “Context refers to the setting in communication through television, radio,
which the communication takes place. Context newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the
helps to establish meaning and can influence internet, and other types of media.
what is said and how it is said.”
Speech act - an utterance that a speaker
Speech Context makes to achieve an intended effect.
- helps you communicate appropriately,
understand the meaning of any message conveyed, J.L Austin (1962) – A philosopher of language and
and respond accordingly. the developer of the Speech Act Theory, there are
three types of acts in every utterance, given the
right circumstances or context.
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
1.Intrapersonal Three Types of Speech Act
– This refers to a type of communication that is 1. Locutionary act
focused on one person, where the speaker acts - is the actual act of uttering or saying
both as the sender and as the receiver of the something; this act happens with the
message. The message is made up of thoughts and utterances of a sound, a word or even a
feelings while the medium is the brain that phrase as a natural unit of speech.
processes what you think and feel. - Ex. “Doh!”, “Wow?”, “Hello!”, “Get out!”

2. Illocutionary act
- is the social function of what is said;
- intention: state an opinion, confront,
deny, make a prediction, a promise, a
2. Interpersonal request, issue an order or decision, or to
give advice or permission
 - Ex. are thanking, apologizing, welcoming and
 It’s more fun in the Philippines. deploring.
(opinion)
 I’ll help you clean the house 5. Declaration– a type of illocutionary act which
tomorrow. (promise) brings a change in the external situation. Simply
 Get my things in the office. (order) put, declarations bring into existence or cause the
state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples
3. Perlocutionary act of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing,
- refers to the consequent effect of what bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
was said. This is based on the particular
context in which the speech act was TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
mentioned.
1. Intimate
- intention: to inspire, insult, persuade or
- It is used for very close relationships. Ex. couple
convince, deter, and scare
- note: Language used in this style may not be
- Ex. “We can do this. We heal and win as
shared in public.
one!”
2. Casual
John Searle (1976) - a professor from the
- It is an informal communication between groups
University of California, Berkeley, classified
and peers who have something to share and have
illocutionary acts into five distinct categories.
shared background information but do not have
close relations. Ex. classmates
SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACT
- note: Jargon, slang, and vernacular language are
1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which used
the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are 3. Consultative
suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting and - It is used in semi-formal and standard
concluding. communication. Ex. teacher and student
- note: Professional or mutually acceptable
2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which language is a must in this style.
the speaker tries to make the addressee perform
an action. Some examples of a directive act are 4. formal
asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and - It is a one-way straightforward speech.
begging. Ex. State of the Nation Address
- note: What the speaker says is something that has
3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which been prepared beforehand.
commits the speaker to doing something in the
future. Examples of a commissive act are 5. frozen
promising, planning, vowing, and betting. - is the most formal communicative style that is
usually used during solemn ceremonies and events.
Ex: pledges
- note: It does not require any feedback from the
4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which audience.
the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
reactions. Some examples of an expressive act 1. Nomination - Opening a topic with people
you are talking to.
2. Restriction - limitation you may have as a
speaker
3. Turn-taking - people decides who takes the
conversational floor
4. Topic control - Actively engaging in the
conversation. The use of minimal responses
like "yes" go on" "continue"
5. Topic shifting - moving from topic to
another
6. Repair - address the problems in speaking,
listening, and comprehending.
7. Termination - participants close initiating
expression to end the discussion.