Al Armoti, et. al.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 10, Issue 7, (Series-VII) July 2020, pp. 28-35
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
The Effective of Geothermal Energy in Buildings: A case study in
Madaba city in Jordan
Al Armoti, Takyaldeen,1, J. Qusai,1, and Firas Sharaf1,
Department of Architectural Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Jordan
ABSTRACT
A substantial portion of energy use is expended on heating and cooling of buildings. geothermal technology has
considerable ability to generate and produce both thermal and electrical power to supply residential and
industrial buildings. Some of the most exciting renewable technologies of thermal control for buildings are low
geothermal energy, which uses nearly steady and mild ground temperatures as either a heat source or a tank
during the year. This research aims to study the potential of producing energy for buildings from near
geothermal sources to the building. The analysis of the case studies presented show examples of residential and
office buildings in Jordanian that applied a geothermal system and obtained a reliable sourse of power. The
results showe that geothermal power systems in buildings at a depth of 20 meters is sufficient to gain the energy
needed for a mediam size residential building with an area up to 300 square meters. applying geothermal energy
system for existing buildings by drilling the well is alsopossible in the building setbacks.
Key words: renewable energy, geothermal system, Jordan
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Date of Submission: 18-07-2020 Date of Acceptance: 02-08-2020
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I. INTRODUCTION well when using this energy to generate electricity
Power generation has negative impacts on by the organization, and it can also be used to reduce
the environment as a result of the combustion of fuel energy lost in one building and on a personal level
needed to run it, as burning fossil fuels is one of the by combining it with heating and cooling works.
oldest ways to generate electricity. The fluctuating Buildings in different countries of the world and
changes in oil prices that occur in each period and different regions work to reach the comfort zone
period negatively affect the consuming countries if using both heating and cooling systems. The HVAC
the change is an increase in its price. With the global process is the single most abundant indoor use,
escalation of the amount of global energy currently accounting for 36% of the building’s total
consumption, countries tend to use renewable energy energy consumption. The cooling capacity used in
sources to meet their needs, mainly if the state does buildings has doubled since 2000, from 3.6 to 7 EJ,
not produce oil. The homes are the most used for making it the fastestgrowing end-use in buildings1.
energy, whether electricity, gas, diesel, or kerosene. Residential buildings in Jordan use about 45% of
As the use of high-energy electrical appliances in the total electricity consumption2. Electric energy is lost
world is a big problem as they are generated by 1.98% during transportation - and 20% of petroleum
burning gas or diesel and other methods, as a result products3.
of this. After adding the infrastructure and generator
expenses and others, it becomes more expensive at II. TYPE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
the total rate, and it has become the most used to It is the energy collected from renewable
meet the needs of heating and cooling. Also, thermal energy derived from untapped natural resources. It
insulation is often not enough to reduce the energy does not generate carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases,
lost in the building. Also, the power loses a large and other harmful gases. Thirty countries use
amount of it in the electrical network through renewable energy, and these countries contribute
transportation from the station to another station or more than 20% of the energy supply. As for Iceland
the generator in the neighborhood. Many countries and Norway, they generate all their electrical energy
do not face significant energy problems using using renewable energy4.
sustainable sources. Thermal energy, a sustainable Based on REN21’s 2019 report, renewables
source that can be found anywhere in the world, is contributed 26% to their generation of electricity by
not used in Jordanian cities and other Middle Eastern the end of 2018. It had become more economical
countries. Also, it works on economic development than power from fossil fuelfired plants in many
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Al Armoti, et. al. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 10, Issue 7, (Series-VII) July 2020, pp. 28-35
places. This energy consumption is 1% coming from Radiative cooling Just as crucial as
Biofuels for transport, 3.6% from Hydropower, 7.5% geothermal, it is a renewable technology that reduces
from Traditional biomass, 2.2% from Nuclear the total annual energy loads associated with cooling
energy, and 4.2% is electricity from Biomass, solar and normalizes the electrical demand curve as well.
and geothermal heat5. Energy is often critical to The studies have proven that the average net cooling
human development. Since most renewable using night sky radiation was 26 W / m211.
technologies provide electricity, renewable energy is
usually used with other energy sources, which have
many benefits. Energy can be converted to heat and
to mechanical energy very efficiently, so it going to
be cleaner at this point of consumption than other.
Also, electricity, in particular, is more flexible. As a
result of the possibility of converting it into useful
heat without losing energy, in addition to its
efficiency in generating temperatures higher than the
combustion of any fossil fuel6. Renewable energy
sources7 are : sun, wind, water, tides, crops and trees
produced oils, Geothermal, Bioenergy, Radiative
cooling. Renewable energy often provides power in
four critical areas: Electricity generation, Air and
water, Transportation, Rural (off-grid) energy
services. Solar water heating mainly contributes to
renewable heat generation in many countries,
meeting part of the population’s hot water needs,
and serving an estimated 50-60 million families in
China8.
A. comparing
Using water to generate energy is more
effective than air because the denser is 800 times
than air, and it has a slower flowing stream than air.
but Tidal power has the potential to generate
electricity, in addition to having better predictability
than wind and sun, but its limited availability causes
an increase in operating costs as using in both
Europe and the Atlantic coast of North America. The
incoming water was contained in large storage
ponds, and as the tide went out, it turned into water
bottles that used the mechanical energy it produced
to grind grains. FIG. 1. 3D view of the internal temperature
Energy extraction from plants is through distribution14.
obtaining alcohol by fermenting carbohydrates in
sugar crops, the starch in corn and sugar cane, III. GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM
cellulosic biomass in trees, and herbs. Currently, The ground energy is an ascending heat from
global biofuel production is relatively low, but it is the center of the Earth to the surface where the
constantly increasing9. Biomass and biological temperature can reach more than 5426.85 degrees
materials can be used in living organisms as a source Celsius12.
of energy after they are converted into biofuels. This heat is emitted to the surface of the
Where heat is converted through biochemicals. Earth from hot minerals in the Earth’s core, where it
Biomass can also be artificially cultivated from heats the oxygen and the surrounding water to 371
many types of plants. Heat or electricity can also be C, as the oxygen is lighter than the iron that rises in
produced by burning straw9.However, these the liquid. This energy is extracted using a
incineration processes harm the environment by geothermal heat pump with a heat exchanger. As the
producing sulfur and nitrous oxides, the global heat energy is transferred from the ground for
production of biofuels is comparatively low, but cooling and transferred to the ground for heating,
continuously increasing10. where the opposite may be true depending on the
nature of the Earth 13. Thus, geothermal energy is
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 10, Issue 7, (Series-VII) July 2020, pp. 28-35
renewable as it reduces the total energy loads 1. Borehole heat exchangers: This system
associated with thermal adaptation work and reduces works individually, or as a group of heat exchangers,
the supply on the main electrical network. its location can be near or below the building, where
The study showed that geothermal utilization the depth ranges from 50 to 150 m.
is feasible. Geothermal has hydraulic and thermal 2. Energy piles: It is a set of heat exchanger
properties that allow us to use it to achieve the goals tubes embedded in the foundation piles of the
of heating and cooling13. building, the depth of which in this method can be
Also, Also, Jordan’s geothermal energy is from 10 to 30m.
like other countries because it is a renewable source
that can be obtained for free. that may be available a B. Using Geothermal energy in the buildings
few meters underground, unlike other non- 1. The offices building – A case study in
renewable, high-cost energy sources. Fig. 1, 2 show Germany
temperature distribution inside the Earth. The The Building and Energy Design Services
minimum temperature is 12-14 degrees Celsius at a Institute (IGS) at the Technical University of
depth of 100 meters in Countries of the Braunschweig, with support from the German
Mediterranean Basin14, and 17 Celsius degree at a Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology,
depth of 714 meters15. conducted a research project studying energy
A. Geothermal system elements efficiency and economic efficiency in eleven
amount of use, the nature of the land and its set of buildings using heat exchangers and energy piles or
considerations, determined by the party responsible land absorption. Its result is showing that geothermal
for the system. energy can be brought up to heating temperature in
3. Ground absorbers: Horizontal ring of the offices building using heat pumps in the winter,
pipes, similar to the underfloor heating system where and excess heat can be removed from the building to
the heat transfer surface has already been the ground using free circulation in the summer
determined. The use of groundwater in this system is months. These systems are subject to various
direct without any other treatments: The pumps conditions imposed by the authorities, depending on
transfer the groundwater from the well through a the German federal state and the authority involved.
heat exchanger, and the "thermally exploited" water Shallow geothermal energy is primarily suitable for
returns to the well. providing temperature control in office and office
This system implemented in an existing buildings. With the suitable design and right
building that runs on the central heating system operating policy, significant energy savings and
because it is most commonly FIG. 2. 3D view of the reduction of CO2 can be achieved compared to
domestic temperature distribution15. conventional heating and cooling systems. It
used. The existence of the necessary depends on the size, efficiency, and degree of system
infrastructure, Which consists of heat radiators or use16.
underground heating pipes, or in new buildings that The office building located in Germany has
are going to use renewable energy in the heating and a net area of 20,693 m. The geothermal system used
cooling system, both of these types have the same in this building consists of 196 energy piles of 9
primary elements. These are: meters long. In winter, the geothermal heat of the
Two wells of water, Pipe, Pump, Radiators, water heating pump 106 kW extracts heat from the
or underground heating system and Water Tank. ground to supply the TABS tablets. The rest of the
The Geothermal system used in the Heating heat consumption is provided by central heating
and cooling systems need three tanks of water; through radiators, floor heating, and ventilation
underground tank (wells), top roof tank (main water systems. In summer, the full cooling load is supplied
tank), and internal tank (the pipes in the building). by geothermal energy through TABS (Free Cooling
In winter, the water temperatures are Mode 150 kW.
measured in these sections. When the heating system The results show a reduction of 12,000/year
is operated, the hightemperature water is pumped in comparison with a traditional heating and cooling
into the radiators at home. The lower temperature is system and a reduction of 27 tons of CO2 per year
pumped to the well to keep the hot water in the for the office building analyzed due to the high gap
house in a closed system. In summer, in the same of cost between the traditional system that amounts
processes, the system is operated. The low- of 16,653.6 compared with the geothermal energy of
temperature water is pumped into the radiators at 16,653.6 . So the geothermal energy used in cooling
home. The highest temperature is injected into the is free as it has been proven that the geothermal
well to keep the cold water in the house in a closed system can reduce the running cost by a large rate
system. The most commonly used geothermal that may reach 71% when compared to the systems
systems in the world can be mentioned in3methods:
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Al Armoti, et. al. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 10, Issue 7, (Series-VII) July 2020, pp. 28-35
currently used, in addition to that it reduces the collection of agencies and ministries before he could
emission rate of carbon dioxide by 54%17. proceed with this project, which received blessings
from Pope Benedict XVI in 2009. (The University
belongs to the Latin Patriarch in Jerusalem).
“In addition to an environmental impact assessment,
we were required to receive approval from the
Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Interior,
Jordanian Intelligence Agency, Ministry of Energy,
Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Water, the
Prime Minister’s Office, the Engineering
FIG. 3. Construction of the AUM geothermal
system.
2. Institutional buildings – A case study in
Jordan
Also, in Jordan, geothermal energy was
used at the American University of Madaba
designed by MENA Geothermal, a leading
Palestinian company specializing in the design and
installation of geothermal heating and cooling FIG. 4. Construction of the AUM geothermal
systems.it was completed in August 2012. The system (Vertical heat exchanger).
system used in the university is the largest
geothermal heating and cooling system in the
MENA region, with a total cooling load of 1680 kW
and a heating load of 1350 kW, enough energy to
power both faculties on campus. The system has the
capacity to reduce carbon emissions by roughly
220,000 kg per year or 47% compared with
conventional chiller/LPG boiler cooling and heating
systems.
Construction of the AUM geothermal
system began in July 2010 and involved drilling 420
boreholes in a vertical configuration 100 meters into
the ground. But unlike drilling for shale oil,
geothermal energy is considered to be one of the
cleanest, most efficient and safest forms of
renewable energy. Also, Geothermal heat pumps are FIG. 5. Close loop system of AUM18.
able todeliver lowcost heating and cooling because
they tap into a free, renewable energy source. It is Association, and the Contractors Union. No
due to the effectiveness lies in the efficiency and low joke,” said Al Sabawi.
cost of heat pumps by release more heat than the Two geothermal systems were installed in
energy they use: For every dollar, you spend on AUM to meet the full heating and cooling
heating, you get $ 4 in thermal energy. This process requirements of the College of Science -A Building
makes heat pumps much more efficient than and the College of Business-B Building. The
traditional sources. “Considering the CO2 emission geothermal system at the College of Science-A is
reductions, the higher efficiency, lower required designed to meet a cooling load of 1020 kilowatts
maintenance, added to comfort to occupants, and (291 tons) and a heating load of 880 kilowatts (251
most importantly affordability, geothermal is an tons). While the Business-B geothermal system is
excellent alternative to fossil fuels.” Nonetheless, the designed to meet a cooling capacity of 660 kilowatts
firm had to gain permission from a formidable
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Al Armoti, et. al. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 10, Issue 7, (Series-VII) July 2020, pp. 28-35
(189 tons), the heating load is 470 kilowatts (134 extensive commercial or educational facilities. The
tons). system was constructed by installing a vertical loop;
Due to the size of the geothermal system at the contractor bored the holes into the ground. Long,
AUM, the ground loop (ground heat exchanger) was hairpin-shaped loops of pipe are then inserted. The
designed in a vertical configuration with boreholes hole is backfilled, plugged or grouted, and the tubes
drilled at roughly 100 meters deep. The geothermal are connected to headers in a trench leading back to
system at AUM was awarded the National Energy the building. The drilling depth was determined
Globe Award, today’s most prestigious environment based on the energy needed. In general, the typical
award, in 2011. borehole depth is 45 to 70 meters in the large
On average, the system is in operation 330 buildings.
days per year, from 07:30 until 17:00. During the The drilling depth was determined based on
design phase, The observed significant difference the energy needed. In general, the typical borehole
between heating and cooling loads is mainly due to depth is 45 to 70 meters in the large buildings. The
the high solar loads and is typical for office objectives of the vertical well are to install a
buildings in Jordan. During intermediate seasons specified amount of pipes, not to reach a specific
(autumn and spring), due to the shape and depth. So, the well with 100 meters deep can be
orientation of the building, a requirement for the divided into five wells 20 meters depth which has is
simultaneous heating and cooling of different parts steady temperature and it is in which geothermal
of it is observed. Design conditions for heating are energy is used for heating and cooling despite the
21 degrees dry winter with 50% relative humidity changes in air temperature. It may be more cost-
and design conditions for cooling is 23 degrees dry effective when the depth is that the central well
Summer with 50% relative humidity. expands enough water to transfer geothermal heat
The system is using Central Air Handling because geothermal drilling is more easily accessible
Units (AHUs) with water coils to provide supply air than drilling to find well water. After all, it is smaller
to the building B and FCU units for heating and and reduces drilling time19.
cooling (Building A). In terms of their connection to The system’s categories used in the American
the hot, chilled water loops, the fan-coils are University
organized in groups, based on the operation and the
thermal characteristics of the room they serve. As a
result, fan-coil loops are formed, serving building
areas with similar thermal behavior and operation
profile. Two-stage water to water heat pumps is
used. The heat-pump systems are capable of totally
independent operation, meaning that, depending on
the requirements of the zones they serve, some of
them may provide heating while the other loops
offer to cool. 22 Central Air Handling Units (AHUs)
with water coils +15 indoor Fan
Coil units – Two pipe type- provide supply
air to the building B and 85 FCU units–Two pipe
type plus one AHU provide the supply air to the
Building A. A total of 26 heat pumps units are
installed, 10 serving the fan-coils as well as the
AHUs in Building B and 16 heat pumps units are
installed serving the FCU and the AHU in Building
A., The cooling capacity of each heat pump group, is
68 kW, (matching heat pump units). The heat pumps
of each group are connected in parallel and operating Building (A)
under common control The following GSHPs charts
represent the two-unit systems for building A and
building B, respectively.
As shown, the indirect geothermal energy
was used for heating and cooling through ground
source heat pumps (closed loops). This system is
used when the land area available is limited, as a
vertical closed-loop system, and where the land is
too rocky for trenching, for existing buildings, and
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 10, Issue 7, (Series-VII) July 2020, pp. 28-35
Due to climate change, the maximum
summer temperatures in arid regions, as well as in
other parts of the world are generally increasing21.As
a result, the demand for cooling of buildings and
industrial facilities is growing and requires
significant energy-related investments. Conventional
energy sources mostly serve these increasing cooling
demands. The residents in Jordan are using various
systems to achieve cooling and heating needs. This
comparison shows the difference between the energy
sources we use at the Jordanian home for heating
and cooling in terms of budget, annual cost, and risk.
• Gas cylinder
• Electrical devices
The gas cylinder users face many problems
in the cost and the internal environment. The heater
gas odor due to leakage, non-combustion is a
significant danger to the mental and physical health
Building (B) FIG. 6. GSHPs charts at College of of the population. Also, the condense steam in the
Science18. cold rooms. This process helps mold to form on the
in Madaba is based on the low enthalpy resources ceiling and the walls. The carbon dioxide
(<150 C) which generally employed for direct heat concentrations are going up after two hours of
uses and electricity generation using a binary fluids continuous operation. The electrical system faces a
cycle. problem when exposed to high loads on the leading
network. The number of interruptions was 12 to 41
3. Using geothermal in residential buildings times during 2015 and 2016, which was for 31
Using the geothermal system is possible in minutes in 20162.Therefore, the use of this system
residential buildings, there is a villa project located dramatically leads to an increase in loads, then the
in Palestine supported with this system using a power outage; after that, this system will stop, which
vertical closed-loop installed at 100 meters deep. will be with heating or cooling.
Five heat pumps distribute hot and chilled water to a Many residents support this system using a
fan coil distribution system in the summer, an solar panel to reduce the cost in the summer, in this
underground heating distribution system in winter, case, you have to choose between selling to the
as well as a 4pipe AHU year around. This villa is in national electrical company or add a battery to let it
a large area. There is an indoor and outdoor active in winter because there are 55 days without
swimming pool.As well as, there are Jacuzzi and the sun22.
DHW. The geothermal using is effective. The Noting that the geothermal system is
measure showed that the cooling load is up to 190 effective in Jordan. Also, studies have shown that
kW in summer, heating load is up to 210 kW in the ground heat in the Mediterranean basin at a
winter, as well as, this project is saving 121.031 kg depth of 20 meters to 100 is constant and its
of Co2. The result showed reducing in operating temperature reaches 12-14 degrees Celsius. Where
costs from 77,900 $ using the traditional system to the company has proven that this project is active
31,266$ using geothermal energy, and a decrease in and works well, also when studying a villa project in
maintenance costs from $ 3,000 to $ 1,440 annually. Palestine, is exceeding an area of 1500 square
Thus, it saves 60 % of running cost per year and 52 meters designed by the same company. The depth of
% in maintenance cost per year. also, it saves 27,093 the well is determined according to the required
liters of diesel and 65,163kwh of electricity. quantity of energy needed. Accordingly, when
comparing the spaces between the implemented
IV. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING projects, we find that a well of 100 meters depth
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN JORDAN with one pump for homes may provide up to 50
There are 14 gas and massive diesel stations kilowatts. In this section, we will study the number
use to generate the electrical power in Jordan2, these and extent of wells to provide the energy needed to
stations increase the proportion of gases emitted into heat and cool a 300 square meter house in Jordan.
the atmosphere, which are an essential reason for the The measure is based on 20-degree celsius inner
process of Global Warming20. temperature23, 8-degree Celsius outside temperature
in winter, and 33-degree Celsius temperature in
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 10, Issue 7, (Series-VII) July 2020, pp. 28-35
summer24. The result shows the loss of energy and Amman, Jordan, 2017) a full TECHREPORT
energy gained in a 300 square meter residential entry.
building built with conventional materials. As a [3]. Statistics and I. P. Department, “National
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city in Jordan.” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA),
vol.10 (07), 2020, pp 28-35.
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-1007072835 35 | P a g e
