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Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Student Solution Manual - Munson

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Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Student Solution Manual - Munson

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Ernest Amollo Odhiambo
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Student Solutions Manual Third Edition Fundamentals 0 Fluid Mechanics BRUCE R. MUNSON DONALD F. YOUNG Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics THEODORE H. OKIISHI Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa, USA ®) John Wiley & Sons, Inc New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto COVER PHOTOS Whirlpool: Francoise Sauze/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. ‘Computer Simulation of Vortex: Dr. Fred Espenak/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Charity Robey MARKETING MANAGER Harper Mooy PRODUCTION EDITOR Tony VenGiitis ‘COVER DESIGNER Madelyn Lesure ‘This book was printed and bound by Malloy Lithograph. ‘The cover was printed by Phoenix Colo. ‘This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ ‘The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield harvesting ofits timberlands. Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure thatthe ‘number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ic. Al right reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning ‘or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States ‘Copyright Act, without ether the prior written permission ofthe Publisher, or ‘authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright ‘Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (508) 750-8400, fax (S08) 750-4870. Requests tothe Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, Join Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-601 1, fax (212) 880-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@ WILEY.COM. ISBN 0-471-24011-7 Printed in the United States of America 0987654321 PREFACE This Student Solutions Manual has been developed as a supplement to Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson, Young, and Okiishi. At the end of each chapter, the e- Book contains a section called Review Problems. These review problems are representative of the types of problems that students should be able to solve after completing the chapter, and this Student Solutions Manual contains the detailed solutions to these review problems. We believe that as students prepare for an examination, or feel the need for some additional work on a particular topic, it will be helpful to have available such a set of review problems with their corresponding solutions. Each review problem is preceded by a brief phrase which gives an indication of the main topics to be used in solving the problem. Thus, the student can conveniently select those topics, and the corresponding review problems, of interest. This information is also presented in the table of contents. The solutions contained in this manual are worked in a logical, systematic way with sufficient detail so that they can be readily followed. Except where a greater accuracy is warranted, all intermediate calculations and answers are given to three significant figures. Unless otherwise indicated in the problem statement, values of fluid properties used in the solutions are those given in the properties tables found on the inside text cover. The authors hope that this supplement to our text will be a useful tool to help the student gain a better understanding of basic fluid mechanics. We believe that practice through solving a variety of problems, with immediately available feedback by way of the Student Solutions Manual, can be a valuable component in the spectrum of teaching tools needed in the study of fluid mechanics. Any suggestions and comments from you, the user, are certainly welcome and appreciated. Bruce R. Munson Donald F. Young ‘Theodore H. Okiishi CONTE! PROBLEM CHAPTER TOPIC NUMBER 1 INTRODUCTION _ Dimensions LIR, 1.2R Units 1.3R, 14R Specific gravity 15R Specific weight 1.6R Ideal gas law 1.7R, 1.8R Viscosity LOR, 1.10R, 1.11R Bulk modulus 1.12R, 1.13R Speed of sound 1.14R Vapor pressure 1.15R 2 FLUID STATICS Pressure head 2.1R Pressure depth 2.2R relationship Gage/absolute 23R pressure Manometer 2.4R, 2.5R, 2.6R Force on plane 2.7R, 2.8R, 2.10R, surface 2.11R Center of pressure Force on curved surface Buoyancy Buoyancy, force on plane surface Rigid body motion 2.9R 2.12R, 2.13R, 2.14R 2.15R, 2.16R 2.17R 2.18R, 2.19R vii viii Contents 3 ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS—THE BERNOULLI EQUATION F = ma along 3.1R streamline F = manormalto 3.2R streamline Stagnation pressure 3.3R Bernoulli equation 3.4R Heads 3.5R Free jet 3.6R Bernoulli/continuity _3.7R, 3.8R, 3.9R, 3.10R, 3.12R Bernoulli/continuity/ 3.11R Pitot tube Cavitation 3.13R Flowrate 3.14R Channel flow 3.15R, 3.16R Energy line/ 3.17R hydraulic grade line Restrictions on 3.18R, 3.19R Bernoulli equation 4 FLUID KINEMATICS Streamlines 4.1R, 4.2R Material derivative 4.3R Acceleration 4,4R, 4.5R, 4.6R, Reynolds transport theorem Flowrate Control volume/ system 4.7R 48R 4.9R, 4.10R 4.11R Contents x 5 FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS Continuity equation 5.1R, 5.2R, 5.3R Average velocity 5.4R Linear momentum _5.5R, 5.6R, 5.7R, 5.8R, 5.9R, 5.10R, S.LIR, 5.12R Moment-of- 5.13R, 5.14R, 5.15R, momentum 5.16R Energy equation 5.17, 5.18R, 5.20R, 5.21R, 5.22R Linear momentum/ —5.19R energy 6 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW Acceleration 6.1R Vorticity 6.2R Conservation of 6.3R, 64R mass Stream function 65R Velocity potential _6.6R Potential flow 6.7R, 6.10R, 6.11R Inviscid flow 6.8R, 6.9R Viscous flow 6.12R, 6.13R, 6.14R, 6.15R, 6.16R Contents 7 SIMILITUDE, DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, AND MODELING ‘Common Pi terms 7.1R Dimensionless 7.2R variables Determination of Pi 7.3R, 7.4R, 7.5R, terms 7.6R Modeling/similarity _7.7R, 7.8R, 7.9R Correlation of 7.10R, 7.11R experimental data Dimensionless 7.12R, 7.13R governing equations 8 VISCOUS FLOW IN PIPES Laminar flow 8.1R, 8.2R Velocity profile 8.3R Turbulent velocity 8.4R profile Moody chart 8.5R, 8.6R Minor losses 8.7R Noncircular conduits 8.8R Single pipe— 8.9R, 8.10R determine pressure drop Single pipe— 8.11R determine flowrate Single pipe— 8.12R determine diameter Single pipe with 8.13R, 8.14R pump Single pipe with 8.15R turbine Multiple pipes 8.16R Flow meters 8.17R, 8.18R, Contents XT 9 FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES Lifvdrag calculation 9.1R External flow 9.2R, 9.3R character Boundary layer flow 9.4R, 9.5R Friction drag 9.6R Momentum integral 9.7R equation Drag—low Reynolds 9.8R number Drag 9.9R, 9.10R, 9.11R, 9.12R, 9.13R Drag—composite 9.14 body Lift 9.15R, 9.16R 10 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW Surface waves 10.1R, 10.2R. Froude number 10.3R, 10.4R Specific energy 10.5R, 10.6R Wall shear stress 10.7R Manning equation —_10.8R, 10.9R, 10.10R, 10.11R Best hydraulic cross 10.12 section Hydraulic jump 10.13R, 10.14R Sharp-crested weir 10.15R Broad-crested weir 10.16R Underflow gate 10.17R Contents u COMPRESSIBLE FLOW Speed of sound 1.IR, 11.2R Sound waves 11.3R, Mach number 14R Isentropic flow 11.5R, 11.6R Fanno flow 117R Rayleigh flow 11.8R Normal shock waves _11.9R 2 TURBO- MACHINES Angular momentum —12.1R Velocity triangles 12.2R ane pump —12.3R, 12.4R i 125R 12.6R 12.7R, 12.8R = TABLE 1.3 Conversion Factors from BG and EE Units to SI Units* ‘To Convert from to Multiply by ‘Acceleration ft/s? m/s? 3.048. = 1 Area fe m 92905 ~ 2 Density Tom/ft’ kg/m’ 1602 +1 slugs/ft? kg/m’ SASHE +2 Energy Bu J LOSS E +3 lb 1 1356 Force tb N 4488, Length ft m 3.088 E - 1 in m 2540E - 2 mile m 1.609 E +3 Mass bm kg 4536 E = 1 slog kg 14S9E +1 Power felb/s w 1356 hp w TASTE +2 Pressure Hg (60 °F) N/m? 3377E +3 (pst) N/m? 4788 E +1 Ib/in2 (psi) N/m? 6895 E +3 Specific weight Ib/t? N/m? ISTE +2 Temperature F ac Te = (5/9XT ~ 32°) R K S5S6E — 1 Velocity fis m/s 3.048 E - 1 smi/he (mph) m/s 4470E - 1 Viscosity (dynamic) Wos/ft N/m? 4788 E +1 Viscosity (kinematic) f€/s m/s 92906 - 2 Volume flowrate /s m/s 2832-2 gal/min (gpm) m/s 6309 E — 5 “if more than four place accuracy is desired eer wo Appendix A To Convert from to Multiply by ‘Acceleration m/s? fs? 3.281 ‘Area im fe LOWE +1 Density kg/m? bm/ft? 62438 - 2 kg/m? slugs/f 1.940E ~ 3 Energy J Bu 9478 E- 4 J fb 7376E - 1 Force N b 2248 E - 1 Length m ft 3.281 m in. 3937B +1 m rile 6214B - 4 Mass ke bm 2.205 kg slug 6852 E ~ 2 Power w felb/s 7376E ~ 1 w hp 1341 EB -3 Pressure N/m? in. Hg (60°F) 2961 E - 4 N/m? Ib/ft (psf) 2.089 E - 2 N/m? Tb/in? (psi) 1450 E - 4 Specific weight N/m* b/e 6366 E — 3 Temperature i * Ty = 18Te + 32 K R 1800 Velocity m/s fs 3.281 m/s ‘mir (mph) 2237 Viscosity (dynamic) Nes/m? bs/f? 2.089 E ~ 2 Viscosity (kinematic) m/s f/s 1076E +1 Volume flowrate m/s ft/s m/s gal/min (gpm) ‘Af more than fowr-place accuracy is desired, refer to Appendix A. ‘ams mona moana yo spay soe MEL, vos pt oT sep Mon, ape 09 Me 666 9st sm 00"! ost DIMES, 116 9st 40 0€ AVS 09'er or Aana2 se" 0 uU2aK1D) 089 ost auose9 ORL or joyoore ng 06S"T or SPUOIYTENA WORE) (uy Od prnbry a aunyeaoduoy “sua (S11U). IS) SPmMby]| wourwo,) awog Jo smsadorg wSiyg aeurosddy ob ajavi® ‘ms ssepand wnaanad yo omudly "2m ML, ‘unos jo pod wy pee seyApo YMG SoM, me 1109 Ue +61 09 231K 661 08 s57EMR9g uw 09 sl Of AWS: £9 89 Asnas2qy, we 89 wuaokip, zr ) auyoseD, es 89 roqoore King, oot 89 2puojyrena woqse) ) Woe -/a) cu/an s/w (cu/say Cayo (ewig pinbry faanesadd “woysua |, “Kays03814, “Kappos 4, aN “Kysuaq ode, aonping, pewury, rumen aupads ‘Ginny Da) spMByT wou’ suios yo soprodoud yeoRaya ayewuROadAY sb atavi® ‘amend vo Kgs So pd OE YH J Oy Sindy oop ae ra e290 2A, ort Sars S$ - anor 1+ doer 0+ ace oz walkx0 ort s-awst s- at T+ art o+aorr « wan let s-asor s-aort O+ aso 1-499 o (8 eameu) ouepoyy Wl + -asor 9- ares lame t-ases 0 walospsH 1 +-asri Sater O+aE91 a9 0 wn oe 9- acs s-aurt 1+ a 081 o+aeer 0 aprxo4p wosue.> ort S- aor s~aelt 1+ a0c1 o+aet st (pxpuers) sry 1 (/_) or) (ayn) (any) 00 9 On OH = “a wi! ¢ aumyeoduay, supeds sAas03e1A “Aas03814 sue, kaon spewouTy queue, aypadg, ‘Gian 1S) samssaig o}aqdeounY pawpurig we seve) woUrWo,) amog Jo soaodong ORY, aveUTROITAY e. a1avi® amend vo Ks an pad ms 4 YE 2/0 2g aamesnua jo mopar a wae e829 7 2A, ort 99 wl ort 99 afin ier 89 (608 pesmeu) aueypoyy Il 9 uatopsy 1 %9 um, ort 9 2p x01 wore ort 6 (ompums) sry x (a) se one WH aumpesodaay, iv eb alavie 1.1K (Dimensions) During a study of a certain flow system the following equation relating the pressures p, and p, at two {In this equation V is a velocity, ¢ the distance between the two points, D a diameter, g the acceleration of gravity, and f a di- ‘mensionless coefficient. Is the equation dimensionally consis- she 7 (ure ead ‘a [ec?] + “l ae fre?) = [ec*]+E7] Since each term in the eguation does not hare the same dimensions, the eguation 1s not dimensionally consistent. Ne. L2R (Dimensions) If V is a velocity, € a length, ‘W- a weight, and 1 a fluid propery having dimensions of FL~*7, ‘determine the dimensions of: (a) VEW /1, (b) W nl, (e) Vu/E, and (4) VEu/W. ANS: AT LT FLA (ay VAW . (LTE), ptr? Te fL*7) b) Wel = le MectT) 4 FAT «) Ws — FL? @) VEE brsveyee 2 w (A) 1.3R (Units) Make use of Table 1.4 to express the follow- ing quantities in BG units: (a) 465 W, (b) 92.1 J, (€) $36 N/m? (@) 85.9 mm?, (e) 386 kg/m. (ANS: 343. X 10° ftb/s: 67.9 fells 11.2 1b/ft2: 3.03 lugs/ft?) jay yes w=(yesw) (73720 44 )= 343.010 ae Si 3) galt = (921) (7.30x0" FE%) = 679 feb ce) 536%, + (se %) (208910? 2): ut Bs _ mons J -< (td) 85.9 mam? = (95.9 x10 4) [ 6.201) £2] 2208016 f° sh é ! ) e 30% + (300 2) (ses ae * 42) hoTbx10 ee lags es os Stee ae Fe* LAR (Units) A person weighs 165 Ib at the earth's surface. Determine the person’s mass in slugs, kilograms, and pounds _ Wweignt mass = Se In slugs, 105 mass= spe = S/2 slugs Ln 4 W sae ” (1656) (a8) e Gilm/ss In Ibm, amass = 65 Ibm volume of water at these two temperatures? From Fig. 1): af 22°C A, = 998 4, at 89°C fy = foe #8, Thus, 998 BO HC abs Gh = 0.998 @ ae 4G = pre Saree Fa 0.966 @ 87 tooo Bt SS ra Since specific velume oes __ = Loox” FE @ 22% a ee ee 2 hogs x18? a @ 8 i Vv gag #8. me I-3R LOR (Specific weight) A 1-ft-diameter cylindrical tank that {is 5 long weighs 125 tb and is filled with a liquid having a specific weight of 69.6 Ib/ft’. Determine the vertical force re- ‘quired to give the tank an upward acceleration of 9 ft/s ANS: 509 Ib weight of tank = Wy * 125/b weight of liguid= Wye Yet Vy = (bee 1.) [El #%2n)) | = 273 1b () x5: Fy -Wy-We = mm ay ee cases asks zb) fe Vv Ib - 273 1b ar dee F= 507 Ib t From oe ideal 94s Jaw: Se nt (voter HT) (Se) A lent SA Ty A zm Uh Tate ee) [Coo + 4%60)*R) = 172-010” SHS, Fer = (72 210" shets ) (32.2 #)= a.sse 1-4R LAK Ideal gas law) lage dg having a volume of 90,000 m? contains helium under standard smogiate cea tions {pressure = 101 kPa (abs) and temperature = 15 °C]. Drei he ty antl weigh elm a) 2 volume = 90,000 From the ideal gas law, : b_ yor nso es ae ne Ga errand ane weight = 9x velume = (ans 4s ) (4. ef 4) (9x10 m?) = 149% 10°N 191 Viscosity) A Newtonian fluid having a specific grav ity of 0.92 and a kinematic viscosity of 4 x 10° m/s flows pasta fixed surface. The velocity profile near the surface is Shown in Fig PIR. Determine the magnitude and direction of f-»9(83) ‘the shearing stress developed on the plate. Express your answer . im terms of U and & with U and 8 expressed in units of meters per second and meters, respectively. ANS: 0.578 U/ 8N/m acting o right on plate) = FIGURE P1.9R = pfu =y Tyrtocs F (24 )yu0 where £= UP en = FE cos(e 4) At 11 du FEA) Since, M21 where P*S6 Pro -0.92(1000 $8) Turkce = UE #) =x 2 Y(agann’ 44 (E # = 0579 rs W/m* acting te right on plate I-5R 1.10R (Viscosity) A large movable plate is located between wo age fied plates stown in Fig. PLIOR. Two Newionan Fn te fluids having the viscosities indicated are contained between the gf, errata: oc mbna ed mantta diseieeg Se sme Suresses that act on the fixed walls when the moving plate has 8 velocity of 4 m/s as shown, Assume thatthe velocity dist 13.0 a bution between the plates is linear. a (ANS: 13.3 N/m? in ditection of moving plate) ae thd He so that =f, E = 0a ts, (+2) = 133 me U #9) BAT G0" SEN seem) = 133% ri Stresses act on fixed walls in direction of Moving plate . 1-6R LLLIR (Viscosity) Determine the torque required to rotate 2 $0-mm-diameter vertical cylinder at a constant angular veloc- ity of 30 rad/s inside a fixed outer cylinder that has a diameter ‘of 50.2 mm. The gap between the cylinders is filled with SAE 10 oil at 20 °C. The length of the inner cylinder is 200 mm. bottom effects and assume the velocity distribution in. the gap is linear. If the temperature of the oil increases to 80 °C, what will be the percentage change in the torque?” (ANS: 0.589 N m: 92.0 percent Torgue, IT, due +0 shearing shess on daner cylinder 13 egual dT7= RTA where dh= (ke, 40), Thus, d7= RL Te and forgue veguired to rotate inner cylinder is sy (L~ cylinder length ) q. RL rf = 200mm = arRht For a linear velocity distribution in the gap, ae ee From Fig, 8.1 in Appendic B: (for 5NE 10 oil at BoC) f= hoxw SE a Ms oa (for SAE 10 01) at °C) A= Fox” (contined) 1-7R Thus, at 20°C wo 7. 37 (2.282 m)? (aim 0410" er (30H (2.2502 m - 0.0500 z = 0.589 Nom At 30%, A =(. ny as 7 = (0.599 wv. as 50 That %o reduction in torgue is €puel to: 4 ob reduchon wi T = [ ‘ LI2R (Bulk modulus) Estimate the increase in pressure (in psi) required to decrease a unit volume of mercury by 0.1%. dp 2 6 Ib wR where from Table 5, Ey= #14 x10° jy - fat = - (4x fC 0,001) = 4b x »?* psc /-8R Thus, at 20°C wo 7. 37 (2.282 m)? (aim 0410" er (30H (2.2502 m - 0.0500 z = 0.589 Nom At 30%, A =(. ny as 7 = (0.599 wv. as 50 That %o reduction in torgue is €puel to: 4 ob reduchon wi T = [ ‘ LI2R (Bulk modulus) Estimate the increase in pressure (in psi) required to decrease a unit volume of mercury by 0.1%. dp 2 6 Ib wR where from Table 5, Ey= #14 x10° jy - fat = - (4x fC 0,001) = 4b x »?* psc /-8R 118K (Bulk modulus) What is the isothermal bulk mod- woof nitogen a temperate of 9° and an seal pres t/t? For isothermal bulk modulus, Ey 4 So That 114K (Speed mercury and oxyge Foencreny 1-9R &, = St00 #4 aq Limon the sped of sound in c=] Fa (5.1197) So That ary c= \f 2e5410 ees nye xe 7-36 x10" SE For exygen, c= ART (Eg, 1.20) so that e=/ vast Va rerani)K] = 726 F Thus, ¢ (mercury) _ 445 x0°F _ ys Cloxygen ) 526 oer (See Tables /.6 and 1.8 for values of Ey, k, and R.) (eg tie) LISK (Vapor pressure) Ata certain altitude it was found that water boils at 90 °C. What isthe atmospheric pressure at this altitude? 70.1 KPa (ab The vapor pressure of water af 90% is To1x10" Pa Cabs) (from Table 8.2 in Apptndic B). Thus, if water boils at this Hemperature, the atmospheric pressure must be egeel to Pain= 701410" Pa = 0,1 APs labs) I-10R 2K (Pressure head) Compare the column heights ot ‘water, carbon tetrachloride, and mercury corresponding 10 a pressure of $0 kPa. Express your answer in meters. (ANS: 5.10 am; 3.21 ; 0.376 path 3k For water: he 22 me 2 510m trex? #, oo oo Far carbon tebachloride: 4 = “2%” me exe, 3 For mereury: fe S24!2 me = 0.376 m 1334107 & = 6 pst 228 treme nes) Aclned nt pe free tially filled with glycerin. If the air pressure inthe tank is 6 7 lb/in? andthe depth of glycerin is 10 f, what isthe pressure air in lb/ft? atthe bottom of the tank? eh (ANS: 1650 1/4 ite glycerin. } Berke B = Cree Bylo) + (6 pees*) ee = 1650 Fe —= 2.38 (Gage-ubsolute pressure) Onthe inlet side of pump «Bourdon pressure gage reads 600 Ib/ft? vacuum. What is the 600}, absolute pressure ifthe local atmosphere pees: HF sore is 16.7 (ANS: 10 Plabs) = P(gage) + Platm) 00 ft (rife) +17 pea = 10.8 psia 2.4K 2AR(Manometer) A tanks constructed of series of yl- « inders having diameters of 030, 025, and 0.15 mas shownin Fig P2AR ‘The tank contin ol, water, and glycerin and a Ol'm rmeteury minometeris tached ote botiom as iaarted.Cal-f~ Cola the manometer reading. h ohn bs Mercury = FIGURE P2.4R Prt %oit Com) + Me g (6.1m) + %, iy (2.2m) — hy =A Thus, ao Gas 42) (01m) + (4.80 #82) 0.1m) + (as 411) (azn) i335 2% = 0.0321™ 2-2R 25R (Manometer) A mercury manometer is used to mea- Sure the pressure diference inthe two pipelines of Fi Fuel oil (specific weight = 53.0 Ib/n®) is flowing SAE 30 lube oil (specific weight = 57.0 lb/ft") is flowing in B. An ai pocket has become entrapped in the lube oil a ind cated. Determine the pressure in pipe B ifthe pressure in A is 153 psi (ANS: 182 psiy = FIGURE P2.5R # ay (AEA) =H, ($4) -¥, (SEH) + (AG eit A Thus, Be (ia hn 4a?) exo te)( 4 4e)+ 601 BNE) - (10%)(228) = abisth = (auc RES) = 182 pst # oe = 2.6R Ma heen bea ee te ea SD Scene nateeeact steep : cs ; Ayo Gooller4s,) ~ GeoN2 ny) of) 208 = fy Thus, A-% = Coloz# #5) [0 A) 4n0 -J Since fy-t = | pre : _ 7 4; ine (oft) sine -1 = a so That sin@ = 0.331 or O = 19-3" eee | 2-3R pane Sod) A shaming pad 18 wii, Deurnine the mapas tad locaton of the ent force of he wae onthe veal end ofthe pol we te eh 2m yh, “42-5 oe c Fe b= width = 7m Fa = XbA = (7.3044) (2S ) (Im x 2.5m) = 2IG-AN 2 Ye? ae he where Lee? 7k Om) 25m) Cee "abbas? + 286 = Letom Fa* (8.822) (tmx 25m) - 7 The force of aly &N acts 1b Tm below surface along vertical centerline ef end. 2-4R 2.8R (Force on plane surface) The vertical cross section [iol seiceataeceamcan rate oS Seren ea socsteraeesree erat on 1 bem = FIGURE P2.8R Break area inte three parts as shown in gure, For aren / = Far * tu A, = (YS \(amxam) = 160 kN ANA, For area. 2+ (From Table L6 Yetyy) = 7.7424) © feaz By 4a + Whee An oO = (Yo AM) aman) + (7.74 A) (Ima tm) = $44 AN For area 3! Fas* thin Ant Oey Ay = (WAKE) aman) + (1.74 HY) rm YA) (2m x0m) = 243 4 Thus, Fash, tha ths = leo ku + Y4An + 242kv = FH AN eee 2-5R 29R (Center of pressure) A 3+f-diameter circular plate is located in the vertical side of an open tank containing gasoline. ‘The resultant force that the gasoline exerts on the plate acts 3.1, in. below the centroid of the plate. What is the depth of the liquid above the centroid? (ANS: 2.18 fy ——_—_ == 7 Ye 4te Buin. oh 7 a | + Yp? at where Lygt FEA) Thus, “ys Bg EGH" -y= Aly: eae ¥. F Ge)? that oe Yo 28 ft 2-6R 2.108 (Force on plane surface) A gate having the tian- ‘gular shape shown in Fig. P2.10R is located in the vertical side ‘of an open tank. The gate is hinged about the horizontal axis ‘AB. The force of the water on the gate creates a moment with Fespect to the axis AB. Determine the magnitude of this mo- ment. CANS: 3890 kN.) 72} 6 m $7 4} = FIGURE P2.10R det Pmt Zlom) = lon Fez A where Th ” fas 44004, Niam(4Nlem x bn) © 2/204" To lecate Fe, - tet yy Ik” Ga 7% Ip® telbem Mem)? lim = (27m © Cam NG Nem)* Thus, te determne the moment abort AB Eg Myg = 2/20 x0) HHom- 72.1670) on = Ns, , 3890 4N-1m tin with Yer. 50 Thad 2.118 (Force on plane surface) The rectangular gate CD ‘of Fig P2.11R is 1.8 m wide and 20 m long. Assuming the ee eee Teep it shat unl the water evel rac to 20 above the Mage (ANS: 180 kN 2om ve = FIGURE P2.11R Rath A — pane he = dm + 4 [6 lam)] = 2.8m Thus, Fe= (1,90 8%) (2:8 om )( 180m « 2) = 98.8 4N Alse, 4p? rye where Ye? 7 este se that 2 Yet Cea Nam), 3.5m = 3.595 (3.5m )(1.5m x20) For eguil'briam, ZM,=0 (ote: Set Fx0 te obtern minimum wend 2 " weeffz)Gm] - fy (y- 7G) +0 an _ Gage) 3585 es = /804N (4) [Ge] A gate inthe form of a «8 Tainter gate) holds back ‘water on top of a dam as shown in Fig. P2.12R. The radius of the surface is 22 ft, and its length is 36 ft. The gate can pivot about point A, and the pivot point is 10 ft above the seat, C, Determine the magnitude of the resultant water force on the ‘gate, Will the resultant passthrough the pivot? Explain. (ANS: 118,000 1b) = FIGURE P2.12R Let fF be force of gate on Fluid and F=¥4,A 4 (02.4 8, (28) lotesmee) op bs "= 112,000 Ib % (Note: AN loogtrs in #t) Also, R= (62.4 B: )(wt)(2,,x 304) sik * = (v2 Hs (io A) (2.404 x34) Se ae Suge Bw 22- Ling = 53,900 Ib ne Wey ¥, where + Beoe™ Macon ~ Mace = (ox2ye\- Ance Aece = Agce ~ Anse = ™ (22.4e)* $20") -4 (softs [22 cos 104) = 1b.0 #4? Thus, =22- 22 ese and = 240ft = (Acne * aL Ft) ay Aeoe = (I0Fts 2.40ft) - iho ft® = Foote wrt Ws (cay Be) (toe te) [ou te) = 18,000 Ib continued 2-9R For eguilibrium Zk =o % 112, 000 I Also, Zhyz0 or Fay? E-W = 53, 90/b- /8 0001 = 35, 9oolb Thus, Az 27 (Fax) *+ (Fig)” = Yilua,c00 i) *+ Ga5wot)” = /18, 000 Ib The direchin of all difterental forces acting on the gele 1s perpendicular to the gate surface, and Therefore, the resultant must pass through the intersechén of all these forces which 1s at pomt A. Yes. force distribution gde: circular arc centered at A 2-10R For eguilibrium Zk =o % 112, 000 I Also, Zhyz0 or Fay? E-W = 53, 90/b- /8 0001 = 35, 9oolb Thus, Az 27 (Fax) *+ (Fig)” = Yilua,c00 i) *+ Ga5wot)” = /18, 000 Ib The direchin of all difterental forces acting on the gele 1s perpendicular to the gate surface, and Therefore, the resultant must pass through the intersechén of all these forces which 1s at pomt A. Yes. force distribution gde: circular arc centered at A 2-10R 2.13R (Force on curved surface) _A.conical plug is located in the side of a tank as shown in Fig. 2.13R. (a) Show that the horizontal component of the force of the water on the plug does ‘not depend on h.(b) For the depth indicated, what is the mag- nitude of this component? (ANS: 735 Ib) =n = FIGURE P2.13R (4) Consider a eylinder of fluid of diameter, D, and lengm, 4, with The plug removed (see figure). The ‘pressure distribubens over the right and left surfaces ave shown, We mote that the Pressures cance/ except for the Center area of diameter, d. The pressure distribution over ths center avea will yield « resultant which is independent of h and depends only on the fluid specific weight , the #luid depth, and “tne hele diameter, d. (6) Far @ circular area of diameter, d=lft, R= tha = (orn Bs #4)( lie)” = 735/b 2-IIR ‘The 9-ft-long cylinder rests against a wall. Determine the horizontal force the cylinder exerts on the wall a the point (of contact, A. (ANS: 2300 it = FIGURE P2.14R The-heriyartal orces achny on the Free-bedy-diagranm are shown on The figure. For eguilibriim, Rr aRR Where F 1s The herinonte) force the wall exerts on the cylinder. Since, vay = 0 #,) (Sf (ete aft) = 4230 |b and Fur ¥ ter Aa = (510 As) (s4e4 3 H)(344 «9 = 6930 |b then Rt 9230 \b-6430lb = 2300 lb —> on the wall 2-12R 2.15. ’) A hot-air balloon weighs $00 Ib, in- the weight of the balloon, the basket, and one person. ‘he air outside the ballon has a temperatare of 80, td the heated air inside the balloon has a temperature of 150 "F. As- sume the inside and outside air to be at standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psia. Determine the required volume of the balloon to support the weight. If the balloon had a spherical shes et wold be he reed ree? For eguilibriim , Z Frertical =° So that Fo War Ms Where - Fy = bueyent force Wa = weight of air inside balloon ae weignt of beshet and load Thus, (Beate) ¥ =( Viiaide ) +M, a Frem the sieel gas law -popkT = ERT or ys af For outside air with T= 80°F + Yoo S¥0°R, Yewtewe = G22 Yor Ee live ) = 0.07356 4 wae = Sh 3 (/7% ee ) (40%) Similarly for inside air with T= 180°F +¥bo = G/0°R , side # (202 4) = o.cesiz # Yoinide =(: Xeorsse — Re Cio" TI ey hus, from Bg) yy ap Sn Aa ar + (BA) (20#)* S oD ahataye Woh = 13.334 75,000|b ee 8 2-15R TR 218K (Rigid body motion) A container that is partially Aled with wate is pulled witha constant acceleration long a plane horizontal surface. With this acceleration the water sit- face slopes downward at an angle of 40° with respect tothe Determine the aceleration. Express your answer in m/s. de. ay ay ~ Fra (ey, 222) 5: me dt = ~ ten yo" a9 and @z=0, Thus, @y* Ztanyo® = (121%) tn for = $23 % 97781 9-481 Gy= 8.23% For Qy=8.23% 2-/6R aR] 2.198 (Rigld-body motion) An open, 2-A-diameter tank contains water to a depth of 3 ft when at rest. If the tank is rotated about its vertical axis with an angular velocity of 160 rev/min, what isthe minimum height ofthe tank walls to pre- ‘vent water from spilling over the sides? For free surface, sitet, he a +h, (es. 2.32) al % ron dr = w [liye ts her )ar lo 5 = zatet Peete 43 =o (loo ee 20 Hh, + (oz.2€6 ) mi) ¢ art + TH (Ife) = wae +h) Ft? (uith hy tin Fe) Since the inihal volume, yeemR' 4h, = 1 (14)* (2H) = WH? ane the final volume must be egual, Hayy s 1 (2/9 +h.) ft?= 3m Ft and 4,= 0820 #t Thus, from ‘the First Cguahon (4.235) Be Wt + 0920 2 iy = eo trl ie) Gay” + ROLL = 5/8 Ht min 2 (32.2) hres 2-17R 3.1R (F = ma along streamline) What pressure gradient slong the sreamie o/s, is neuired to accelese atin and pressure in a horizontal pipe at a rate of Soo ANS: -0.714 Ib/ft aL 2-8 sind - eV} where @=0 and apie ae # vit = FIGURE P3.9R As haz, Beka ris 2 2 200 x10 W/m: (zom/s) 100X16' N/m? Va Fa0n0 Nims” 2E98Im/5") + 50m = FG0xm Him? * 278Im77) Thus, Vp =#2.2 m/s so thet since VA, =Vahz or UFD"= VFO, then b= [¥]"D “(est (0.1m) = 0.0688 m 42.2 m/s, Ar Beye +¥ +2, (z,=%) where AN, =AaVn , or Ve~ (Bay Me =(C2B Ve =796 Ma Also, p,+0(H+02H)- Ser (02H) — TH=f =f tinve # By combining (1), (3), and (3): gea2s) ~ 4 * 222 OF Ve 28 He and Vy = 196(2.13 Hh) = #17 1s Thus, since Vy Ay = As , then Moo (BaP CHa norte 3-eR = FIGURE P3.10R ng =p, +28(02)-F(0a) = p,4624ff[2- I] (0240 f+ (use Vat Ge, Be Oleh v,* f%* 8 MIR (Bernoulli /eootinalty Pitot tube) ‘Two Pitot tubes and two static pressure tas are placed in the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P3.11R. The flowing fui is water, and viscous effects are negligible. Determine the two manometer readings hand H. (ANS: 0; 0282 1) = FIGURE P3.11R Hrd +Maz, 2 Bee +2, with 2,222 and =\70 Ths, A: =f2 sothat manometer considerations give Pit EULth)= fat VLt 0th, o with p-fr this gives h=0 Also, fee Boz, - 7 +2, where 2-H, B= ZH, G=2H, ea Aye Yen iM The, ioe <(A- a) | Bao . o But p,-0h-VH = py -0( 2:-24+h) ” Bott oy (25-2%) @ Fram Eqsi!) and (+) we obtain os H=H-(33#) or f= 0.252 3-9R 3.12 (Bernoulli/continuity) Water collects in the bottom (oy of a rectangular oil tank as shown in Fig. P3.12R. How long will it take forthe water to drain from the tank through a 0.02~ ‘m-diameter drain hoe inthe bottom of the tank? Assume quasi- hgeisn steady flow. : ANS: 2.45 he 0.020 donate = FIGURE P3.12R Ai sz, - Bees where ~, = fot Uh, fo=o f.*0, 22h Thus, since -Hesc-o.87, 22-0, and \,=0 Bhehs $ or ¥, = f2g(h+Sch,) or Vy = [2(9.81-2)(h +0.87(1.9m) = 4.43 ~h+16s3 B, Also, where h~m Q= Aas = FO = F(0.02m)*[4¥3yh 1-053. 2] a 3, we and =/.39x10 Yh +4653 Q-A(-#), where Ay = 2.6m (9.5m) =247m Hence, q=-2u7 @ Combine Eqs.) and (2) to give 4 =$.63x)0§ jh +1653 o heo tt, fre a-ssaeis* (at where t,=time to drain h=0.7 the water C t=0 or 2 \hees = -553%10*t, Thos, a & = 8.83K10"s = 2.45he 3-10R JL13R (Cavitation) Water flows past the hydrofoil shown in Fig. P3.13R with an upstream velocity of Vo. A more ad- ‘vanced analysis indicates that the maximum velocity of the wa- ter in the entre flow field occurs at point B and is equal o 1.1. Calculate the velocity. Vo, at which cavitation will begin ifthe atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs) and the vapor pressure Of the water is 3.2 kPa (abs). (ANS: 31.4 m/s) = FIGURE P3.13R Mez, = Bie Wszy where pyxfy= 9.2 bhalabs) + ‘0 zg where Af fs # Po7 y+ thy , Fo"~ te, This, and Zy-0.6m a Vor Bitthe + Meh, +h +z, a But Vg=l1Vy and f,=101 kPa (abs) so that £%.()) gives sol 2 aa Ue ae + ita) ae sae so or Y= gue 3-1IR 3L14R (Flowrate) Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. P3.14R. For the given 0.2-m difference in ma- tomer vel deerme te Borate econ of he mot ter of e small pe DS ‘ oie = FIGURE P3.14R : See tee Been, where x22, and Vn0 Thus, v=/ 2g OD But Ax=%h and pr= ths, so that pr-p= 0 Chg-h) = 0.28 Thos, Wa EE agra or : Q=AY, = Flosmy [204.8% )o.2m) = 9.0156e 3-12R S.15R (Channet flow) Water lows down the ramp shown in the channel of Fig. P3.1SR. The channel width decreases = 6 from 15 fat section (1) 109 ft section 2). For the conditions bgar shown, determine the flowrate, . a (ANS: $09 ft seine, *® @ hemelsine joattes FIGURE P2.15R @ Hee rz, Ee +22 where p,=9, f= 9, A= St, and 3,2 (+2) =8ft oe ANA Mee FRM = eens = 9-380 Thus, £9.) becomes [aa] W= 2(32.288-DH, or bases Hence, Q= AV, = (SH) Ost 5-65 B) = = 509 3-/3R 316K (Channel flow) — Water flows over the spillway ‘shown in Fig. P3.16R. If the velocity is uniform at sections (1) ‘and (2) and viscous effects are negligible, determine the flow- ‘ate per unit width ofthe spillway. (ANS: 7.44 m?/s) a = FIGURE P3.16R Bie rz, -$+ Bez, where, if points ( and (2) are 7 located on the free surface, B:=9, fr*O , 2, = 3.5m, and Abe, AV where GxYRRG or if Basse 6, = [7-0 (206.9 om Ylarssis)h* = s¥0 2 «so that the Mach nombeP is ; May= EER = 0,480 >0.3 Thus, shold assome compressible 3-/6R the bottom of the falls? What is the maximum pressure of the ‘water on the rocks? Repeat the calculations forthe 1430-ft-high Upper Yosemite Falls in Yosemite National Park. Is it reason- able wo neglect wscous effects for these fal? Explain. ANS: 106 fi/s. 728 psi: 304 ft a 4+ tex, =e Bon and h Breeze, Bren i with p=xp.-o, V, /, <3f | K-o 22,0 , end 2,%h Thus, Y= Y2glh+ Hh) and py tev teh a) With h=/é7H, Me bessh iar Le sree a £0 stone ty” + 624-fhy (1674) = 10,500 = Z2.9psi 6) With h=/¥30f#, Ye [ena Ay (430 ft + oe = 304 Bo (est BE (9 LY + 62.4 (1 49041) = 84,300 Ha = saopsi Aerodynamic drag on the water weold reduce the values of Vand fy (expecially Far the h= 1,430 casa), 3.17R ‘The velocity field in a flow is given by lot the streamline through the origin at times ¢ = 0, = 2. (b) Do the streamlines plotted in part (a) coincide with the path of particles through the origin? Explain, ANS Gn @ &=X*y and w=x*t where the streamlines are obtained from Hate BE op ydy=tdx which, for asgiven tine t,can be integrated to give ty? =tx +0, where C is a constant. For streamlines through the origin (x=0, y«0), C=O. Thus? y*= 24x or y=0_fort=0 y= Vax fort0. The flow is from left toright. Since the flow is steady, streamlines are the same as streoklines. #-2R al derivative) The pressure in the pipe near disc reciprocating pump = [200 + 40 sin(8)} kPa, where ris in seconds. If the fuid speed in the pipe is 5 m/s, determine the maximum rate of change of pressure experienced by a fluid particle. ANS: 320 kPa/s) Since u=5#, v=o, w=0 it follows that with p= ptt) Be nit sui if sndh = PE» 4o(0)cos(ot) 4 Thus, i 40 (8) "= 320 fe Note: Since 4£--0 the valve of u is net important. 448 (Acceleration) A shock wave is a very thin layer (thickness = €) in a high-speed (supersonic) gas flow across which the flow properties (velocity, density, pressure, etc.) % change from state (1) to state (2) as shown in Fig. P44R.If V, ———» —e = 1800 fps, V; = 700 fps, and € = 10~* in., estimate the average deceleration of the gas as it flows across the shock ae ‘wave. How many g's deceleration does this represent? ‘Sheck wave ANS: ~ 1.65. 10! ft/s; —S. = FIGURE P4.4R GHWT so with Veuet, d=a,0 = uel Without knowing the actual velocity distribution, u=ucx), the acceleration can be approximated as h Ma-V 100+ 700)fps (700- 1800) fes a= a He = eed (ie i). (1800+700)fps (700 16. " "Oe ° Oe, 7 65x0 7 asxio'tt This is = 3a = Sexe 4.3R 4.58 (Acceleration) Air flows through a pipe with a uni- form velocity of V = $i ft/s heels ane ere the acceleration atime # = 1, 0, ands a= s7e7 with ust # , y-0, w=0 this floes a=(Sh tude = dtr = sot ch since Yx0. Thus, @ = -100 & a at t=-/s Z=Qatt=0 and ~~ @ = 100 at te/s —us {ua 7h \—* 4-4R at point A. At point A what i the angle between the acceleration and the x axis? At point A what isthe angle between the accel- ‘ration and the streamline? = FIGURE P4.6R 7 taahrqsaLarvies = OP's swohehs or G=son +308 H In terms of unit vectors fandf , A=-sin3di +cos 30 f and § = cos30't + sin 30f Thus, 7 =10(-0.52 +0.066$) +30(0.966f +0.5$) = 21.02 +23.77 & eto! & ates! 222 Hence, 0 = tant = tan 37.0 deat sary fh or @= 48.5° cc pV =O# and . a= @-30° =/8.5° 9 a2. So 4-5R 478 Accete PAR the sueamlines are essentially radial lines emanating from point A and the id velocity i given approximately by V = C/P where Cis a constant. The Buid velocity is 2 m/s along the centerline atthe beginning ofthe nozzle (x = 0)- In the conical nozzle shown in Fig. = FIGURE P4.7R Along the nozzle centerline, @= 320 +V-V0 becomes GU? where U=-& with P+x=0.6m, or r=0.b-x. Thus, upon Since u= pie at x=0 it follows that ae 2B <2 or crore # c c 2c* 2(0.72) tp em) Tae” Tessa”! * Tascuitmt ¢ ea 13 ae pees Zt where x~m Ab x<0, = 13.32% ; at x=0.3m,a = 4272 4-6R | orem) A sanding operation 4.8R (Reynolds transport injects 10° particles/s into the air in a room as shown in Fig. P4.8R. The amount of dust inthe room is maintained at a con- ‘stant level by a ventilating fan that draws clean air into the room ‘at section (1) and expels dusty air at section (2). Consider a ‘control volume whose surface is the interior surface ofthe room ‘excluding the sander) and a system consisting of the material within the control volume at time f = 0. (a) IFN is the number Of particles, discuss the physical meaning of and evaluate the terms DN,,,/Dt and aN,,/@. (b) Use the Reynolds transpont «FIGURE P4.8R ‘theorem 10 determine the concentration of particles (parti- 0. Assuming thal the particles do net get glved' together, V remains constant. Thos, Pies 0 2 « tine re of change of the number of particles in the control yolume, Depending on the rale at which the sander creates particles and ejects them info the ream compared to the rate at which the fan draws them from the room, we could have Et 20. 0) Plas = SME net rate of flow of particles out of carol vebme or for steady state 2M=0 so that: flow of particles into control volume (from sander, none enter A,) = flow of particles out of contrel velme (thrugh tan exhavst, Az ) 2 ticles 10° = eels - = YA, Ma , where ma pai igocentction Hence, ; s particles ’ 10° Pericles - 5 xj0° barliles = Balm) 4-7R 498 ro Wile Sees rowgheichingalat te or rere tet shown in Fig. PAOR wit a uniform velociy, Dee i t Sa tegrate Eqs. 4.16 and 4.17 with b = 1 to determine the mass 1 omnes fowrate (h/s) aro and X-B of the contol volume, Repeat | ) wena foce-D, ' yf (ANS: 18,000 kg/s; 18.000 kg/s) i 7’ amen Voame cy = FIGURE P4.9R < Equation 417: 6, = ~[ebV-Aan or, with @= 999; and b=! this gives By = 9998 (a BIt(t)dA = ~(999 SENS F)(omNsm) =18,000 9 and Equation 4168 a ag Bax [ebVea dt = ef Dra dn pia 0.5 ft as shown in Fig. P4.11R. The fixed rectangular control volume ABCD co- incides with the system at time f = 0. Make a sketch o indicate () the boundary of the system at time ¢ = 0.1, (b) the fluid that moved out of the control volume in the interval 0 = ¢ = (41s, and (€) the fluid that moved into the control volume during, that time interval. | FIGURE P4.11R Since V=uUly)t, each fluid particle travels only in the x-direction, with the distance of travel 4X=u St , where bt=0.1s. Thus, ‘xq = 8x, = 0 since K=O af y=0. Also bxq = 8X, = (IF )(O.18) = Ob Ft. The flvid originally along lines AB and C-D move to positions A-E-8' and D-F-C' as shown it the figure below. The locetian of the system at £-0.1.5 and the fluid that moved into or aut of the control volome is indicated. — — — control volume ~ -- system at &=0.bs y, f 10 4-10R S.1R (Continuity equation) Water flows steadily through 1 2-in-inside-diameter pipe at the rate of 200 gal/min. The 2- in. pipe branches into two 1-in-inside-diameter average velocity in one ofthe in. pipes i 30 fs, what isthe average velocity in the other 1 ANS: 51.7 ft/s) For steady incompressible How Q,= 0,4 8, or a= At AN a Thus — 2% -4% AOA UT = Coogem ) (231 jn? r £ Lin} (00 5-12) On S-IR 5.2R (Continuity equation) Air (assumed incompressible) flows steadily into the square inlet of an air scoop with the ‘nonuniform velocity profile indicated in Fig. PS.2R. The air exits as a uniform flow through a round pipe | ft in diameter. (a) Determine the average velocity atthe exit plane. (b) In one ‘minute, how many pounds of air pass through the scoop? ANS: 191 ft/s; 688 Ib/inia) = FIGURE P5.2R Ai ” 0) For steady, incompressible flow ° x Q°% or Ome eie yel. {4d -Ab where Sud = fisted +feeor20 Q SneeE 2) +(2HI HDis0#) = /50f « Thus, eae \y= 10 Liat Fane 1) Weight fhwrate = ¥Q = (0.076514) (1508) = 1.49 # (S22) = ~ 686, Noe : (fa (2d = iserady = wold « -sop| -50f yeo 5.8K (Continuity equation) Water at0.1 m’/s and aleobol (SG = 0.8) at 0.3 m/s are mixed in a y-duct as shown in Fig. PSR. What is the average density of the mixture of alcohol, ‘and water? ANS: 849 ‘Neobal (= 0.8) O=03ms = FIGURE P5.3R control ‘surface For steady flow eV dA =0, or m, +t mn, = m; or 0%+ 2% =L% a) Also, since the water and alcoho/ may be considered th compressible Q + Q@,=a@, (2) Combining &gs. / amd 2 we get LY + AG= B(A*%) 5 4u+ RG a ae, da a PR + 56, Q,) Q,rQ, Wan s)fors" +08)(03 F P)] ae 3 "o om, 03 Fr z S-3R S4i S.4R (Average velocity) The flow nan open change bas a velocity distribution stad V = Uy/n'*t Vs whee U = eesti velociy, y= perpendlar isan ier hanno ek pve ca infect Deemine be avrg oly of be chant sara fraction of U. aie ANS: y free surface Ys 4 us U[y/h h [y/nJ” = dy x a flow cross section For any flow cross section f S a m= pAud = [pV.AGA i Also my + “UA- Vet - UE) Thus tor uniformly cistributed density, , over area A h y t, 4 ae Luliy ty th and ; a + o* [ASE) -# - 200 5-9 vm) Water flows through aright an- 1000 bm/s as is shown in Fig. PS.SR. ne 7 Se pecene fetatoomee etn eae id pata in oe sure drop across the valve is $0 psi. The inside diameters of the valve inlet and exit pipes are 12 and 24 in. If the flow through, eecre Gauine onmores L inn sEEe ane ommte ml Gr en ; For steady flow the x-component of the momentum equation is Suehadh «2% “1,0 (ut4m,9) of A, Us ellis +A f)EZ)A, fy « = + pata Fax but u,=0, m=-V,, Uz=-Me, and m=O Thus, 0 #0) 0 (4) Aa = 4p Aa Fax or Fax = Pala trl , where rm =pl As =elhd, =30 ee i = (90-50) (Flavin?) +3028 (492H) = 18,2015 a we have used Vy -#s or sh \y= ne - aN ane (continued) S-SR Similarly, in the y-direction (are Vida £5, , or & my eluytrag) fA, tas elUst tap) YA. = “PA tay or EVE CWIA +0= ~P4, thy , or Fay~ AA tA =A, tlh Ths, since Ypx= Pale = (Ba)*Y, = (2Hin\ (nga ft) =19.7 # we obtain Fay = 9048: (Flizins?) + 30 M88 (19.7) = 10,200 Ib S-6bR Similarly, in the y-direction (are Vida £5, , or & my eluytrag) fA, tas elUst tap) YA. = “PA tay or EVE CWIA +0= ~P4, thy , or Fay~ AA tA =A, tlh Ths, since Ypx= Pale = (Ba)*Y, = (2Hin\ (nga ft) =19.7 # we obtain Fay = 9048: (Flizins?) + 30 M88 (19.7) = 10,200 Ib S-6bR S.6R (Linear momentum) A horizontal circular jet of ait yeaon strikes a stationary flat plate as indicated in Fig. PS.6R. The jet 1 velocity is 40 m/s and the jet diameter is 30 mm. Ifthe air velocity magnitude remains constant as the air lows over the plate surface in the directions shown, determine: (a) the mag- so nitude of F,, the anchoring force required to hold the plate sta oo tionary, (b) the fraction of mass flow along the plate surface in ‘each of the two directions shown, (¢) the magnitude of Fy. the yy F, anchoring force required to allow the plate to move to the right, m FIGURE PS.6R at a constant speed of 10 m/s control volume Wey The non- determing control velume Shown in the sketch above is and (@) To determine the magnitude of Fy we apply the camponcnt of the linear momentum eguaton (&.5.22) along the direction of fy ts, 50 CVAdA © ED, , oF R= mV.sin 30" = pA;V.V; sm 30"= pT YG im 30° Fe or 2 2 a hy) r (0.030m) (0B) (5m 30°) (IL = 0.696N F, = 23 By reason) (WF. Coq) ~ 268 (b) To determine the fraction of mass flow along the plate surhce n each of the 2 directions shown th the Sketch abeve, WE apply the component of the linear momentum eguation paralle| to fhe surhce of the phe, [UV dA= Zk, to obtain = Amy ty Yoces 30" a Kung pak Surtnce = (continued) 5-7R ‘5. 6R continved Since the air velocity magnitede remains constant, the malue of Ry is sero® Thus from Eg./ we obltin oe ay = ah hj V, 05 30° @ Since wower,, &. a bccants fy = On = ri; car 20° @ From conservation of mass we conclude that ny = Pag thn w Combining gs. Zand ¥ we get ty = 0 thy ~ th, cos 30" ing .. ) - % e oe are) = me, (0.0670) and me tn; (1~ 0.067) = ™, (0-933) Thus, m, snvolies I23% | m; and Myinvoles 6.7% of ri,» —— ———— (C) To dekrmine the magnitude of 4% reputed to alltw te plake Yo move to fhe right at A canstant ea of 10M, we use 4 Men- deforming Contro( volume sike the one sn The Sketch above that moves tv the right with a seed of we. The translating conto! volume Uinear momenhom suation 663.529) leads fo = era? G-MEy an? # * 2 . Gas #2) wlawn) Gen Sapien) 2 and & O3uN * Since V,=V2=Ve and fiz ha=fs and 2,2 22222 it follows that the Bernoulli eqvation is valid trom 1--2 and 1-3. Thus, there are no viscous ef¥ects(Bennoulli equation iz Valid only tor invisctd tow) <0. Hence, Rabny plate = 0. S-8R ‘5. 6R continved Since the air velocity magnitede remains constant, the malue of Ry is sero® Thus from Eg./ we obltin oe ay = ah hj V, 05 30° @ Since wower,, &. a bccants fy = On = ri; car 20° @ From conservation of mass we conclude that ny = Pag thn w Combining gs. Zand ¥ we get ty = 0 thy ~ th, cos 30" ing .. ) - % e oe are) = me, (0.0670) and me tn; (1~ 0.067) = ™, (0-933) Thus, m, snvolies I23% | m; and Myinvoles 6.7% of ri,» —— ———— (C) To dekrmine the magnitude of 4% reputed to alltw te plake Yo move to fhe right at A canstant ea of 10M, we use 4 Men- deforming Contro( volume sike the one sn The Sketch above that moves tv the right with a seed of we. The translating conto! volume Uinear momenhom suation 663.529) leads fo = era? G-MEy an? # * 2 . Gas #2) wlawn) Gen Sapien) 2 and & O3uN * Since V,=V2=Ve and fiz ha=fs and 2,2 22222 it follows that the Bernoulli eqvation is valid trom 1--2 and 1-3. Thus, there are no viscous ef¥ects(Bennoulli equation iz Valid only tor invisctd tow) <0. Hence, Rabny plate = 0. S-8R nvntum) _ Anaxisymmetic device is used ‘pg the end ofthe rod pipe shown in Fig. STR. The ar leaves in radial direction wid a speed of 30 fs as inicated. Gravity ad viscous forces are negligible, De- termine the (a) dowrate though the pip, (0) gage prssre at point (1), (¢) gage pressure at the tip of the plug, point (2), (@) force, F. need whol the pg in place = FIGURE P5.7R For part (a) we determine the volume flowrate through the pipe by calculating the volume flowrate of the dir leaving radially after being tumed by the axisymmetic plug. Thus "_g = VyAs = (s0 8) wr (1.5 H Youote) = 206 ff Fer pari (b) we determine the ssure at (1) by apply Die werisalt equation to the Co Siren (and the hee How \eaving the plug, Station (3). Thus ‘ ogee Toy Mies 4 Vy wo ¢ oO. 265 2m ft vehi wont ie Combining Eqs. | and 2 we get te ¢( Bet), (oon tt 2) (B= F) @) or 2, = 1.90 b = -F* (continued) SR [B2Remfimedy —“—s—SOS—S———“s~CsSSCSdY Sone fal eee ea acto” (a). Thus, wee 0, yee 4 tear (f rs v , : Ry = (0.00288 Sian oo + Go #) Goeene sis Yi! za) 2 and a A= Bl Be control surface For part (4) we apply the linear momentum equation to tne Gontents of the combel volume sketched ahove to get Suev-nda 2£ or fuew dA =2% since U,=0 Ls Thus, -Wev,A = BAF or FeRAM RO Thus, 2 = (1.90 f ‘s F=(! one, Ul 1), Gofe (arene se (aed) F = 3.18 lb Il S-10R [B2Remfimedy —“—s—SOS—S———“s~CsSSCSdY Sone fal eee ea acto” (a). Thus, wee 0, yee 4 tear (f rs v , : Ry = (0.00288 Sian oo + Go #) Goeene sis Yi! za) 2 and a A= Bl Be control surface For part (4) we apply the linear momentum equation to tne Gontents of the combel volume sketched ahove to get Suev-nda 2£ or fuew dA =2% since U,=0 Ls Thus, -Wev,A = BAF or FeRAM RO Thus, 2 = (1.90 f ‘s F=(! one, Ul 1), Gofe (arene se (aed) F = 3.18 lb Il S-10R | | S.8R (Linear momentum) A nozzle is attached to an 80- ‘mm inside-diameter flexible hose. The nozzle area is $00 mn’ If the delivery pressure of water at the nozzle inlet is 700 kPa, ‘could you hold the hose and nozzle stationary? Explain. yt § upVAda- Dh an cs The contro] volume shown tn the sketch js used. We assume that the vertical component of the anchoring tora, Fy y , is exerted by the hose material. We further assume thal the horizontal cimpenent of the ancharng force, fy, , mist be exerted by the hands holding the hese and nozzle stationary. Application of the ‘hovixontal ov X aurechon component of the linear momentum eguation leads 7 YweYA = Fy aM Application of Berneullis equation between sections((jandl) yields Rr Yn hak Aenea e @ From the Conseration of mass Cfuation AYA, = pYA, or yay, & o A Thus combining Eqs. 2and 3 gives yxz 2CR-R) (l- Ay] and &.1 becomes Ae 2CR-R) A Ux Sart [hey] (continued) S-UR A Now py Grorm) Germ) _ ares A, > 1 i (BP) Lfenn) Thus, ae mw RPa 2 (100 kha 0 Px) (500 mm”) (000 Ll= @.0995f ] (1900 ony hin T0o7 N or in terms of Jb FE « 207 N gd M 4 which is managable. 5-/2R A Now py Grorm) Germ) _ ares A, > 1 i (BP) Lfenn) Thus, ae mw RPa 2 (100 kha 0 Px) (500 mm”) (000 Ll= @.0995f ] (1900 ony hin T0o7 N or in terms of Jb FE « 207 N gd M 4 which is managable. 5-/2R 59R (Linear velocity of 50 ispere in place? The magnitoge of velocity ofthe air remains constant. ANS: 1 = FIGURE P5.9R control volume v I fa ct x ¥ l= The control volume shown in the skelch is used. The x~component of the momentum equation gives (ueV-nda=25 or zs (Ye bVIA +e eG) As * Fy where for conservation of mass @ AV = C2Aze =m, the mass flowrate. Thus, fh = m(V.tVz)=2mV since V=V,=50F Note that V,=Ve (i.e. the speed is constant), but Y= sot #0 <-Sort (cc. the velocity changes) With m= Q,AN,= 12248 (F(o.ozomP) (502) = 0.0/93 48 we. obtain F = (0.0193 #)(50#)(2) = 193N S-IBR S.10R (Linear momentum) Determine the magnitude of the horizontal of the ‘component hod in place the 10-fo0t-wide sluice gate shown in Fig. PS.10R. ‘Compare this result with the size of the horizontal component of the anchoring force required to holdin place the sluice gate when it i closed and the depth of water upstream is 6 ft (ANS: $310 th: 11,200 Ib = FIGURE P5.10R When the gate is clsed the wafer is stationary and the resultant water force on the gate is Rectesed “PA = theA=t#b where H=6tt and b= lott-width Pr it Thos, Recioced = £ (52-4 HaN(b HHP (lott) 11 20018 4 From the control volume diagram shown, the x-componend of the momentum equation ¥ y becomes: [ (ueV-Ada =2R or : . nas fats MOEN AeA Ae fh: Afe Ray Ua a Reaper” Pas! eae +044 - 0 Ae =40H"6 -20h'h + eV Hb - eV hb where sf Vn 4H and p= Wt av ft = 4 (Ge) =68 Thos, Regn = # (624 OP (O10 - (024 B48 GOH) + 196 BE (aL) (attvote)~1.9elie (6b (4) (10f) or Reopen = $310 (ets 2 (600 rom (ax rad erew= fist) ope eee eae mt) ame From the rotor sh oe pose Wwe cbfain X, with Vay = Ua- Vosing » toma, (s0e figure below) Eee oaks Cg") =218 2 a a Yfbeim)*-OHim)*] Gee F (218g) tendo = 21.0 F and with &g./ we got = (999 yng? yGr6 fC 210 WE = 7.76x0° hem a Thus 4 Wey = 77604W" u net in z Ne Nole: Since Wrest >0 this device is a pump. 5-21R A small water turbine is S.16R. Ifthe flowrate through the ‘turbine is 0.0030 slugs/s, and the rotor speed is 300 rpm, esti- ierenene mate the shaft torque and shaft power involved. Each nozzle aacione exit cross-sectional area is 3.5 10~? fe —3in—4 = FIGURE P5.16R a ANS: = 0.0107 fll: = 0.336 flb/s) For shatt torque we can use the axial component of the moment - of - momentum eguatio (6:50). Consideration of the absoluk and relative velocities Flow out of each nozzle (ste sketch belov) leads to Ye4yw, YY \eVoa where . w w,7 2 7% and foe Uz hw U, Thus, 5 hn para Gry”) 4 _0.003 SF Tan tenes] 28 ‘yas ff?) (sin X300 SO" 4) Coz z) (continved) 5-22R 5.16 continued oa 4. ; or Tyger roson? Fi (ois the mean forgue opptses Now, . Worate Tsnatt ® or (2 jd 5 Casotr #4: te )( 300 Fat OT Fer Winet ¢ VG a) reo! 9336 fhlb Ca —— (minus sign means work is out of the control volume) 5-23R 5.16 continued oa 4. ; or Tyger roson? Fi (ois the mean forgue opptses Now, . Worate Tsnatt ® or (2 jd 5 Casotr #4: te )( 300 Fat OT Fer Winet ¢ VG a) reo! 9336 fhlb Ca —— (minus sign means work is out of the control volume) 5-23R ) Water flows steadily from one inclined pipe shown in Fig. PS.17R. ‘Atone section, the static pressure is 12 psi. At the other secti the static pressure is S psi. Which way is the water flowing? 100 #— = FIGURE P5.17R To determine the direction of water flow we apply the energy (Eg. 5:82) for flow trom sections (A) %(8) and flav from Ssechons (By). The [oss oblaried with ©. 5.82 it pasitive. tr the Comat flow direchon, but negative for Ihe incorrect flow direchon. For flow trom sections (A) (8), & 5-82 leads a, loss 2 Parlor GPR + 9l%-% + fa 7 eit ce gene here toss = (esi-Spsi) (44 a) # ‘ih —* Foo +622) (-wnye- a cn" stat) stay: tt loss = 198 ft-lb Shu: For tow fro sections (@) 0A), &y. 542 leads loss = =f » glee-*%) or et toss = (Spe=lopsi (i 2 Gzzz tonya 194 Shase ix ay ft. 4 ve and thle loss 2-178 “y The waley flow is tram section @ to Section (B) (ée., uphill) S-24R ‘The pump shown in Fig. PS.18R. ‘which occurs across the filter at the inlet of the pump. Determine tbe bead los fortis le. = FIGURE P5.18R The cncn eres for this flow can be written as Be birz, th = Bt Biz oh o where ners PaO fre -20kh, and ee 37 Moa, F(0.)n}* pane ye -£- oh 25.5% Alco, rr Ww a 2oxio? he” 30" Gan H Noosa ~*°*™ Thus, Eg.) becomes (-20x107 As) , (6.372)* = 2552" Tay * ata ay °°" ~ 28a) % or h,= 7.69. S-25R 5.19R (Linear momentum energy) Eleven equally spaced ‘turning vanes are used in the horizontal plane 90° bend as in- dicated in Fig. PS.19R. The depth of the rectangular cross- sectional bend remains constant at 3 in. The velocity distribu- tions upstream and downstream of the vanes may be considered uniform. The loss in available energy across the vanes is (0:2V3/2. The required velocity and pressure downstream ofthe ‘vanes, section (2), are 180 ft/s and 1 psia. What i the average ‘magnitude of the force exerted by the air low on each vane? ‘Assume the force of the air on the duct walls is equivalent 10 the force ofthe air on one vane. AAI, see : mi = PAS To estmal the average magnitde of the fone exerted ly the air flow on each vane, we dekrmine the magnitude of the. resultant force exerted by the air on the Vanes ond the duct walls and divide that result by 12- We astume that He duct walls act as one Additional Vane. The (shear momentum equation (Eg. 5:22) 1s useol te deteraie the X andy compu of the resultant force exeried by the vanes and duct wells on the alr between sections 0) and 2). Trus, 2F = (VeW-Adh, or Re=- PAW K PAV, a and R,= BA, + PAY, (@) From the corservabien of moss principle (&. 5:12) we have Yat Aa = (180 ft) C2in) (im) « WE aay 3 G FT eco 7 (continved) 5-26R With the energy equation (Eq. 543) we ehhin pent LK 4 )+ plies) = are (Kin 02h) or pent G (ig 08y') = lpia (28x00 #8 ) ot e 2 (yg! and ; At WSdl prin As suggested tn Section $2.2, we ure gage pressures at sechions U)4nd@) Thus, frm Eg 1 we have R= = (isla psn) (inin Yin) | Bs a jg) (ian oye of ps) #) WY gan eh we R, 2-381 lb From €4.2 we oblen = (15.21 psia-I% 7psia.)(24 in (3 in.) + (tt) ei” Bl in Cat fie 2) or = oe ay = 6 lb Then R-|ere - [(cs0.1 Wy ¢le6-4uy == 55.3 zs = SI k oe Mee Rasa = 4.61 Ib average 2 5S-27R With the energy equation (Eq. 543) we ehhin pent LK 4 )+ plies) = are (Kin 02h) or pent G (ig 08y') = lpia (28x00 #8 ) ot e 2 (yg! and ; At WSdl prin As suggested tn Section $2.2, we ure gage pressures at sechions U)4nd@) Thus, frm Eg 1 we have R= = (isla psn) (inin Yin) | Bs a jg) (ian oye of ps) #) WY gan eh we R, 2-381 lb From €4.2 we oblen = (15.21 psia-I% 7psia.)(24 in (3 in.) + (tt) ei” Bl in Cat fie 2) or = oe ay = 6 lb Then R-|ere - [(cs0.1 Wy ¢le6-4uy == 55.3 zs = SI k oe Mee Rasa = 4.61 Ib average 2 5S-27R 5.20R (Energy equ A hydroelectric power plant op- crates under the illustrated in Fig. PS.20R. The head Joss associated with flow from the water level upstream of the + 0) iis Q = 0653 # 5-249R 5.228 (Energy equation) The pump shown in Fig. PS.22R ‘adds 1.6 horsepower to the water when the flowrate is 0.6 ft/s. Determine the head loss bewteen the free surface in the large, ‘open tank and the top of the fountain (where the velocity is 2210). ANS: 7.50 ft = FIGURE P5.22R The energy equation for this flow can be wrifen as Ae Mrz the GG eth “ where A= f= Vy =h-0 Also, We. bhp (580 Hp) | Pry how (62.48) (0.6 #) goal Thus, Eq.) becomes h= 3 th, -% = Bf +235ff-2#ff = 750ff Some of this head loss may occur in the pipe and some in the water jet as it interacts with the surroding air. S-30R 6.18 (Acceleration) The velocity in a certain flow field is sven by the equation V = yc + xe] + vk Determine the expressions forthe three rectangular components of acceleration. ANS: 312? + 6 From expression tor velocity, u= 3y2* , w=xe, and ur=y. Since as Sead or gt pw Ht a, = 0+ (3y2%No) + tee) (s2*) +(9)(ey#) = axe + by'z then Similarly, : 2 ot ars aero wpe "4 y= 0 + (ay2ANle) + GeeNo) + (9Nx) = 3ye% + Xy Also, 43° ore ue OBE oo SE * mae or (yz*)(o) + &#)G) + OMe) = xe = 6-IR 62R ity) Determine an expression forthe vorticity of the flow field described by Ve xi - oi 1s the flow irtational? (ANS: = (2 + 9°) 209 The vorticity 1s twice the rotation vector : Fs 2D vv (£4, 6.17) From expression for velacity , u=X%y , ~Xy* enduro, and with w: 4 (F- (ey, bry _ 4 (2% _ ow (En gh w= 3 ($-%#) 26 we: £18 - ae) (eg. bn) it fellows That aso, Wy20 , and w= ft (-9*x*) Thus, _, F- 2 (aut+a,7 +01) =2 [crt s@srttyrv’] =

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