NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Question 1. What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?
Answer: The basic theme of organisation of elements in the periodic table is to
simplify and systematize the study of the properties of all the elements and millions
of their compounds. This has made the study simple because the properties of
elements are now studied in form of groups rather than individually.

Question 2. Which important property did Mendeleev use to classify the elements in
this periodic table and did he stick to that?
Answer: Mendeleev used atomic weight as the basis of classification of elements in
the periodic table. He did stick to it and classify elements into groups and periods.

Question 3. What is the basic difference in approach between Mendeleev’s Periodic

Law and the Modem Periodic Law?
Answer: The basic difference in approach between Mendeleev’s Periodic Law and
Modem Periodic Law is the change in basis of classification of elements from
atomic weight to atomic number.

Mendeleev’s Periodic law Modern Periodic Law

Mendeleev’s Periodic Law states that the Modern Periodic Law states that the physical
physical and chemical properties of elements and chemical properties of elements are
are periodic functions of their atomic weights. periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

Question 4. On the basis of quantum numbers, justify that the sixth period of the
periodic table should have 32 elements.
Answer: The sixth period corresponds to sixth shell. The orbitals present in this shell
are 6s, 4f, 5p, and 6d. The maximum number of electrons which can be present in
these sub¬shell is 2 + 14 + 6 + 10 = 32. Since the number of elements in a period
corresponds to the number of electrons in the shells, therefore, sixth period should
have a maximum of 32 elements.

Question 5. In terms of period and group where will you locate the element with z =
114?
Answer: Elements with the atomic numbers from Z = 87 to Z = 114 are present in the seventh
period of the periodic table. Therefore, the element with Z = 114 is present in the seventh period
of the periodic table.
WE know that In the seventh period, last element is Og with Z = 118. Therefore 5th last element
will be with atomic number 114. Thus, the element with Z = 114 is present in the fourteenth
group of the periodic table. Period – 7 and Group -14, Block-p.

Question 6. Write the atomic number of the element present in the third period and
seventeenth group of the periodic table.
Answer: The element is chlorine (Cl) with atomic number (Z) = 17.

Question 7. Which element do you think would have been named by

(i)Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
(ii)Seaborg’s group?
Answer: (i) Lawrencium (Lr) with atomic number (z) = 103
(ii) Seaborgium (Sg) with atomic number (z) = 106.

Question 8. Why do elements in the same group have similar physical and chemical
properties?
Answer: The elements in a group have same valence shell electronic configuration
and hence have similar physical and chemical properties.

Question 9. What does atomic radius and ionic radius really mean to you?
Answer: Atomic radius. The distance from the centre of nucleus to the outermost
shell of electrons in the atom of any element is called its atomic radius. It refers to
both covalent or metallic radius depending on whether the element is a non-metal or
a metal.
Ionic radius. The distance between the nuclei of cation and anion.

Question 10. How do atomic radius vary in a period and in a group? How do you
explain the variation?
Answer: Within a group Atomic radius increases down the group.
Reason. This is due to continuous increases in the number of electronic shells or
orbit numbers in the structure of atoms of the elements down a group.
Variation across period.
Atomic Radii. From left to right across a period atomic radii generally decreases due
to increase in effective nuclear charge from left to right across a period.

Question 11. What do you understand by isoelectronic species? Name a species

that will be iso electronic with each of the following atoms or ions.
(i) F–(ii) Ar (iii) Mg2+(iv) Rb+
Answer:
Isoelectronic species are those which have same number of electrons.
(i) F – has 10 electrons. Therefore, the species N3+, O2-, Ne, Na+, Mg2+, etc., are isoelectronic
with F –.
(ii) Ar has 18 electrons. Therefore, the species P3-, S2-, Cl–, K+, Ca2+, etc., are isoelectronic with
Ar
(iii) Mg2+ has 10 electrons. Therefore, the species N3-, O2-, Ne, Na+, etc., are isoelectronic with
Mg2+.
(iv) Rb+ has 36 electrons. Therefore, the species Br–, Kr, Sr2+, etc., are isoelectronic with Rb+
Question 12. Consider the following species:
N3-, O2-, F–, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+
(a) What is common in them?
(b) Arrange them in order of increasing ionic radii?
Answer: (a) All of them are isoelectronic in nature and have 10 electrons each.
(b) In isoelectronic species, greater the nuclear charge, lesser will be the atomic or
ionic radius.
N3- > O2- > F – > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+.

Question 13. Explain why cation are smaller and anions larger in radii than their
parent atoms?
Answer: A cation is smaller than the parent atom because it has fewer electrons
while its nuclear charge remains the same. The size of anion will be larger than that
of parent atom because the addition of one or more electrons would result in
increased repulsion among the electrons and a decrease in effective nuclear charge.

Question 14. What is the significance of the terms – isolated gaseous atom and
ground state while defining the ionization enthalpy and electron gain
enthalpy?[Hint: Requirements for comparison purposes]
Answer:

• Significance of term ‘isolated gaseous atom’. The atoms in the gaseous

state are far separated in the sense that they do not have any mutual
attractive and repulsive interactions. These are therefore regarded as
isolated atoms. In this state the value of ionization enthalpy and
electron gain enthalpy are not influenced by the presence of the other
atoms. It is not possible to express these when the atoms are in the ;
liquid or solid state due to the presence of inter atomic forces.
• Significance of ground state. Ground state of the atom represents the
normal – energy state of an atom. It means electrons in a particular
atom are in the lowest energy state and they neither lose nor gain
electron. Both ionisation enthalpy and I electron gain enthalpy are
generally expressed with respect to the ground state ofan atom only.

Question 15. Energy of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom is-
2.18 x 10-18 J. Calculate the ionization enthalpy of atomic hydrogen in terms of
JMol-1. [Hint: Apply the idea of mole concept to derive the answer],
Answer: Energy of the electron in the ground state of H-atom, E1 = -2.18 x 10-18 J
Ionisation energy = E∞ – En
Ionisation enthalpy per mole of atomic hydrogen = (E∞ – E1)NA
= [0 – (- 2.18 x 10-18)] x 6.023 x 1023
= 2.18 x 6.023 x 105 J/mol = 13.13 x 105 j/mol
= 1.313 x 106 J/mol

Question 16. Among the second period elements, the actual ionization enthalpies
are in the order: Li <B< Be <C<0<KI<F< Ne
Explain why
(i) Be has higher ∆iH1than B ?
(ii) O has lower ∆iH1 than N and F?
Answer: (i) In case of Be (1s2 2s2) the outermost electron is present in 2s-orbital
while in B (1s2 2s2 2p1) it is present in 2p-orbital. Since 2s – electrons are more
strongly attracted by the nucleus than 2p-electrons, therefore, lesser amount of
energy is required to knock out a 2p-electron than a 2s – electron. Consequently, At
of Be is higher than that ∆iH1 of B.

(ii) The electronic configuration of

Oxygen has lower ionisation energy than that of nitrogen because the electronic
configuration of nitrogen has half-filled where for oxygen it is partially filled, as
shown above, It is easier to remove the electron from partially filled oxygen atom
as in doing so it attains half-filled stability. In the case of nitrogen, it required
more energy to remove an electron from half-filled or full filled orbitals.

Question 17. How would you explain the fact that the first ionization enthalpy of
sodium is lower than that of magnesium but its second ionization enthalpy is higher
than that of magnesium?
Answer: Electronic configuration of Na and Mg are
Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Mg = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
First electron in both cases has to be removed from 3s-orbital but the nuclear charge
of Na (+ 11) is lower than that of Mg (+ 12) therefore first ionization energy of
sodium is lower than that of magnesium.
After the loss of first electron, the electronic configuration of
Na+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6
Mg+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Here electron is to be removed from inert (neon) gas configuration which is very
stable and hence removal of second electron requires more energy in comparison to
Mg.
Therefore, second ionization enthalpy of sodium is higher than that of magnesium.

Question 18. What are the various factors due to which the ionization enthalpy of
the main group elements tends to decrease down the group?
Answer: Atomic size. With the increase in atomic size, the number of electron shells
increase. Therefore, the force that binds the electrons with the nucleus decreases.
The ionization enthalpy thus decreases with the increase in atomic size.
Screening or shielding effect of inner shell electron. With the addition of new shells,
the number of inner electron shells which shield the valence electrons increases. As
a result, the force of attraction of the nucleus for the valence electrons further
decreases and hence the ionization enthalpy decreases. ‘
Question 19. The first ionization enthalpy values (in kJ mol -1) of group 13 elements
are:
B Al Ga In Tl
801 577 579 558 589
How would you explain this deviation from the general trend?
Answer: B > Tl > Ga > Al > In

(i) Al has lower ionization enthalpy than B due to larger size.

(ii) Ga has slightly higher ionization enthalpy than Al due to ineffective shielding by 3d
electrons.
(iii) In has lower ionization enthalpy than Ga due to larger size.
(iv) Tl has higher ionization enthalpy than In due to ineffective shielding by 4f electrons

Question 20. Which of the following pairs of elements would have a move negative
electron gain enthalpy? (i) O or F (ii) F or Cl.
Answer: (i) O or F : F has more negative electron gain enthalpy than O due to smaller size,
higher nuclear charge and greater possibility of attaining the nearest stable noble gas
configuration by gaining one electro

(ii) The negative electron gain enthalpy of Cl is more than that of F

The reason for the deviation is due to the smaller size of F. Due to its small size, the
electron repulsions are comparatively large and hence the attraction for incoming
electron is less as in the case of Cl.

Question 21. Would you expect the second electron gain enthalpy of O as positive,
more negative or less negative than the first? Justify your answer.
Answer: For oxygen atom:
O (g) + e– —> O– (g) (∆ eg H = – 141 kJ mol -1)
O– (g) + e– —> O 2- (g) (∆ eg H = + 780 kJ mol -1)
The first electron gain enthalpy of oxygen is negative because energy is released
when a gaseous atom accepts an electron to form monovalent anion. The second
electron gain enthalpy is positive because energy is needed to overcome the force of
repulsion between monovalent anion and second incoming electron.

Question 22. What is basic difference between the terms electron gain enthalpy and
electro negativity?
Answer: Electron gain enthalpy refers to tendency of an isolated gaseous atom to
accept an additional electron to form a negative ion. It has an absolute value. Its units
are electron volts per atom Whereas electronegativity refers to tendency of the atom of
an element to attract shared pair of electrons towards it in a covalent bond. It has an
absolute value. It has no units

23. How would you react to the statement that the electronegativity ofN on Pauling
scale is 3.0 in all the nitrogen compounds?
Ans. On Pauling scale, the electronegativity of nitrogen, (3.0) indicates that it is
sufficiently electronegative. But it is not correct to say that the electronegativity of
nitrogen in all the compounds is 3. It depends upon its state of hybridisation in a
particular compound, greater the percentage of s-character, more will be the
electronegativity of the element. Thus, the electronegativity of nitrogen increases in
moving from SP3 hybridised orbitals to SP hybridised orbitals i.e., as SP3 < SP2 < SP.

Question 24. Describe the theory associated with the radius of an atom as it:
(a) gains an electron (b) loses an electron ?
Answer: The distance between the nucleus and the outermost shell of an ion is
known as ionic radius.
(a) The gain of an electron leads to the formation of an anion. The radius of the
anion is larger than the atomic radius of its parent atom because the addition of one
or more electrons would result in increased repulsion among the electrons and a
decrease in effective nuclear charge which acts on more electrons so, each electron
is held less tightly and thereby the electron cloud expands.

(b) The removal of an electron from an atom results in the formation of a cation. A
cation is smaller than its parent atom because it has fewer electrons while its
nuclear charge remains the same and since it is now acting on lesser number of
electrons and pulls them closer, the ion is smaller.

Question 25. Would you expect the first ionization enthalpies of two isotopes of the
same element to be the same or different? Justify your answer.
Answer: Ionization enthalpy, among other things, depends upon the electronic
configuration (number of electrons) and nuclear charge (number of protons). Since
isotopes of an element have the same electronic configuration and same nuclear
charge, they have same ionization enthalpy.

Question 26. What are major differences between metals and non-metals?
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 3
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 3 Classification of Elements and
Periodicity in Properties includes all the important topics with detailed explanation
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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 3 Classification of

Elements and Periodicity in Properties

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 3 Classification of Elements and

Periodicity in Properties are been solved by expert teachers of CBSETuts.com. All
the solutions given in this page are solved based on CBSE Syllabus and NCERT
guidelines.

NCERT Exercises

Question 1.
What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?
Solution.
By 1865, number of identified elements was 63 and with such a large number of
elements it was very difficult to study individually the chemistry of all these elements
and their innumerable compounds individually. To ease out this problem, scientists
searched for a systematic way to organize their knowledge by classifying the
elements. Here comes the basis of periodic table. Various elements have now been
divided into different groups on the basis of similarities in chemical properties. This
has made the study simpler as now the properties of elements are studied in groups
rather than individually.

Question 2.
Which important property did Mendeleev use to classify the elements in his periodic
table and did he stick to it?
Solution.
Mendeleev arranged elements in horizontal rows and vertical columns of a table in
order of their increasing atomic weights in such a way that the elements with similar
properties occupied the same vertical column or group. He realized that some of the
elements did not fit in with his scheme of classification if the order of atomic weight
was strictly followed. So, he did not stick to his criteria, he ignored the order of
atomic weights, thinking that the atomic measurements might be incorrect, and
placed the elements with similar properties together.

Question 3.
What is the basic difference in approach between the Mendeleev’s Periodic Law and
the Modern Periodic Law?
Solution.
According to Mendeleev’s periodic law, the physical and chemical properties of the
elements are periodic functions of their atomic masses, but according to modern
periodic law, the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
functions of their atomic numbers.
Question 4.
On the basis of quantum numbers, justify that the sixth period of the periodic table
should have 32 elements.
Solution.
In the sixth period, the orbitals to be filled are 6s, 4f, 5d and 6p. The complete filling
of these orbitals require 2 + 14 + 10 + 6 = 32 electrons, hence, the sixth period of the
periodic table should have 32 elements.

Question 5.
In terms of period and group where would you locate the element with Z= 114?
Solution.
The outermost electronic configuration of element (114Z) is
[Rn] 5f14 6d107s27p2. It has n = 7, so period → 7 It belongs to p-block so,
group number = 10 + 4 = 14.

Question 6.
Write the atomic number of the element present in the third period and seventeenth
group of the periodic table.
Solution.
17Cl → It belongs to the third period. So, outermost shell is n = 3. Its configuration is

[Ne] 3s23p5.
Therefore, its atomic number = 17.

Question 7.
Which element do you think would have been named by
(i) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
(ii) Seaborg’s group?
Solution.
(i) Lawrencium → 103Lr
(ii) Seaborgium → 106Sg

Question 8.
Why do elements in the same group have similar physical and chemical properties?
Solution.
In a group, the chemical properties of the elements remain nearly the same due to
same valence shell configuration.

Question 9.
What does atomic radius and ionic radius really mean to you?
Solution.
Atomic radius: It is the distance between the centre of the nucleus and outermost
shell where electrons are present.
Ionic radius : It is the distance between the nucleus and outermost shell of an ion.

Question 10.
How do atomic radius vary in a period and in a group? How do you explain the
variation?
Solution.
Variation of atomic radii in a period :
As we move from left to right across a period, there is regular decrease in atomic
radii of representative elements. This can be explained on the basis of effective
nuclear charge which increases gradually in a period, i.c, electron cloud is attracted
more strongly towards nucleus as the effective nuclear charge becomes more and
more along the period. The increased force of attraction brings contraction in size.

Variation of atomic radii in a group : Atomic radii in a group increase as the atomic
number increases. The increase in size is due to extra energy shell which outweighs
the effect of increased nuclear charge.

Question 11.
What do you understand by isoelectronic species? Name a species that will be
isoelectronic with each of the following atoms or ions.
(i) F –
(ii) Ar
(iii) Mg2+
(iv) Rb+
Solution.
Isoelectronic species are those which have same number of electrons.
(i) F – has 10 electrons. Therefore, the species N3+, O2-, Ne, Na+, Mg2+, etc., are
isoelectronic with F –.
(ii) Ar has 18 electrons. Therefore, the species P3-, S2-, Cl–, K+, Ca2+, etc., are
isoelectronic with Ar
(iii) Mg2+ has 10 electrons. Therefore, the species N3-, O2-, Ne, Na+, etc., are
isoelectronic with Mg2+.
(iv) Rb+ has 36 electrons. Therefore, the species Br–, Kr, Sr2+, etc., are isoelectronic
with Rb+

Question 12.
Consider the following species :
N3-, O2-, F–, Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+
(a) What is common in them?
(b) Arrange them in the order of increasing ionic radii.
Solution.
(a) All these are isoelectronic species as they are having same number of electrons
i.c., 10.
(b) As Z/e decreases, size increases so, order should be,
N3- > O2- > F – > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+.

Question 13.
Explain why cations are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms?
Solution.
A cation is smaller than its parent atom because it has fewer electrons while its
nuclear charge remains the same. The size of an anion will be larger than that of the
parent atom because the addition of one or more electrons would result in increased
repulsion among the electrons and a decrease in effective nuclear charge.

Question 14.
What is the significance of the terms – ‘isolated gaseous atom’and’ground
state’while defining the ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy? [Hint:
Requirements for comparison purposes.]
Solution.
In the definition of ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy, isolated gaseous
atom is required for comparison purposes. Ionization energy is the minimum amount
of energy required to remove most loosely bound electron from an isolated atom in
the gaseous state of an element so as to convert it into gaseous monovalent
positive ion. Electron gain enthalpy is the energy change accompanying the process
of adding an electron to a gaseous isolated atom to convert it into a negative ion, i.e.,
a monovalent anion.

Both the above mentioned processes are carried out on an isolated gaseous atom,
which in turn is obtained from either the excitation of a ground state atom (in case
the element is monoatomic) or atomisation of polyatomic elements.

The force with which an electron is attracted by the nucleus is appreciably affected
by presence of other atoms in the neighbourhood. Since in the gaseous state the
atoms are widely separated, therefore these interatomic forces are minimum.
The term ground state means that the atom must be present in the most stable
state.

Question 15.
Energy of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom is -2.18 x 10-18 J.
Calculate the ionization enthalpy of atomic hydrogen in terms of J mol-1. [Hint: Apply
the idea of mole concept to derive the answer]
Solution.
Energy of the electron in the ground state of H-atom, E1 = -2.18 x 10-18 J
Ionisation energy = E∞ – En
Ionisation enthalpy per mole of atomic hydrogen = (E∞ – E1)NA
= [0 – (- 2.18 x 10-18)] x 6.023 x 1023
= 2.18 x 6.023 x 105 J/mol = 13.13 x 105 j/mol
= 1.313 x 106 J/mol

Question 16.
Among the second period elements the actual ionization enthalpies are in the order
Li <B <Be< C< 0 < N< F < Ne. Explain why?
(i) Be has higher ∆iH than B
(ii) O has lower ∆iH than N and F?
Solution.
(i) An s-electron is attracted to the nucleus more than a p-electron. In beryllium, the
electron removed during the ionization is an s-electron whereas the electron
removed during ionization of boron is a p-electron. The penetration of a 2s-electron
to the nucleus is more than that of a 2p-electron; hence the 2 p electron of boron is
more shielded from the nucleus by the inner core of electrons than the 2s electrons
of beryllium. Therefore, it is easier to remove the 2p-electron from boron as
compared to the removal of a 2s-electron from beryllium. Thus, boron has a smaller
first ionization enthalpy than beryllium.
(ii) O has lower ionisation energy than N because N (1s2 2s2 2p1x2p1y2p1z) has
extra stable electronic configuration whereas O (1s2 2s2 2p1x2p1y2p1z) does not. O
has lower ionisation energy than F because O has larger size than F.
Question 17.
How would you explain the fact that the first ionization enthalpy of sodium is lower
than that of magnesium but its second ionization enthalpy is higher than that of
magnesium?
Solution.
The electronic configurations of Na and Mg are :
Na : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Na+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6
Mg : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Mg+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Mg2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6

The 1st ionization enthalpy of Na is lesser than that of Mg because Mg has an extra
stable configuration and smaller size, so, a larger amount of energy would be
required to remove an electron from the 3s orbital, which has a pair of electrons.

The 2nd ionization enthalpy of Na is more than that of Mg because Na+ has an extra
stable configuration (complete octet), whereas Mg+ does not have an extra stable
configuration.

Question 18.
What are the various factors due to which the ionization enthalpy of the main group
elements tends to decrease down a group?
Solution.
We have to consider two factors :
(i) the attraction of electrons towards the nucleus, and (ii) the repulsion of electrons
from each other. The effective nuclear charge experienced by a valence electron in
an atom will be less than the actual charge on the nucleus because of shielding or
screening of the valence electron from the nucleus by the intervening core electrons.
As we descend the group, the outermost electron being increasingly farther from the
nucleus, there is an increased shielding of the nuclear charge by the electrons in the
inner levels. The increase in shielding outweighs the increasing nuclear charge and
the removal of the outermost electron requires less energy down a group.

Question 19.
The first ionization enthalpy values (in kJ mol-1) of group 13 elements are :
B Al Ga In Tl
801 577 579 558 589
How would you explain this deviation from the general trend?
Solution.
(i) Al has lower ionization enthalpy than B due to larger size.
(ii) Ga has slightly higher ionization enthalpy than Al due to ineffective shielding by
3d electrons.
(iii) In has lower ionization enthalpy than Ga due to larger size.
(iv) Tl has higher ionization enthalpy than In due to ineffective shielding by 4f
electrons.

Question 20.
Which of the following pairs of elements would have a more negative electron gain
enthalpy?
(i) O or F
(ii) F or Cl
Solution.
(i) O or F : F has more negative electron gain enthalpy than O due to smaller size,
higher nuclear charge and greater possibility of attaining the nearest stable noble
gas configuration by gaining one electron.
(ii) F or Cl : Cl has more negative electron gain enthalpy because in F the incoming
electron is added to the smaller n = 2 quantum level and suffers significant repulsion
from the other electrons present in this level. In Cl, the added electron goes to n = 3
quantum level and occupies a larger region of space and electron-electron repulsion
experienced is far less.

Question 2.
Would you expect the second electron gain enthalpy of O as positive, more negative
or less negative than the first? Justify your answer.
Solution.
The second electron gain enthalpy of O is +ve. This is because energy has to be
supplied to convert O–(g) to O2-(g) in order to overcome the repulsive forces.

Question 22.
What is the basic difference between the terms electron gain enthalpy and
electronegativity?
Solution.

Electron gain enthalpy Electronegativity

 It provides a measure of the ease
It is a qualitative measure of the ability of an

1. with which an atom adds an electron atom in a chemical compound to attract

to form an anion. shared electrons to itself.

2. It has an absolute value. It is not a measurable quantity.

Its periodicity is not regular in a period The periodicity is regular in a period but not
3.
or in a group. so regular in a group.

Its units are electron volts per atom or

4. kilojoules per mole or kilocalories per It has no units but is merely a number.

mole.

Question 23.
How would you react to the statement that the electronegativity of N on Pauling
scale is 3.0 in all the nitrogen compounds?
Solution.
The statement is not correct because electronegativity of an element varies with the
state of hybridisation and oxidation state of the element.

Question 24.
Describe the theory associated with the radius of an atom as it
(a) gains an electron
(b) loses an electron.
Solution.
The distance between the nucleus and the outermost shell of an ion is known as
ionic radius.
(a) The gain of an electron leads to the formation of an anion. The radius of the
anion is larger than the atomic radius of its parent atom because the addition of one
or more electrons would result in increased repulsion among the electrons and a
decrease in effective nuclear charge which acts on more electrons so, each electron
is held less tightly and thereby the electron cloud expands.

(b) The removal of an electron from an atom results in the formation of a cation. A
cation is smaller than its parent atom because it has fewer electrons while its
nuclear charge remains the same and since it is now acting on lesser number of
electrons and pulls them closer, the ion is smaller.
 Question 25.
Would you expect the first ionization enthalpies for two isotopes of the same
element to be the same or different? Justify your answer.
Solution.
Two isotopes of the same element have the same first ionization enthalpies because
of same effective nuclear charges.
e.g., 3517Cl and 3717Cl have same ionization enthalpies.
Question 26.
What are the major differences between metals and non-metals?
Solution.

Metals Non-metals

They are usually solids at room temperature. They may be solids or gases at room temperature.
1.
Mercury is an exception. Except bromine which liquid at room temperature

They have high melting and boiling points. They have low melting and boiling points.
2.
Except gallium and caesium Except boron and carbon

3. They have low ionisation energies. They have high ionisation energies.

4. They have low electron affinities. They have high electron affinities.

5. They are electropositive. They are electronegative.

Question 27. Use periodic table to answer the following questions:

(a) Identify the element with five electrons in the outer subshell.
(b) Identify the element that would tend to lose two electrons.
(c) Identify the element that would tend to gain two electrons.
Answer: (a) Element belonging to nitrogen family (group 15) e.g., nitrogen.
(b) Element belonging to alkaline earth family (group 2) e.g., magnesium.
(c) Element belonging to oxygen family (group 16) e.g., oxygen.
Question 28. The increasing order of reactivity among group 1 elements is Li < Na <
K < Rb < Cs whereas that of group 17 is F > Cl > Br > I. Explain?
Answer: The elements of Group I have only one electron in their respective valence
shells and thus have a strong tendency to lose this electron. The tendency to lose
electrons in turn, depends upon the ionization enthalpy. Since the ionization enthalpy
decreases down the group therefore, the reactivity of group 1 elements increases in
the same order Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs. In contrast, the elements of group 17 have
seven electrons in their respective valence shells and thus have strong tendency to
accept one more electron to make stable configuration. It is linked with electron gain
enthalpy and electronegativity. Since both of them decreases down the group, the
reactivity therefore decreases.

Question 29. Write the general electronic configuration of s– p– d–, and f-block
elements?
Answer: (i) s-Block elements: ns 1-2 where n = 2 – 7.
(ii) p-Block elements: ns2 np1-6 where n = 2-6.
(iii) d-Block elements:(n – 1) d1-10 ns 0-2 where n = 4-7.
(iv) f-Block elements: (n – 2) f1-14 (n -1) d0-1 ns2where n = 6 – 7.

Question 30. Assign the position of the element having outer electronic
configuration,
(i) ns2 np4 for n = 3 (ii) (n – 1) d2 ns2 for n = 4 and (iii) (n – 2) f7 (n – 1) d1 ns2 for n = 6
in the periodic table?

answer
Question 31.

Which of the above elements is likely to be:

(a) the least reactive element (b) the most reactive metal
(c) the most reactive non-metal (d) the least reactive non-metal
(e) the metal which can form a stable binary halide of the formula MX2(X = halogen)
(f) the metal which can form a predominantly stable covalent halide of the formula
MX (X = halogen)?
Answer: (a) V : The element V has highest first ionization enthalpy and positive electron
gain enthalpy hence, it is least reactive.
(b) II : The element II has the least first ionization enthalpy hence, it is most reactive metal.
(c) III; The element III has very high negative electron gain enthalpy hence, it is most reactive
non-metal.
(d) IV : Element IV has high negative electron gain enthalpy but ionization energy is not that
high hence, it is least reactive non-metal.
(e) VI : The first and second ionization energies of element VI indicate that it can form a
stable binary halide.
(f) I : The element 1 has very low value of first ionization energy but very high second
ionization energy. Hence, it will form a stable covalent halide of the formula MX.

Question 32. Predict the formulas of the stable binary compounds that would be
formed by the combination of the following pairs of elements:
(a) Lithium and oxygen(b) Magnesium and nitrogen
(c) Aluminium and iodine(d) Silicon and oxygen
(e) Phosphorous pentafluoride (f) Element 71 and fluorine.
Answer: (a) Li2O
(b) Mg3N2
(c) AlI3
(d) SiO2
(e) PF5
(f) LuF3

Question 33.
In the modern periodic table, the period indicates the value of
(a) atomic number
(b) atomic mass
(c) principal quantum number
(d) azimuthal quantum number.
Solution.
(c) Principal quantum number

Question 34.
Which of the following statements related to the modern periodic table is incorrect?
(a) The p-block has 6 columns, because a maximum of 6 electrons can occupy all
the orbitals in a p-shell.
(b) The d-block has 8 columns, because a maximum of 8 electrons can occupy all
the orbitals in a d-subshell.
(c) Each block contains a number of columns equal to the number of electrons that
can occupy that subshell.
(d) The block indicates value of azimuthal quantum number (/) for the last subshell
that received electrons in building up the electronic configuration.
Solution.
(b): The d-block has 10 columns, because a maximum of 10 electrons can occupy all
the orbitals in a d-subshell.

Question 35.
Anything that influences the valence electrons will affect the chemistry of the
element. Which one of the following factors does not affect the valence shell?
(a) Valence principal quantum number (n)
(b) Nuclear charge (Z)
(c) Nuclear mass
(d) Number of core electrons.
Solution.
(c): Nuclear mass

Question 36.
The size of isoelectronic species – F–, Ne and Na+ is affected by
(a) nuclear charge (Z)
(b) valence principal quantum number (n)
(c) electron-electron interaction in the outer orbitals
(d) none of the factors because their size is the same.
Solution.
(a): Nuclear charge (Z).

Question 37.
Which one of the following statements is incorrect in relation to ionization enthalpy?
(a) Ionization enthalpy increases for each successive electron.
(b) The greatest increase in ionization enthalpy is experienced on removal of
electron from core noble gas configuration.
(c) End of valence electrons is marked by a big jump in ionization enthalpy.
(d) Removal of electron from orbitals bearing lower n value is easier than from
orbital having higher n value.
Solution.
(d) Removal of electron from orbitals bearing lower n value is easier than from
orbital having higher n value.
Question 38.
Considering the elements B, Al, Mg, and K, the correct order of their metallic
character is
(a) B > Al > Mg > K
(b) Al > Mg > B > K
(c) Mg > Al > K > B
(d) K > Mg > Al > B
Solution.
(d) K > Mg > Al > B

Question 39.
Considering the elements B, C, N, F, and Si, the correct order of their non-metallic
character is
(a) B>C>Si>N>F
(b) Si>C>B>N>F
(c) F>N>C>B>Si
(d) F > N > C > Si > B
Solution.
(c) F>N>C>B>Si

Question 40.
Considering the elements F, Cl, O and N, the correct order of their chemical reactivity
in terms of oxidizing property is
(a) F > Cl > O > N
(b) F > O > Cl > N
(c) CI>F>0>N
(d) O > F > N > Cl
Solution.
(b) F > O > Cl > N