PT 1 Revision
Firstly start off with:
P Pilot
A Aircraft
V Weather
E External Pressure
Pilot
I Illness
M Medication
S Stress
A Alcohol
F Fatigue
E Eating/Emotion
FAR AIM 61.23
Medical
• We fly under a class 3 medical which is valid for 5 years for people under the age of
40
• It can be used by people flying under a PPL, Recreationally, Student Pilots, FI or FE
Aircraft
Documents that must be carried:
A Airworthiness Certificate
R Radio License
R Registration Documents (New registration doc for total loss, death of owner)
O Organisation Documents (POH, AFM)
W Weight and Balance documents (Section 6 POH)
P Placards (List found in the maintenance book)
C Compass Cards
G G100 Supplement
• Radio license is not necessary for us as we are not conducting international flights
• Compass cars are not necessary as we use a magnetometer and do not have a
traditional compass on board.
Inspections:
A Airworthiness (Annual inspection and Airworthiness directives)
V VOR Inspection (Every 30 days)
I 100hr inspection (leased aircraft only)
A Altimeter inspection (Every 24 calendar months)
T Transponder inspection (Every 24 calendar months)
E ELT (Every 12 calendar months or ½ battery or 1hr of continuous use)
S Static Sources (24 calendar months)
Airworthiness Directives
These are statements that can be made by the FAA or the aircraft manufacturer that
informs owners and maintenance of an issue that must be changed
Types
• 1 Time: A single incident
• Recurring: Repeated
Categories
• Normal
• Emergency
• Superseded
VFR Day Flight equipment requirements
A Airspeed Indicator
T Tachometer
O Oil Pressure Gauge
M Manifold Pressure Gauge
A Altimeter
T Temperature gauge for oil cooled engines
O Oil Temperature Gauge
F Fuel Gauge
L Landing Gear position lights
A Anti-collision Lights
M Magnetic Direction Indicator
E ELT
S Safety Belts
Night Flights
F Fuses
L Landing Lights
A Anti collision lights
P Position Lights
S Source of power
These are the essentials, however we are required to carry other equipment depending on
the airspace we are in. This could be a radio and a transponder. If not required for the area
we are flying in they are carried at the pilots discretion.
Maintenance issues
OAA does not use a MEL, anything that is US is reported to maintenance. If something is
inoperative there are two options:
• Remove the defective item
• Deactivate the defective item
o Requires a placard
o Maintenance Log note
o Cap on the circuit breakers
If the aircraft is way from base and its condition does not abide by the standards a flight
permit can be applied for. This allows the aircraft to fly outside the rules and be
repositioned for maintenance.
Aircraft Knowledge
Engine
• 180bhp horizontally apposed 4 cycling Lycoming
• Max RPM 2700
• Air cooled
• Compression Ratio 8:5:1
• Naturally aspirated
Fuel
• Total 50 Gal Tanks (25 in each wing)
• 48 Gal Usable (24 in each wing)
• 34 Gal Tabs (17 in each wing)
• 100LL (Blue) 100 (Green)
• Float type fuel measuring
• Engine priming electrical
Mass
• Max Ramp mass 2558lbs
• Max takeoff mass 2550lbs
• Max landing mass 2550lbs
• Max baggage mass 200lbs
Stall Speeds
• 𝑉𝑠 = 50kts IAS
• 𝑉𝑠0 = 49 Kts IAS Flaps 25
• 𝑉𝑠0 = 45kts IAS Flaps 40
Speeds to note
• Vne = 154kts IAS
• Vno= 125 Kts IAS
• Va= 113 kts IAS (2550lbs) 98kts IAS (1917lbs)
• Vfe= 102kts IAS
MARKING KIAS SIGNIFICANCE
White arc 45 KTS – 102 KTS Operating range with flap down.
Green arc 50 KTS – 125 KTS Normal operating range.
Yellow arc 125 KTS – 154 KTS Caution range – smooth air only.
Red radial
154 KTS Never exceed speed (VNE).
line
• Load Factors allowed are up to 3.8G + and no inverted maneuvers for negative.
Air System
• Evaporator (at the back of the baggage hold)
• Condenser (Scoop on underneath of fuselage)
• Compressor (Located underneath engine)
• Electrical Blower (Aft of rear cabin panel)
• Temperature Controls and Switches
Electrical System
• Battery 24v
• Alternator charges at 28v
• Primary Battery used for engine starting
o Also powers equipment when engine isn’t running
• Alternator belt driven directly from the engine
• Normal operations battery is charged by the alternator
• 23.3v provides 30 mins of power
• Emergency battery isolated by diode to stop it trying to run the alternator
• Voltage regulator 28v
• Stops damage to avionics
Engine cranking
• Starter engaged for more than 30 secs gets a warning
• Cranking 10 secs limit
o 2 Mins rest afterwards
o Max 5 startups
Flight Controls
Primary
• Ailerons
• Stabilator
• Rudder
Secondary
• Flaps
• Trim
Brakes
• Only hydraulic system onboard the aircraft
• Small reservoir in the engine bay
Warning and Caution
Warning
• Red flashing master caution
• Red flashing CAS message
• Repeated Chime
Caution
• Amber Flashing Master caution
• None repeatable double chime
V Weather
Winds Aloft
• Computer generated
• Heights are AGL
• Winds are True
• 3000ft AGL minimum
o No wind direction below 1500ft AGL
o No Wind Temp below 2500ft AGL
• Winds aloft data is collected 4 times a day.
Above 18,000ft the numbers can get funny e.g.
73/19/60
• If the first 2 numbers are below 51 +100, if they are between 51-86 subtract 50 (23)
• Add 100 to the second 2 numbers (119)
• Third 2 numbers are the temp in negative
Below 18,000ft just read it.
• Speci: Significant change to METAR (Area of validity 5nm)
• METAR: Issued every 1 hour
• SIGMET: Issued every 4 hours, is thunderstorms or volcanic ash the every 6hrs
• Convective SIGMET: Issued every 2 hours
• AIRMET: Issued every 6hrs
• TAF: Issued every 24 or 30 hours
AIRMETS
• S: Mountains
• T: Turbulence
• Z: Ice
Area forecast
• Synopsis-18hrs
• Clouds-12 hrs
• Outlook-6hrs
Descriptions for TAF/METAR
BC Patches
BL Blowing
DR Low Drifting
FZ Freezing
MI Shallow
PR Partial
SH Showers
TS Thunderstorm
Weather Phenomena
BLPY Blowing Spray
BR Mist
DU Dust
DZ Drizzle
FC Funnel Cloud
+FC Tornado/water spout
FG Fog
FU Smoke
GR Hail
HS Small Hail
HZ Haze
IC Ice Crystals
PL Ice Pellets
PO Dust Whirls
RA Rain
SA Sand
SG Snow Grains
SNINCR Snow Increasing Rapidly
SQ Squall
SS Sandstorm
UP Unknown Precipitation
VA Volcanic Ash
Abbreviations
A01 Automated Weather without Precipitation
A02 Automated Weather with precipitation
AMD Amended Forecast
APRNT Apparent
BECMG Becoming
BKN Broken
CLR Clear
COR Correction
DSNT Beyond 10sm (distant)
FM From
LDG Landing
M (Temp) Minus
M (RVR) Minimum
M (Vis) Less than
MOV Moving
NO Not available
NSW No Significant Weather
OVC Overcast
P Plus (P6=greater than 6sm)
PK WND Peak Wind
PRESFR Pressure Falling Rapidly
PRESRR Pressure Rising Rapidly
PROB40 40% probability
R Runway
RMK Remark
RY/RWY Runway
SCT Scattered
SKC Sky Clear
SLP Sea level Pressure (given in HPA)
SM Statute Miles
SPECI Special Report (METAR)
TEMPO Temporary changes
TKOF Takeoff
V Varies
VC Vicinity
VRB Variable
VV Vertical Visibility
WS Wind Shear
Marginal VFR- 3sm
Normal VFR- 5sm
Lightning
LTG
• CG- Cloud to ground
• IC- In cloud
• CC- Cloud to Cloud
• CA- Cloud to Air
• OCNL- Occasional
• FRQ- Frequent
Misc Codes
• $= Maintenance required
• NO=Inop
• RVRNO= RVR Inop
• PWINO= Present Weather Inop
• PNO= Precip Measurement Inop
• FRZRNO= Freezing Rain Inop
• TSNO= Lightning Measurement INop
External Factors
Anything that affects the pilots condition to fly.
Airspace
Golf (Good Luck)
• ATOMATO FLAMES
Echo (Everywhere)
• ATOMATO FLAMES
• Different visibility rules to Golf
Delta (Dialogue)
• ATOMATO FLAMES
• 2 way comms
• 200kt speed limit
Charlie (Mode Charlie)
• ATOMATO FLAMES
• 2 way comms
• 200kt speed limit
• Mode Charlie Transponder
Bravo (Big)
• ATOMATO FLAMES
• 2 way Comms
• Mode Charlie Transponder
• 250kt speed limit
• Need Clearance to go in
• Below B, need a transponder
Airspace visibility and cloud clearances
Falcon Airspace
E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60,000ft
A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18,000ft
E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9,000ft
B
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4,000ft
E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3,400ft
D
_________________________________________|”______________________________
PT2 Stuff
FAA Restrictions for Cross country flight
(a)General.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student pilot must meet the
requirements of this section before -
(i) Conducting a solo cross-country flight, or any flight greater than 25 nautical miles
from the airport from where the flight originated.
(ii) Making a solo flight and landing at any location other than the airport of
origination.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student pilot who seeks solo
cross-country flight privileges must:
(i) Have received flight training from an instructor authorized to provide flight
training on the maneuvers and procedures of this section that are appropriate to the
make and model of aircraft for which solo cross-country privileges are sought;
(ii) Have demonstrated cross-country proficiency on the appropriate maneuvers and
procedures of this section to an authorized instructor;
(iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished the pre-solo flight maneuvers and procedures
required by § 61.87 of this part in the make and model of aircraft or similar make and
model of aircraft for which solo cross-country privileges are sought; and
(iv) Comply with any limitations included in the authorized instructor's endorsement
that are required by paragraph (c) of this section.
(3) A student pilot who seeks solo cross-country flight privileges must have received
ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the cross-country maneuvers
and procedures listed in this section that are appropriate to the aircraft to be flown.
(b)Authorization to perform certain solo flights and cross-country flights. A student pilot
must obtain an endorsement from an authorized instructor to make solo flights from
the airport where the student pilot normally receives training to another location. A student
pilot who receives this endorsement must comply with the requirements of this paragraph.
(1) Solo flights may be made to another airport that is within 25 nautical miles from
the airport where the student pilot normally receives training, provided -
(i) An authorized instructor has given the student pilot flight training at the
other airport, and that training includes flight in both directions over the route,
entering and exiting the traffic pattern, and takeoffs and landings at the other airport;
(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the training endorses the student pilot's
logbook authorizing the flight;
(iii) The student pilot has a solo flight endorsement in accordance with § 61.87 of this
part;
(iv) The authorized instructor has determined that the student pilot is proficient to
make the flight; and
(v) The purpose of the flight is to practice takeoffs and landings at that other airport.
(2) Repeated specific solo cross-country flights may be made to another airport that is
within 50 nautical miles of the airport from which the flight originated, provided -
(i) The authorized instructor has given the student flight training in both directions
over the route, including entering and exiting the traffic patterns, takeoffs, and
landings at the airports to be used;
(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the training has endorsed the student's
logbook certifying that the student is proficient to make such flights;
(iii) The student has a solo flight endorsement in accordance with § 61.87 of this part;
and
(iv) The student has a solo cross country flight endorsement in accordance
with paragraph (c) of this section; however, for repeated solo cross country flights to
another airport within 50 nautical miles from which the flight originated, separate
endorsements are not required to be made for each flight.
(c)Endorsements for solo cross-country flights. Except as specified in paragraph (b)(2) of
this section, a student pilot must have the endorsements prescribed in this paragraph for
each cross-country flight:
(1) A student pilot must have a solo cross-country endorsement from the authorized
instructor who conducted the training that is placed in that person's logbook for the
specific category of aircraft to be flown.
(2) A student pilot must have a solo cross-country endorsement from an authorized
instructor that is placed in that person's logbook for the specific make and model
of aircraftto be flown.
(3) For each cross-country flight, the authorized instructor who reviews the cross-country
planning must make an endorsement in the person's logbook after reviewing
that person's cross-country planning, as specified in paragraph (d) of this section. The
endorsement must -
(i) Specify the make and model of aircraft to be flown;
(ii) State that the student's preflight planning and preparation is correct and that the
student is prepared to make the flight safely under the known conditions; and
(iii) State that any limitations required by the student's authorized instructor are met.
(d)Limitations on authorized instructors to permit solo cross-country flights. An authorized
instructor may not permit a student pilot to conduct a solo cross-country flight unless that
instructor has:
(1) Determined that the student's cross-country planning is correct for the flight;
(2) Reviewed the current and forecast weather conditions and has determined that the
flight can be completed under VFR;
(3) Determined that the student is proficient to conduct the flight safely;
(4) Determined that the student has the appropriate solo cross-country endorsement for
the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and
(5) Determined that the student's solo flight endorsement is current for the make
and model aircraft to be flown.
(e)Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a single-engine
airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a single-
engine airplane must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and
procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with
the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including
recognition of critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival, entry into
the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake turbulence
precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous terrain features in
the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the aircraft to
be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational procedures and
indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communication, except that a student
pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use
of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-field, soft-field, and
crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and landings;
(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and
(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight instruments, including straight
and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives. For student
pilots seeking a sport pilot certificate, the provisions of this paragraph only apply when
receiving training for cross-country flight in an airplane that has a VH greater than 87
knots CAS.
Pitch Power Archer
Track Error Corrections
By using your drift lines plotted on your chart you can make track error corrections. If you
are before halfway and have established the position off the desired track take the angle
from the first point to your position and double it, if you are over half way take the angle
from each and add them together.
Emergency Procedures
The procedures below are tested for PT2
Alternator Failure
• Follow checklist, not a memory item.
• Primary battery provides 30 mins of battery, emergency battery provides a further
30 mins of battery providing you load shed correctly
Engine Fire
1. Pitch for 76
2. Throttle Closed
3. Mixture idle cut off
4. Fuel Selector closed
5. Cabin heat off
6. Flaps 40
7. Pitch for 95 and make a rapid decent
Once the fire has been confirmed as being out then proceed to the forced landing
procedure.
1. A- Airspeed: Take the flaps out and pitch for 76
2. B- Best place to land
3. C- Checklist: In the case of an engine fire there is no need to try and restart the
engine
4. D- Declare: Either on 121.5 or the frequency you are currently on
5. E- Engine Secure
Forced Landing (No Engine Fire)
1. A- Airspeed, 76
2. B- Best Place to land: Choose a location preferably light brown or green (field: make
sure ploughed in the correct direction), not a road for a practice as it scares the shit
out of people.
3. C- Checklist, perform engine restart checklist
a. Fuel selector to take you know has fuel
b. Throttle fully open
c. Mixture fully rich
d. Fuel pump on
e. Carb heat on
4. D- Declare: if engine doesn’t restart declare
5. E- Engine secure, after making final call secure the engine
a. Fuel Selector off
b. Throttle Closed
c. Mixture idle cut off
d. Master bat off
e. Alternator off
f. Fuel pump off
g. Mags off
h. Emergency bat off
i. Tighten seatbelts
Electrical Fire
1. Emergency Battery: Arm
2. Master battery: Off
3. Alternator: Off
4. Vents open
5. Heat Def: Off
6. Fight fire
7. Forced Landing
Comm Failure (Known to have been Asked)
• Checklist not a memory item
Fire on Start Up
1. Continue Cranking
2. Throttle Open
3. Mixture Idle Cut off
4. Fuel pump off
5. Fuel selector off
Fire on the ground
1. Fuel Selector off
2. Throttle closed
3. Mixture idle cut off
4. Fuel Pump off
5. Master batt off
6. Mags off
7. Emergency Batt off
8. Parking Brake on
9. Get out
Chart Knowledge
https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/aero_guide/media/ed
itions/cug-complete.pdf
Minimums Ops Manual Part C 4.0
