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 PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES offices, foot over bridges, road bridges. Tubular
UNIT I structures, concrete building blocks etc., are
INTRODUCTION prefabricates structures.
PART A 3. What are the Advantages of PFS?
Two mark questions 1) In pre cast construction, similar components are

1. Define prefabrication? produced repeatedly, resulting in increased

Prefabrication means the production away from the productivity and economy in cost too

building site of components traditionally constructed on

m
2) The construction ids not affected by rain, wind and

site. The components thus prepared are known as

c oother weather elements.

. 3) The work at the site is reduced to a minimum and

a
prefabrication.
therefore work is qualitatively better, more reliable
m
2. What are the needs of prefabricates structures?

a
1) prefabricates structures are used for sites, which and cleaner.

yn
are not suitable for normal construction method 4) Because of faster completion and reduction in time

d
such as hilly region , and also when normal period of construction, the housed can be occupied

tu
construction material are not easily available. earlier, which means early natures on the

Sblocks used in plane of

2) PFS facilities can also be created at @ near a site as is
done to make concrete
investments.
5) As the component are ready made and self

conventional knick. supporting, shuttering and scaffolding is

3) Structures which are used repeatedly and can be eliminated, with a solving in a shuttering cost.

standardized such as mass housing, storage sheds, 6) In PFS there if better QC. Shape and size of precast

godowns, shelters, bus stand, security cabins, site elements.

0
4. Explain the Erection procedure of PFS building?  Prefabrication helps in the use of locally available
 Before commencing erection, the setting out at the materials with required characteristics
level concerned must be carefully checked with  Use of materials which due to their innate characteristics
surveying instruments. like light-weight, easy workability, thermal insulation,
 At the same time, the working of cranes and the correct non combustibility, etc effect economy and improve
layout of the cranes track must be checked. quality.
 Any unevenness of the ground makes it difficult to 6. What are the characteristics of Materials used for
lay a horizontal cranes track with mainly steep slopes.
m
construction of PFS?
A rather high embankment is required , and this is
o
While choosing the materials for prefabrication the
c
both costly and technically difficult.
.following special characteristics are to be considered
 Prefabricates buildings are erected in convenient a Easy availability
m
a
section which correctly fixed, should be sufficiently  Light weight for easy handling and transport and to

yn
rigid in all directions. economies on sections and sizes of foundations

d
5. What are the Aims of prefabrication?  Thermal insulation property

u
 Prefabrication is used to affect economy in cost
t in quality because
 Easy workability
 This results
components can
in
S
improvement
be manufactured under controlled
 Durability in all weather conditions
 Non-combustibility
conditions.  Economy in cost
 The spread of construction is increased since no curing  Sound insulation
period is necessary.

1
7. What is meant by modular co-ordination?  The size and the number of the prefabricates is limited by
The basic module is to adopted. Basic module is the the weight in overall dimension that can be handled by
fundamental module used in modular co-ordination, the size of the transportation.
which is selected for general application to building and its  Hence it is preferable to have all the prefabricates
components. The value of the basic module chosen is 100 mm approximately of same weight very near to the lifting
for maximum flexibility and convenience. The symbol used for capacity of the equipment.
basic module is M. 10. What are the Prefabrication systems?
8. What are the Advantages of standardization?
m
The word system is referred to a particular method of
 Easier design
o
construction of buildings using prefabricated components which
c
 Easier manufacture
.
are inter related in functions and are produced to a set of
 Easier erection and completion a
instructions. With certain constraints, several plans are possible,
musing the same set of components. The degree of flexibility
a
9. What are the Factors influencing the standardization?

selected from the point of production from y

n
 The most rational type of member for each element is varies from system to system.

d
the assembly
serviceability and economy
u
 The number of types of elementstwill be limited and they
The following characteristics among others are to be considered

S
should be used in large quantities.
in devising a system
 intensified usage of spaces
 To the extent possible the largest size to be used which  straight and simple walling scheme
results in less number of joints  limited sizes and number of components
 limited opening in bearing walls
 regulated locations of partitions

2
  standardized service and stair units 4. What is the Process involved in manufacture of PFS?
 limited sizes of doors and windows with regulated 5. Explain briefly conveyor belt system with neat sketch. (APR
positions 2008)
 Structural clarity and efficiency 6. Discuss in detail about modular coordination (APR 2008)
 suitability for a adoption in low rise and high rise blocks (MAY 2010)
 ease of manufacturing, storing and transporting 7. Explain the need for prefabrication (APR 2008)
 speed and ease of erection 8. Explain how do you cast, fabricate and transport a beam
 simple jointing system
m
girder for a flyover construction? (APR 2008)
11. What are the Types of prefabricated construction
c o
9. Explain in detail about the behavior of prefabricated steel
systems?
.
column under axial compression? (APR 2008)
1. Open prefab system a
10. Discribe the different methods of manufacture of
mprefabrication components? (DEC 2008)
a
a. partial prefab open system

yn
b. full prefab open system 11. What are the important aspects considered during hoisting,

d
2. Large panel prefab system erection and transportation of precast elements? (MAY 2009)

tu
(MAY 2010)
PART B
S
16 mark questions
12. List out the principles of prefabricated design. (MAY 2009)
(MAY 2010)
1. What are the types of prefabricates?
2. What are the Production techniques?
3. What are the methods for Manufacture of precast concrete
elements and explain briefly?

3
 UNIT II vi. Sandwitch panels.
PREFABRICATED COMPONENTS vii. Compound wall panels.
PART A 3. What are the prefabricated structures units?
2MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS i. Walls and columns.
ii. Lintels.
1. What are the types of prefabricated roof panels? iii. Door and window frames.
i. Tray (or) pan slabs. iv. Roofing and flooring elements.
ii. Narrow trays. v. Stairs.
m
iii Wide trays.
o
4. What do you meant by box type construction?
c
iv. Corrugated plates.
. In this system room size unit are prefabricated and
v. Ribbed floors with infilling. a
erected at site. Toilet and kitchen blocks could also be similarly
mprefabricated and erected at site.
a
vi. Light weight concrete floors.

yn
2. Write the types of panels. This system devices its stability and stiffness from the

d
i. Large block internal blocks. box units which are formed by four adjacent walls. Walls are

tu
ii. Internal load bearing walls of cored blocks. jointed to make rigid connections among themselves. The box
iii. Classic wall panels.
iv. External large wall panels.
S unit rests on plinth foundation which may be of conventional
type or precast.
i. Classic division. 5. Define sandwitch panels.
ii. Wall with vertical joints covering by additional This panel contains three layers.
prefabricates. i. Structural.
v. Semi panels. ii. Insulation.

4
 iii. Decorating. 4. Explain the behaviour of wall panels in large panel
The structural layer is made up of concrete. It has 12 to construction. Currently what are the different wall panels
14 cm thickness. available discuss? (MAY 2010)
Insulating layer consist of very light concrete expanded 5. Explain in detail about the behaviour of prefabricated
polystyrene, mineral wools, glass wools, etc…,this is steel columns under axial compression? .(Apr 2009)
protective layer to the lintel. How do you construct roof and floor slabs? Explain. (Apr
The decorative layer gives a final finish (or) shape to the 2009) (MAY 2010)
panel.
m
6. What are the three main types of large precast concrete
6. Define compound wall panels.
c o
roof units? Describe with neat sketches. .(Nov 2009)
These are panels made up of many panels called
.
7. Explain the connections for different shear wall with to
composite panels. These are also called semi prefabricates which a columns with neat sketches.(Nov 2009)
m
a
are jointed together during the erection. These are panels

yn
produced in the industry; the production process is mechanized 8. Explain in detail about the manufacture of roof slabs.

d
and easier than sandwitch panels. Also explain the precautions taken during the
PART B
t u manufacturing process.(MAY 2009)

1.
S
16 MARK QUESTIONS.
Explain briefly about the structural behavior of precast
9. What are the necessities of providing shear walls in the
precast structures? Also discuss the different types of
structures. shear walls.(MAY 2009)
2. Explain with neat sketch of shear walls. 10. Discuss about behaviour of columns in prefabricated
3. Explain connection between column and wall panels. structures .(MAY 2009)

5
 UNIT III 3. Define disuniting structures.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
The structures is disunited (or) separated into smaller
PART - A
elements. So that the transportation that may be united are
2 MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
assembly.
1. Define form factor?
This method of separating into smaller elements or
The economy of cross section is method by a factor
members is called disuniting structures in prefabrication.
called form factor. It denoted by Ψ
4. What are the methods of disuniting structures?
The value of Ψ=F/FI
Where
i. Systems
m
consisting of linear members disunited at

F= area of cross section investigated.

joints.
c o
. ii. Systems for the prefabrication of disuniting into entire
a
FI=the area of a rectangular cross section . the depth “h”,width
frames.
m
“b”

a
iii.Straight members disunited at points of minimum
Modulus of resistance “k”

yn
moments.
For a rectangular cross section Ψ=1.

d
iv. Two hinged or three hinged arches.
Other section I,C,T,U & V Ψ≤1.

tu
5. What are the advantages of disuniting structures.
2. What do you mean by fretted structures?

S
Generally there is no difference in construction between
i. Easy handling.
ii. No need scaffolding.
the solid beam and a fretted beam. The difference mean openings
iii. Easy erection.
are provided in the fretted beam only to obtain savings in
Iv .Easy transportation.
materials and to reduce dead load.
v. Easy hoisting.

6
6. What are the disadvantages of disuniting structures? 7. Why should we give allowance for joint deformation? Explain
i. The main disadvantages the joints at the corners that is in detail. (MAY 2008)
at places were the moments are maximum. 8. What are the precausions taken during disuniting of
ii. The formation of joint is very difficult. structures? (MAY 2009)
iii. The quality of concrete should be very high in this 9. Explain briefly about principles of design. (MAY 2008)
prefabrication. 10. Explain with neat sketch of method of disuniting structures.
iv. The joints must be over dimensioned. (MAY 2008)
PART B
m
11. Describe in detail allowance for joint deformation? (MAY
16 MARK QUESTIONS 2008)
c o
1. Explain briefly about disuniting of structures?
.
12. Explain the problems in design because of joint flexibility.
2. Explain briefly about the design of cross-section of load- a
Discuss with regard to various location. (MAY 2010)
carrying structures?
m
a
n
3. “Design of cross section based on efficiency of materials
y 2009)
UNIT IV
JOINT IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
d
used” clearly explain the statement with examples. (Apr
PART – A
u
b. How do you provide allowancetfor joint deformation?
4.a. What is meant by dismantling of structures? (Apr 2009)
2 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Explain. (Apr 2009)

S
1. What are the joints for different structural connections?
5.Enumerate the underlying principles of design and
i. joining of a column to footing
construction with prefabricated components. (Nov 2009)
ii. joining of a column to beam on top of column
6. How is the design of cross section done based on efficiency of
material used? (Nov 2008)

7
 iii. joining of a column to beam at an intermediate 3. Draw a diagram of joining of lengthening of column
junction
iv. lengthening of column
v. joining of beams
vi. forming of joints of arched structures
vii. joining of post tensioned structures
viii. joining of precast to monolithic reinforced
concrete structures
m
2. Draw a diagram of joining of column to footing.
c o
.
a
m
a
yn
4. What do you mean by calyx joint? Where it is used?

d
It is made by placing the column into a calyx of the

tu
footing or by using a welded joint.

S The method that can be used for

i Smaller footing.
ii Average footing
iii Large footing

8
5. Draw a diagram of joining of column to beam. 7. Draw a diagram of joining of column to footing.

m
c o
.
a8.
m What are types of joints?
a
yn
I Rigid joint
II Hinge joint
d
6. Draw a diagram of joining of column to girder by dowels.

tu
III Shot joint
Depending upon the in – situ concrete there are two types
S Dry joint
Wet joint

9
 PART – B UNIT V
DESIGN FOR ABNORMAL LOADS
16 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Explain in detail about the various types of connections in Progressive collapse – Code provisions – Equivalent design
loads for considering abnormal effects such as earthquakes,
prefabricated units for a residential building construction.
cyclones, etc., - Importance of avoidance of progressive collapse.
2. Give an account of the design of expansion joints.
1. Define progressive collapse?
3. Enumerate the underlying principles of design and
construction with prefabricated components. Progressive collapse is a relatively rare event, in the
United States and other Western nations, as it requires both an
4. What are the recommendations for the design of expansion
m
abnormal loading to initiate the local damage and a structure
joint?(MAY 2009)
c o
that lacks adequate continuity, ductility, and redundancy to resist
5. Give the recommendations for detailing the precast element in
.
the spread of damage. However, significant casualties can result

a
when collapse occurs.
respect of the connection and erection. (MAY 2009)
m 2. Explain hardening of structures to resist initial damage
a
6. Explain about i) Column to Column Connection ii) Beam to
Beam Connection.(MAY 2009)
n
y wall.
As the initiating event is unknown, the requirements
in this UFC are not intended to directly limit or eliminate the
d
7. Explain the expansion and contraction joints in retaining initial damage. This is consistent with UFC 4- 010-01, which
(MAY 2010)
u
t the various joints and
applies where there is a known risk of terrorist attack,
earthquakes and cyclones but no specific terrorist threat is

explain them. (MAY 2010)

S
8. Mention different types of joints. Draw defined; in this case, the goal is to reduce the risk of mass
casualties in the event of an attack. For cases where specific
explosive threats against a building have been identified, design
guidelines for specific blast hardening can be found in UFC 4-
013-01 Structural Design to Resist Explosives Effects for New
Buildings and UFC 4- 013-02 Structural Design to Resist
Explosives Effects for Existing Buildings. Even if a structure is
designed to resist an identified or assumed threat, the progressive

10
collapse requirements of this UFC will still apply. building, provide sufficient strength to resist a specific load or
threat.
3. What are the reinforced concrete design requirements?
5. Write short notes on Indirect Design Approaches.
 Material properties for reinforced concrete
 Strength reduction factor f for reinforced concrete tie With Indirect Design, resistance to progressive
forces collapse is considered implicitly "through the provision of
 Proportioning of ties minimum levels of strength, continuity and ductility". The
 Continuity and anchorage of ties. commentary in ASCE 7-02 goes on to present general design
 Internal ties guidelines and suggestions for improving structural integrity.
 Peripheral ties. These include: 1) good plan layout, 2) integrated system of
 Horizontal ties to external columns and walls
m
ties, 3) returns on walls, 4) changing span directions of floor
 Corner column ties
o
slabs, 5) load-bearing interior partitions, 6) catenary action of
c
 Vertical ties.
.
the floor slab, 7) beam action of the walls, 8) redundant

a
 Elements with deficient vertical design tie strengths structural systems, 9) ductile detailing, 10) additional
reinforcement for blast and load reversal, if the designer must
3. What are the Design Approaches?
m consider explosive loads, and 11)

a compartmentalizedconstruction.

yn
ASCE 7-02 defines two general approaches for
reducing the possibility of progressive collapse: Direct 6. What are the Damage Limits for the Structure?
Design and Indirect Design.
d In AP analysis with any of the three methods (Linear

t u
4. What do you mean “Direct Design Approaches”?
Static, Nonlinear Static, and Nonlinear Dynamic), the designer
must quantify the extent of damage during the analysis and at
S include
Direct Design approaches "explicit
the end of the analysis.

consideration of resistance to progressive collapse during the Damage Limits for Removal of External Column or Load-
design process…" These include: 1) the Alternate Path (AP) Bearing Wall
method, which requires that the structure be capable of bridging For the removal of a wall or column on the external envelope of
over a missing structural element, with the resulting extent of a building,the Damage Limits require that the collapsed area of
damage being localized, and 2) the Specific Local Resistance the floor directly above the Removed element must be less than
(SLR) method, which requires that the building, or parts of the the smaller of 70 m2 (750 ft2) or 15% of the total area of that

11
floor and the floor directly beneath the removed element should 7. Explain the procedure for calculating equivalent design loads
not fail. In addition, any collapse must not extend beyond the
when the structure is subjected to earthquake loading. (MAY
structure tributary to the removed element.
2009)
Damage Limits for Removal of Internal Column or Load-
Bearing Wall 8. When does progressive collapse occur? Why is it very
critical to avoid progressive collapse of the structure? (MAY
For the removal of an internal wall or column of a
building, the Damage Limits require that the collapsed area of 2009)
the floor directly above the removed element must be less than 9. Mention in details the Codal provision for considering the
the smaller of 140 m2 (1500 ft2) or 30% of the total area of that
floor, and the floor directly beneath the removed element should
m
effect of earthquake and cyclones (MAY 2010)
not fail. In addition, any collapse must not extend beyond the
o
10. Discuss about the important of avoidance of progressive
c
.
bays immediately adjacent to the removed element.
collapse. (MAY 2010)
PART – B a
16 MARK QUESTIONS
m
a
yn
1. What are the inspection requirements?
2. Design requirements for progressive collapse
design
d
tu
3. What is meant by Medium and High Level of Protection
Design Requirement.
S
4. What are the common design requirements?
5. What are the design strategies?
6. Explain importance of avoidance of progressive
collapse.(MAY 2008)

12