TCWD111 REVIEWER (Midterms)

I. GLOBAL DIVIDES: NORTH AND SOUTH

The Global North refers to developed societies of Europe and North America.

• established democracy, wealth, technological advancement, political stability, dominance in the

trade and politics, have enough basic needs and have access to functioning education systems
• comprised of all First World countries and most Second World countries
• countries comprising the North include the West like the United States and its allies (Canada, all
countries in Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand as well as developed countries in Asia such
as Japan and Korea); East like the Soviet Union and China

The Global South represents mainly agrarian economies in Africa, India, China, Latin America.

• not as economically sound and politically stable as their Global North counterparts; low GDP,
high population, lack of basic amenities, low technological penetration; rely on imports from the
North
• characterized by turmoil, war, conflict, poverty anarchy and tyranny
• comprised of countries from Africa, South America, and Asia with all the African and South
American countries being from the South

The North-South Divide

1. Treaty of Tordesillas 1494-This when the newly discovered lands outside Europe were divided
into two-the west belonging to the crown of Spain and the east belonging to Portugal
2. It arose during the Cold War of the mid-20th century. US vs USSR this type of division between
the Capitalist/Democratic States and the Communist State.
3. It is a socio-economic and political categorization of countries: Wealthy North and Poor South.
4. Countries were primarily categorized according to their alignment between the Russian East and
American West. The Capitalist State considered 1st world and Communist State referred to as a
2nd world.
a. 1st World (NATO) North Atlantic Treaty Organization – Democratic, Capitalist and
Industrialized. (North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australia
b. 2nd World - was anchored Industrialized Communist realm of the Soviet Union& its
eastern European satellites, yet it often included poor communist states located
elsewhere (Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China)
c. 3rd World Countries that are not align either 1st and 2nd world after the WW I and II
they are less developed countries (Africa, Asia and Latin American)
5. This division left out many countries poorer than the First World and Second World countries.
6. It ignores the geographic position of countries with some countries in the southern hemisphere
such as Australia and New Zealand being labeled as part of the North.
7. The UN has been at the forefront in diminishing the NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE through policies
highlighted in its Millennium Development Goals.
South-South Cooperation

• Developing countries began to seek ways to chart the course of their own development;
alternatives to the existing economic and political order.
• Technical cooperation among Southern States as pioneering associative effort; to strengthen
diplomatic and international negotiating power through political dialogue.
• South-South Cooperation derives from the adoption of the Buenos Aires Plan of Action for
Promoting and Implementing Technical Cooperation among developing countries.
• The plan established a scheme of collaboration among least developed countries, mostly located
in the south of the planet.
• The Buenos Aires Plan of Action (BAPA) defined as a series of new and concrete
recommendations aimed at establishing legal frameworks and financing mechanisms at the
national, regional, interregional and global levels.
• The plan established a framework of cooperation and incorporated in its practice the basic
principles of relations between sovereign countries: respect for sovereignty, non-interference in
internal affairs and equality of rights.

North-South Cooperation

• when a developed country supports economically or with another kind of resources a less
favored one.

Triangular Cooperation

• involves 3 actors: 2 from the South & 1 from the North

• the North (can be an international organization) provides the financial resources so that the
countries of the South can exchange technical assistance

How the “Third World” became the Global South: The Origins of the Third World
II. ASIAN REGIONALISM

• In the early stage of Asian’s economic take off, regional integration proceeded slowly. East Asian
economies focused to develop country markets.
• The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously compared this pattern of development to
flying geese. In this model, economies moved in formation not because they were directly liked
to each other, but because they followed similar paths.
• Asian economies have grown not only richer, but also closer together
• New Technological trends have further strengthened ties among them, as have the rise of China
and India and the region’s growing weight in the global economy.
• The 1997/98 financial crisis dealt severe setback too much of the region highlighting Asia’s
shared interests and common vulnerabilities & providing an impetus for regional cooperation
• Now, Asian economies are become closely intertwined
• Interdependence is deepening because Asia’s economies have grown & prosperous enough to
become important to each other, & because their patterns of production increasingly depend on
networks that span several Asian economies & involve wide ranging exchanges of parts and
component among them

Regionalism

• a functional relation that bundles multiple nations with their political, economic, and cultural
inheritance, often based on geographical.
• it deepens and widens the process of globalization in different context.
• In International Relations, it generally indicates the multilateral groupings of neighboring
nations;
o Ex. Europe, Middle East, East Asia, etc.
• The primary common-sense usage connotes physical contiguity and societal homogeneity;
• Indeed, proximity seems to be a necessary, although not sufficient condition for confident
stipulation of a region.
 • A political ideology that favors a specific region over the greater area
• It usually results due to political separations, religion, geography, cultural boundaries, linguistic
region and managerial divisions
• Is the theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration of economic
cultural or political affiliation.

Functional Regionalism

• Economic Integration
o Free trade area, customers union, common markets
o Economic interdependence
• Security Complex
o region united by common security problems
o “a group of states whose primary security concerns link together sufficiently closely…”
• Functional Relations
o environment, transnational issues, etc.

Globalism/Regionalism/Bilateralism

ECONOMIC SPHERE SECURITY SPHERE

GLOBAL FRAMEWORK GATT/IMF UN/MULTINATIONAL
MEGA-REGIONALISM APEC ARF/OSCE
REGIONALISM EU/ASEAN+3 EU/ASEAN
COALITION MULTILATERAL FTAS ANTI-TERRORISM
BILATERALISM BILATERAL FTAS BILATERAL ALLIANCE

Regionalism: Typology

• Mega/Wide-Regionalism
o APEC, ARF, ASEM
• Sub-Regionalism
o ASEAN
o Japan-China-Korea
• Functional Regionalism
o Anti-Terrorism Cooperation
o Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)

ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations

• 10 Member States:
o Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, & Vietnam
• 5 Founding Members:
o Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines
 • ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration of 1967)
o accelerate economic growth
o promote regional peace and stability
o contain the spread of communism

End of the Cold War

• ASEAN Free Trade Area

• Comprehensive Program of Regional Tariff Reduction
• Program later broadened and accelerated
• Reaffirmed during Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998
• Expansion of ASEAN
• 1995: Vietnam
• 1997: Laos
• 1997: Myanmar
• 1999: Cambodia

ASEAN: External Links

• A joint forum with Japan was established in 1977

• A cooperation agreement with the European community was signed in 1980
• “ASEAN +3”: Regular series of meetings at the cabinet and head-of-government levels with
Japan, China, and South Korea since 1997

Northeast Asia

• Japan, South Korea, North Korea

• Mainland China, Hongkong, Taiwan
• Mongolia, Russia
• compared with Southeast Asia and West Europe, Northeast Asia has lagged behind
o in developing mechanisms or institutions
o of coordination, cooperation, or integration
• especially considering the immense economic potentials in the region
o natural resources
o human infrastructure

Political Difficulties

• Legacies of World War II

o Japanese atrocities in Pacific Asia
• Legacies of Cold War
o Partition of Korea
• Territorial Disputes between
o Japan and China
o Japan and South Korea
 ▪ “Sea of Japan” or “East Sea”
o Japan and Russia
• Mutually Reinforcing Suspicions

Current Status

• Washington-Tokyo-Beijing Triangle
o PRC & Japan regard relationship with each other as 2nd in importance to that with US
• Japan Plays Significant Role in Integrating PRC Into World Economy
• Japan has a Vital Interest in PRC’s Development and Stability
• Economic Interdependence

Factors Leading to the Greater Integration of the Asian Regions

• Regional Integration is a process in which neighboring states into an agreement in order to

upgrade through common institution and rules
• The objectives of the agreement could range from economic, political to environmental,
although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative
• Regional Integration has been organized either via supranational or through intergovernmental
decision-making or a combination of both
• Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between
countries of the same region or economic zone
• In the recent years countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia
for example have increased the level of trade & commodity exchange between themselves
which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated w/foreign markets resulting in growing
prosperity.

III. GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA

• A set of multiple, uneven, and sometimes overlapping historical processes, including economics,
politics, and culture that have combined with the evolution of media technology to create the
conditions under which the globe itself can now be understood as “an imagined community”

Oral Communication

• Language allows human to cooperate

• It allows sharing of information
• It becomes the most important tool as human being explores the world and experience different
cultures
• It helps them move and settle down
• It leads to market, trade and cross-continental trade
• Pre-colonial Period (Umalohokan)

Script

• Language is important but imperfect, distance becomes a strain for oral communication
 • Script allows human to communicate over a larger space and much longer times
• It allows for the written and permanent codification of economic, cultural, religious, and political
practice
• Cuneiform Records

The Printing Press

• It started the “information revolution”

• It has transformed social institutions such as schools, churches, governments and more
• Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979) surveyed the influences of the printing press.
o It changed the nature of knowledge. It preserved and standardized knowledge.
o It encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority because of its ability to
circulate competing views.

Media

The media have very important impact on cultural globalization in two mutually interdependent ways.

1. The media provide an extensive transnational transmission of cultural products and

2. Its contribution to the formation of communicative networks and social structures.

Global media culture creates a continuous cultural exchange, in which crucial aspects such as identity,
nationality, religion, behavioral norms and way of life are continuously questioned and challenged.

Electronic Media

• The vast reach of these media continues to open up new vistas in the economic, political, and
cultural processes of globalization
• Radio quickly became a global medium, reaching distant regions
• Television is considered as the most powerful and pervasive mass medium; it has brought
together the visual and aural power of the film with the accessibility of radio

Digital Media

• Computer/New Media
• Many of our earlier media such as radio and TVs are now considered digital media
• In the realm of politics, computer allows citizens to access information from around the world

Impact of Media

1. Personal Individual
o due to the vast development of technology, use of media has always been part of our
daily routine
o almost everything is within our reach using media
2. Education
o in education, the use of media has tremendously helped not just the students, but
teachers as well
 o also, students and teachers use media to communicate with each other outside of
school vicinities regarding their studies
o media educates people in the most effective and efficient way
3. Professional
o media has had a profound effect in the professional world
o on the other hand, jobseekers or soon-to-be-professionals may find their dream jobs
through media
4. Social
o almost every person in the world uses media as means of communication
o it has become simpler through the use of media like internet, radio, or even television
5. Media and Economy
o Media fosters condition for global capitalism
o the use of media has played big part in the development and improvement of the
economical aspect of every country
o production and distribution of goods has become easier because of the new ways of
communication between the manufacturer and the consumers
o ads whether in TV, radio, print billboard, etc., it has been more efficient and effective to
attract customers
o “Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible without a global
commercial media system to promote global markets and to encourage consumer
values” – Robert Mc Chesney
6. Media and Politics
o through media, political information has become more accessible to citizens in and out
of the country
o citizens can check the credibility and background of the candidates
o citizens can easily be updated on the latest political activities and news in regards to
political issues
7. Media and Culture
o Media on one level are the carriers of culture
o It generates numerous and on-going interactions
o Globalization will bring about an increasing blending or mixture of cultures

Poplar Music and Globalization

• Technologies of transport, of information and mediation, including social media platforms, have
made possible the circulation of cultural commodities such as music.
• Circulation of cultural commodities are consumed to gain cultural capital and social status.
• Goods and commodities became a catalyst that set globalization.

Global Imaginary and Global Village

• Media have linked the globe with stories, images, myths and metaphors.
• Global Imaginary- the globe itself as imagined community.
 • Global Village
o Marshall McLuhan
o Media have connected the world in ways that create a global village.
o As McLuhan predicted media and globalization have connected the world. However, the
“global village have brought no collective harmony or peace. Why do think so?

IV. GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

Globalization – the networking and expansion of once local products, beliefs, and practices into universal
products, beliefs and practices often through technology.

Migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature of the worlds throughout the 20th century.

Transnational religion emerged through the post-World War II.

Two distinct blends of religious universalism and local particularism.

• It is possible for religious universalism to gain the upper hand, whereby religion becomes the
central reference for immigrants. Religion transnationalism = “religion going global”.
• It is possible for local ethnic or national particularism to gain or maintain the most important place
for local immigrant communities.

Religion

• a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and world views that establishes symbols that
relate humanity to spirituality and to moral values
• Religion is from the Latin word “ligare” means to bind or to connect
• Adding the “Re” in ligare means to reconnect or rebind.
• Clash of Civilizations-cultural and religion identities will be the primary conflict

8 Major Religions of the World

• Judaism – began about 4000 years ago with the Hebrew people in the Middle East. Abraham, a
Hebrew man, is considered the father of the Jewish faith because he promoted the central idea
of the Jewish faith: that there is one God.
• Christianity – a universalizing Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life, teachings, and
miracles of Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as the Christ, or "Messiah", who is the focal
point of the Christian faiths.
• Islam - is a religion that believes in one God (Allah). All of its teachings and beliefs are written
out in the Quran (also spelled Qur'an or Koran), the holy scripture of Islam.
• Hinduism – is an Indian Dharma, or a way of life, widely practiced in South Asia practitioners and
scholars refer to it as Sanatama Dharma, "the eternal tradition," or the "eternal way," beyond
human history. This "Hindu synthesis" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE,
following the Vedic Period (1500 BCE to 500 BCE).
• Buddhism – began in India 2,500 years ago and remains the dominant world religion in the East.
 • Confucianism – also known as Ruism, is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a
humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life.
• Taoism – (also known as Daoism) is a Chinese philosophy attributed to Lao Tzu (c. 500 BCE)
which contributed to the folk religion of the people primarily in the rural areas of China and
became the official religion of the country under the Tang Dynasty
• Shintoism - Shinto (神道 Shintō) or kami-no-michi (among other names) is the traditional
religion of Japan that focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently in order to establish
a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past.

Different Forms of Beliefs/Practices

• Worshipping
• Tithing
• Attending masses
• Novenas
• Pilgrimage
• Observance of Holy Week
• Fasting/abstinence
• Etc.

Religion takes advantage of globalization

Globalization of Religion

• It refers to the historical process by which all the world's people increasingly come to live in a
single social unit.
• It implicates religion and religions in several ways. From religious or theological perspectives,
globalization calls forth religious response and interpretation.
• Globalization brings a culture of pluralism, meaning religions “with overlapping but distinctive
ethics and interests” interact with one another.
• It Is also the relationship between religious cultures and the forces of globalization.
• Religion has entered the ‘information age’ and has been globalized in accelerating rates.
• It epitomizes the definition of globalization due to the fact that it can be spread more efficiently
than ever before through the use of different technological tools.
• It is now possible for any religion to spread beyond national borders, allowing even small new
religious movements to engage in overseas activities and leading to new unseen religious
development.

Tools
For uniting people all over the world on religious basis

• Books/movies/TV
• Cellphone apps
• Social Networks
 • Charity Foundations
• Websites
• Religious Schools

Websites – provide information and explanations about different religions to any person regardless of his
or her geographical location, as well as provide the opportunity to contact others worldwide and hold
debates which allow religious ideas to spread.

Television – Allows religious channels that provide visual religious teachings and practices

“Consumerism weakens religious belief”

Consumerism culture brings changes that sometimes impact negatively

• Religion should be regarded as a spiritual matter while consumerism is about materialism

• Globalization can also destroy relationships; it can create larger gaps between people with
different beliefs.
• It can create a revolutionary movement against globalism, and the development of religious
terrorist.
• It breaks traditional values while weakening their own religious values, reinforces specific
identities, creates a circle of conflict and competition among various religion etc.
• It breaks traditional beliefs as people are more connected with the world that sometimes weakens
their own religious belief.

“Believing without belonging”

• Religious worship and rituals are not necessarily a manifestation of individual belief
• Religious practices do not necessarily reflect depth of personal conviction of belief

Beyond the Secularization Debate

• There is a discontinuity between research agendas that focus on secularization and globalization.
• Social scientists have debated the scope, nature, extent and parameters of secularization in an
effort to unveil the overall patterns and/or trajectories of the modern world.
• Initially secularization had a strong following but eventually it was superseded by re-evaluation.
• Various debated lead to re-appraisal.
• Secularization debate have been reframed.
• Secularization is understood as a shift in the overall frameworks of human condition; it makes it
possible for people to have a choice between belief and non-belief in a manner hitherto unknown.

Religion in Global Conflict

• Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites relate to deep issues of existence, it should not be
surprising when religion enters the picture in times of crisis.
• The ere of globalization brought with it 3 enormous problems, namely:
o Identity
 o Accountability
o Security
• Religion provides answer to these problems
o It provides a sense of identity
o religious leadership provides a sense of accountability.
o Religion offers a sense of security.

The Filipino Value System

The Filipino value system or Filipino values refers to the set of values or the value system that a majority
of the Filipino have historically held important in their lives. This Philippine values system includes their
own unique assemblage of consistent ideologies, moral codes, ethical practices, etiquette and cultural
and personal values that are promoted by their society. As with any society though, the values that an
individual holds sacred can differ on the basis of religion, upbringing and other factors.

As a general description, the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance
systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity) and
commercial relationships.

• Utang na loob - The essence of utang na loob is an obligation to appropriately repay a person who
has done one a favor. The favors which elicit the Filipino's sense of utang na loob are typically
those whose value is impossible to quantify, or, if there is a quantifiable value involved, involves
a deeply personal internal dimension.
• Filial Piety - means to be good to one's parents
• Padrino System - or patronage in the Filipino culture and politics is the value system where one
gains favor, promotion, or political appointment through family affiliation (nepotism) or
friendship (cronyism), as opposed to one's merit.
• Suki System - is the relationship between a customer and a trusted supplier. It is a relationship of
mutual respect between these two people.
• Bahala na - is a phrase Filipinos use most often. It can mean”living it all up to God”, “come what
may”, “whatever will be will be”, and the list goes on. It is a way of life, an attitude, a perspective.
• Mañana Habit - s something that we have learned from the Spaniards. The word “Mañana” means
‘tomorrow’ or ‘specified future time’. As Wikipedia defines it – it’s “in the indefinite future (used
to indicate procrastination – the action of delaying or postponing something)”, or “mamaya na”
in Filipino.
• Amor Propio - is Spanish word which means self –love; a sense of self-esteem or self-respect
that prevents a person from swallowing his pride. It includes sensitivity to personal insult or
affront.
•

V. GLOBAL CITY

Global Economy – is ‘one whose strategic core activities, including innovation, finance and corporate
management, functions on a planetary scale on real time’ (Carnoy, 1999)
Internationalization – is ‘the act of bringing something under international WordNet Search’

Defining the Global City

• Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global “command centers” of the world economy
o It means power, sophistication, wealth and influence.
o To call a global city your own suggests that the ideas and values of your metropolis shape
the world
• Global financial centers
• Producers of services that are global in scope

Global Cities are:

• Global Stock Exchange, Banking and Corporate Headquarters

• Cite/Subject in Arts, Media, Film, TV, Fashion, Music, Literature, etc.
• Hosting Headquarters for International Organizations
• Huge Centers of Symbolic Property Development, Infrastructural Investments
• Main Hubs of Global Airline, Port, Rail
• Advanced Transportation System
• Advanced Telecommunications Systems
• Destinations of International Migration
• Locations for International Events, Sporting Events and Conferences
• Geopolitical Power Centers
• Cultural and Trendsetting Powerhouses
• Higher Education Hubs
• Creative Industries
• World Heritage Sites of Historical and Cultural Significance
• Prominent Skyscrapers

Global cities are “brain hubs” and centers of a “knowledge economy

Cosmopolitanism

• Diversity of people, goods, ideas, and cultures

• Capitalist context points to a cosmopolitan commercial consumption
• Consumption is costly in resources

Perpetuation in the Internet Age – Networks and groups rely on geographic proximity

Global in the Local

• Globalization’s main physical and geographic embodiment

• Global flow of people, goods, resources, ideas, etc.
• Embodies both the good and bad effects of globalization

Downsides
 • High costs, alienation, impersonality, social isolation
• Discrimination against migrants of certain kinds

Key Issues

• Diversity and community

• Mobility and community

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Al Qaeda – Led by Osama bin Laden, comprise a small group at the extreme end of hostile subculture,
small minority within the larger world of their religious cultures.

Facts about Islam

• Muhammad (S.W.A.) is known as the father of the religion and the last prophet
• The Qur’an is the holy text of Islam. Translation in English would be “The Recitation”
• Islam means to surrender
• Muslim means “one who peacefully surrenders to Allah”
• Islamic Calendar is 11 days shorter than the Western Calendar
• Five pillars of Islam
o Shahada – the declaration of faith
o Salaah – the five daily prayers
o Zakat – the practice of charitable giving
o Sawn – or Ramadan, the fasting
o Haji – the pilgrimage to mecca
• Haji Pilgrimage – the annual pilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca. Every Muslim should do this
pilgrimage at least once in their life.
• Pray 5 times a day known as Salaah/Salah
o Salat al-fajr (dawn, before sunrise)
o Salat al-zuhr (midday, after Sun passes its highest.)
o Salat al-’asr (the late part of afternoon)
o Salat al-maghrib (just after sunset)
o Salat al-’isha (between sunset and midnight)
• Original Arabic text of the Qur’an has not been altered
• You can convert just by saying “La ilaha illa Allah, Muhammad rasuulo Allah”, which means “There
is no true deity but God”.
• Both pork and alcohol are forbidden. (Haram)
• Six Pillars of Islam
o Belief in Allah
o Belief in the Angels
o Belief in the Qur’an
o Belief in the Prophets and Messengers
o Belief in the Will of Allah
• Terrorism, oppression of women, honor killings, female genital mutilation and forced marriages
are all forbidden according to Islam.
• Sharia is the law that regulates the daily life of a Muslim and serves as a guide for living by Islamic
Principles.
• Muslim women wear the head-covering (hijab) in fulfillment of God’s decree to dress modestly.